Zork - Knowledge (XXG)

500:. Most of the setting is established through the game's written descriptions of items and locations, as well as manuals in later game releases. Long before the time the game is set in, the Quendor empire, having conquered everywhere above ground, built a massive cave complex to expand. Two hundred years later, the ruler Lord Dimwit Flathead renamed the empire to the Great Underground Empire and spent his reign building massive, largely pointless projects such as an underground dam and the royal museum. A century later, the empire's overspending caused it to collapse, and all the residents left. The abandoned empire is the setting of the three episodes of 1506: 436:. When it was converted into a commercial software title, it was divided into three episodes, with new and expanded sections added to the latter two episodes. Much of the game world is composed of puzzles that must eventually be solved, such as a set of buttons on a dam or a maze to be traversed. Some puzzles have more than one solution. For instance, since the "Loud Room" is too overwhelmingly loud for the player to perform actions, the player can either empty the nearby dam to stop the sound of water falling, or shout "echo" in the room to change its acoustics. In the first episode, or 819:

ended up focusing mostly on the parser, Anderson on the game code, Blank and Daniels on new puzzles, and Lebling on descriptions of locations. Anderson says that Blank wrote "40 or 50" iterations of the parser, and describes Daniels as designing puzzles that were then largely implemented by the others. He credits Blank with vehicles and saving, and Lebling with the robot, grues, and the fighting system. To immerse the player in the game, the developers decided not to describe the player character, removing any accidental descriptions or

894:. Mike Dornbrook, who had never played the game, tested it as an audience surrogate. He felt that the game would be wildly successful and develop a cult following, and urged Infocom to produce tie-in products like maps, hints, and shirts. The rest of the company was not convinced enough to start producing any such add-ons, but they did add an object in the game that gave an address for players to mail in for maps and hints in case it proved popular. 421:

phrases (e.g., "put the lamp and sword in the case"). The command must fit the location's context (e.g., "get lamp" works only if a lamp is present). The program acts as a narrator, describing to the player their location and the results of certain actions. If the game does not understand the player's commands, it asks for the player to retype their actions. The program's replies are typically in a sarcastic, conversational tone, much as a

571: 5130: 392: 551: 560: 823:. The text responses to the player's commands were frequently opinionated and sarcastic, a design choice that mirrored the group's speaking patterns. The team felt it would both make the system feel less like a computer and also train the player to write commands in a way that the parser could understand rather than ways it would misinterpret. 478: 444:, a thief character is wandering the underground as well, taking items that have been left behind or even stealing from the player's possessions. The player can fight or evade the thief, and can recover stolen items from the thief's treasure room. Some locations contain antagonists that the player must fight or overcome. Beginning in 947:, was published for the TRS-80 in December 1980. Since Personal Software declined to publish the 1979 PDP-11 version of the game, Infocom sold some copies earlier in the year after announcing it to PDP-11 user groups. Lebling later recalled that about twenty floppy disk copies were sold directly with Anderson's typewritten manual. 1673:

regarded the grue as one of the best video game villains, stating that the dialogue "It is pitch black. You are likely to be eaten by a grue" was effective, and how despite some physical characteristics being made clear later, players have their own "utterly personal mental image of what a grue looks

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s". The game was unnamed, but the group had a habit of naming their programs "zork" until they were completed, a term in the MIT community for an in-development program. The group, referring to themselves as the "implementers", continued working on the game after Lebling returned, adding features and

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increases, providing a rough measure of how much of the game has been completed. The player may traverse the game world and solve puzzles in almost any order, although some passageways require problem-solving to get through, and some puzzles require the player to possess something gained from solving

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was completed and sold through Personal Software. Infocom began receiving requests for hints and maps as predicted, and Berez began handling map and poster orders while Dornbrook wrote customized hints for players; in September 1981 he founded the Zork Users Group as a separate company to handle all

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Over the course of 1978, the team added the bank and Royal Zork Puzzle Museum sections, along with some puzzles and ideas suggested by players. The last puzzle was added in February 1979, though the team continued to release bug fix updates until the final update in January 1981. Anderson attributes

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the player can learn magic spells to use in puzzles and combat. In dark areas, the player must carry a lantern or other light source to avoid being eaten by a monster called a grue. There is a limit to how much "inventory" one can carry, determined by the combined weight of objects, rather than the

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to traverse locations, solve puzzles, and collect treasure. The game has hundreds of locations, each with a name and description, and the player's commands interact with the objects, obstacles, and creatures within them. Commands can be one or two words (e.g., "get lamp" or "north") or more complex

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Very little of the game was planned ahead of time, nor were aspects of the game specific to one developer; instead, whenever one of the developers had an idea they liked, that developer would add it to the game, developing the concept and writing the text to go with it. According to Lebling, Blank

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to become his successor. Once the player has all the items, they must feed an elderly man, who reveals himself as the Dungeon Master and shows them the doorway leading to the final hallway. After the player solves the final puzzles, the Dungeon Master appears and transforms the player to look like

739:, would "snoop" on the system for new programs. They found the new "Zork" adventure game and spread word of it under that name. This community—dozens or possibly hundreds of players, according to Lebling—interacted with the developers as they created the game, playtesting additions and submitting 346:

was a massive success for Infocom, with sales increasing for years as the market for personal computers expanded. The first episode sold more than 38,000 copies in 1982, and around 150,000 copies in 1984. Collectively, the three episodes sold more than 680,000 copies through 1986, comprising more

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the player learns of the Flatheads, and meets the Wizard of Frobozz, who was once a respected enchanter but was exiled by Lord Dimwit Flathead when his powers began to fade. The wizard appears randomly throughout the game and casts spells that begin with the letter "F" on the player. These have

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The game's natural language parser has been noted as having a strong personality, and it was one of the first games to have one. It has been cited as starting a strong trend in writing for adventure games having "metafictional humor, and tendency towards self-parody". Decades later

5409: 687:. This prototype contained simple versions of many concepts seen in the final game, including puzzles and locations. According to Anderson, "it took time for people to learn how to write good problems", and Lebling's first, uncomplex parser was only "almost as smart as 1530:

is an influential poem". Rather than simply influencing games, Barton said it instead showed that the computer could simulate a rich virtual world, and helped lay the foundations of video game concepts around exploring, collecting objects, and overcoming problems.

