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hired to effectively clean the various port structures. Oil spills are relatively regular occurrences in ports, as small spills often happen due to the large volume of boats, and these are not as well documented in the media as larger events are. However, these spills must still be dealt with, and they can still have damaging economic repercussions. Both the incident and the response require expensive and time-consuming management which is disruptive to port activity. Furthermore, special care must be taken during clean-up operations to ensure that the oil does not get stuck under the quayside, as this could act as a continual source of oil contamination. This can also be seen with sea defenses; should the oil penetrate deep into the structures, they may become a source of secondary pollution. Therefore, it is crucial for ports to manage and mitigate any oil spills, in order to limit the damage to ships and shipping operations. Otherwise, should large disruption occur, the economic damage can be extensive due to costly clean-up processes and delayed shipments.
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severe losses that many were forced to shut. Usually, the Gulf sees an average of 106,703 fishing trips per day, equating to 1 million metric tonnes of annual fishery landings. Therefore, the necessary fishing ban following the disaster was highly damaging. Similarly, following the sinking of the
Prestige oil tanker near Galicia, Spain, in November 2002, 77,000 tonnes of crude oil were spilled into the ocean. This disaster has had severe economic consequences, alongside the environmental damage. Large zones were cordoned in which fishing was banned, with these bans lasting for more than eight months. This affected several groups, including fishermen, ship owners, and the companies who bought and sold the fish. Several compensatory actions were introduced, including tax benefits and aid. This resulted in expenses of approximately 113 million euros in an attempt to compensate for the halt in fishing activity. The examples of the Deepwater Horizon and the Prestige clearly illustrate the severe economic consequences when oil spills prevent commercial fishing.
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responses, response measures and monitoring strategies for oil-spills. The maps allow experts from varying fields to come together and work efficiently during fast-paced response operations. The process of making an ESI atlas involves GIS technology. The steps involve, first zoning the area that is to be mapped, and secondly, a meeting with local and regional experts on the area and its resources. Following, all the shoreline types, biological, and human use resources need to be identified and their locations pinpointed. Once all this information is gathered, it then becomes digitized. In its digital format, classifications are set in place, tables are produced and local experts refine the product before it gets released.
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cannot be used commercially due to safety reasons. Then, the oil can spread and sink below the water's surface. If fish swallow the oil, they are also inconsumable due to the health risk posed to humans. Therefore, massive economic damage is caused to the fishing industry following an oil spill, as the stock is vastly reduced. Furthermore, the oil can cause damage to the equipment and boats of fishermen. Clean-up operations can also interrupt usual fishing routes, and sometimes fishing bans are imposed. This further illustrates the damaging economic effects of oil spills on commercial fishing, which is particularly detrimental for regions whose economy relies heavily on fishing.
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beaches were reopened within a week, just a dozen seabirds were affected, and there were no reports of injured sea mammals. Nonetheless, 27 percent of hotels in Ibiza were negatively affected, with two thirds of these being seafront hotels. Thus, 32 claims were made by tourist firms, equating to approximately 1.5 million euros of compensation. This provides a clear example of an oil spill resulting in massive economic disaster. Furthermore, following the world's largest oil spill, the
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010, the U.S. Travel Association estimated 23 billion dollars’ worth of associated costs for affected tourist infrastructure.
1343:. These chemicals can introduce adverse health effects when being inhaled into human body. In addition, these chemicals can be oxidized by oxidants in the atmosphere to form fine particulate matter after they evaporate into the atmosphere. These particulates can penetrate lungs and carry toxic chemicals into the human body. Burning surface oil can also be a source for pollution such as soot particles. During the cleanup and recovery process, it will also generate air pollutants such as nitric oxides and ozone from ships. Lastly, bubble bursting can also be a generation pathway for particulate matter during an oil spill. During the
2060:. Necessary when ranking and selecting species is their vulnerability to the oil spills themselves. This not only includes their reactions to such events but also their fragility, the scale of large clusters of animals, whether special life stages occur ashore, and whether any present species is threatened, endangered or rare. The way in which the biological resources are mapped is through symbols representing the species, and polygons and lines to map out the special extent of the species. The symbols also have the ability to identify the most vulnerable of a species life stages, such as the
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immediate vicinity will have significantly fewer customers. Local car park owners and shopkeepers will be affected too. Then, this decline in tourists will cause further damage to travel agencies, tour guides, and transport companies. The beaches will likely stay shut for several days whilst clean-up operations take place, and there may be disruption caused by an increase in clean-up vehicles. Overall, several businesses will be negatively impacted by the spill in the short term, which can lead to further long-term damage should companies be forced to reduce staff or shut down entirely.
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as "elements" and are divided by functional group. Further classification divides each element into species groups with similar life histories and behaviors relative to their vulnerability to oil spills. There are eight element groups: birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates, habitats and plants, wetlands, and marine mammals and terrestrial mammals. Element groups are further divided into sub-groups, for example, the ‘marine mammals’ element group is divided into
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1793:. The reaction time for solidification of oil is controlled by the surface area or size of the polymer or dry pellets as well as the viscosity and thickness of the oil layer. Some solidifier product manufacturers claim the solidified oil can be thawed and used if frozen with dry ice or disposed of in landfills, recycled as an additive in asphalt or rubber products, or burned as a low ash fuel. A solidifier called C.I.Agent (manufactured by
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with exaggerated stories of oil on beaches and deserted hotels. This aggravates the economic losses, as people continue to choose to travel elsewhere. Such a scenario is particularly damaging for regions which are very reliant on the tourism industry. For example, the
Brazilian Northeast can be very vulnerable to drops in tourism, thus, they were badly impacted following a 2500 tonne crude oil spill from an unknown tanker in 2019.
1824:: oil can be sucked up along with the water, and then a centrifuge can be used to separate the oil from the water – allowing a tanker to be filled with near pure oil. Usually, the water is returned to the sea, making the process more efficient, but allowing small amounts of oil to go back as well. This issue has hampered the use of centrifuges due to a United States regulation limiting the amount of oil in water returned to the sea.
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nutrient-rich emulsion creates a bloom of local, indigenous, pre-existing, hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria. Those specific bacteria break down the hydrocarbons into water and carbon dioxide, with EPA tests showing 98% of alkanes biodegraded in 28 days; and aromatics being biodegraded 200 times faster than in nature they also sometimes use the hydrofireboom to clean the oil up by taking it away from most of the oil and burning it.
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Tracking the scope of an oil spill may also involve verifying that hydrocarbons collected during an ongoing spill are derived from the active spill or some other source. This can involve sophisticated analytical chemistry focused on finger printing an oil source based on the complex mixture of substances present. Largely, these will be various hydrocarbons, among the most useful being
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in-depth research is then put back into the ESMs to develop their accuracy and allowing for tactical information to be stored in them as well. The finished maps are then used for drills and trainings for clean-up efficiency. Trainings also often help to update the maps and tweak certain flaws that might have occurred in the previous steps.
2064:, nesting, hatching or migration patterns. This allows for more accurate response plans during those given periods. There is also a division for sub-tidal habitats which are equally important to coastal biodiversity including kelp, coral reefs and sea beds which are not commonly mapped within the shoreline ESI type.
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Water pollution due to oil spills can be severe, often resulting in the death or injury of many sea creatures, including birds, sea mammals, fish, algae, and coral. The impact on fish caught in the spill has both immediate and longer-term impacts. Immediately, the fish are tainted with oil, and they
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Similarly, tourism in Ibiza was severely impacted in 2007. Just 20 tonnes of oil were spilled from the Don Pedro in July 2007, a relatively limited volume compared with other spills. Whilst this caused just a small amount of environmental damage, the economic damage was disproportionately large. Most
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Often, this process is intensified by disproportionate media attention. Usually, the affected area returns to normal relatively soon after an oil spill, as the clean-up process is fast. However, media stories will drive future tourists away, as they work to degrade the popular image of a destination
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in 2010. This amount only includes oil discharged directly into the
Persian Gulf by the retreating Iraqi forces from January 19 to 28, 1991. However, according to the U.N. report, oil from other sources not included in the official estimates continued to pour into the Persian Gulf through June, 1991.
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Estimates for the Gulf War oil spill range from 4,000,000 to 11,000,000 barrels (1,700,000 m). The figure of 6,000,000 to 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m) is the range adopted by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the United Nations in the immediate aftermath of the war, 1991–1993,
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importance or cultural resource site, high-use recreational areas or shoreline access points, important protected management areas, and resource origins. Some examples include airports, diving sites, popular beach sites, marinas, hotels, factories, natural reserves or marine sanctuaries. When mapped,
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Environmental
Sensitivity Indexes (ESI) are tools used to create Environmental Sensitivity Maps (ESM). ESM's are pre-planning tools used to identify sensitive areas and resources prior to an oil spill event in order to set priorities for protection and plan clean-up strategies. It is to date the most
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on the spill and retrieving the oil-soaked straw manually. Chemical remediation is the norm as of the early 21st century, using compounds that can herd and thicken oil for physical recovery, disperse oil in the water, or facilitate burning the oil off. The future of oil cleanup technology is likely
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in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Spills may take weeks, months or even years to
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In the short term, an oil spill will prevent tourists from partaking in usual recreational activities such as swimming, boating, diving, and angling. As such, the area will witness a decline in tourism. This will negatively impact several industries. Firstly, the hotels, restaurants, and bars in the
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Oil spilled from sabotaged fields in Kuwait during the 1991 Persian Gulf War pooled in approximately 300 oil lakes, estimated by the
Kuwaiti Oil Minister to contain approximately 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 barrels (7,900,000 m) of oil. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, this figure does not
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Oil spill model systems are used by industry and government to assist in planning and emergency decision making. Of critical importance for the skill of the oil spill model prediction is the adequate description of the wind and current fields. There is a worldwide oil spill modelling (WOSM) program.
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with oil. The differing substrates between shoreline types vary in their response to oiling, and influence the type of cleanup that will be required to effectively decontaminate the shoreline. Hence ESI shoreline ranking helps committees identify which clean-up techniques are approved or detrimental
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type is classified by rank depending on how easy the target site would be to clean up, how long the oil would persist, and how sensitive the shoreline is. The ranking system works on a 10-point scale where the higher the rank, the more sensitive a habitat or shore is. The coding system usually works
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ESI's current most common use is within contingency planning. After the maps are calculated and produced, the most sensitive areas get picked out and authenticated. These areas then go through a scrutinization process throughout which methods of protection and resource assessments are obtained. This
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worked on the tool allowing ESI to extended maps to lakes, rivers, and estuary shoreline types. ESI maps have since become integral to collecting, synthesizing, and producing data which have previously never been accessible in digital formats. Especially in the United States, the tool has made
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Animals who rely on scent to find their babies or mothers cannot do so due to the strong scent of the oil. This causes a baby to be rejected and abandoned, leaving the babies to starve and eventually die. Oil can impair a bird's ability to fly, preventing it from foraging or escaping from predators.
