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346:. The glow lamp has a very different design than the much larger neon tubes used for signage; the difference was sufficient that a separate US patent was issued for the lamp in 1919. A Smithsonian Institution website notes, "These small, low power devices use a physical principle called 'coronal discharge'." Moore mounted two electrodes close together in a bulb and added neon or argon gas. The electrodes would glow brightly in red or blue, depending on the gas, and the lamps lasted for years. Since the electrodes could take almost any shape imaginable, a popular application has been fanciful decorative lamps. Glow lamps found practical use as electronic components, and as indicators in instrument panels and in many home appliances until the acceptance of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) starting in the 1970s."
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https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk/coverpage/-/coverpage/view?_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_hsf=neon+light&p_r_p_-1078056564_c=QF757YsWv5%2BsPW2AoTJX48FFDFEdgiH3&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_o=19&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_actual_q=%28%20%28%20allTermsMandatory%3A%28true%29%20OR+all_dc.title%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.creator%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.contributor%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.subject%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+fulltext%3A%28neon+light%29%20OR+all_dc.description%3A%28neon+light%29%20%29%20%29&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_sort_order=desc&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_sort_field=score&_coverpage_WAR_mmisportalportlet_log=Y&tabs1=CATALOGUE
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Times Square in the thirties was a result of Leigh's genius as a kinetic and luminal artist." Major cities throughout the United States and in several other countries also had elaborate displays of neon signs. Events such as the
Chicago Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34), the Paris World's Fair (1937) and New York World's Fair (1939) were remarkable for their extensive use of neon tubes as architectural features. Stern has argued that the creation of "glorious" neon displays for movie theaters led to an association of the two, "One's joy in going to the movies became inseparably associated with neon."
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exclusive licenses for the production of neon signs in a given geographical area; by 1931, the value of the neon sign business was $ 16.9 million, of which a significant percentage was paid to Claude Neon Lights, Inc. by the franchising arrangements. Claude's principal patent expired in 1932, which led to a great expansion in the production of neon signage. The industry's sales in 1939 were about $ 22.0 million; the expansion in volume from 1931 to 1939 was much larger than the ratio of sales in the two years suggests.
149:, developed in 1917, about seven years after neon tube lighting. While neon tube lights are typically meters long, the neon lamps can be less than one centimeter in length and glow much more dimly than the tube lights. They are still in use as small indicator lights. Through the 1970s, neon glow lamps were widely used for numerical displays in electronics, for small decorative lamps, and as signal processing devices in circuitry. While these lamps are now antiques, the technology of the neon glow lamp developed into contemporary
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310:(0.4–3 kPa), which corresponds to a partial vacuum in the tubing. Claude had also solved two technical problems that substantially shortened the working life of neon and some other gas discharge tubes, and effectively gave birth to a neon lighting industry. In 1915, a US patent was issued to Claude covering the design of the electrodes for gas-discharge lighting; this patent became the basis for the monopoly held in the US by his company, Claude Neon Lights, for neon signs through the early 1930s.
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197:, which developed about 25 years after neon tube lighting. In fluorescent lights, the light emitted by rarefied gases within a tube is used exclusively to excite fluorescent materials that coat the tube, which then shine with their own colors that become the tube's visible, usually white, glow. Fluorescent coatings (phosphors) and glasses are also an option for neon tube lighting, but are usually selected to obtain bright colors.
