184:. They are found in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, Australia and in parts of the western Pacific. Almost 300 species in 27 genera are recognized (as of 2024). They are characterized by their long and narrow forewings and the short hind wings, usually not longer than half the length of the forewings and often even shorter. The forewings are typically around 8–10 mm long and the body is usually not more than half that length. In most species, the wings are raised when the insects are at rest, and are often spread out at an angle of about 45–90°. The head is compressed and the face is narrow in frontal view. The antennae are often long and the eyes cover about half the face. Like in other derbids, the adults suck the sap of plants while the nymphs live mainly in decaying organic matter. A few species are regarded as minor agricultural pests.
278:, the hindwings always have a stridulation plate on the inner margin, and in the case of the Zoraidini, the stridulation area is characterized by having an outer convex margin. In cases where the hindwings are extremely small, they are unlikely to have a role in the flight of the insects and probably only serve as a communication (stridulation) organ. The forewing venation in the tribe Zoraidini is characterized by an open clavus, meaning that the clavus vein does not reach the hind margin, but joins the veins of the cubitus (see illustration above). The media has 4 to 6 branches, one or more of which are usually forked. The forewings are 3 to 5 times longer than wide, on average 3.5 times.
204:
Mozambique and
Madagascar. In Asia, Australia and the Pacific, the distribution of species from the tribe Zoraidini ranges from India and Sri Lanka in the West to the western Pacific (Indonesia, Guam, the Philippines) as far south as Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and northern Australia. In eastern Asia, they have been also reported from subtropical regions as far north as parts of Japan and south-eastern Russia. Most species have been only reported from a few locations, but some have a wider distribution. For example,
301:
31:
329:
374:
344:
315:
243:
359:
52:
1238:
218:
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263:) the length of the hind wing is about 40% the length of the forewing. However, in some genera and species, the hind wings can be much smaller, less than one fifth of the forewing length. The photograph on the left shows a specimen with such very small hind wings (indicated by an arrow). That specimen comes close to the genus
281:
The main feature of the head is the narrow, compressed face (frons), typically with the ridges on the side (facial carinae) nearly or completely meeting throughout most of its length. The facial carinae very rarely extend much further in front of the eyes, unlike in some other groups of
Derbidae and
286:
and they are not branched like in other groups of
Derbidae. In some species they are broad and extremely flat. There are no cup-like processes at the base of the antennae (subantennal processes) like in many other groups of Derbidae. The size of the insects depends on the genus and species and can
203:
The species of
Zoraidini are found in tropical and some sub tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Australia and western Pacific islands. In Africa, most species have been described from tropical parts of western and central Africa, but some also from eastern countries like Ethiopia and as far south as
290:
In most genera, the forewings are raised when the insects are at rest and usually they are spread out at an angle of about 45–90° (see the gallery below). The species also show a large variation in colours, although they typically lack the spectacular colour patterns found in some other groups of
282:
the profile of the head is typically flat and usually evenly rounded. The size of the eyes covers about half the length of the face and the lower margins of the eyes do not approach the clypeus like in the sister tribe
Sikaianini. The antennae are often long like in the type genus
254:
The long and narrow forewings, combined with the very short and also narrow hind wings, are the most important features of the tribe
Zoraidini. The length of the hind wings is always given as not longer than half the forewing length. In the type specimen of
208:
is known from many parts of southern Asia and the western
Pacific, ranging from the Seychelles, India and Sri Lanka in the West over the southern Asian mainland and Indonesia to the Philippines, southern China, Taiwan, southern Japan and Guam in the East.
410:
and previously, both tribes had been grouped under a separate subfamily, the
Zoraidinae. The main distinguishing feature is the shape and size of the eyes. In the Sikaianini, the lower margins of the eyes reach the base of the clypeus.
397:
is regarded as harmful to sugarcane in several countries. However, that species also feeds on other plants like palms. Further, some species could be involved in the transmission of plant diseases to coconut palms and sugarcane.
287:
also differ between males and females. On average the forewings are between 7 and 12 mm long, in contrast to the compact body which is usually not more than half that length, from the head to the end of the abdomen.
838:
1186:
Ramjegathesh, R.; Karthikeyan, G.; Rajendran, L.; Johnson, I.; Raguchander, T.; Samiyappan, R. (2012). "Root (wilt) disease of coconut palms in South Asia – an overview".
1051:
Banaszkiewicz, Małgorzata; Szwedo, Jacek (2005). "Notes on
Otiocerinae with description of a new tribe from Madagascar and Africa (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Derbidae)".
574:
373:
662:
Rahman, Mohammad Atikur; Kwon, Yong Jung; Suh, Sang Jae (2012). "Taxonomic revision of the tribe
Zoraidini (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Derbidae) from Korea".