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An oil spill represents an immediate negative effects on human health, including respiratory and reproductive problems as well as liver, and immune system damage. Oil spills causing future oil supply to decline also effects the everyday life of humans such as the potential closure of beaches, parks,
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Integrated
Biodiversity Assessment Tool. There are varying types of coastal habitats and ecosystems and thus also many endangered species that need to be considered when looking at affected areas post oil spills. The habitats of plants and animals that may be at risk from oil spills are referred to
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ESI is the most frequently used sensitivity mapping tool yet. It was first applied in 1979 in response to an oil-spill near Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. To this time, ESI maps were prepared merely days in advance of one's arrival to an oil spill location. ESMs used to be atlases, maps consisting of
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Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Physical cleanups of oil spills are also very expensive.
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The reduction in oil spill volume has also been substantial over the years. For instance, the 1990s recorded 1,134,000 tonnes lost, mainly from 10 major spills. This figure decreased to 196,000 tonnes in the 2000s and 164,000 tonnes in the 2010s. In the early 2020s, approximately 28,000 tonnes have
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As of 2007, accidental oil tank vessel spills accounted for approximately 8–13% of all oil spilled into the oceans. The main causes of oil tank vessel spills were collision (29%), grounding (22%), mishandling (14%) and sinking (12%), among others. Oil tanker spills are considered a major ecological
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Oil spills can be caused by human error, natural disasters, technical failures or deliberate releases. It is estimated that 30–50% of all oil spills are directly or indirectly caused by human error, with approximately 20–40% of oil spills being attributed to equipment failure or malfunction. Causes
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Middlebrook, A. M.; Murphy, D. M.; Ahmadov, R.; Atlas, E. L.; Bahreini, R.; Blake, D. R.; Brioude, J.; de Gouw, J. A.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Frost, G. J.; Holloway, J. S.; Lack, D. A.; Langridge, J. M.; Lueb, R. A.; McKeen, S. A.; Meagher, J. F.; Meinardi, S.; Neuman, J. A.; Nowak, J. B.; Parrish, D.
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The economic impact of oil spills on tourism, fishing, and ports is substantial and important to assess. Coordinated efforts are necessary to mitigate these impacts, including effective clean-up measures, public relations campaigns to restore the image of affected areas, and support for businesses
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Ports are major hubs for economic activity; thus, an oil spill in or near a port can have significant consequences. During and following a spill, all boats entering or leaving the port must be closely managed in order to prevent further spread. Furthermore, specialist cleaning contractors must be
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Estimates for the amount of oil burned in the
Kuwaiti Oil Fires range from 500,000,000 barrels (79,000,000 m) to nearly 2,000,000,000 barrels (320,000,000 m). Between 605 and 732 wells were set ablaze, while many others were severely damaged and gushed uncontrolled for several months. It
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the human-use resources the need protecting must be certified by a local or regional policy maker. These resources are often extremely vulnerable to seasonal changes due to ex. fishing and tourism. For this category there are also a set of symbols available to demonstrate their importance on ESMs.
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and marshes tend to have higher ESI rankings due to the potentially long-lasting and damaging effects of both oil contamination and cleanup actions. Impermeable and exposed surfaces with high wave action are ranked lower due to the reflecting waves keeping oil from coming onshore, and the speed at
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The total volume of oil released from these spills in 2023 was approximately 2,000 tonnes. This contributes to a trend of decreased oil spill volumes and frequencies over the decades. Comparatively, the 1970s averaged 79 significant spills per year, which drastically reduced to an average of about
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In 2023, the
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) documented a significant oil spill incident of over 700 tonnes and nine medium spills ranging between 7 and 700 tonnes. The major spill occurred in Asia involving heavy fuel oil, and the medium spills were scattered across Asia,
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Human-use resources are also often referred to as socio-economic features, which map inanimate resources that have the potential to be directly impacted by oil pollution. Human-use resources that are mapped within the ESI will have socio-economic repercussions to an oil spill. These resources are
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Oil can reach the oceans as oil and fuel from land-based sources. It is estimated that runoff oil and oil from rivers are responsible for 11% of oil pollution to the oceans. Such pollution can also be oil on roads from land vehicles, which is then flushed into the oceans during rainstorms. Purely
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accidents. As of 2007, operational discharges from vessels were estimated to account for 21% of oil releases from vessels. They occur as a consequence of failure to comply with regulations or arbitrary discharges of waste oil and water containing such oil residues. Such operational discharges are
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Ehrenhauser, Franz S.; Avij, Paria; Shu, Xin; Dugas, Victoria; Woodson, Isaiah; Liyana-Arachchi, Thilanga; Zhang, Zenghui; Hung, Francisco R.; Valsaraj, Kalliat T. (2014). "Bubble bursting as an aerosol generation mechanism during an oil spill in the deep-sea environment: laboratory experimental
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Oil spills can have devastating environmental impacts; however, we cannot allow these to overshadow their often equally detrimental economic consequences. These disasters do not only pose immediate threats to marine ecosystems, but also leave lasting impacts on local and regional economies. This
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Around 40-50% of all oil released into the oceans stems from natural seeps from seafloor rocks. This corresponds to approximately 600,000 tons annually on a global level. While natural seeps are the single largest source of oil spills, they are considered less problematic because ecosystems have
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Oil spills can have disastrous consequences for society; economically, environmentally, and socially. As a result, oil spill accidents have initiated intense media attention and political uproar, bringing many together in a political struggle concerning government response to oil spills and what
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After the Deepwater Horizon crisis, the Gulf of Mexico suffered an estimated 1.9-billion-dollar loss in revenue from fishing. This is because fishing closures were imposed due to fears of the safety of seafood, there was also a decline in demand, as seafood restaurants and markets suffered such
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The ESI depicts environmental stability, coastal resilience to maritime related catastrophes, and the configurations of a stress-response relationship between all things maritime. Created for ecological-related decision making, ESMs can accurately identify sensitive areas and habitats, clean-up
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to the surface of the water, forming gel-like agglomerations. Undetectable levels of hydrocarbons can be obtained in produced water and manageable water columns. By overspraying sheen with bioremediation accelerator, sheen is eliminated within minutes. Whether applied on land or on water, the
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In general, spilled oil can affect animals and plants in two ways: dirесt from the oil and from the response or cleanup process. Oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals, reducing their insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature
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protein. The majority of birds affected by oil spills die from complications without human intervention. Some studies have suggested that less than one percent of oil-soaked birds survive, even after cleaning, although the survival rate can also exceed ninety percent, as in the case of the
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Bioremediation Accelerator: a binder molecule that moves hydrocarbons out of water and into gels, when combined with nutrients, encourages natural bioremediation. Oleophilic, hydrophobic chemical, containing no bacteria, which chemically and physically bonds to both soluble and insoluble
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in colour, where warm colours are used for the increasingly sensitive types and cooler colours are used for robust shores. For each navigable body of water, there is a feature classifying its sensitivity to oil. Shoreline type mapping codes a large range of ecological settings including
1467:. While technologies for drilling in deep water have significantly improved in the past 30–40 years, oil companies move to drilling sites in more and more difficult places. This ambiguous development results in no clear trend regarding the frequency of offshore oil platform spills.
1407:. Around 90% of the world's oil transportation is through oil tankers, and the absolute amount of seaborne oil trade is steadily increasing. However, there has been a reduction of the number of spills from oil tankers and of the amount of oil released per oil tanker spill. In 1992,
1399:. Operational releases are frequent, but small in the amount of oil spilled per release, and are often not in the focus of attention regarding oil spills. There has been a steady decrease of operational discharges of oil, with an additional decrease of around 50% since the 1990s.
1373:(land based) were deliberate acts of war. The academic study of sources and causes of oil spills identifies vulnerable points in oil transportation infrastructure and calculates the likelihood of oil spills happening. This can then guide prevention efforts and regulation policies
2261:, are present in many crude oils. As a result, these compounds have great potential to supplement the existing suite of hydrocarbons targets to fine-tune source tracking of petroleum spills. Such analysis can also be used to follow weathering and degradation of crude spills.
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The majority of oil from an oil spill remains in the environment, hence a spill from an operation in the ocean is different from an operation on tundra or wetland. Wetlands are considered one of the most sensitive habitats to oil spills and the most difficult to clean.
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in water, therefore the removal of the solidified oil is easy and the oil will not leach out. Solidifiers have been proven to be relatively non-toxic to aquatic and wildlife and have been proven to suppress harmful vapors commonly associated with hydrocarbons such as
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Wolfaardt, AC; Williams, AJ; Underhill, LG; Crawford, RJM; Whittington, PA (2009). "Review of the rescue, rehabilitation and restoration of oiled seabirds in South Africa, especially African penguins Spheniscus demersus and Cape gannets Morus capegnsis, 1983–2005".
1580:. These bacteria occur naturally and will act to remove oil from an ecosystem, and their biomass will tend to replace other populations in the food chain. The chemicals from the oil which dissolve in water, and hence are available to bacteria, are those in the
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Anderson, E.L., E. Howlett, K. Jayko, V. Kolluru, M. Reed, and M. Spaulding. 1993. The worldwide oil spill model (WOSM): an overview. Pp. 627–646 in Proceedings of the 16th Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program, Technical Seminar. Ottawa, Ontario: Environment
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of oil spills are further distinguished between deliberate releases, such as operational discharges or acts of war and accidental releases. Accidental oil spills are in the focus of the literature, although some of the largest oil spills ever recorded, the
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By observing the thickness of the film of oil and its appearance on the surface of the water, it is possible to estimate the quantity of oil spilled. If the surface area of the spill is also known, the total volume of the oil can be calculated.
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thousands of pages that could solely work with spills in the oceans. In the past 3 decades, this product has been transformed into a versatile online tool. This conversion allows sensitivity indexing to become more adaptable and in 1995 by the
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development of an additional oil spill recovery method. Oil bees have oleophilic properties in their hair-like protrusions that collect and store oil. This technique has been applied to textiles that can be used to remove oil from sea
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Li, R.; Palm, B. B.; Borbon, A.; Graus, M.; Warneke, C.; Ortega, A. M.; Day, D. A.; Brune, W. H.; Jimenez, J. L.; de Gouw, J. A. (5 November 2013). "Laboratory Studies on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Crude Oil Vapors".
1730:. However, laboratory experiments showed that dispersants increased toxic hydrocarbon levels in fish by a factor of up to 100 and may kill fish eggs. Dispersed oil droplets infiltrate into deeper water and can lethally contaminate
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1347:, significant air quality issues were found on the Gulf Coast, which is the downwind of DWH oil spill. Air quality monitoring data showed that criteria pollutants had exceeded the health-based standard in the coastal regions.
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as sources of oil spills are estimated to contribute 1% of oil pollution to the oceans. Reasons for this are underreporting, and many oil pipeline leaks occur on land with only fractions of that oil reaching the oceans.
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NOAA (2002). Environmental Sensitivity Index Guidelines, version 3.0. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 11. Seattle: Hazardous Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
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which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. These can kill seabirds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms they coat. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly
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the natural environment. The exposure the shoreline has to wave energy and tides, substrate type, and slope of the shoreline are also taken into account—in addition to biological productivity and sensitivity.
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1319:. Oil can also blind an animal, leaving it defenseless. The ingestion of oil causes dehydration and impairs the digestive process. Animals can be poisoned, and may die from oil entering the lungs or liver.