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556:, and Robert H. Wilson created a display that could retain its state without constant updates. In 2006, Larry F. Weber explained that modern plasma TVs still use key features of these early displays, such as alternating sustain voltage and a neon-based gas mixture. Plasma displays emit ultraviolet light, with each pixel containing phosphors for
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has written, "... after World War II, as neon signs were replaced increasingly by fluorescent-lighted plastic, the art of bending colored tubes into sinuous, gas-filled forms began to wane." A Dark Age persisted at least through the 1970s, when artists adopted neon with enthusiasm; in 1979 Rudi Stern
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immediately adjacent to a negatively charged electrode (or "cathode"); the positively charged electrode ("anode") is quite close to the cathode. These features distinguish glow lamps from the much longer and brighter "positive column" luminous regions in neon tube lighting. The energy dissipation in
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The Second World War (1939–1945) arrested new sign installations around most of the world. Following the war, the industry resumed. Marcus
Thielen writes of this era, "...after World War II, government programs were established to help re-educate soldiers. The Egani Institute (New York City) was one
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took neon advertising further than
Georges Claude and his associates had ever envisioned. Leigh, who conceived and created the archetypal Times Square spectacular, experimented with displays that incorporated smells, fog, and sounds as part of their total effect. ... Much of the visual excitement of
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of France", had a near monopoly on the new technology, which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920–1940. Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era; by 1940, the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage,
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The small negative glow region of a neon lamp and its adaptable electronic properties led to the use of this technology in early plasma panel displays. In 1964, at the
University of Illinois, the first monochrome dot-matrix plasma displays were developed for the PLATO educational system. Inventors
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car dealership in Los
Angeles, California; these literally stopped traffic. Claude's US patents had secured him a monopoly on neon signage, and following Anthony's success with neon signs, many companies arranged franchises with Claude to manufacture neon signs. In many cases companies were given
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in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances. There were 2,000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs. The popularity, intricacy, and scale of neon signage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War (1939–1945), but development continued
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that was similar to the tubes used today for neon signs. Travers later wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget." The procedure of examining the colors of the light emitted from gas-discharge (or "Geissler" tubes) was well
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When
Georges Claude demonstrated an impressive, practical form of neon tube lighting in 1910, he apparently envisioned that it would be used as a form of lighting, which had been the application of the earlier Moore tubes that were based on nitrogen and carbon dioxide discharges. Claude's 1910
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light that activates the fluorescent coatings. By the 1930s, the colors from combinations of neon tube lights had become satisfactory for some general interior lighting applications, and achieved some success in Europe, but not in the US. Since the 1950s, the development of phosphors for color
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These neon tubes were essentially in their contemporary form. The outer diameters for the glass tubing used in neon lighting ranges from 9 to 25 mm; with standard electrical equipment, the tubes can be as long as 30 metres (98 ft). The pressure of the gas inside ranges from 3 to 20
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Although some neon lamps themselves are now antiques, and their use in electronics has declined markedly, the technology has continued to develop in artistic and entertainment contexts. Neon lighting technology has been reshaped from long tubes into thin flat panels used for
730:(Cincinnati, founded 1999). These museums restore and display historical signage that was originally designed as advertising, in addition to presenting exhibits of neon art. Several books of photographs have also been published to draw attention to neon lighting as art.
326:. In the 1920s, fluorescent glasses and coatings were developed to further expand the range of colors and effects for tubes with argon gas or argon-neon mixtures; generally, the fluorescent coatings are used with an argon/mercury-vapor mixture, which emits
449:, but signs. One can look at Las Vegas from a mile away on route 91 and see no buildings, no trees, only signs. But such signs! They tower. They revolve, they oscillate, they soar in shapes before which the existing vocabulary of art history is helpless."
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Decorative (or "figural") lamps in which the cathode is shaped as a flower, animal, etc.. The figures inside these lamps were typically painted with phosphorescent paints to achieve a variety of colors. A prominent manufacturer of these lamps was the
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Before yesterday's 8-to-2 vote to revise the ordinance, rooftop signs were not allowed on San Jose high-rise buildings, nor were colored neon signs. In addition, the maximum allowable size of signs on high-rise buildings was only 750 square
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While the market for neon lighting in outdoor advertising signage has declined since the mid twentieth century, in recent decades neon lighting has been used consciously in art, both in individual objects and integrated into architecture.