469:, unlike in prior episodes, there is a timed component that directly affects the outcome. An earthquake will occur after about 130 moves, opening one passageway and closing another. In each episode, the treasures are needed to reach the conclusion of the game. 770:

operating system the MIT computer used. These users then set up a mailing list to distribute updates to the game. The developers returned to creating new content in the fall of 1977, adding the "Alice in Wonderland" section and a system for fighting enemies.

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The pair worked on the project through the summer and fall of 1979 without pay, as the new company had the funds for only the computers. They ported the game to a new Zork Implementation Language (ZIL), which would then be run on a standardized

851:, which were then beginning to become popular and which would greatly expand the audience for the game. Although microcomputers had very limited memory space compared to mainframe computers, they felt the project might be viable using 786:

of the game to Fortran. This port, released in March 1978, opened the game to a wider set of players without access to a PDP-10 mainframe. At the time, the team had decided to give the game an actual name besides "zork", and chose

3917: 1556:(1997), considered this a result of the way the game was programmed compared to other games of the time, with each area, item, and actor modeled as their own object that could act and be acted upon. Historians have argued that 3664: 1080:

spreadsheet software. Rather than find another publisher, Infocom decided to self-publish its games and began renting office space and contracting with production facilities. It bought out Personal Software's stock of

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iterating on the parser through June 1977. Grues were added to replace pits that would kill players in the dark; while play-testing, Lebling noticed that his character fell into a pit while in the attic of the house.

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was offered to Personal Software in April 1981 and the contract was signed in June, but Infocom grew wary of continuing this relationship. The Infocom team felt that Personal Software was not advertising

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that the game interprets. The program acts as a narrator, describing the player's location and the results of the player's commands. It has been described as the most famous piece of interactive fiction.

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Overall sales of the first three episodes reached over 760,000 copies by early 1989. Combined, they sold more than 250,000 copies by 1984, and more than 680,000 copies through 1986, including the 1986

299:, the player explores the abandoned Great Underground Empire in search of treasure. The player moves between the game's hundreds of locations and interacts with objects by typing commands in 3693: 886:

personal computer early in 1980, which could run the game after Blank and Scott Cutler created an interpreter program. Infocom began preparing to release the first section under the title

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for members to join after leaving MIT. No specific projects were initially agreed upon and Infocom had no paid employees, but discussions were focused on developing software for

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The developers did not announce their game while it was in development, but a lack of security on the MIT systems meant that anyone who could access the PDP-10 computer over the

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was immensely popular among the small population of computer users of the time and a big hit at MIT in early 1977. By the end of May, players had managed to completely solve it.

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A principal goal of each episode is to collect all the treasures, many of which are hidden behind puzzles. As treasures are collected or tasks are accomplished, the player's

1768:. Infocom's tenure under Activision was rocky, and rising costs and falling profits, exacerbated by a lack of new products in 1988, led Activision to close Infocom in 1989. 328:

two-word commands. In 1979, they founded Infocom with several other colleagues at the MIT computer center. Blank and Joel Berez created a way to run a smaller portion of

5552: 1667:". Writer Bernard Perron, while discussing horror in video games, stated that being hunted by a grue was a "terrifying situation no player had ever experienced before". 715:, Lebling said the other developers had never played it. He also thought of the parser and associated text responses as taking on the role of the Dungeon Master from a 683:

While Lebling took a two-week vacation, Anderson, Blank, and Daniels designed an adventure game concept, which Anderson and Blank then developed as an early version of

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like". They noted that while it started as a solution to a game problem, it had evolved to become "one of the chief boogiemen in the early history of video games".

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begins with the unnamed player character near a white house in a small, self-contained area; most of the game occurs underground, as do the subsequent episodes. In

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became a bestseller from 1982 through 1985, with 380,000 copies sold by 1986. In its first nine months Personal Software sold 7,500 copies for the TRS-80 and Apple

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were later considered "infamously difficult", and in a hint book, Infocom apologized for one puzzle's difficulty and reliance on baseball knowledge. Reviews in

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that it would be a two-part game, it soon became clear that the second half would not fit into the allotted space. As a result, the game was split again into

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series, wherein the player makes periodic choices and turns to a page that corresponds to that choice. Two novels were published based on the original game:

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s legacy and influence lay not in its parser or writing, but in the way it modeled the game world as a complex, dynamic space that the player moved through.

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as one of the fifty most important video games ever made for establishing Infocom as a studio and defining an entire generation of adventure games. In 2007

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The game now complete, the company began looking for a professional publisher with store and distributor connections. They felt this was preferable to

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has been described as "by far the most famous piece of " and "the father figure of the genre". Game historian Matt Barton contended that "to say that

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had sold 38,000 copies by the end of 1982, nearly 100,000 in 1983, and around 150,000 copies in 1984. Its success outpaced Infocom's later games;

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or other ZIL-based games on, they could write an interpreter program that could run the Z-Machine instead of rewriting each game. Lebling divided

608:(MIT) Laboratory for Computer Science—Anderson, Blank, and Daniels as students and Lebling as a research staff member. Their work was inspired by 360: 927:, one of the first professional software publishing companies. Personal Software agreed to publish the game in June 1980, sending the company an 5120: 735:

could see what programs were being run. As a result, a small community of people, many of whom had been involved in playing and contributing to

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several effects, such as "Fluoresce", which causes the player to glow, and "Freeze", which keeps the player stuck in place for a few turns. In

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in the game. Following user requests, they also added the ability for the game to run on PDP-10 computers running different operating systems—

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in half to create standalone episodes, modifying the game's layout to improve its flow and disconnecting locations now in separate episodes.