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Watch and wait: in some cases, natural attenuation of oil may be most appropriate, due to the invasive nature of facilitated methods of remediation, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas such as
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dispersant had increased the toxicity of oil by up to 52 times. In 2019, the U.S. National Academies released a report analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of several response methods and tools.
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NOAA (2008). Introduction to Environmental Sensitivity Index maps. NOAA Technical Manual. Seattle: Hazardous Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 56p.
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Cherukupally, P.; Sun, W.; Wong, A. P. Y.; Williams, D. R.; Ozin, G. A.; Bilton, A. M.; Park, C. B. (2019). "Surface-engineered sponges for recovery of crude oil microdroplets from wastewater".
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Carlos De Santana Ribeiro, Barreiro De Souza, Paulo Domingues and Souza Magalhães (2020). "Blue water turns black: economic impact of oil spill on tourism and fishing in Brazilian Northeast".
5426:(1994). Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response. International Maritime Organization/ International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association Report Series, Volume 1. 22p.
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commonly used mapping tool for sensitive area plotting. The ESI has three components: A shoreline type ranking system, a biological resources section, and a human-use resource category.
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section will explore the multifaceted economic repercussions of oil spills, specifically considering: the decline in tourism, the reduction in fishing, and the impact on port activity.
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include the amount of oil absorbed by the ground, forming a layer of "tarcrete" over approximately five percent of the surface of Kuwait, fifty times the area occupied by the oil lakes.
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Sarbatly R.; Kamin, Z. & Krishnaiah D. (2016). "A review of polymer nanofibres by electrospinning and their application in oil-water separation for cleaning up marine oil spills".
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took over ten months to bring all of the wells under control. The fires alone were estimated to consume approximately 6,000,000 barrels (950,000 m) of oil per day at their peak.
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Jensen, John R.; Halls, Joanne N.; Michel, Jacqueline (1998). "A Systems Approach to Environmental Sensitivity lndex (ESI) Mapping for Oil Spill Contingency Planning and Response".
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A listing of appropriate protective clothing, safety equipment, and cleanup materials required for spill cleanup (gloves, respirators, etc.) and an explanation of their proper use;
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can spill oil into the ocean because of operational or human error and unpreparedness. The amounts are however small, and such oil spills are hard to track due to underreporting.
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1776:. They clean up oil spills by changing the physical state of spilled oil from liquid to a solid, semi-solid or a rubber-like material that floats on water. Solidifiers are
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The amount of this oil was estimated to be at least several hundred thousand barrels, and may have factored into the estimates above 8,000,000 barrels (1,300,000 m).
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in the US in 1974 which considered impacts to fish, crustaceans and molluscs. The paper was limited to 100 copies and was described as a draft document, not to be cited.
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into vessels, which reduces the risk and severity of a spill in case of a collision or grounding. Existing single-hull vessels can also be rebuilt to have a double hull.
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impressive advancements in developing tidal bay protection strategies, collecting seasonal information and generally in the modelling of sensitive areas. Together with
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D.; Peischl, J.; Perring, A. E.; Pollack, I. B.; Roberts, J. M.; Ryerson, T. B.; Schwarz, J. P.; Spackman, J. R.; Warneke, C.; Ravishankara, A. R. (28 December 2011).
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1565:(formerly Fusobacteria), species demonstrate potential for future oil spill cleanup because of their ability to colonize and degrade oil slicks on the sea surface.
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1479:. Pipeline oil spills can be caused by trawling of fishing boats, natural disasters, pipe corrosion, construction defects, sabotage, or an attack, as with the
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One metric ton (tonne) of crude oil is roughly equal to 308 US gallons or 7.33 barrels approx.; 1 oil barrel (bbl) is equal to 35 imperial or 42 US gallons.
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Pezeshki, S. R.; Hester, M. W.; Lin, Q.; Nyman, J. A. (2000). "The effects of oil spill clean-up on dominant US Gulf coast marsh macrophytes: a review".
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land-based oil spills are different from maritime oil spills in that oil on land does not spread as quickly as in water, and effects thus remain local.
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Ritchie, Crotts, Zehrer and Zolsky (2014). "Understanding the Effects of a Tourism Crisis: The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Regional Lodging Demand".
1459:. They can go on for months until relief wells have been drilled, resulting in enormous amounts of oil leaked. Notable examples of such oil spills are
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Fiest, David L.; Boehm, Paul D.; Rigler, Mark W.; Patton, John S. (March 1981). "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico".
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Within the biological resources, the ESI maps protected areas as well as those with bio-diverse importance. These are usually identified through the
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Michel, Jacqueline; Fingas, Merv (2016). "Chapter 7: Oil spills: Causes, Consequences, Prevention and Countermeasures". In Crawley, Gerard M (ed.).
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The threat posed to birds, fish, shellfish and crustaceans from spilled oil was known in England in the 1920s, largely through observations made in
1294:. Oil spills and oil dumping events have been impacting sea birds since at least the 1920s and was understood to be a global problem in the 1930s.
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Spilled oil can also contaminate drinking water supplies. For example, in 2013 two different oil spills contaminated water supplies for 300,000 in
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2303:, and many other places. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g.,
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Patton, John S.; Rigler, Mark W.; Boehm, Paul D.; Fiest, David L. (1981). "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico".
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nowadays account for approximately 3% of oil spills in the oceans. Prominent offshore oil platform spills typically occurred as a result of a
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2319:), but volume is a limited measure of damage or impact. Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the
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oil spill impacted beach tourism and fishing along the Gulf Coast, and the responsible parties were required to compensate economic victims.
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In addition, oil spills can also harm air quality. The chemicals in crude oil are mostly hydrocarbons that contains toxic chemicals such as
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Gundlach, E.R. and M.O. Hayes (1978). Vulnerability of Coastal Environments to Oil Spill Impacts. Marine Technology Society. 12 (4): 18–27.
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3978:"Ambient air concentrations exceeded health-based standards for fine particulate matter and benzene during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill"
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Burgherr, Peter (2007). "In-depth analysis of accidental oil spills from tankers in the context of global spill trends from all sources".
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Surís-Regueiro, Garza-Gil and Varela-Lafuente (2007). "The Prestige oil spill and its economic impact on the Galician fishing sector".
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As of 2010, overall, there has been a substantial increase of pipeline oil spills in the past four decades. Prominent examples include
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Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin
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Nelson, Grubesic and Rose (2017). "A Geospatial Evaluation of Oil Spill Impact Potential on Coastal Tourism in the Gulf of Mexico".
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adapted to such regular releases. For instance, on sites of natural oil seeps, ocean bacteria have evolved to digest oil molecules.
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If only they'd tried the chilled-soup solution in Alaska" by John Bogert Daily Breeze (Torrance CA) local section page B1 2/17/1994
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Kasai, Y; et al. (2002). "Predominant Growth of Alcanivorax Strains in Oil-contaminated and Nutrient-supplemented Sea Water".
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2336:. Between 1970 and 2000, there were over 7,000 spills. Between 1956 and 2006, up to 1.5 million tons of oil were spilled in the
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hydrocarbons. The accelerator acts as a herding agent in water and on the surface, floating molecules such as phenol and
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imbalance. Some birds exposed to petroleum also experience changes in their hormonal balance, including changes in their
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of mammals, reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less
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environments. Floating oil slicks put the shoreline at particular risk when they eventually come ashore, covering the
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1415:. This is considered to be a major reason for the reduction of oil tanker spills, alongside other innovations such as
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Bertolini, Massimo; Bevilacqua, Maurizio (2006). "Oil pipeline spill cause analysis A classification tree approach".
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Bautista, H.; Rahman, K. M. M. (2016). "Review On the Sundarbans Delta Oil Spill: Effects On Wildlife and Habitats".
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Chemical dispersants may be deployed from boats, planes, and underwater vehicles in response to an offshore oil spill
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2018:
1975:, ESI integrates their techniques to successfully geographically reference the three different types of resources.
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threat due to the large amount of oil spilled per accident and the fact that major sea traffic routes are close to
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Contamination can have an economic impact on tourism and marine resource extraction industries. For example, the
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Sarder, Chad and Richard (2011). "Modeling Logistical & Economical Impact of Oil Spill on the Gulf Coast".
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Yamada, Yasuhira (October 2009). "The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers in Relation to Weight of Spilled Oil".
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Mullin, Joseph V; Champ, Michael A (2003-08-01). "Introduction/Overview to in Situ Burning of Oil Spills".
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2249:. In addition, both oxygen and nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbons, such as parent and alkyl homologues of
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Metcalf & Eddy. Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 98.
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Earthshots: Satellite Images of Environmental Change. U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthshots.usgs.gov
4890:"Dispersant makes oil 52 times more toxic – Technology & science – Science – LiveScience – NBC News"
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Report To Congress United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance From January 27 – July 31 1991
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Mu, Lin; Wang, Lizhe; Yan, Jining (2019). "Emergency Response System for Marine Oil Spill Accidents".
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around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.
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3606:, It can take over 1 year to solve the problem of an oil spill. GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg.
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Vessels can be the source of oil spills either through operational releases of oil or in the case of
419:
152:
6297:"A 14-year-long oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico verges on becoming one of the worst in U.S. history"
3573:"Effects of Crude Oil Pollution in the Tropical Rainforest Biodiversity of Ecuadorian Amazon Region"
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can effectively reduce the amount of oil in water, if done properly. But it can only be done in low
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A US Navy oil spill response team drills with a "Harbour Buster high-speed oil containment system".
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www.scientificamerican.com 20150-04-20 How BP's Blowout Ranks among Top 5 Oil Spills in 1 Graphic
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because of the remoteness of the site or the difficulty of an emergency environmental response.
1889:
Secondary containment – methods to prevent releases of oil or hydrocarbons into the environment.
6659:
Gracia, Murawski and Vázquez-Bader (2019). "Impacts of Deep Oil Spills on Fish and Fisheries".
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Gracia, Murawski and Vázquez-Bader (2019). "Impacts of Deep Oil Spills on Fish and Fisheries".
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Updated Scientific Report on the Environmental Effects of the Conflict between Iraq and Kuwait
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van Bernem, Karl-Heinz (2001). "Chapter 7: Conceptual Models for Ecology-Related Decisions".
3548:"Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway • Facts • Effects of oil on marine wildlife"
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4523:"Enrichment of Fusobacteria in Sea Surface Oil Slicks from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill"
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was amended and made it mandatory for large tankers (5,000 dwt and more) to be fitted with
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Wout Broekema (April 2015). "Crisis-induced learning and issue politicization in the EU".
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1070:. The term is usually given to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or
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5165:"Passive water collection with the integument: mechanisms and their biomimetic potential"
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1734:. Research indicates that some dispersants are toxic to corals. A 2012 study found that
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5293:"Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps and Data | response.restoration.noaa.gov"
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Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged vulnerable
1827:
Beach Raking: coagulated oil that is left on the beach can be picked up by machinery.
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6.3 per year in the 2010s, and has maintained a similar level in the current decade.