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to create different colors beyond those produced by neon. For instance, mixing metallic mercury with neon gas creates blue. Green can then be achieved using uranium (yellow) glass. White and gold can also be created by adding argon and
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Immediately following neon's discovery, neon tubes were used as scientific instruments and novelties. However, the scarcity of purified neon gas precluded its prompt application for electrical gas-discharge lighting along the lines of
475:. Marcus Thielen wrote in 2005, on the 90th anniversary of the US patent issued to Georges Claude, "The demand for the use of neon and cold cathode in architectural applications is growing, and the introduction of new techniques like
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271:, began producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of the air liquefaction business. From December 3 to 18, 1910, Claude demonstrated two large (12-metre (39 ft) long), bright red neon tubes at the
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Fleming used a tube of neon, without electrodes, to explore the amplitudes of radiofrequency waves by examining the intensity of the tube's light emission. He had obtained his neon directly from its discoverer,
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Americans, oddly, aren't so crazy about neon as the
Japanese and the Europeans, although it could be argued that neon, discovered by the French inventor Georges Claude in 1910, is largely an American phenomenon.
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vigorously in Japan, Iran, and some other countries. In recent decades architects and artists, in addition to sign designers, have again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works.
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in Paris with neon tubes; this webpage includes a contemporary photograph that gives an impression of the effect. The webpage is part of an extensive selection of images of neon lighting; see
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483:—into the sign market have strengthened, rather than replaced, neon technology. The evolution of the 'waste' product neon tube remains incomplete 90 years after the patent was filed."
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of this large exhibition space. Claude's associate, Jacques
Fonseque, realized the possibilities for a business based on signage and advertising. By 1913 a large sign for the vermouth
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of few schools in the country that taught neon-trade secrets. The
American streamlined design from the 1950s would be unimaginable without the use of neon." The development of
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has written, "The 1930s were years of great creativity for neon, a period when many design and animation techniques were developed. ... Men like O. J. Gude and, in particular,
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known at the time, since the colors of light (the "spectral lines") emitted by a gas discharge tube are, effectively, fingerprints that identify the gases inside.
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134:(blue). Neon tubes can be fabricated in curving artistic shapes, to form letters or pictures. They are mainly used to make dramatic, multicolored glowing
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the gas in the tube, causing it to emit colored light. The color of the light depends on the gas in the tube. Neon lights were named for
1346:"The Propagation of Electric Waves along Spiral Wires, and on an Appliance for Measuring the Length of Waves Used in Wireless Telegraphy"
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Pilot lamps that indicate the presence of electrical power in an appliance or instrument (e.g. an electric coffee pot or power supply).
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Use of
Electricity in business – Variety and Beauty in the Neon Tube. (1934, January 13). Hong Kong Daily Press. p. 2. Retrieved from
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wrote in 1965, "Las Vegas is the only city in the world whose skyline is made neither of buildings, like New York, nor of trees, like
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Len Davidson operated a neon museum in Philadelphia until 2006; the museum exhibited pieces from his large private collection. See
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1552:"Claude Neon Lights Wins Injunction Suit: Also Gets Rights to Recover Profits and Damages Resulting From Patent Infringement".
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499:, which is a neon glow lamp with ten electrodes shaped as the ten numerals. The digits of this tube are 5/8 in. (16 mm) tall.
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The mid to late 1980s was a period of resurgence in neon production. Sign companies developed a new type of signage called
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667:'s late 1940s work in Argentina. Among the later artists whom Popper notes in a brief history of neon lighting in art are
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Overall, however, neon displays became less fashionable, and some cities discouraged their construction with ordinances.
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Reproduction of a chart in the catalog of a lighting company in Toronto; the original ANSI specification is not given.
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Includes a reprint of a 1965 essay, "Las Vegas (What?) Las Vegas (Can't Hear You Too Noisy) Las Vegas!!!!"
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that is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere. It was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists
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at each end, filled with one of a number of gases at low pressure. A high potential of several thousand
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as the working gas, and enjoyed some commercial success in the US in the early 1900s. After 1902,
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Inventing the 20th century: 100 inventions that shaped the world: from the airplane to the zipper
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Several museums in the United States are now devoted to neon lighting and art, including the
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A collection of photographs of neon signs from cities around the world, most unannotated.
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Active electronic circuits such as electronic oscillators, timers, memory elements, etc..