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was the centerpiece of Infocom's game catalog, and Infocom quickly followed it with several more text adventure games using variants of the

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codebase and the Z-machine, each of which sold tens of thousands of copies. By 1984, three years after Infocom began self-publishing

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system, or parser, that could process typed two-word instructions. Anderson and Blank built a small prototype text game to use it.

3286: 2414: 1076:. Personal Software soon stopped publishing entertainment software altogether and rebranded as VisiCorp in 1982 to align with its 355:

games beginning in 1987, as well as a series of books. Reviews of the episodes were very positive, with several reviewers calling

6021: 4421: 4010:"Impossible to Understand and Madness to Investigate": Videogame Narratives and the Theme of Insanity in American Popular Culture 2468: 1273:

had limited the player to two-word phrases, though they also thought players would largely stick with clearer two-word commands.

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reports. The implementers added a command transcript feature to keep track of what commands players tried to use unsuccessfully.

1584:. It has also been used, along with other text adventure games, as a framework for testing natural language processing systems. 5461: 1799:(1997), a free text adventure game partially written by original Infocom implementers Michael Berlyn and Marc Blank to promote 767: 4573: 3884: 3420: 3688:

Luketina, J.; Nardelli, N.; Farquhar, G.; Foerster, J.; Andreas, J.; Grefenstette, E.; Whiteson, S.; Rocktäschel, T. (2019).

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and added gameplay changes such as the modified point system to move the game away from straightforward dungeon exploration.

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By the end of 1979 Berez had been elected the company's president. The core game was complete, but it had been run only on

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game, trying to lead the player through a story solely by describing it; this had also been the idea behind the parser in

670: 4863: 4824: 4785: 1748:. Poor sales led to financial difficulties and the company was sold to Activision in 1986. Infocom then created two more 5961: 5946: 625:

The four programmers began to design a game that would be a "better" text adventure game, with inputs more complex than

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million in annual sales, and twelve other games released. Infocom internally nicknamed its early games in relation to

1513: 659: 644:. The group was familiar with creating video games: Blank and Anderson had worked on a multiplayer trivia game called 300: 4318: 1356:, in late 1983, proclaimed it a classic of the genre and the game that made the adventure genre more than a novelty. 340:

in 1980, after which Infocom purchased back the rights and self-published all three episodes beginning in late 1981.

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sales and hint requests. Infocom eventually produced hint booklets with progressive answers to questions written in

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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982

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s only influences, as there were few other games to emulate at the time. Although the game's combat is based on

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wherein the player explores the ruins of the Great Underground Empire. The player types text commands for their

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in May 1977. The four were members of the Dynamic Modelling Group, a computer science research division at the

363:. Later historians have noted the game as foundational to the adventure game genre, as well as influencing the 223: 4213: 3778: 3738: 4173: 5926: 5916: 5538: 5489: 4914: 4017: 3308: 3166: 3035: 2604: 1939: 1664: 1384:

said it would appeal to all players and that the game was challenging, enjoyable, and funny. A reviewer for

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II. Sales ballooned as Infocom began self-publishing the trilogy and the personal computer market expanded.

987:, but in the process thought up several new puzzles for the game. Although as late as December 1980 he told 610: 313: 5150: 2127: 321:. The developers wanted to make a similar game that was able to understand more complicated sentences than 5971: 5845: 5640: 5601: 5587: 5324: 5239: 5030: 5002: 4883: 4008: 1789: 1745: 1715: 1552: 1072: 783: 650: 2778: 614:, a text-based game that is the first well-known example of interactive fiction and the first well-known 6001: 5468: 5331: 4218: 4178: 3783: 3743: 3632: 3043: 2609: 1859: 1454:, in June 1983, described the combined trilogy as the most popular adventure game, as well as the best. 1334: 1118: 31: 3933:"10 most important video games of all time, as judged by 2 designers, 2 academics, and 1 lowly blogger" 2326: 711: 3717:

Jansen, P. A. (2021). "A Systematic Survey of Text Worlds as Embodied Natural Language Environments".

336:, letting them commercialize the game as Infocom's first products. The first episode was published by 5906: 5773: 5608: 5594: 5517: 4595: 3108: 2707: 2683: 1927: 655: 77: 65: 3137: 5951: 4685: 3846: 3818: 3472: 2945: 2004: 1741: 1631: 907: 413: 380: 237: 213: 91: 4933: 3199: 1637:

The grue has been used as a homage to classic, early computer gaming, referenced in games such as

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in 1983 all recommended it as a "must-have" for anyone interested in fantasy or adventure games.

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was "perhaps the most entertaining of the three" and "a highwater mark for subtlety and logic".

1180:, only one of Infocom's fifteen released titles, composed twenty percent of their annual sales. 923:, but by the time he heard of the proposal, Infocom was in negotiations with another publisher, 4384: 4032: 3079: 2572: 5082: 5057: 5034: 5011: 4983: 4943: 4918: 4897: 4887: 4743: 4704: 4696: 4666: 4639: 4607: 4505: 4480: 4455: 4223: 4183: 3856: 3828: 3788: 3748: 3593: 3451: 3428: 3401: 3364: 3335: 3246: 3209: 3176: 3147: 3118: 3089: 3048: 3016: 2984: 2955: 2917: 2885: 2841: 2739: 2717: 2693: 2669: 2637: 2614: 2582: 2367: 2331: 2164: 1645: 1590:

was listed on several lists of the best video games more than a decade after release. In 1992

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for its "well-balanced mix of humor, wit, and wry puns" for both new and experienced players.

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enjoyed how the parser let them input more complex sentences than did earlier games, the

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In 1979, Anderson, Blank, Lebling, and five other members of the Dynamic Modelling Group

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have been created for over forty years for a wide range of systems, such as browsers or

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recommended the trilogy as among the best adventure games for the Atari 8-bit computer.

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Stanton, Jeffrey; Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellid, Michael, eds. (1984).