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damage. Together with their diminished foraging capacity, this can rapidly result in
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5536:"'Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction"
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Cirer-Costa, Joan Carles (2015). "Tourism and its hypersensitivity to oil spills".
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4101:. Marcus Enterprise LLC, USA & University of South Carolina, USA. p. 160.
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5933:"Internal Documents: BP Estimates Oil Spill Rate up to 100,000 Barrels Per Day"
5511:
5316:
Buckley, R.C. (1982). "Environmental sensitivity mapping – what, why and how".
5014:"A slick idea" by Cara Murphy Beach Reporter Manhattan Beach section ll/14/1992
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4804:. International Tanker Operators Pollution Federation Limited. Archived from
4700:"S-200 | NCP Product Schedule | Emergency Management | US EPA"
4326:
Information Engineering of Emergency Treatment for Marine Oil Spill Accidents
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6424:
ITOPF (2011). "Effects of Oil Pollution on social and economic activities".
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6154:. Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations. Archived from
6012:
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6326:. International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF). Archived from
4889:
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4571:
1852:: large floating barriers that round up oil and lift the oil off the water
1210:
1074:, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of
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7278:
5512:"oil spill | Definition, Causes, Effects, List, & Facts | Britannica"
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2014:
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exposed to oil spills are affected in similar ways. Oil coats the fur of
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1099:
1091:
264:
5645:"Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it"
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1723:
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2006:
1892:
Oil Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) program by the
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1782:
1758:
1735:
1719:
1691:
1679:
1633:
1518:
1332:
1328:
1118:
6704:
4018:"Moratorium on Oil and Gas Leasing In Lake Pontchartrain: An Analysis"
3914:
3404:"Kentucky Crude Oil Spill may reach river, contaminate drinking water"
1748:: for oils dispersed with detergents and other oils denser than water.
1556:
Until the 1960s, the best method for remediation consisted of putting
1246:. The subject was also explored in a scientific paper produced by the
41:
8221:
8201:
8095:
7770:
7263:
6097:
6054:
5473:
Wang, Z.; Fingas, M.; Page, D.S. (1999). "Oil spill identification".
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are among the worst on the planet and is often used as an example of
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1870:
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Sorbents: large absorbents that absorb oil and adsorb small droplets
1786:
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902:
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789:
779:
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4504:
Staff (8 October 2022). "Oil on the waters". Notebook—50 years ago.
3572:
6854:
6834:, NOAA/Hazardous Materials and Response Division, Seattle, WA, 1992
6324:"Data & Statistics: Accidental Marine oil Spillages Since 1970"
5837:, Office of Response and Restoration, Emergency Response Division,
4926:
1873:
and other road equipment: typically used to clean up oil on beaches
1718:. They will cause the oil slick to break up and form water-soluble
1106:) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as
8231:
8173:
7514:
7446:
7344:
7236:
6808:
Proceedings of the 2011 Industrial Engineering Research Conference
6130:
6129:. International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. Archived from
4915:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019).
4380:"World Seaborne Trade with Oil: One of Main Cause for Oil Spills?"
2057:
1830:
1731:
1658:
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1262:, birds may ingest the oil coating their feathers, irritating the
1224:
1209:
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1038:
912:
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249:
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5023:"Zapping Oil Spills with Dry Ice and Ingenuity" by Gordon Dillow
1311:, reducing its insulating effect, and leading to fluctuations in
8206:
7327:
7315:
7231:
5756:
5610:"How an ecocide law could prevent another Nigerian oil disaster"
3618:"Oil Pollution and Seabird Populations [and Discussion]"
3253:"Hindsight and Foresight, 20 Years After the Exxon Valdez Spill"
3148:
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
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134:
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46:
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4829:. journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 10 April 2009
3155:(Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank)
4730:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2007-06-20.
1122:
3843:"Air quality implications of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill"
3252:
7099:
3356:"Oil spill disrupts water supply – Nation – The Star Online"
1910:
Spill response procedures should include elements such as;
3622:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
3450:"The Seven Seas are an Open Sewer (oil spill impacts 1974)"
1864:
Chemical and biological agents: helps to break down the oil
1802:
1158:
killed eleven oil rig workers. The fire resulting from the
6540:
6538:
4447:"Construction Requirements for Oil Tankers – Double Hulls"
4234:
Dell'Amore, Christine; Nunez, Christina (March 25, 2014).
4147:"The Threats from Oil Spills: Now, Then and in the Future"
1805:
in granular form, as well as in Marine and Sheen Booms at
1427:
Africa, Europe, and America, involving various oil types.
5233:"NOAA's Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration"
3751:
Frankston and Somerville Standard (Vic. : 1921–1939)
1968:
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
1757:
Solidifying: Solidifiers are composed of tiny, floating,
6732:"Studies of fishermen's economic loss due to oil spills"
6372:"Studies of fishermen's economic loss due to oil spills"
5115:"Quebec tragedy unlikely to slow oil shipments via rail"
4670:"Oil and natural gas eating bacteria to clear-up spills"
4328:. Taylor & Francis Group: CRC Press. pp. 1–30.
3499:
3497:
1177:. In 2000, springs were contaminated by an oil spill in
6828:, Elek Scientific, London, 1972; Plenum, New York, 1973
5860:"Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say"
1754:: Requires calm waters at all times during the process.
6736:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
6376:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
5697:
5695:
3107:
and communities that must bear the economic downturn.
1942:, mechanism for harvesting flower oils has led to the
5858:
Campbell Robertson; Clifford Krauss (2 August 2010).
3982:
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association
3616:
Dunnet, G.; Crisp, D.; Conan, G.; Bourne, W. (1982).
2767:, 700 nmi (1,300 km; 810 mi) offshore
6439:
6437:
6435:
4236:"3 Surprising Sources of Oil Pollution in the Ocean"
3657:
Untold Seabird Mortality due to Marine Oil Pollution
3382:"Ecuador oil spill threatens Brazilian water supply"
1923:
Disposal containers for spill cleanup materials; and
8291:
8240:
8189:
8156:
7989:
7928:
7890:
7872:
7672:
7607:
7544:
7470:
7439:
7404:
7388:
7353:
7146:
4918:
The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response
4613:"Biological Agents – Emergency Management – US EPA"
3177:, the first intentional deepwater oil and gas spill
1162:killed 47 and destroyed half of the town's centre.
6351:"Black tide: When the British bombed an oil spill"
5639:
5637:
3577:Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences
1867:Vacuums: remove oil from beaches and water surface
4592:"The Environmental Literacy Council – Oil Spills"
4521:Gutierrez T, Berry D, Teske A, Aitken MD (2016).
4350:"MARPOL Annex I – Prevention of Pollution by Oil"
3313:"Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers"
3311:Welch, William M.; Joyner, Chris (May 25, 2010).
3227:"Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill"
3221:
3219:
1568:There are three kinds of oil-consuming bacteria.
1254:fluctuations and much less buoyant in the water.
6199:
6197:
5262:Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
5048:"Advances in Oil Spill Cleanup Lag Since Valdez"
4038:"Background on Oil Spills. Cause and Response".
1926:The first aid procedures that might be required.
6349:Bell, Bethan; Cacciottolo, Mario (2017-03-17).
6254:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
6009:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5963:"Big Oil Plans Rapid Response to Future Spills"
5835:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3847:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1435:been lost, predominantly from major incidents.
1117:Oil spills penetrate into the structure of the
5415:
5413:
4849:"Slick Death: Oil-spill treatment kills coral"
4724:"Emergency Response: Responding to Oil Spills"
4510:(Paper). Vol. 202, no. 7. p. 4.
3229:. Commondreams.org. 2004-03-22. Archived from
1678:. A dispersant is either a non-surface active
1134:actions can best prevent them from happening.
7115:
6870:
5818:United States Environmental Protection Agency
5757:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5672:Environmental Exposure Report: Oil Well Fires
4827:"Spill Response – Dispersants Kill Fish Eggs"
4204:Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering
2027:which natural processes will remove the oil.
1952:Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping
1894:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1188:Ballsh, Mallakaster, Albania 2019 – Crude Oil
1020:
8:
6594:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6484:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5442:, (IMO/IPIECA report series). Volume 1, p.28
5403:
5401:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5213:"Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) Maps"
4965:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4718:
4716:
4378:Galieriková, Andrea; Materna, Matúš (2020).
3677:"Expert Recommends Killing Oil-Soaked Birds"
1917:Appropriate evacuation zones and procedures;
1710:large amounts of certain oil types from the
1663:Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the
5727:
5725:
5686:Kuwait still recovering from Gulf War fires
3820:Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872–1947)
3798:"England: The Magic Pipe | #TheOutlawOcean"
3039:and is still current, as cited by NOAA and
1973:Geographic Information System Mapping (GIS)
1920:Availability of fire suppression equipment;
1576:, while general aerobic bacteria (GAB) are
7122:
7108:
7100:
6877:
6863:
6855:
5440:Sensitivity Mapping for Oil Spill Response
5384:Sensitivity mapping for oil spill response
4476:"Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2023 – ITOPF"
2354:
1884:Offshore oil spill prevention and response
1477:oil spills of pipelines in the Niger Delta
1066:, due to human activity, and is a form of
1027:
1013:
917:
40:
18:
6755:
6703:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6395:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
5180:
4548:
4538:
4395:
4178:
3993:
3976:; Bullard, Robert D. (13 November 2015).
3937:demonstration of the transport pathway".
3868:
3858:
3776:Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861–1954)
3666:, Elements Online Environmental Magazine.
3641:
3300:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10390693/
2073:divided into four major classifications:
16:Release of petroleum into the environment
6730:Alvernia, Utomo and Herdiansyah (2021).
6547:"9 of the Biggest Oil Spills in History"
6370:Alvernia, Utomo and Herdiansyah (2021).
5983:Khatchadourian, Raffi (March 14, 2011).
5708:Iraq and Kuwait: 1972, 1990, 1991, 1997.
5586:"UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making?"
4779:. Library.thinkquest.org. Archived from
2089:
8263:Pollutant release and transfer register
6786:O'Brien (2006). "Oil Spills in ports".
6771:O'Brien (2006). "Oil spills in ports".
5931:Consumer Energy Report (20 June 2010).
4743:Spill Science & Technology Bulletin
4025:The Lake Pontchartrain Basin Foundation
3571:Bautista, H.; Rahman, K. M. M. (2016).
3215:
2992:
956:
920:
30:
6587:
6477:
5913:
5903:
4958:
4470:
4468:
4466:
3895:Environmental Science & Technology
3251:NOAA Ocean Media Center (2010-03-16).
1906:Thick-hulled railroad transport tanks.
1572:(SRB) and acid-producing bacteria are
1517:A U.S. Air Force Reserve plane sprays
1151:that caused respiratory distress. The
6840:Oil Spills: Background and Governance
5434:
5432:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4319:
4317:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4090:
4088:
4086:
3118:Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills
1608:to break down or remove oil; such as
1589:Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge
1206:Oil pollution toxicity to marine fish
1110:, or the spill of any oily refuse or
1062:into the environment, especially the
7:
8353:
7594:Electromagnetic radiation and health
7059:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
6847:, Washington, DC, September 15, 2017
5706:Campbell, Robert Wellman, ed. 1999.