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the lamps when they are glowing is very low (about 0.1 W), hence the distinguishing term
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Neon signage was received with particular enthusiasm in the United States. In 1923,
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Nevada Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff
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built in 1951 for the Pioneer Club in Las Vegas, Nevada. The sign, built by the
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containing neon, which was first displayed by Ramsay and Travers; "Ne" is the
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which gives off a popular orange light, but other gases and chemicals called
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consists of brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes or bulbs that contain
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1421:"The Luminous Tube: An illuminating description of how neon signs operate"
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traces the use of neon lighting as the principal element in artworks to
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608: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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televisions has created nearly 100 new colors for neon tube lighting.
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Souk, Jun; Morozumi, Shinji; Luo, Fang-Chen; Bita, Ion (2018-07-11).
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643:, 2015, neon artwork by Hubert Czerepok. The letters form a shape of
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illuminated the night sky in Paris, and by 1919 the entrance to the
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Neon Techniques: Handbook of Neon Sign and Cold-Cathode Lighting
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655:, in which individual letters were fashioned from sheet metal.
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In neon glow lamps, the luminous region of the gas is a thin,
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The dates of the 1910 Paris Motor Show are incorporated into
293:, shows the elaborate artistic effects that can be achieved.
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Plasma displays are closely related to the simple neon lamp.
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is one of many cities that had an anti-neon ordinance; see
1116:
As explained in this article, Claude did not discover neon.
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as a resort city is inextricably linked with neon signage;
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that was similar to the tubes used for neon signs today.
1662:"Rudi Stern, Artist Whose Medium Was Light, Dies at 69"
160:
Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists
949:(April 2006). "History of the plasma display panel".
313:
Claude's patents envisioned the use of gases such as
180:, December 3–18, 1910. Claude, sometimes called "the
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94:. A neon tube is a sealed glass tube with a metal
1709:Applications of Neon Lamps and Gas Discharge Tubes
1313:Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint)
1224:
301:Display of neon lighting samples in a glass studio
1602:The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby
30:"Neon light" redirects here. For other uses, see
521:Some of the applications of neon lamps include:
1829:"Davidson Neon and Neon Museum of Philadelphia"
1128:"A visual history of Times Square spectaculars"
1045:"Reportage - Il était une fois le néon No. 402"
1453:(4th ed.). ST Media Group International.
1148:Times Square Spectacular: Lighting Up Broadway
914:Display interfaces: fundamentals and standards
1862:
1350:Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
1130:. The Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
405:purchased two neon signs from Claude for his
8:
1444:
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456:titled his 1947 collection of short stories
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87:or other gases. Neon lights are a type of
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539:Intricate electronic displays such as the
118:are used to produce other colors, such as
1262:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
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1242:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1003:. New York University Press. p. 42.
624:Learn how and when to remove this message
145:The term can also refer to the miniature
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1182:
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1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
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216:for neon, one of the chemical elements.
1631:Gaura, Maria Alicia (August 26, 1998).
1068:"Reportage - Il était une fois le néon"
941:
939:
937:
917:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 69–71.
884:
1103:O'Toole, Lawrence (February 4, 1990).
898:"Lamp Inventors 1880-1940: Moore Lamp"
380:demonstration of neon lighting at the
1482:American National Standards Institute
1316:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 287.
398:was adorned with neon tube lighting.
7:
892:
890:
888:
875: – Decorative electrical device
606:adding citations to reliable sources
462:(as a synonym of "urban jungle" for
193:Neon lighting is closely related to
951:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
641:The Future Isn't What It Used to Be
487:Neon glow lamps and plasma displays
1475:"ANSI Luminous Tube Footage Chart"
568:Neon lighting and artists in light
27:Electrified, rarefied gas lighting
25:
1660:Fox, Margalit (August 18, 2006).
1510:Claude, Georges (November 1913).
574:Light art § Artists in light
47:A neon light art installation in
1725:Flat Panel Display Manufacturing
1193:. H. N. Abrams. pp. 16–33.
582:
2386:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1512:"The Development of Neon Tubes"
1284:Thielen, Marcus (August 2005).