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this to the team running out of ideas and time, and having run out of space in the one

615: 528: 318: 209: 2478: 5881: 5875: 5738: 5733: 4971: 4037: 2774: 2321: 2080: 1875: 1532: 968: 848: 593: 333: 317:(1976), the first well-known example of interactive fiction and the first well-known 249: 114: 1870:

in Japan in 1996, nineteen years after its original release. Unofficial versions of

1764:(1988), a prequel game that added graphical elements and menus as well as graphical 5852: 5707: 5338: 4997: 4839: 4800: 4761: 4563: 2276: 2150: 2025: 1991: 1783: 1758:(1987), which added a graphical map and more role-playing and combat elements, and 1660: 1547: 1114: 875: 840: 740: 597: 457: 253: 109: 3874: 2832: 2628: 1478:"has the same outstanding command flexibility, wry humor, and word recognition of 1253:

reviewer described as "entertaining, eloquent, witty, and precise". Reviewers for

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s two-word commands and puzzles less obtuse. They believed that their division's

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Reading and Acting while Blindfolded: The Need for Semantics in Text Game Agents

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trilogy composed more than one-third of Infocom's two million total game sales.

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was "the most intelligent text game for a microcomputer that we've ever seen".

5768: 5748: 5702: 5697: 5647: 5566: 5429: 5376: 4843: 4835: 4804: 4796: 4765: 4757: 4559: 4081: 3966:"Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson" 1995: 1910: 1627: 1220: 1033:

was less straightforward, with time-sensitive aspects. Marc Blank constructed

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Hemmann, Kathryn (2017). Banks, Jaime; Mejia, Robert; Adams, Aubrie (eds.).

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Vintage Games 2.0: An Insider Look at the Most Influential Games of All Time

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than one-third of Infocom's sales in this period. Infocom was purchased by

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was created from a revision of this article dated 4 January 2023

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could ever be completed because of how much the parser let the player do.

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By the end of June, the game was approximately half the size of the final

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to its Hall of Fame. It was placed on "best games of all time" lists for

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games and trilogy compilation sold another 80,000 copies by early 1989.

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North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

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and a custom programming language if the game was cut into two pieces.

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and the first 3D first-person game ever made. Lebling first created a

5193: 2710:; Garr, Doug (March 1985). "Random Access: Best Sellers/Recreation". 1740:

In 1985 Infocom diversified into professional software by creating a

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also sold well, though not as highly as the first: more than 170,000

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followed in the fall of 1982. Infocom developed interpreters for the

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would be better suited for processing complex text inputs than the

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Marc Blank in 2018, Bruce Daniels in 2009, and Dave Lebling in 2010

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very strongly, and did not seem excited about Infocom's plans for

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sales declined beginning in 1985. The second and third parts of

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A Survey of Reinforcement Learning Informed by Natural Language

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movie and live action TV series, though it was never produced.

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Around this time, community member Ted Hess at DEC decoded the

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This article is about the 1977 video game. For other uses, see

4076: 2613:. Vol. 2, no. 5. September–October 1982. p. 2. 2002:(April 1979). "Zork: A Computerized Fantasy Simulation Game". 1669: 5003:

Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace

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is still cited as an inspiration for text interfaces such as

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himself, signifying the player's succession to his position.

5116: 1916:", are presented as interactive fiction in the style of the 1655:. A reference to grues is also made in title and refrain of 432:

The original 1977 version of the game was a single release,

2686:(February 1985). "Random Access: Best Sellers/Recreation". 5231: 4976:

Twisty Little Passages: An Approach To Interactive Fiction

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games have been re-released in several compilations since

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Twisty Little Passages: An Approach to Interactive Fiction

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The original game, developed between 1977 and 1979 at the

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Horror Video Games: Essays on the Fusion of Fear and Play

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International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence

3450:. Vol. 3, no. 6. November 1983. pp. 8–11. 2155:"Zork and the Future of Computerized Fantasy Simulations" 383:

as one of the ten most important video games in history.

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Zork: The Great Underground Empire – Part

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received more reviews praising the game in relation to

803:, and the developers reverted to their original title. 3908:"Is That Just Some Game? No, It's a Cultural Artifact" 1392:

to be "fresh and interesting". Some of the puzzles in

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purchased Infocom in 1986 and reported that the three

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the best adventure game to date. Critics regard it as

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listed the entire series as a whole in 1999. In 2016

263:. The original developers and others, as the company 5216: 2539:

A user's guide to getting into the worlds of Infocom

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is an influential adventure game is like saying the

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concluded that "no single advance in the science of