393:
have been found in decaying tree trunks, where they presumably feed on fungi. Several species seem to be common on coconut or other palms and in Asia
802:
Wilson, M.R. (1987). "African Derbidae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea): taxonomic notes with descriptions of new species collected mainly from coconut".
902:
232:
The forewings are long and narrow, at least double as long as the hind wings, while the hind wings are unusually short and also narrow.
300:
328:
1354:
343:
271:(Stål, 1870), the only species described in that genus, has a hind wing length which is only about 10% of the forewing length.
632:
Fennah, R.G. (1952). "On the generic classification of Derbidae (Fulgoroidea), with descriptions of new neotropical species".
235:
The head has a narrow face in frontal view and the eyes are only about half as long as the face and do not reach the clypeus.
314:
158:
1344:
358:
1301:
1349:
51:
1157:
1131:
863:
Anufriev, G.A. (1968). "Cicada of the family Derbidae (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) in the Fauna of the U.S.S.R.".
1339:
996:
1130:
Philippe, René; Nkansah, Joe Pokou; Fabre, Sandrine; Quaicoe, Robert; Pilet, Fabian; Dollet, Michel (2007).
1254:
721:
Boheman, C.H. (1838). "Observationes in Derbe Genus, una cum, specierum quinque novarum descriptionibus".
509:
461:
517:
30:
1230:
741:
603:
547:
1334:
1195:
811:
414:
In the tribe Zoraidini, 27 genera and almost 300 species have been described (as of 2024). The genus
477:
469:
485:
389:
The host plants and the biology of the species of Zoraidini have not been well studied. Nymphs of
46:
453:
407:
242:
918:
1329:
898:
943:
445:
1203:
1112:
819:
753:
671:
641:
173:
113:
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1242:
786:
Monographie des Derbidae africains (Homoptera – Fulgoroidea). Etude du Continent Africain
608:
Bulletin. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station. Division of Entomology
228:
The tribe Zoraidini is characterized by a combination of several features which include:
1199:
815:
645:
224:- Left: head in frontal view, Right: venation in forewing (top) and hind wing (bottom)
1323:
1021:
974:"Hemiptera insularum Philippinarum. - Bidrag till Philippinska öarnes Hemipter-fauna"
675:
788:. Vol. 2. Brussels, Belgium: Recherche Fondamentale Collective. pp. 1–223.
692:
1132:"Search for the vector of Cape Saint Paul wilt (coconut lethal yellowing) in Ghana"
1116:
1306:
1277:
1207:
1286:
1099:
Kumar, Anil; Pal, Suprakash (2022). "Seasonal incidence of derbid plant hopper,
437:
418:
is by far the largest genus, with more than 100 species, followed by the genera
275:
217:
177:
143:
123:
1237:
973:
823:
493:
501:
103:
83:
63:
1225:
757:
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181:
133:
548:"Notes on the Derbidae in the British Museum collection.- I. Zoraidinae"
93:
73:
1248:
1070:
742:"Bibliographical and nomenclatorial notes on the Rhynchota. No. 1"
241:
216:
978:
Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar
432:
in the following, genera with only 1 or 2 species are not listed
379:
Planthopper from the tribe Zoraidini showing the short hind wings
919:"Species of Derbidae known to occur in Indonesia and New Guinea"
846:
Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
406:
The species of Zoraidini are most similar to those of the tribe
1252:
1162:
as the vector and the phylogenetic analysis of KWD phytoplasma"
839:"New and interesting African Derbidae (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea)"
1026:
Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet)
952:
Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet)
923:
New South Wales Government - Department of Primary Industries
238:
The antennae are typically long, often longer than the face.
426:. All three genera are found in Africa as well as in Asia.
634:
Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London
604:"On some new species of leafhoppers. Part II. Derbidae"
687:
685:
295:
Diversity of forms and colours in the tribe Zoraidini
1046:
1044:
1042:
1261:
897:. Taiwan: Ching Chung Book Co Ltd. pp. 1–230.
250:?) with arrow pointing at the very short hind wing
1188:Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection
569:
567:
565:
797:
795:
191:Boheman, 1838 (the type species of the genus
8:
779:
777:
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771:
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657:
655:
627:
625:
623:
621:
895:Derbidae of Taiwan (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
1249:
597:
595:
541:
539:
537:
535:
29:
20:
723:Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar
1156:Edwin, Boby T.; Mohankumar, C. (2007).
531:
293:
274:Like in other groups of the subfamily
579:Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW)
7:
646:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1952.tb01063.x
14:
1236:
1224:
676:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2012.00463.x
372:
357:
342:
327:
313:
299:
50:
1169:Indian Journal of Biotechnology
552:Entomologist's Monthly Magazine
1117:10.5958/2394-448X.2022.00017.7
1:
1158:"Molecular identification of
893:Yang, C.T.; Wu, R.H. (1993).