726:(Las Vegas, founded 1996), the
593:needs additional citations for
244:"electrical gas-discharge" tube
170:"electrical gas-discharge" tube
2331:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1398:. Globe Pequot. p. 1880.
1381:. MacMillan. pp. 221–223.
1377:Bright Jr., Arthur A. (1949).
1223:Bright, Arthur A. Jr. (1949).
1088:. July 9, 1945. Archived from
900:. The Smithsonian Institution.
386:(Grand Palace) in Paris lit a
1:
1105:"Where Neon Art Comes of Age"
285:, a 40-foot (12 m) tall
1126:Cutler, Alan (Summer 2007).
997:van Dulken, Stephen (2002).
358:Neon tube lighting and signs
354:and plasma television sets.
2576:Automotive light bulb types
2426:Intelligent street lighting
1798:Sprengnagel, Dusty (1999).
1773:Davidson, Len (July 1999).
869: – Type of plasma lamp
291:Young Electric Sign Company
32:Neon Light (disambiguation)
2913:
2339:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1379:The Electric-Lamp Industry
1227:The Electric-Lamp Industry
734:List of neon light artists
722:, Los Angeles, 1981), the
571:
502:
361:
342:, developed the miniature
102:applied to the electrodes
36:
29:
2778:Stage lighting instrument
1728:. John Wiley & Sons.
1449:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
1419:Strattman, Wayne (1997).
1362:10.1080/14786440409463212
1191:The New Let There Be Neon
911:Myers, Robert L. (2002).
671:, the conceptual artists
531:Aerolux Light Corporation
471:published his manifesto,
255:, which used more common
2839:Battlefield illumination
2596:high-intensity discharge
2028:Electrochemiluminescence
1707:Baumann, Edward (1966).
1605:. MacMillan. p. 7.
1516:The Engineering Magazine
1392:Moreno, Richard (2008).
742:(1935) New Zealand / USA
718:(founded by neon artist
447:Wilbraham, Massachusetts
340:General Electric Company
138:for advertising, called
2699:Electroluminescent wire
1777:. Schiffer Publishing.
1637:San Francisco Chronicle
1541:reproduction of patent.
971:10.1109/TPS.2006.872440
826:(1950) US - plasma lamp
820:Australia LED neon flex
2381:Multifaceted reflector
1484:(ANSI). Archived from
1286:"Happy Birthday Neon!"
1231:. MacMillan. pp.
648:
511:"negative glow" region
500:
433:
376:
374:Falls Church, Virginia
338:, then working at the
302:
294:
267:'s company in France,
217:
74:
63:
51:
2771:ellipsoidal reflector
2376:Ellipsoidal reflector
2060:Fluorescent induction
2038:field-induced polymer
1581:US patent 1316967
1092:on December 22, 2011.
778:(1927) Poland, France
754:(1962) Greek-American
639:
516:cold-cathode lighting
494:
427:
371:
336:Daniel McFarlan Moore
300:
281:
208:
69:
57:
46:
2608:Rear position lights
2581:Daytime running lamp
2509:Mechanically powered
2396:Aviation obstruction
1679:Stern, Rudi (1979).
1627:San Jose, California
1556:. November 28, 1928.
1189:Stern, Rudi (1988).
1145:Tell, Darcy (2007).
728:American Sign Museum
602:improve this article
195:fluorescent lighting
2016:Electron-stimulated
1802:. ST Publications.
1599:Wolfe, Tom (2009).
1082:"FRANCE: Paranoia?"
963:2006ITPS...34..268W
748:(1935) South Africa
459:The Neon Wilderness
201:History and science
92:gas-discharge light
2859:Luminous gemstones
2033:Electroluminescent
2011:Cathodoluminescent
1666:The New York Times
1554:The New York Times
1425:Signs of the Times
1308:Weeks, Mary Elvira
1290:Signs of the Times
1151:. Harper-Collins.
1109:The New York Times
1043:Testelin, Xavier.