5787: 5761: 5726: 5675: 5668: 5632: 5453: 5446: 5419: 5392: 5348: 5313: 5278: 5269: 5186: 4385:"Legends of Zork launches as Web-based casual game" 3419:Saberhagen, Eric; Saberhagen, Tom (February 1984). 3245:. Vol. 2, no. 7. March 1982. p. 53. 2954:. Vol. 1, no. 10. June 1981. p. 53. 2662:Mace, Scott (April 2, 1984). "Games with windows". 1388:said it broke away from both the first episode and 843:. Blank and Joel Berez came up with a plan to make 219: 203: 164: 135: 123: 90: 76: 64: 44: 4878:My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual World 4875: 4684: 782:, and another DEC employee, Bob Supnik, created a 291:—which were released commercially for a range of 3659:Yao, S.; Narasimhan, K.; Hausknecht, M. (2021). 1909:(1984). These books, known collectively as the " 1239:were highly praised in contemporaneous reviews. 1215:compilation release. Between 1982 and 1986, the 905:, who declined based on the game competing with 267:, expanded and split the game into three titles— 4072:"Top 100 Videogame Villains: Grue is number 46" 3787:. No. 148. November 1996. pp. 64–80. 3582:"Self-Reflexivity and Humor in Adventure Games" 3580:Bonello, Krista; Giappone, Rutter (July 2015). 1771:Activision returned to the series with several 1725:(1985) was ostensibly set in the same world as 1630:" video games selected for preservation by the 1064:and other planned text adventure games such as 799:claimed the title violated their trademark for 795:as one of its most popular pieces of software. 5796:Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom 5553:Nord and Bert Couldn't Make Head or Tail of It 5129: 4935:InfoWorld's Essential Guide to Atari Computers 2817:for the TRS-80, and 6,000 copies for the Apple 2163:. Vol. 5, no. 12. pp. 172–182. 2107: 2105: 2103: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1843:Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom 1693:, Infocom had fifty full-time employees, US$ 6 1570:massively multiplayer online role-playing game 1456:The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 1424:said it was "just as exciting and puzzling as 648:(1976), and Lebling was heavily involved with 369:massively multiplayer online role-playing game 5247: 5219:with downloadable versions for many platforms 5189:with downloadable versions for many platforms 4214:"Infocom's West Coast Move Stirs Controversy" 3994: 2884:. Vol. 6, no. 2. pp. 262–264. 1986: 1984: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1729:, the company had not made any more official 1470:"the definitive adventure game", adding that 527:the player character gathers the garb of the 8: 3747:. No. 100. November 1992. p. 193. 3117:. Vol. 6, no. 11. pp. 50–51. 2512: 2510: 2508: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2206:. Vol. 4, no. 1. pp. 6–7, 11. 1436:", though its puzzles could be frustrating. 4479:. No. 24. December 1996. p. 272. 4222:. No. 63. September 1989. p. 10. 4174:"Rumored Activision/Infocom Rift Unfounded" 3827:. No. 21. September 1996. p. 56. 3080:"From Fantasy To Video Game Reality—Zork I" 3034:Maloy, Deirdre L. (January–February 1982). 2869: 2867: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2330:. Vol. 1, no. 4. pp. 64–66. 1320:column, stating in 1983 that "if you liked 6012:Video games developed in the United States 5672: 5450: 5275: 5254: 5240: 5232: 4033:"5 Songs for the 40th Anniversary of Zork" 3855:. No. 50. February 1999. p. 73. 3621: 3619: 3498: 2901: 2899: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2384: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2145: 2143: 2111: 1975: 1269:review noting that every other game since 50: 41: 5074:The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 4454:. No. 2. February 1995. p. 96. 3875:"The most important PC games of all time" 3722: 3701: 3672: 3510: 3363:. Vol. 9, no. 11. p. 141. 3310:InvisiClues: The Hint Booklet for Zork II 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 2940: 2938: 2366:. No. 77. May 2010. pp. 36–39. 2122: 2120: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1316:recommended the game in his long-running 882:mainframe computers. Infocom purchased a 5574:Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels 5146:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 4058: 3567: 3522: 3015:. Vol. 8, no. 6. p. 411. 2716:. Vol. 8, no. 12. p. 43. 2692:. Vol. 8, no. 11. p. 35. 2525:. Vol. 4, no. 3. pp. 4–5. 2421:. Vol. 4, no. 2. pp. 3–5. 2415:"The History of Zork—Second in a series" 2129:InvisiClues: The Hint Booklet for Zork I 5967:Games commercially released with DOSBox 3483: 3175:. Vol. 1, no. 5. p. 17. 3146:. Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 98. 3088:. Vol. 1, no. 8. p. 99. 3047:. Vol. 1, no. 2. p. 32. 2791:from the original on September 24, 2008 2738:. Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 51. 2581:. Vol. 2, no. 6. p. 75. 2519:"The History of Zork—Third in a series" 2322:"Marc Blank—The Programmer Behind Zork" 2200:"The History of Zork—First in a series" 1959: 1722:Wishbringer: The Magick Stone of Dreams 766:—which were much more popular than the 6017:Video games with available source code 4955: 4504:. No. 52. July 1997. p. 16. 4234:from the original on November 16, 2022 4182:. No. 46. April 1988. p. 9. 3931:Ransom-Wiley, James (March 12, 2007). 3920:from the original on December 4, 2015. 3739:"Computer Gaming World's Hall of Fame" 3059:from the original on November 11, 2020 2599:Described as a current bestseller in: 2074:; Parish, Jeremy (December 25, 2015). 1568:genre, and through it the more recent 1025:had more of a focus on plot and added 4869:from the original on August 11, 2003. 4791:from the original on August 11, 2003. 4665:. No. 82. May 1996. p. 18. 4536:from the original on October 24, 2020 4194:from the original on February 3, 2021 3604:from the original on December 5, 2022 3200:"Space Wars and Earth Games: Zork II" 3187:from the original on January 3, 2019. 1817:browser-based online adventure game. 1535:, in his book on interactive fiction 1495:'s Essential Guide to Atari Computers 606:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 485:world drawn by Aaron A. Reed for the 309:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 240:first released in 1977 by developers 7: 5504:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy 4576:from the original on August 18, 2022 4397:from the original on August 17, 2022 4352:"Zork: The Undiscovered Underground" 3964:Owens, Trevor (September 26, 2012). 