865:Revue d'entomologie de l'URSS
430:Selected genera of Zoraidini:
1208:10.1080/03235408.2012.729772
1371:
997:"Miscellanea Rhynchotalia"
804:Journal of Natural History
824:10.1080/00222938700770351
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
1103:Westwood in sugarcane".
837:Van Stalle, Jan (1983).
546:Muir, Frederick (1918).
246:A species of Zoraidini (
1139:Bulletin of Insectology
995:Kirkaldy, G.W. (1901).
740:Kirkaldy, G.W. (1900).
321:Diostrombus abdominalis
39:Zoraida pterophoroides
1355:Taxa described in 1918
944:"Types of Homoptera -
784:Synave, Henri (1973).
664:Entomological Research
251:
225:
41:with hind wing marked
758:10.5962/bhl.part.3888
367:species from Cambodia
307:Losbanosia hibarensis
245:
220:
1233:at Wikimedia Commons
1022:"Types of Homoptera"
1345:Hemiptera of Africa
1200:2012ArPPP..45.2485R
816:1987JNatH..21..567W
489:Yang & Wu, 1993
402:Taxonomy and genera
252:
226:
16:Tribe of true bugs
1350:Hemiptera of Asia
1317:
1316:
1255:Taxon identifiers
1229:Media related to
1194:(20): 2485–2493.
1053:Annales Zoologici
972:Stål, C. (1870).
904:978-95-709-0878-7
602:Muir, F. (1913).
222:Zoraida horishana
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1340:Hemiptera tribes
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387:
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257:Zoraida sinuosa
215:
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114:Auchenorrhyncha
49:
17:
12:
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521:Kirkaldy, 1900
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513:Westwood, 1840
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497:Distant, 1906
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470:Lyddastrombus
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486:Neoproutista
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199:Distribution
192:
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178:planthoppers
172:is a group (
169:
167:
153:
120:Infraorder:
38:
18:
1335:Otiocerinae
1287:Wikispecies
752:: 238–243.
701:iNaturalist
575:"Zoraidini"
441:Uhler, 1896
438:Diostrombus
420:Diostrombus
291:Derbidae.
276:Otiocerinae
213:Description
144:Otiocerinae
140:Subfamily:
1324:Categories
1175:: 560–563.
984:: 607–776.
871:: 133–146.
852:(1): 1–61.
729:: 225–226.
558:: 173–177.
526:References
494:Pamendanga
481:Muir, 1918
457:Muir, 1917
454:Losbanosia
449:Stål, 1856
424:Pamendanga
408:Sikaianini
110:Suborder:
84:Arthropoda
24:Zoraidini
1307:Zoraidini
1293:Zoraidini
1278:Q21231868
1263:Zoraidini
1243:Zoraidini
1231:Zoraidini
1079:GeeNature
1073:Zoraidini
695:Zoraidini
502:Proutista
337:in India
170:Zoraidini
154:Zoraidini
104:Hemiptera
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
1330:Derbidae
1272:Wikidata
693:"Tribus
614:: 28–92.
182:Derbidae
134:Derbidae
130:Family:
80:Phylum:
74:Animalia
60:Domain:
1196:Bibcode
1071:"tribe
812:Bibcode
518:Zoraida
446:Helcita
416:Zoraida
391:Zoraida
385:Biology
365:Zoraida
284:Zoraida
193:Zoraida
150:Tribe:
100:Order:
94:Insecta
90:Class:
1105:Agrica
1084:4 July
1031:3 July
1010:: 5–6.
957:3 July
928:2 July
901:
706:1 July
584:1 July
510:Zeugma
265:Peggia
248:Peggia
161:, 1918
1165:(PDF)
1135:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
842:(PDF)
462:Lydda
176:) of
174:tribe
1086:2024
1033:2024
959:2024
930:2024
899:ISBN
708:2024
586:2024
422:and
168:The
159:Muir
1302:AFD
1204:doi
1113:doi
820:doi
754:doi
672:doi
642:doi
638:103
1326::
1304::
1289::
1274::
1202:.
1192:45
1190:.
1171:.
1167:.
1143:60
1141:.
1137:.
1109:11
1107:.
1077:.
1057:55
1055:.
1041:^
1024:.
1008:34
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1002:.
982:27
980:.
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921:.
877:^
869:47
867:.
850:55
848:.
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808:21
806:.
794:^
766:^
750:33
748:.
744:.
727:58
725:.
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684:^
668:42
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636:.
620:^
612:12
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606:.
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577:.
564:^
556:54
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267:.
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259:(
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