854:Tim White-Sobieski
716:Museum of Neon Art
649:
501:
434:
432:in London, England
377:
303:
295:
218:
210:Gas discharge tube
126:(yellow or pink),
75:
64:
52:
2884:
2883:
2401:Balanced-arm lamp
2357:
2356:
2241:Yablochkov candle
2109:Acetylene/Carbide
2079:Radioluminescence
1951:Luminous efficacy
1897:Color temperature
1809:978-0-944094-26-6
1784:978-0-7643-0857-4
1735:978-1-119-16136-3
1690:978-0-8109-1255-7
1681:Let There Be Neon
1612:978-0-312-42912-6
1460:978-0-944094-27-3
1405:978-0-7627-4682-8
1323:978-0-7661-3872-8
1200:978-0-8109-1299-1
1158:978-0-06-088433-8
1010:978-0-8147-8812-7
924:978-0-471-49946-6
830:Stepan Ryabchenko
806:Maurizio Nannucci
758:Michael Flechtner
701:François Morellet
697:Maurizio Nannucci
669:Stephen Antonakos
653:channel lettering
634:
633:
626:
564:, or blue light.
543:(see photograph).
473:Let There Be Neon
439:Las Vegas, Nevada
240:Morris W. Travers
166:Morris W. Travers
71:Piccadilly Circus
16:(Redirected from
2904:
2684:Christmas lights
2618:Safety reflector
2613:Reversing lights
2548:Navigation light
2499:Bicycle lighting
2389:
2342:
2334:
2308:
2067:Photoluminescent
2050:Fluorescent lamp
2023:Chemiluminescent
1971:
1939:Bi-pin lamp base
1934:Lightbulb socket
1871:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1831:. Archived from
1815:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1711:. Carlton Press.
1704:
1695:
1694:
1683:. H. N. Abrams.
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1374:
1368:
1365:
1352:. Sixth Series.
1344:(October 1904).
1338:
1332:
1331:
1330:on May 30, 2013.
1326:. Archived from
1304:
1298:
1297:
1292:. Archived from
1281:
1268:
1267:
1259:Grove Art Online
1246:
1237:
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902:
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894:
746:Frida Blumenberg
629:
622:
618:
615:
609:
586:
578:
550:Donald L. Bitzer
495:The digits of a
428:A neon sign for
403:Earle C. Anthony
273:Paris Motor Show
228:chemical element
178:Paris Motor Show
58:The vicinity of
21:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
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2885:
2880:
2844:Bioluminescence
2827:
2796:
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2739:
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2646:
2562:
2487:
2411:Emergency light
2387:
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2306:
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2297:
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2217:
2188:Magnesium torch
2095:
1997:
1966:
1960:
1917:Light pollution
1892:Accent lighting
1880:
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1838:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1821:Further reading
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1055:Claude lit the
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996:
995:
986:
947:Weber, Larry F.
945:
944:
935:
925:
910:
909:
905:
896:
895:
886:
882:
863:
800:Victor Millonzi
782:Brigitte Kowanz
736:
703:in addition to
630:
619:
613:
610:
599:
587:
576:
570:
554:H. Gene Slottow
507:
489:
366:
360:
352:plasma displays
203:
151:plasma displays
41:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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2832:Related topics
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2478:Track lighting
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2451:Recessed light
2448:
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2428:
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2421:Gooseneck lamp
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2303:High-intensity
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2072:Laser headlamp
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1902:Electric light
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1384:
1369:
1342:Fleming, J. A.
1333:
1322:
1299:
1296:on 2009-02-16.
1269:
1266:on 2011-05-16.
1238:
1206:
1199:
1164:
1157:
1137:
1134:on 2010-06-20.
1118:
1095:
1073:
1032:
1016:
1009:
984:
957:(2): 268–278.