3640:from the original on August 23, 2022 3626:Woyke, Elizabeth (August 22, 2017). 3549:from the original on January 8, 2022 3220:from the original on August 10, 2022 2876:"Zork, The Great Underground Empire" 2732:"Top Software / A List of Favorites" 2552:from the original on August 21, 2022 2307: 1893:world, were published in 1983–1984: 4768:Zork I—The Great Underground Empire 4569:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 4142:"Zork Zero: The Revenge of Megaboz" 3945:from the original on March 14, 2007 3906:Chaplin, Heather (March 12, 2007). 3887:from the original on April 30, 2019 3469:Stanton; Wells; Rochowansky; Mellid 3375:from the original on August 5, 2022 3289:from the original on August 9, 2022 2248: 2232: 2216: 2043: 1755:Beyond Zork: The Coconut of Quendor 1737:compilation of all three episodes. 5860:Zork: The Undiscovered Underground 4911:100 Greatest Video Game Characters 3976:from the original on March 8, 2016 3799:from the original on April 8, 2016 3400:. October 1983. pp. 180–181. 2852:from the original on April 7, 2022 2648:from the original on April 7, 2022 2435:Bob Supnik Interview from Get Lamp 1796:Zork: The Undiscovered Underground 1289:has been as bold and exciting" as 933:Zork: The Great Underground Empire 425:would use in leading players in a 25: 5655:Quarterstaff: The Tomb of Setmoth 4830:from the original on May 1, 2003. 4429:from the original on May 12, 2021 3759:from the original on July 2, 2014 3535:Heron, Michael (August 3, 2016). 3136:Grevstad, Eric (September 1983). 2730:Ciraolo, Michael (October 1985). 2571:Langdell, James (November 1983). 1784:Zork Nemesis: The Forbidden Lands 1761:Zork Zero: The Revenge of Megaboz 1564:, influenced the creation of the 1249:praised their writing, which the 5128: 4422:The Centre for Computing History 4031:Rouner, Jef (January 17, 2020). 3353:Townsend, Carl (November 1983). 3198:Leibson, Steve (December 1982). 2432:Supnik, Bob (October 25, 2006). 1946:and announced plans to create a 1462:an overall A+ rating. It called 1300:In the years after its release, 569: 558: 549: 5462:Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur 4417:"The Lost Treasures Of Infocom" 4007:Hinterleitner, Georgia (2018). 3355:"Zork III: a classic adventure" 3078:Cook, Richard (December 1982). 2906:Marshall, Debra (August 1981). 1885:, written by Infocom developer 1701:, such as "Zork: the Mystery" ( 1129:, and released the episodes of 1017:was focused on exploration and 768:Incompatible Timesharing System 361:one of the greatest video games 273:I: The Great Underground Empire 5897:Activision Blizzard franchises 4383:Cohen, Peter (April 1, 2009). 3468: 3394:"For Game Gourmets—Zork III". 3328:"Marketalk Reviews—Zork III". 3275:Barton, Matt (June 28, 2007). 3107:Renne, Mark (September 1983). 2831:Solomon, Abby (October 1983). 2627:Solomon, Abby (October 1983). 1: 5937:Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games 5834:The Lost Treasures of Infocom 5410:Leather Goddesses of Phobos 2 5225:for a 1977 PDP-10 version of 4962:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 4807:Zork II—The Wizard of Frobozz 4084:. May 8, 2010. Archived from 3628:"The Enduring Legacy of Zork" 3239:"Marketalk Reviews—Zork II". 2874:Liddil, Bob (February 1981). 2467:Dyer, Richard (May 6, 1984). 2320:Yokal, Kathy (October 1983). 2282:Classic Game Postmortem: Zork 1831:The Lost Treasures of Infocom 1105:directly by the end of 1981. 671:Digital Equipment Corporation 5187:Interactive Fiction Database 3779:"150 Best Games of All Time" 2682:Ditlea, Steve; Onosco, Tim; 1850:(1996). A graphical port of 1418:as the best in the trilogy. 1359:Reviewers similarly praised 1328:... I guarantee you'll love 1146:Following its 1980 release, 1093:copies and began publishing 669:prototype was built for the 6007:TRS-80 Color Computer games 5992:PlayStation (console) games 5403:Leather Goddesses of Phobos 4846:Zork III—The Dungeon Master 3819:"Top 100 Games of All Time" 3537:"Hunt The Syntax, Part One" 2983:. No. 40. p. 36. 2916:. No. 20. p. 32. 2833:"Games Businesspeople Play" 2706:Onosco, Tim; Kohl, Louise; 2629:"Games Businesspeople Play" 2517:Galley, Stu (Summer 1985). 1705:, 1982), "Zorks in Space" ( 1514:Computerspielemuseum Berlin 1366:second and third episodes. 841:smaller mainframe computers 778:the group had made for the 6048: 5922:Atari 8-bit computer games 3847:"Top 50 Games of All Time" 3208:. pp. 167, 169, 171. 2973:Mishcon, Jon (June 1981). 2295:Game Developers Conference 1626:was listed among the ten " 1133:for them as well in 1982. 756:save the player's progress 754:and adding the ability to 427:tabletop role-playing game 29: 6032:Single-player video games 5887:1970s interactive fiction 5048:Smith, Alexander (2019). 4662:Electronic Gaming Monthly 3165:Repstad, Tom (May 1982). 2285:(conference presentation) 1919:Choose Your Own Adventure 1866:consoles was produced by 1793:(1997). It also released 999:II: The Wizard of Frobozz 911:(1979), their version of 414:text-based adventure game 281:II: The Wizard of Frobozz 49: 5217:Interactive Fiction Wiki 5025:Perron, Bernard (2014). 4915:Rowman & Littlefield 4874:Dibbell, Julian (1998). 4695:. May 1996. p. 21. 4524: 4473:"Infocom Masterpieces". 4319:"Zork: Grand Inquisitor" 2946:"Marketalk Reviews—Zork" 2536:Dornbrook, Mike (1982). 1733:games, releasing only a 1458:gave all three parts of 1293:, a sentiment echoed by 815:allocated for the game. 634:MDL programming language 351:in 1986, leading to new 6022:Teleprinter video games 5539:A Mind Forever Voyaging 5031:McFarland & Company 4018:University of Innsbruck 2018:10.1109/mc.1979.1658697 1942:acquired the rights to 1940:Threshold Entertainment 1828:. They are included in 1562:Colossal Cave Adventure 1539:(2003), suggested that 1007:III: The Dungeon Master 950:By the end of 1980, an 611:Colossal Cave Adventure 461:a different puzzle. In 314:Colossal Cave Adventure 311:(MIT), was inspired by 289:III: The Dungeon Master 5846:Zork: Grand Inquisitor 5581:James Clavell's Shōgun 5124: 5104:Listen to this article 2809:I.e., 1,500 copies of 2777:(September 20, 2008). 2573:"A Zork Fan Turns Pro" 2360:"The Making of Zork". 1848:Zork Legacy Collection 1801:Zork: Grand Inquisitor 1790:Zork: Grand Inquisitor 1553:Hamlet on the Holodeck 1516: 1482:", and concluded that 1172:reported in 1983 that 1029:to the base game, and 801:Dungeons & Dragons 717:Dungeons & Dragons 712:Dungeons & Dragons 698:Lebling contends that 660:natural language input 654:(1973), a multiplayer 490: 487:50 Years of Text Games 406: 295:beginning in 1980. In 5123: 4734:Barton, Matt (2019). 