8369:
8361:
7452:Radium and radon in the environment
6646:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.10.001
6322:Information Services (7 May 2010).
6207:. The Mariner Group. Archived from
5805:Gulf Oil Spill Is Bad, but How Bad?
5669:United States Department of Defense
4451:International Maritime Organization
4354:International Maritime Organization
3429:Cairns Post (Qld. : 1909–1954)
3123:Environmental issues with petroleum
2048:(seals, sea lions & walruses),
255:Radium and radon in the environment
6832:Oil Spill Case Histories 1967–1991
5839:Incident News: Arabian Gulf Spills
5781:"California's legendary oil spill"
5027:South Bay section page 1 2/24/1994
4745:. In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil.
4728:Office of Response and Restoration
4070:Office of Response and Restoration
3143:Low-temperature thermal desorption
3128:Environmental issues with shipping
1936:Adaptation of the oil bee's, e.g.
1561:the use of microorganisms such as
1218:covered in oil as a result of the
14:
3705:African Journal of Marine Science
3054:The economic impact of oil spills
1593:Methods for cleaning up include:
8387:
8377:
8368:
8360:
8352:
8340:
8339:
6932:Environmental impact of shipping
6826:Oil Pollution and Marine Ecology
6696:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2007.01004.x
5361:Models in Environmental Research
4676:. April 30, 2014. Archived from
4648:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00275.x
4594:. Enviroliteracy.org. 2008-06-25
4574:Patents and patent applications
4384:Transportation Research Procedia
2082:Estimating the volume of a spill
1341:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1220:2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill
1143:fisheries and fire hazards. The
1047:in the Timor Sea, September 2009
994:
982:
7166:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
6521:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.027
5702:United States Geological Survey
5235:. Response.restoration.noaa.gov
5169:Journal of Experimental Biology
3939:Environ. Sci.: Process. Impacts
3526:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.037
3001:Approximate conversion factors.
1694:, to improve the separation of
1229:A bird covered in oil from the
75:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
6845:Congressional Research Service
6757:10.1088/1755-1315/802/1/012002
6426:Technical Information Paper 12
6397:10.1088/1755-1315/802/1/012002
5140:"Oil Spill Response Procedure"
5046:Fountain, Henry (2010-06-24).
4802:"Spill Response – Dispersants"
4280:Journal of Hazardous Materials
3476:International Research Journal
1360:Sources and rate of occurrence
944:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
7654:Electrical resistance heating
5887:"Oil disaster by the numbers"
5561:"Fighting ecocide in Nigeria"
5487:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00120-X
5363:. Springer. pp. 127–145.
5297:response.restoration.noaa.gov
5163:Comanns, Philipp (May 2018).
4994:10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00244-4
4763:10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00076-8
4540:10.3390/microorganisms4030024
4300:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.030
3995:10.1080/10962247.2015.1114044
3972:Nance, Earthea; King, Denae;
3796:Urbina, Ian (April 5, 2019).
2330:Oil spills in the Niger Delta
415:Electrical resistance heating
7306:Persistent organic pollutant
5779:Harvey, Steve (2010-06-13).
5712:, revised 14 February 1999.
5318:Minerals and the Environment
4865:10.1002/scin.2007.5591720502
4572:Oil spill cleanup technology
3772:"Penguin guard stands watch"
3725:10.2989/ajms.2009.31.1.3.774
1835:Bags of oily waste from the
1714:by transferring it into the
1419:, sectioning of vessels and
1248:National Academy of Sciences
125:Persistent organic pollutant
8316:Least polluted cities by PM
6942:Fish diseases and parasites
5808:, last updated 20 May 2010.
5761:Goddard Space Flight Center
5475:Journal of Chromatography A
4674:www.oilandgastechnology.net
4397:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.02.039
4066:"How do oil spills happen?"
3093:The impact on port activity
2305:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1815:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1536:Clean-up efforts after the
1481:Caño Limón-Coveñas pipeline
1345:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
1055:is the release of a liquid
8459:
8258:Pollution haven hypothesis
8181:Brain health and pollution
7419:Ecological light pollution
7249:Internal combustion engine
6570:Journal of Travel Research
6230:"Oil Spills and Disasters"
5716:February 19, 2013, at the
5382:IPIECA, IMO, OGP. (2012).
4628:Environmental Microbiology
4578:November 10, 2011, at the
4433:10.5957/mtsn.2009.46.4.219
4107:10.1142/9789814699983_0007
3593:C. Michael Hogan (2008).,
3331:"Lac-Megantic devastation"
2268:
1881:
1586:
1337:poly-aromatic hydrocarbons
1203:
1096:refined petroleum products
8337:
8061:Nonpoint source pollution
7981:War and environmental law
7340:Volatile organic compound
7137:
7014:Nonpoint source pollution
6892:
6501:Marine Pollution Bulletin
6468:Current Issues in Tourism
5093:10.1038/s41893-019-0446-4
4216:10.1108/13552510610667192
4171:10.1007/s13280-010-0085-5
4046:(6): 165–166. June 2010.
3816:"Oil Menace to Sea Birds"
3747:"A Naturalist's Jottings"
3506:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3159:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
2247:polyaromatic hydrocarbons
2097:
2094:
1845:Equipment used includes:
1674:can be used to dissipate
1582:water associated fraction
1570:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
670:War and environmental law
290:Health effects from noise
140:Volatile organic compound
7520:Marine mammals and sonar
7431:Radio spectrum pollution
7049:Plastic pellet pollution
6582:10.1177/0047287513482775
6549:. Encyclopedia Brittania
5674:(updated August 2, 2000)
5386:(OGP Report Number 477).
3822:. 1934-08-23. p. 33
3488:10.18454/IRJ.2016.43.143
3185:(used for degrading oil)
1684:surface-active substance
295:Marine mammals and sonar
8433:Product safety scandals
8366:WikiProject Environment
8324:Most polluted countries
8268:Polluter pays principle
7999:Agricultural wastewater
6917:Cultural eutrophication
6748:2021E&ES..802a2002A
6388:2021E&ES..802a2002A
6281:. ITOPF. Archived from
4982:Environmental Pollution
4145:Jernelöv, Arne (2010).
3860:10.1073/pnas.1110052108
3778:. 1954-07-03. p. 1
3753:. 1925-08-14. p. 7
3456:. 1974-06-01. p. 4
3431:. 1923-03-23. p. 5
3335:Fire Fighting in Canada
2223:Colors are much darker
1961:History and development
1899:Double-hulling – build
1617:Methylocella silvestris
1451:Accidental spills from
1405:Large Marine Ecosystems
1386:Oil tankers and vessels
1160:Lac-Mégantic derailment
1094:, as well as spills of
770:Freshwater salinization
690:Agricultural wastewater
8384:Environment portal
7617:Agricultural pollution
7054:Point source pollution
5937:Consumer Energy Report
5848:, updated 18 May 2010.
4847:Barry Carolyn (2007).
3643:10.1098/rstb.1982.0051
2183:Bright bands of color
1842:
1728:oil-in-water emulsions
1667:
1656:
1552:
1544:
1529:
1528:in the Gulf of Mexico.
1448:
1439:Offshore oil platforms
1395:regulated through the
1270:function, and causing
1234:
1222:
1189:
1179:Clark County, Kentucky
1048:
989:Environment portal
8039:Industrial wastewater
7905:Clutter (advertising)
7813:Municipal solid waste
7659:Soil guideline values
7503:Sustainable transport
7396:Information pollution
7196:Open burning of waste
6837:Ramseur, Jonathan L.
6133:on September 28, 2007
5766:1991 Kuwait Oil Fires
5073:Nature Sustainability
3275:Public Administration
2720:Nowruz Field Platform
2203:Colors begin to dull
2163:First trace of color
1979:Usage and application
1882:Further information:
1834:
1662:
1651:
1550:
1535:
1516:
1446:
1228:
1213:
1204:Further information:
1200:Environmental effects
1187:
1042:
730:Industrial wastewater
498:Municipal solid waste
420:Soil guideline values
8443:Disasters in Nigeria
8311:Most polluted cities
8004:Biological pollution
7915:Overhead power lines
7064:Silver nanoparticles
5438:IPIECA, IMO (1994).
4040:Congressional Digest
3080:Reduction in fishing
2031:Biological resources
1811:Fort Morgan, Alabama
1799:Louisville, Kentucky
1521:dispersant over the
1509:Cleanup and recovery
939:Most polluted cities
591:Overhead power lines
8374:WikiProject Ecology
8071:Ocean acidification
7976:Unexploded ordnance
7847:Post-consumer waste
7707:Foam food container
7685:Biodegradable waste
7259:Global distillation
7029:Ocean deoxygenation
7024:Ocean acidification
6688:2007Disas..31..201S
6638:2018CEUS...68...26N
6513:2015MarPB..91...65C
6205:"Oil Spill History"
6158:on October 19, 2007
6090:1981Natur.290..235P
6047:1981Natur.290..235P
5885:CNN (1 July 2010).
5330:1982MinEn...4..151B
5085:2019NatSu...3..136C
4755:2003SSTB....8..323M
4640:2002EnvMi...4..141K
4292:2007JHzM..140..245B
4240:National Geographic
4163:2010Ambio..39..353J
3907:2013EnST...4712566L
3901:(21): 12566–12574.
3853:(50): 20280–20285.
3717:2009AfJMS..31...31W
3634:1982RSPTB.297..413D
3518:2016MarPB.106....8S
2796:Castillo de Bellver
2657:Trinidad and Tobago
2430:Kuwaiti Oil Lakes
2372:Tonnes of crude oil
2359:
2068:Human-use resources
1801:) is being used by
1795:C.I.Agent Solutions
1706:. They may rapidly
1423:in narrow straits.
1351:Ecosystems, habitat
1173:; 80,000 people in
1043:Oil slick from the
755:Ocean acidification
665:Unexploded ordnance
586:Advertising clutter
518:Post-consumer waste
463:Foam food container
448:Biodegradable waste
105:Global distillation
8418:Technology hazards
8394:Ecology portal
8278:Waste minimisation
8253:Industrial ecology
8248:Cleaner production
8066:Nutrient pollution
7943:Herbicidal warfare
7737:Construction waste
7373:Introduced species
7244:Indoor air quality
7171:Chlorofluorocarbon
7019:Nutrient pollution
6912:Aquatic toxicology
6773:Ports and Harbours
6446:"Economic Effects"
6177:"Tanker Incidents"
6152:"Atlantic Empress"
6127:"Major Oil Spills"
5943:on 14 October 2012
5916:has generic name (
5864:The New York Times
5844:2010-08-04 at the
5743:2010-07-28 at the
5516:www.britannica.com
5338:10.1007/BF02085976
5182:10.1242/jeb.153130
4896:. 30 November 2012
4072:. February 5, 2019
3951:10.1039/C3EM00390F
3662:2001-02-16 at the
3602:2012-06-07 at the
3596:Magellanic Penguin
3287:10.1111/padm.12170
3189:S-200 (fertilizer)
3182:Pseudomonas putida
3175:Project Deep Spill
3063:Decline in tourism
3042:The New York Times
3006:2014-06-21 at the
2885:September 23, 2004
2509:Gulf War oil spill
2477:, California, USA
2357:Largest oil spills
2355:
2271:List of oil spills
2265:Largest oil spills
1939:Macropis fulvipes'
1843:
1668:
1665:Prestige oil spill
1657:
1553:
1545:
1530:
1499:Recreational boats
1449:
1367:Gulf War Oil Spill
1235:
1223:
1190:
1084:offshore platforms
1049:
1001:Ecology portal
626:Herbicidal warfare
170:Introduced species
110:Indoor air quality
80:Chlorofluorocarbon
49:after an oil spill
8400:
8399:
8273:Pollution control
7953:Nuclear holocaust
7862:Thermal treatment
7830:Plastic pollution
7747:Mercury poisoning
7700:Battery recycling
7599:Radioactive waste
7368:Genetic pollution
7363:Biological hazard
7161:Air quality index
7097:
7096:
6952:Friendly Floatees
6788:Ports and Harbors
6084:(5803): 235–238.