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851:
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833:
832:(1987) Ukraine
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
784:(1957) Austria
779:
776:Piotr Kowalski
773:
767:
764:Michael Hayden
761:
755:
749:
743:
735:
732:
693:Piotr Kowalski
685:Martial Raysse
632:
631:
590:
588:
581:
569:
566:
545:
544:
537:
534:
526:
503:Main article:
488:
485:
430:Fish and chips
362:Main article:
359:
356:
265:Georges Claude
261:carbon dioxide
236:William Ramsay
202:
199:
174:Georges Claude
162:William Ramsay
147:neon glow lamp
128:carbon dioxide
122:(purple-red),
73:, London, 1962
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2909:
2898:
2897:Neon lighting
2895:
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2814:
2813:Infrared lamp
2811:
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2446:Pendant light
2444:
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2441:Neon lighting
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2259:Deuterium arc
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2251:Gas discharge
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1956:Task lighting
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1912:Light fixture
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1835:on 2015-08-14
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1491:on 2016-04-16
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1250:Popper, Frank
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1030:for the show.
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856:(1961) Poland
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842:Keith Sonnier
840:
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818:Carla O'Brien
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770:Joseph Kosuth
768:
766:(1943) Canada
765:
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705:Lucio Fontana
702:
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678:
677:Joseph Kosuth
674:
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638:
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617:
614:November 2016
607:
603:
597:
596:
591:This section
589:
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579:
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567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
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542:
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455:
454:Nelson Algren
450:
448:
444:
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431:
426:
422:
419:
418:Douglas Leigh
415:
411:
408:
404:
399:
397:
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389:
385:
384:
375:
372:Neon sign in
370:
365:
357:
355:
353:
347:
345:
341:
337:
334:Around 1917,
332:
329:
325:
320:
319:mercury vapor
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130:(white), and
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86:
83:
79:
78:Neon lighting
72:
68:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2719:Strobe light
2714:Plasma globe
2689:Crackle tube
2679:Bubble light
2640:trafficators
2635:Turn signals
2461:Street light
2440:
2416:Gas lighting
2349:Sodium vapor
2321:Metal-halide
2263:
2223:Electric arc
1975:Incandescent
1944:Edison screw
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1799:
1793:
1775:Vintage Neon
1774:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1754:Reels Custom
1753:
1750:"Neon signs"
1744:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:
1622:
1601:
1594:
1575:
1563:
1558:Paid access.
1553:
1547:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1469:
1450:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1328:the original
1312:
1302:
1294:the original
1289:
1264:the original
1257:
1226:
1190:
1147:
1140:
1132:the original
1121:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1090:the original
1085:
1076:
1062:Grand Palais
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
999:
954:
950:
928:
913:
906:
873:Plasma globe
867:Crackle tube
836:Lisa Schulte
812:Bruce Nauman
808:(1939) Italy
796:(1925) Italy
713:
681:Bruce Nauman
665:Gyula Košice
661:Frank Popper
657:
650:
640:
620:
611:
600:Please help
595:verification
592:
546:
520:
515:
508:
477:fiber optics
472:
468:Margalit Fox
457:
451:
435:
412:
400:
383:Grand Palais
381:
378:
348:
333:
312:
304:
249:
219:
192:
187:Times Square
159:
144:
89:cold cathode
77:
76:
60:Times Square
2864:Signal lamp
2818:Stroboscope
2694:DJ lighting
2630:Stop lights
2601:sealed beam
2553:Searchlight
2293:Xenon flash
2236:Klieg light
2084:Solid-state
2045:Fluorescent
2003:Luminescent
1356:(46): 417.
1028:this poster
824:Bill Parker
788:Lili Lakich
740:Billy Apple
724:Neon Museum
720:Lili Lakich
673:Billy Apple
396:Paris Opera
328:ultraviolet
269:Air Liquide
253:Moore tubes
155:televisions
2808:Grow light
2803:Germicidal
2793:Scientific
2790:Industrial
2746:Floodlight
2732:Theatrical
2674:Blacklight
2669:Aroma lamp
2658:Decorative
2568:Automotive
2558:Solar lamp
2521:Glow stick
2504:Flashlight
2436:Nightlight
2431:Light tube
2406:Chandelier
2363:Stationary
2305:discharge
2231:Carbon arc
2101:Combustion
1967:generation
1965:Methods of
1839:2010-12-02
1800:Neon World
1759:2024-09-04
1642:2010-11-27
1530:US 1125476
1518:: 271–274.