4686:"Celebrity Sightings" 4632:The Lost City of Zork 4596:Effinger, George Alec 4219:Computer Gaming World 4179:Computer Gaming World 3784:Computer Gaming World 3744:Computer Gaming World 3633:MIT Technology Review 3277:"The History Of Zork" 3044:Computer Gaming World 2610:Computer Gaming World 2605:"List of Top Sellers" 2469:"Masters of the Game" 1932:The Lost City of Zork 1678:Later games and media 1600:Computer Gaming World 1592:Computer Gaming World 1508: 1335:Computer Gaming World 1208:copies sold by 1986. 1119:Atari 8-bit computers 480: 394: 332:on several brands of 32:Zork (disambiguation) 5932:Classic Mac OS games 5774:Legend Entertainment 5155:More spoken articles 4932:Mace, Scott (1984). 4848:Instruction Manual ( 4809:Instruction Manual ( 4770:Instruction Manual ( 4364:on November 14, 2014 4331:on November 14, 2014 4298:on November 14, 2014 4266:on November 14, 2014 4154:on November 14, 2014 4121:on November 14, 2014 3883:. January 17, 2016. 3138:"Zork I (Adventure)" 2545:. Zork Users Group. 1928:George Alec Effinger 1899:The Malifestro Quest 656:first-person shooter 375:was included in the 5962:Fantasy video games 5947:Commodore 128 games 4628:Bailey, Robin Wayne 4600:The Zork Chronicles 1924:The Zork Chronicles 1907:Conquest at Quendor 1895:The Forces of Krill 1742:relational database 1632:Library of Congress 908:Microsoft Adventure 901:. Berez approached 793:the DEC users group 381:Library of Congress 238:text adventure game 214:interactive fiction 5942:Commodore 64 games 5532:The Lurking Horror 5125: 4528:[Zork I]. 4088:on August 19, 2010 3913:The New York Times 3448:Commodore Magazine 3360:Creative Computing 2523:The New Zork Times 2419:The New Zork Times 2327:Compute!'s Gazette 2204:The New Zork Times 1936:Robin Wayne Bailey 1903:The Cavern of Doom 1805:Jolt Online Gaming 1517: 1452:Commodore Magazine 1407:Creative Computing 1127:IBM PC compatibles 678:mainframe computer 496:does not follow a 491: 407: 398:being played on a 293:personal computers 261:mainframe computer 5997:Sega Saturn games 5987:NEC PC-9801 games 5912:Amstrad CPC games 5869: 5868: 5757: 5756: 5664: 5663: 5394:Leather Goddesses 5388: 5387: 5121: 5063:978-0-429-75261-2 5040:978-0-7864-5479-2 5017:978-0-262-53348-5 4989:978-0-262-13436-1 4949:978-0-06-669006-3 4924:978-1-4422-7813-4 4893:978-0-8050-3626-8 4749:978-1-00-000092-4 4645:978-0-380-75389-5 4613:978-0-380-75388-8 4564:"Meretzky, Steve" 2975:"Capsule Reviews" 2153:(December 1980). 1773:graphic adventure 1646:World of Warcraft 1277:wondered whether 1021:-style gameplay, 925:Personal Software 847:work on personal 821:gendered pronouns 600:began developing 371:genres. In 2007, 338:Personal Software 229: 228: 155:Personal computer 83:Personal Software 16:(Redirected from 6039: 5892:1977 video games 5788:Related articles 5779:Westwood Studios 5673: 5560:Plundered Hearts 5511:Hollywood Hijinx 5451: 5279:Original trilogy 5276: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5233: 5145: 5143: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5105: 5092: 5067: 5044: 5021: 5006:(2nd ed.). 4993: 4967: 4961: 4953: 4940:Harper & Row 4928: 4905: 4881: 4870: 4868: 4857: 4831: 4829: 4818: 4792: 4790: 4779: 4753: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4572:(3rd ed.). 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4360:. Archived from 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4327:. Archived from 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4294:. Archived from 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4262:. Archived from 4254:"Return to Zork" 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4150:. Archived from 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4117:. 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Archived from 2474:The Boston Globe 2464: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2407: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2357: 2340: 2339: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2273: 2256: 2249:Blank; Lebling ( 2246: 2240: 2233:Blank; Lebling ( 2230: 2224: 2217:Blank; Lebling ( 2214: 2208: 2207: 2192: 2173: 2172: 2147: 2138: 2137: 2124: 2115: 2109: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2088:on July 30, 2022 2084:. Archived from 2068: 2051: 2044:Blank; Lebling ( 2041: 2030: 2029: 1988: 1979: 1973: 1938:(1991). In 1996 1855: 1696: 1665:It Is Pitch Dark 1545: 1487: 1475: 1467: 1445: 1429: 1415: 1397: 1377: 1365: 1353:Family Computing 1327: 1305: 1235:The episodes of 1205: 1197: 1185: 1177: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1110: 1098: 1090: 1084: 1061: 1053: 1038: 1014: 1006: 998: 984: 959: 940: 935:, also known as 915:. Microsoft CEO 891: 837:software company 708: 693: 668: 631: 573: 562: 553: 524: 515: 498:linear storyline 481:Map of the 1977 466: 449: 441: 327: 301:natural language 288: 280: 272: 54: 42: 21: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6036: 5977:Mainframe games 5902:Adventure games 5872: 5871: 5870: 5865: 5820:Legends of Zork 5783: 5753: 5722: 5660: 5628: 5442: 5415: 5384: 5344: 5309: 5265: 5260: 5159: 5158: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5136:This audio file 5133: 5126: 5117: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5070: 5064: 5047: 5041: 5024: 5018: 4996: 4990: 4970: 4954: 4950: 4931: 4925: 4908: 4894: 4884:Holt Paperbacks 4873: 4866: 4855: 4834: 4827: 4816: 4795: 4788: 4777: 4756: 4750: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4659:"Tidbits ...". 4658: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4532:(in Japanese). 4526: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4476:Next Generation 4472: 4471: 4467: 4451:Next Generation 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4013: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3852:Next Generation 3845: 3844: 3840: 3824:Next Generation 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3760: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3482: 3478: 3467: 3463: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3307: 3306: 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1744:product called 1694: 1680: 1610:Next Generation 1605:Next Generation 1543: 1503: 1485: 1473: 1465: 1443: 1440:concluded that 1427: 1413: 1395: 1375: 1363: 1325: 1324:and wanted more 1314:Jerry Pournelle 1312:and the genre. 