6041:(5803): 235–238.
5785:Los Angeles Times
5689:, 3 January 2003.
5567:. 5 February 2014
5025:Los Angeles Times
4936:978-0-309-47818-2
4421:Marine Technology
4116:978-981-4699-99-0
3915:10.1021/es402265y
3628:(1087): 413–427.
3552:oils.gpa.unep.org
3362:on 4 October 2013
3199:Spill containment
2989:
2988:
2930:November 10, 1988
2919:off the coast of
2559:Deepwater Horizon
2393:Kuwaiti Oil Fires
2289:Galapagos Islands
2242:
2241:
1722:that are rapidly
1606:biological agents
1524:Deepwater Horizon
1461:Deepwater Horizon
1397:MARPOL convention
1371:Kuwaiti Oil Fires
1194:Deepwater Horizon
1154:Deepwater Horizon
1145:Kuwaiti oil fires
1121:of birds and the
1045:Montara oil spill
1037:
1036:
972:
971:
638:Nuclear holocaust
561:Urban heat island
375:Radioactive waste
160:Biological hazard
70:Air quality index
8450:
8392:
8391:
8390:
8382:
8381:
8372:
8371:
8364:
8363:
8356:
8355:
8343:
8342:
8217:Legacy pollution
8076:Oil exploitation
7938:Chemical warfare
7852:Waste management
7759:Industrial waste
7727:Biomedical waste
7695:Electronic waste
7680:Advertising mail
7664:Phytoremediation
7639:Land degradation
7424:Overillumination
7378:Invasive species
7124:
7117:
7110:
7101:
6994:Invasive species
6886:Marine pollution
6879:
6872:
6865:
6856:
6812:
6811:
6803:
6792:
6791:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6707:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6593:
6585:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6545:Rafferty, J. P.
6542:
6533:
6532:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6483:
6475:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6441:
6430:
6429:
6421:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6346:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6285:on May 25, 2009.
6279:"Case Histories"
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6256:. Archived from
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6201:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6188:
6183:on June 23, 2009
6179:. Archived from
6173:
6167:
6166:
6164:
6163:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6123:
6110:
6109:
6098:10.1038/290235a0
6073:
6067:
6066:
6055:10.1038/290235a0
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6011:. Archived from
6001:
5995:
5994:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:. Abcnews.go.com
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5939:. Archived from
5928:
5922:
5921:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5866:. New York Times
5855:
5849:
5832:
5826:
5815:
5809:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5776:
5770:
5769:, 21 March 2003.
5754:
5748:
5729:
5720:
5699:
5690:
5681:
5675:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5641:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5565:theecologist.org
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5508:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5481:(1–2): 369–411.
5470:
5464:
5460:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5436:
5427:
5417:
5408:
5405:
5396:
5393:
5387:
5380:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5289:
5283:
5279:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5184:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4956:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4867:. Archived from
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4588:
4582:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4472:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4375:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4286:(1–2): 245–256.
4275:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4231:
4220:
4219:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4157:(5–6): 353–366.
4142:
4121:
4120:
4092:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3862:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3613:
3607:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3358:. Archived from
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:on June 13, 2010
3223:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3010:
2997:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:February 4, 1983
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2647:Atlantic Empress
2637:
2631:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2532:
2531:January 28, 1991
2528:
2527:January 19, 1991
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:November 6, 1991
2404:
2403:January 16, 1991
2360:
2310:Atlantic Empress
2098:Quantity spread
2090:
1813:, to aid in the
1640:, and can cause
1369:(sea based) and
1313:body temperature
1302:
1064:marine ecosystem
1029:
1022:
1015:
999:
998:
997:
987:
986:
918:
621:Chemical warfare
523:Waste management
483:Industrial waste
458:Electronic waste
443:Advertising mail
425:Phytoremediation
400:Land degradation
340:Depleted uranium
225:Overillumination
175:Invasive species
44:
34:
19:
8458:
8457:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8428:Ocean pollution
8403:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8388:
8386:
8376:
8333:
8319:
8287:
8236:
8185:
8152:
8091:Pharmaceuticals
8081:Oil exploration
7985:
7957:Nuclear fallout
7924:
7886:
7868:
7842:Packaging waste
7796:Deep sea mining
7722:Hazardous waste
7668:
7649:Open defecation
7603:
7569:Nuclear fallout
7564:Nuclear fission
7540:
7466:
7435:
7406:Electromagnetic
7400:
7384:
7349:
7269:Ozone depletion
7142:
7133:
7128:
7098:
7093:
7089:Water pollution
7004:Mercury in fish
6888:
6883:
6852:
6850:
6820:
6818:Further reading
6815:
6805:
6804:
6795:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6661:Deep Oil Spills
6658:
6657:
6653:
6626:Deep Oil Spills
6623:
6622:
6618:
6611:Deep Oil Spills
6608:
6607:
6603:
6586:
6567:
6566:
6562:
6552:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6536:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6476:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6433:
6423:
6422:
6405:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6355:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6307:
6305:
6302:Washington Post
6295:
6294:
6290:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6263:
6261:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6214:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6186:
6184:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6149:
6145:
6136:
6134:
6125:
6124:
6113:
6075:
6074:
6070:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6018:
6016:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5968:
5966:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5946:
5944:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5912:
5902:
5895:
5893:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5869:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5846:Wayback Machine
5833:
5829:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5798:
5789:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5755:
5751:
5747:, 8 March 1993.
5745:Wayback Machine
5730:
5723:
5718:Wayback Machine
5700:
5693:
5682:
5678:
5667:
5663:
5654:
5652:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5626:
5624:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5570:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5498:
5494:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5446:
5437:
5430:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5381:
5368:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5299:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5247:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5121:
5119:BostonGlobe.com
5113:
5112:
5108:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4957:
4937:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4897:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4874:
4872:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4784:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4680:on May 14, 2014
4668:
4667:
4663:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4580:Wayback Machine
4570:
4566:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4503:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4277:
4276:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4223:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4144:
4143:
4124:
4117:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3974:Wright, Beverly
3971:
3970:
3966:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3664:Wayback Machine
3655:
3651:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3604:Wayback Machine
3592:
3588:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3170:Penguin sweater
3113:
3104:
3095:
3082:
3065:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3008:Wayback Machine
2998:
2994:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2884:
2878:United States,
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2564:United States,
2547:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2470:Lakeview Gusher
2459:
2453:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2273:
2267:
2123:Barely visible
2115:gal/sq mi
2095:Film thickness
2084:
2070:
2033:
1999:
1994:
1981:
1963:
1954:
1933:
1886:
1880:
1698:and to prevent
1591:
1511:
1496:
1473:
1441:
1388:
1379:
1362:
1353:
1339:and oxygenated
1325:
1298:
1297:Heavily furred
1264:digestive tract
1240:
1208:
1202:
1140:
1033:
995:
993:
981:
974:
973:
873:
865:
864:
838:
830:
829:
765:Pharmaceuticals
745:Nonpoint source
685:
675:
674:
643:Nuclear fallout
616:
606:
605:
576:
566:
565:
556:
546:
545:
536:
528:
527:
513:Packaging waste
478:Hazardous waste
438:
430:
429:
390:
380:
379:
350:Nuclear fallout
345:Nuclear fission
325:
315:
314:
280:
270:
269:
245:
237:
236:
210:
208:Electromagnetic
200:
199:
190:
182:
181:
155:
145:
144:
115:Ozone depletion
60:
50:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8456:
8454:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8423:Bird mortality
8420:
8415:
8405:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8308:
8306:Law by country
8303:
8297:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8191:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8128:Surface runoff
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8014:Eutrophication
8011:
8006:
8001:
7995:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7971:Scorched earth
7968:
7965:nuclear winter
7961:nuclear famine
7950:
7940:
7934:
7932:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7878:
7876:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7838:
7837:
7827:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7810:
7809:
7808:
7806:Uranium mining
7803:
7798:
7793:
7791:Surface mining
7788:
7783:
7773:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7742:Lead poisoning
7739:
7734:
7732:Chemical waste
7729:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7644:Bioremediation
7641:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7613:
7611:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7559:Bioremediation
7556:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7522:
7512:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:Transportation
7476:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7410:
7408:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7370:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7254:Global dimming
7251:
7246:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7225:Diesel exhaust
7217:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7119:
7112:
7104:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Surface runoff
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6972:North Atlantic
6969:
6964:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6937:Eutrophication
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6849:
6848:
6835:
6829:
6824:Nelson-Smith,
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6793:
6778:
6763:
6719:
6682:(2): 201–215.
6666:
6651:
6616:
6601:
6560:
6534:
6491:
6458:
6431:
6403:
6362:
6341:
6330:on 12 May 2012
6314:
6288:
6270:
6241:
6221:
6193:
6168:
6143:
6111:
6068:
6025:
5996:
5990:The New Yorker
5985:"The Gulf War"
5975:
5954:
5923:
5877:
5850:
5827:
5810:
5796:
5771:
5749:
5732:United Nations
5721:
5691:
5676:
5661:
5633:
5616:. 2011-08-22.
5601:
5577:
5552:
5527:
5503:
5492:
5465:
5455:
5444:
5428:
5409:
5397:
5388:
5366:
5351:
5324:(4): 151–155.
5308:
5284:
5267:
5245:
5224:
5204:
5155:
5145:. Chemstore UK
5131:
5106:
5079:(2): 136–143.
5063:
5052:New York Times
5038:
5029:
5016:
5007:
4988:(2): 129–139.
4972:
4935:
4927:10.17226/25161
4907:
4881:
4839:
4818:
4793:
4768:
4749:(4): 323–330.
4733:
4712:
4691:
4661:
4618:
4604:
4583:
4564:
4527:Microorganisms
4513:
4491:
4462:
4438:
4427:(4): 219–228.
4411:
4365:
4341:
4334:
4313:
4251:
4221:
4210:(2): 186–198.
4194:
4122:
4115:
4082:
4057:
4030:
4009:
3988:(2): 224–236.