1495:2012-06-01
1430:2010-12-10
1050:2010-12-06
880:References
848:Rudi Stern
794:Mario Merz
709:Mario Merz
572:See also:
541:Nixie tube
497:Nixie tube
414:Rudi Stern
140:neon signs
37:See also:
18:Neon light
2874:Reflected
2854:Light art
2766:Spotlight
2751:Footlight
2736:Cinematic
2704:Lava lamp
2466:in the US
2371:Reflector
2288:Xenon arc
2269:Neon lamp
2198:Rushlight
2178:Limelight
1927:Hong Kong
1057:peristyle
850:(1936) US
844:(1941) US
838:(1956) US
814:(1941) US
802:(1915) US
790:(1944) US
772:(1965) US
760:(1951) US
505:Neon lamp
443:Tom Wolfe
388:peristyle
364:Neon sign
344:neon lamp
287:neon sign
283:Vegas Vic
232:inert gas
225:noble gas
116:phosphors
112:noble gas
96:electrode
39:Neon sign
2891:Category
2586:Headlamp
2526:Headlamp
2514:Tactical
2492:Portable
2473:Torchère
2154:Petromax
2149:Kerosene
2119:Campfire
2089:LED lamp
1885:Concepts
1878:Lighting
1310:(2003).
1252:(2009).
979:20290119
861:See also
257:nitrogen
120:hydrogen
82:rarefied
2869:Sources
2823:Tanning
2709:Marquee
2654:Display
2538:Lantern
2531:outdoor
2483:Troffer
2326:ceramic
2183:Luchina
2161:Lantern
2054:compact
2052: (
1988:Halogen
1983:Regular
1367:Ramsay.
1059:of the
959:Bibcode
752:Chryssa
689:Chryssa
464:Chicago
407:Packard
392:Cinzano
230:and an
136:signage
132:mercury
104:ionizes
49:Bangkok
2591:hidden
2456:Sconce
2281:Sulfur
2276:Plasma
2208:Tilley
2203:Safety
2166:Fanous
2129:Carcel
2124:Candle
2114:Argand
1993:Nernst
1922:Hawaii
1806:
1781:
1732:
1687:
1609:
1587:
1536:
1457:
1402:
1320:
1254:"Neon"
1197:
1155:
1007:
977:
921:
645:Poland
324:helium
214:symbol
182:Edison
124:helium
2849:Laser
2761:Scoop
2388:(PAR)
2341:(HQI)
2333:(HMI)
2307:(HID)
2213:Torch
2171:Paper
2139:Flare
1907:Glare
1648:feet.
1489:(PDF)
1478:(PDF)
1235:–374.
975:S2CID
562:green
315:argon
223:is a
100:volts
2756:Gobo
2264:Neon
2134:Diya
1804:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1539:See
1455:ISBN
1400:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1086:Time
1005:ISBN
919:ISBN
699:and
479:and
317:and
308:Torr
238:and
221:Neon
185:and
164:and
153:and
110:, a
108:neon
85:neon
2193:Oil
2144:Gas
1358:doi
1233:369
967:doi
707:or
604:by
558:red
481:LED
466:).
259:or
2893::
1752:.
1699:^
1664:.
1645:.
1635:.
1514:.
1480:.
1439:^
1423:.
1348:.
1288:.
1272:^
1256:.
1241:^
1209:^
1167:^
1111:.
1107:.
1084:.
1035:^
1019:^
987:^
973:.
965:.
955:34
953:.
936:^
927:.
887:^
711:.
695:,
691:,
687:,
683:,
679:,
675:,
560:,
552:,
518:.
275:.
157:.
2056:)
1870:e
1863:t
1856:v
1842:.
1812:.
1787:.
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1738:.
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1360::
1354:8
1203:.
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969::
961::
647:.
627:)
621:(
616:)
612:(
598:.
533:.
34:.
20:)
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