1303: 1262:The Space Gamer 1233: 1203: 1195: 1183: 1175: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1108: 1096: 1088: 1082: 1059: 1051: 1036: 1012: 1004: 996: 982: 957: 938: 929:advance payment 899:self-publishing 889: 829: 729: 706: 691: 666: 629: 583: 582: 581: 580: 576: 575: 574: 565: 564: 563: 555: 554: 543: 538: 522: 513: 475: 464: 447: 439: 389: 325: 286: 278: 270: 199: 160: 119: 85: 60: 40: 39:1977 video game 35: 28: 27:1977 video game 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6045: 6043: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6027:Shōeisha games 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5927:Atari ST games 5924: 5919: 5917:Apple II games 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5827:Return to Zork 5823: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5718:Brian Moriarty 5715: 5713:Steve Meretzky 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:Michael Berlyn 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5514: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5455: 5454:Text adventure 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5318: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5282: 5280: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5220: 5190: 5148: 5134: 5127: 5115: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098:External links 5096: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5079:Addison-Wesley 5068: 5062: 5045: 5039: 5022: 5016: 4994: 4988: 4972:Montfort, Nick 4968: 4948: 4929: 4923: 4906: 4892: 4871: 4832: 4793: 4754: 4748: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4676: 4651: 4644: 4619: 4612: 4587: 4556:Langford, Dave 4547: 4515: 4490: 4465: 4440: 4408: 4375: 4350:Knight, Kyle. 4342: 4309: 4286:"Zork Nemesis" 4277: 4245: 4205: 4165: 4140:Knight, Kyle. 4132: 4107:Knight, Kyle. 4099: 4063: 4051: 4023: 4016:(PhD thesis). 3999: 3987: 3956: 3923: 3916:. p. E7. 3898: 3866: 3838: 3810: 3770: 3730: 3709: 3680: 3651: 3615: 3572: 3560: 3542:Game Developer 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3476: 3461: 3438: 3427:. p. 58. 3411: 3386: 3345: 3320: 3300: 3282:Game Developer 3256: 3231: 3190: 3157: 3128: 3099: 3070: 3026: 2994: 2965: 2934: 2895: 2863: 2823: 2802: 2775:Carless, Simon 2751: 2749: 2748: 2728:October 1985: 2726: 2702: 2678: 2668:. p. 56. 2658: 2625:October 1983: 2623: 2602:October 1982: 2592: 2563: 2528: 2484: 2452: 2424: 2389: 2377: 2341: 2312: 2300: 2279:(March 2014). 2257: 2241: 2225: 2209: 2174: 2139: 2116: 2099: 2052: 2031: 1980: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1887:Steve Meretzky 1876:smart speakers 1837:Zork Anthology 1778:Return to Zork 1679: 1676: 1502: 1499: 1232: 1229: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 849:microcomputers 828: 825: 728: 725: 616:adventure game 578: 577: 568: 567: 566: 557: 556: 548: 547: 546: 545: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 529:Dungeon Master 474: 471: 388: 385: 319:adventure game 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 207: 201: 200: 198: 197: 190: 183: 176: 168: 166: 162: 161: 159: 158: 152: 147: 141: 139: 133: 132: 127: 121: 120: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 94: 88: 87: 80: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 55: 47: 46: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6044: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5972:Infocom games 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5739:Bruce Daniels 5737: 5735: 5734:Douglas Adams 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 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3045: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3005:(June 1983). 3004: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2816: 2806: 2803: 2795:September 23, 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2564: 2548: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411:Anderson, Tim 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 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1857: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1820:The original 1818: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1709:, 1982), and 1708: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1611: 1608:in 1996, and 1607: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560:, along with 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533:Nick Montfort 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1344:in 1982, and 1343: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1153: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1125:systems, and 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1092: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1000: 992: 991: 986: 978: 974: 971:, branded as 970: 969:invisible ink 966: 961: 953: 948: 946: 942: 934: 930: 926: 922: 919:was a fan of 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 900: 895: 893: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 835:Infocom as a 834: 826: 824: 822: 816: 814: 810: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 772: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:game's engine 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 726: 724: 722: 718: 714: 713: 705: 701: 696: 690: 686: 681: 679: 676: 672: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652: 647: 643: 640:code used in 639: 635: 628: 623: 621: 617: 613: 612: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:Bruce Daniels 591: 587: 572: 561: 552: 540: 535: 533: 530: 526: 517: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 488: 484: 479: 472: 470: 468: 459: 454: 451: 443: 435: 430: 428: 424: 419: 415: 411: 404: 401: 397: 393: 386: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 341: 339: 335: 334:microcomputer 331: 324: 320: 316: 315: 310: 305: 302: 298: 294: 290: 282: 274: 266: 262: 259: 255: 251: 250:Bruce Daniels 247: 243: 239: 235: 234: 225: 224:Single-player 222: 218: 215: 211: 208: 206: 202: 195: 191: 188: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 169: 167: 163: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 140: 138: 134: 131: 128: 126: 122: 116: 115:Bruce Daniels 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 95: 93: 89: 84: 81: 79: 75: 72: 69: 67: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6002:TRS-80 games 5858: 5853:Zork Nemesis 5851: 5844: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5801: 5794: 5708:Dave Lebling 5683:Tim Anderson 5676:Implementers 5653: 5646: 5639: 5633:Other titles 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 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