3964:
3928:
3884:
3832:
3807:
3788:
3763:
3738:
3694:
3681:Spiegel Online
3668:
3649:
3608:
3586:
3563:
3539:
3493:
3466:
3441:
3425:"Oil For Fuel"
3416:
3395:
3373:
3347:
3322:
3303:
3292:
3281:(2): 381–398.
3265:
3243:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3081:
3078:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:March 18, 1967
2964:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2880:Gulf of Mexico
2876:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:March 16, 1978
2845:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:August 6, 1983
2808:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Fergana Valley
2682:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Aegean Captain
2642:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2619:March 23, 1980
2612:
2610:Gulf of Mexico
2606:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:April 20, 2010
2568:
2566:Gulf of Mexico
2562:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:September 1911
2481:March 14, 1910
2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:Spill / Tanker
2285:Gulf of Mexico
2269:Main article:
2266:
2263:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:Silvery sheen
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2083:
2080:
2075:archaeological
2069:
2066:
2032:
2029:
1998:
1997:Shoreline type
1995:
1993:
1992:ESI Categories
1990:
1980:
1977:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:: skim the oil
1853:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1807:Dauphin Island
1755:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1654:Lake Maracaibo
1652:Oil slicks on
1646:
1645:
1630:
1621:
1602:microorganisms
1598:Bioremediation
1563:Fusobacteriota
1510:
1507:
1495:
1492:
1472:
1469:
1440:
1437:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1324:
1321:
1300:marine mammals
1239:
1236:
1201:
1198:
1139:
1136:
1072:coastal waters
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
991:
976:
975:
970:
969:
968:
967:
959:
958:
954:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Law by country
931:
923:
922:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
860:
855:
845:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
805:Surface runoff
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
705:Eutrophication
702:
697:
692:
686:
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
662:
660:Scorched earth
657:
656:
655:
653:Nuclear winter
650:
648:Nuclear famine
645:
635:
634:
633:
623:
617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
544:
543:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
405:Bioremediation
402:
397:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Bioremediation
332:
326:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
285:Transportation
281:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
232:Radio spectrum
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:
167:
162:
156:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
100:Global dimming
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8455:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8395:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8367:
8359:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8149:
8148:Water quality
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7910:Traffic signs
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7871:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7835:Microplastics
7833:
7832:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7825:Nanomaterials
7823:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7765:
7764:Lead smelting
7762:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7584:Radioactivity
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7537:
7536:Noise control
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7432:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7284:Metal working
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7120:
7118:
7113:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7102:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6999:Marine debris
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6977:South Pacific
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6962:Great Pacific
6960:
6959:
6958:
6957:Garbage patch
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6907:Anoxic waters
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6789:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6767:
6764:
6758:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6670:
6667:
6662:
6655:
6652:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6617:
6612:
6605:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6564:
6561:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6462:
6459:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6382:(1): 012002.
6381:
6377:
6373:
6366:
6363:
6352:
6345:
6342:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6315:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6271:
6260:on 2008-10-27
6259:
6255:
6251:
6250:"Amoco Cadiz"
6245:
6242:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6211:on 2012-08-05
6210:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6132:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6026:
6015:on 2012-05-03
6014:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5979:
5976:
5964:
5958:
5955:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5924:
5919:
5914:|author=
5907:
5892:
5888:
5881:
5878:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5578:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5469:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5309:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5156:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5067:
5064:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4908:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4871:on 2008-03-02
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4828:
4822:
4819:
4808:on 2013-11-14
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4783:on 2007-01-24
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:(3): 141–47.
4633:
4629:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4335:9780429289101
4331:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3833:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3683:. May 6, 2010
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3587:
3583:(2): 249–254.
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3512:(1–2): 8–16.
3511:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3482:(43): 93–96.
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3035:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:Torrey Canyon
2952:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:Taylor Energy
2870:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2696:March 2, 1992
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2662:July 19, 1979
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2575:July 15, 2010
2569:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2443:November 1991
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:pellets, and
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1642:air pollution
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1494:Other sources
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:in Colombia.
1482:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:oil platforms
1445:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1383:
1377:Natural seeps
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:Coca, Ecuador
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:air pollution
1146:
1138:Human impacts
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:drilling rigs
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
977:
966:
963:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
834:
833:
826:
823:
821:
820:Water quality
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
615:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
596:Traffic signs
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
562:
559:
558:
555:
550:
549:
542:
539:
538:
532:
531:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Nanomaterials
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
384:
383:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
365:Radioactivity
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
310:Soundproofing
308:
306:
305:Noise control
303:
301:
300:Noise barrier
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
274:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
241:
240:
233:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
204:
203:
196:
193:
192:
186:
185:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
154:
149:
148:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
39:
38:
35:
29:
25:
21:
20:
8438:Road hazards
8227:Point source
8169:Heavy metals
8143:Urban runoff
8123:Sulfur water
8101:Septic tanks
8085:
7947:Agent Orange
7801:Mining waste
7627:Manure waste
7457:Volcanic ash
7333:Black carbon
7289:Oil refining
7274:Particulates
7203:Construction
7084:Urban runoff
7044:Plastic bags
7033:
6967:Indian Ocean
6902:Anoxic event
6851:
6839:
6831:
6825:
6807:
6787:
6781:
6772:
6766:
6739:
6735:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6660:
6654:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6610:
6604:
6590:cite journal
6576:(1): 12–25.
6573:
6569:
6563:
6551:. Retrieved
6507:(1): 65–72.
6504:
6500:
6494:
6480:cite journal
6471:
6467:
6461:
6449:. Retrieved
6425:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6354:. Retrieved
6344:
6332:. Retrieved
6328:the original
6317:
6306:. Retrieved
6300:
6291:
6283:the original
6273:
6262:. Retrieved
6258:the original
6244:
6233:. Retrieved
6224:
6213:. Retrieved
6209:the original
6185:. Retrieved
6181:the original
6171:
6160:. Retrieved
6156:the original
6146:
6135:. Retrieved
6131:the original
6081:
6077:
6071:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6017:. Retrieved
6013:the original
5999:
5988:
5978:
5967:. Retrieved
5957:
5945:. Retrieved
5941:the original
5936:
5926:
5894:. Retrieved
5890:
5880:
5868:. Retrieved
5863:
5853:
5830:
5822:
5813:
5804:
5799:
5788:. Retrieved
5784:
5774:
5765:
5752:
5736:
5707:
5685:
5679:
5671:
5664:
5653:. Retrieved
5651:. 2010-05-29
5649:The Guardian
5648:
5625:. Retrieved
5614:The Guardian
5613:
5604:
5593:. Retrieved
5589:
5580:
5569:. Retrieved
5564:
5555:
5544:. Retrieved
5542:. 2021-04-07
5539:
5530:
5519:. Retrieved
5515:
5506:
5495:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5458:
5451:
5447:
5439:
5391:
5383:
5360:
5354:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5300:. Retrieved
5296:
5287:
5264:: 1003–1014.
5261:
5237:. Retrieved
5227:
5216:. Retrieved
5207:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5147:. Retrieved
5134:
5122:. Retrieved
5118:
5109:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:
5041:
5032:
5024:
5019:
5010:
4985:
4981:
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4917:
4910:
4898:. Retrieved
4893:
4884:
4873:. Retrieved
4869:the original
4856:
4853:Science News
4852:
4842:
4831:. Retrieved
4821:
4810:. Retrieved
4806:the original
4796:
4785:. Retrieved
4781:the original
4777:"Oil Spills"
4771:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4704:. Retrieved
4694:
4682:. Retrieved
4678:the original
4673:
4664:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4607:
4596:. Retrieved
4586:
4567:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4507:Science News
4505:
4483:. Retrieved
4479:
4454:. Retrieved
4450:
4441:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4387:
4383:
4357:. Retrieved
4353:
4344:
4325:
4283:
4279:
4243:. Retrieved
4239:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4154:
4150:
4098:Fossil Fuels
4097:
4074:. Retrieved
4069:
4060:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4024:
4012:
3985:
3981:
3967:
3945:(1): 65–73.
3942:
3938:
3931:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3850:
3846:
3835:
3824:. Retrieved
3819:
3810:
3801:
3791:
3780:. Retrieved
3775:
3766:
3755:. Retrieved
3750:
3741:
3711:(1): 31–54.
3708:
3704:
3697:
3685:. Retrieved
3680:
3671:
3652:
3625:
3621:
3611:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:
3542:
3509:
3505:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3458:. Retrieved
3453:
3444:
3433:. Retrieved
3428:
3419:
3407:. Retrieved
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3384:. 2013-06-12
3376:
3364:. Retrieved
3360:the original
3350:
3339:. Retrieved
3337:. 2013-09-09
3334:
3325:
3316:
3306:
3295:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3257:. Retrieved
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:the original
3180:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3040:
3034:
3024:
3014:
2995:
2954:
2913:
2872:
2834:
2806:Saldanha Bay
2802:South Africa
2794:
2771:May 28, 1991
2757:
2729:Persian Gulf
2651:
2645:
2615:June 3, 1979
2602:
2558:
2522:Persian Gulf
2439:January 1991
2356:
2342:
2328:
2322:Exxon Valdez
2321:
2314:
2308:
2274:
2243:
2085:
2071:
2044:, manatees,
2034:
2000:
1986:
1982:
1964:
1955:
1937:
1909:
1901:double hulls
1844:
1838:Exxon Valdez
1837:
1716:water column
1690:, usually a
1615:
1614:bacteria or
1609:
1592:
1584:of the oil.
1567:
1554:
1539:Exxon Valdez
1538:
1523:
1503:
1497:
1485:
1474:
1450:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1413:double hulls
1401:
1389:
1380:
1363:
1354:
1326:
1296:
1289:
1256:
1252:
1241:
1193:
1191:
1164:
1153:
1141:
1132:
1116:
1052:
1050:
908:Point source
853:Heavy metals
815:Urban runoff
800:Sulfur water
775:Septic tanks
759:
631:Agent Orange
541:Space debris
395:Agricultural
260:Volcanic ash
120:Particulates
8197:Area source
8106:Pit latrine
8029:Groundwater
7786:Gold mining
7781:Coal mining
7752:Toxic waste
7717:Green waste
7690:Brown waste
7673:Solid waste
7220:Exhaust gas
6897:Algal bloom
6553:11 December
4390:: 297–304.
3454:The Tribune
3161:(in the US)
2921:Nova Scotia
2836:Amoco Cadiz
2475:Kern County
2462:–2,100,000
2387:References
2384:(thousands)
2379:(thousands)
2374:(thousands)
2338:Niger Delta
2316:Amoco Cadiz
2103:Appearance
2050:polar bears
1820:Vacuum and
1763:hydrophobic
1712:sea surface
1686:added to a
1672:Dispersants
1632:Controlled
1611:Alcanivorax
1317:hypothermia
1290:MV Treasure
1284:luteinizing
1276:dehydration
1266:, altering
1216:surf scoter
1108:bunker fuel
1104:diesel fuel
1060:hydrocarbon
878:Area source
720:Groundwater
473:Green waste
453:Brown waste
437:Solid waste
195:Information
90:Exhaust gas
8413:Oil spills
8407:Categories
8349:by country
8345:Categories
8283:Zero waste
8164:Pollutants
8118:Stagnation
8056:Monitoring
8024:Freshwater
7900:Air travel
7712:Food waste
7632:Pesticides
7622:Herbicides
7526:Industrial
7355:Biological
7215:Demolition
7208:Renovation
7191:Joss paper
7176:Combustion
7069:Stormwater
6922:Cyanotoxin
6742:: 012002.
6705:11093/3459
6663:: 414–430.
6613:: 414–430.
6451:9 December
6356:2020-01-09
6308:2018-10-22
6264:2008-11-16
6235:2008-11-16
6215:2008-11-02
6187:2009-07-19
6162:2008-11-10
6137:2008-11-02
6019:2008-11-03
5969:2012-08-27
5790:2010-07-14
5655:2022-11-13
5627:2023-07-06
5595:2023-07-06
5571:2023-07-06
5546:2023-07-06
5521:2022-06-09
5302:2021-05-29
5239:2010-06-16
5218:2010-05-27
5149:2014-02-25
5057:2010-07-05
4875:2007-08-31
4833:2010-05-21
4812:2010-05-03
4787:2012-08-27
4706:2010-06-16
4598:2010-06-16
4485:2024-04-12
4456:2021-05-27
4359:2021-05-27
4245:2021-05-27
4076:2021-05-27
3826:2020-04-22
3782:2020-04-22
3757:2020-04-22
3557:2024-04-17
3460:2020-07-02
3435:2020-04-22
3341:2022-06-09
3259:2010-04-30
3237:2012-08-27
3211:References
2887:– Present
2759:ABT Summer
2691:Uzbekistan
2520:, and the
2422:42,000,000
2382:US Gallons
2297:Sundarbans
2277:ecosystems
2229:0.0020000
2226:0.0000800
2209:0.0010000
2206:0.0000400
2189:0.0003000
2186:0.0000120
2169:0.0001500
2166:0.0000060
2149:0.0000760
2146:0.0000030
2129:0.0000380
2126:0.0000015
2054:sea otters
2011:lacustrine
1944:biomimetic
1878:Prevention
1822:centrifuge
1768:that both
1688:suspension
1676:oil slicks
1587:See also:
1392:oil tanker
1305:sea otters
1130:clean up.
965:By country
957:Categories
848:Pollutants
825:Wastewater
795:Stagnation
740:Monitoring
715:Freshwater
581:Air travel
468:Food waste
410:Defecation
220:Ecological
153:Biological
85:Combustion
22:Part of a
8241:Responses
8212:Garbology
8138:Turbidity
8086:Oil spill
8019:Firewater
7920:Vandalism
7882:Satellite
7579:Poisoning
7574:Plutonium
7554:Actinides
7546:Radiation
7294:Wood dust
7156:Acid rain
7131:Pollution
7079:Upwelling
7034:Oil spill
7009:Microbead
6947:Fish kill
6927:Dead zone
6676:Disasters
6005:"IXTOC I"
5906:cite news
5684:CNN.com,
5622:0261-3077
5346:129097590
5101:209381281
4961:cite book
4953:133873607
4859:(5): 67.
4702:. Epa.gov
4533:(3): 24.
4480:itopf.org
4406:216537436
4052:0010-5899
3687:August 1,
3317:USA Today
3194:ShoreZone
3138:Storm oil
3133:LNG spill
2960:England,
2905:–147,000
2638:–147,840
2594:–231,000
2550:–336,000
2460:1,050,000
2417:1,000,000
2350:bulldozed
2345:oil slick
2324:oil spill
2301:Ogoniland
2255:quinoline
2251:carbazole
2046:pinnipeds
2037:UNEP-WCMC
2024:Mangroves
2019:substrate
2007:estuarine
2002:Shoreline
1840:oil spill
1778:insoluble
1742:wetlands.
1696:particles
1600:: use of
1574:anaerobic
1541:oil spill
1526:oil spill
1487:Pipelines
1471:Pipelines
1421:sea lanes
1292:oil spill
1280:metabolic
1244:Yorkshire
1233:oil spill
1231:Black Sea
1156:explosion
1147:produced
1112:waste oil
1098:(such as
1076:crude oil
1068:pollution
1057:petroleum
1053:oil spill
893:Garbology
810:Turbidity
760:Oil spill
710:Firewater
695:Biosolids
601:Vandalism
360:Poisoning
355:Plutonium
330:Actinides
323:Radiation
65:Acid rain
33:Pollution
8329:Treaties
8301:Diseases
8113:Shipping
8009:Diseases
7857:Landfill
7532:Abstract
7529:Military
7462:Wildfire
7311:Smelting
7279:Asbestos
7039:Particle
6790:: 34–35.
6775:: 34–35.
6714:17461923
6529:25561004
5870:2 August
5842:Archived
5741:Archived
5714:Archived
5590:unpo.org
5540:NBC News
5199:46893569
5191:29789349
5124:20 April
5002:15092943
4945:32379406
4900:20 April
4894:NBC News
4656:12000314
4576:Archived
4559:27681918
4308:16942835
4189:21053719
4004:26565439
3959:24296745
3923:24088179
3879:22205764
3733:84039397
3660:Archived
3600:Archived
3534:27016959
3409:20 April
3388:20 April
3366:20 April
3165:Oil well
3111:See also
3004:Archived
2962:Cornwall
2843:Brittany
2841:France,
2608:Mexico,
2456:–50,000
2366:Location
2259:pyridine
2042:dolphins
2015:riverine
1931:Research
1856:Skimmers
1817:cleanup.
1766:polymers
1752:Skimming
1746:Dredging
1720:micelles
1708:disperse
1704:clumping
1700:settling
1329:benzenes
1258:As they
1171:Malaysia
1100:gasoline
949:Treaties
929:Diseases
785:Shipping
750:Nutrient
700:Diseases
265:Wildfire
8358:Commons
8133:Thermal
8034:Hypoxia
7818:Garbage
7589:Uranium
7440:Natural
7389:Digital
7321:Aerosol
7299:Welding
7186:Biomass
7181:Biofuel
7140:History
6989:Hypoxia
6744:Bibcode
6684:Bibcode
6634:Bibcode
6509:Bibcode
6444:ITOPF.
6384:Bibcode
6106:4312522
6086:Bibcode
6063:4312522
6043:Bibcode
5947:20 June
5463:Canada.
5326:Bibcode
5081:Bibcode
4751:Bibcode
4684:May 14,
4636:Bibcode
4550:5039584
4288:Bibcode
4180:3357709
4159:Bibcode
4027:. 2010.
3903:Bibcode
3870:3528553
3802:YouTube
3713:Bibcode
3630:Bibcode
3514:Bibcode
3204:Tarball
3153:Ohmsett
3102:Summary
2914:Odyssey
2899:–3,500
2636:139,818
2632:–3,520
2603:Ixtoc I
2592:189,000
2588:–4,900
2548:252,000
2544:–8,000
2538:–1,091
2500:378,000
2450:–6,818
2412:136,000
2377:Barrels
2334:ecocide
2238:19.500
2106:inches
2062:molting
1871:Shovels
1791:naphtha
1783:benzene
1759:dry ice
1736:Corexit
1724:diluted
1692:colloid
1680:polymer
1634:burning
1578:aerobic
1519:Corexit
1465:Ixtoc I
1457:blowout
1333:toluene
1238:Animals
1127:buoyant
1119:plumage
1080:tankers
843:History
725:Hypoxia
554:Thermal
508:Plastic
370:Uranium
244:Natural
189:Digital
165:Genetic
8222:Midden
8202:Debris
8157:Topics
8096:Sewage
8049:debris
8044:Marine
7892:Visual
7776:Mining
7771:Litter
7264:Mining
6712:
6632:: 26.
6527:
6334:18 May
6104:
6078:Nature
6061:
6035:Nature
5896:1 July
5763:News,
5620:
5424:IPIECA
5344:
5197:
5189:
5175:(10).
5099:
5000:
4951:
4943:
4933:
4654:
4557:
4547:
4404:
4332:
4306:
4187:
4177:
4113:
4050:
4002:
3957:
3921:
3877:
3867:
3731:
3532:
3255:. NOAA
2982:36,635
2945:40,704
2925:Canada
2903:63,000
2863:68,684
2826:77,616
2786:80,080
2765:Angola
2749:80,000
2711:87,780
2677:88,396
2514:Kuwait
2454:25,000
2434:Kuwait
2398:Kuwait
2295:, the
2293:France
2287:, the
2283:, the
2281:Alaska
2257:, and
2218:9.700
2198:2.900
2178:1.500
2158:0.730
2138:0.370
2058:whales
2013:, and
1947:water.
1787:xylene
1774:absorb
1770:adsorb
1409:MARPOL
1272:kidney
903:Midden
898:Legacy
883:Debris
837:Topics
790:Sludge
780:Sewage
735:Marine
574:Visual
493:Mining
488:Litter
24:series
8293:Lists
8232:Waste
8174:Paint
7991:Water
7874:Space
7515:Sonar
7510:Urban
7488:Water
7472:Noise
7447:Ozone
7414:Light
7345:Waste
7237:Smoke
6102:S2CID
6059:S2CID
5342:S2CID
5282:129p.
5195:S2CID
5143:(PDF)
5097:S2CID
4949:S2CID
4402:S2CID
4151:Ambio
4021:(PDF)
3729:S2CID
2897:1,500
2893:–490
2858:1,635
2821:1,848
2781:1,907
2744:1,900
2706:2,090
2672:2,105
2630:3,329
2626:–480
2586:4,100
2582:–585
2542:6,000
2495:9,000
2490:1,200
2448:3,409
2235:1332
2232:2000
2212:1000
2118:L/ha
1850:Booms
1732:coral
1682:or a
1558:straw
1309:seals
1268:liver
1260:preen
1092:wells
1078:from
921:Lists
913:Waste
858:Paint
683:Water
535:Space
278:Noise
250:Ozone
215:Light
8207:Dust
8190:Misc
7609:Soil
7498:Rail
7484:Land
7328:Soot
7316:Smog
7232:Haze
6984:GASB
6710:PMID
6596:link
6555:2023
6525:PMID
6486:link
6474:(8).
6453:2023
6336:2010
5949:2010
5918:help
5898:2010
5872:2010
5618:ISSN
5187:PMID
5126:2015
4998:PMID
4967:link
4941:PMID
4931:ISBN
4902:2015
4686:2014
4652:PMID
4555:PMID
4330:ISBN
4304:PMID
4185:PMID
4111:ISBN
4048:ISSN
4000:PMID
3955:PMID
3919:PMID
3875:PMID
3689:2011
3530:PMID
3411:2015
3390:2015
3368:2015
2725:Iran
2518:Iraq
2369:Date
2215:666
2195:200
2192:300
2175:100
2172:150
2056:and
1809:and
1789:and
1772:and
1638:wind
1626:BTEX
1463:and
1315:and
1307:and
1278:and
1167:Miri
1102:and
1090:and
888:Dust
872:Misc
388:Soil
135:Soot
130:Smog
95:Haze
47:Kelp
8318:2.5
7930:War
7493:Air
7148:Air
6752:doi
6740:802
6700:hdl
6692:doi
6642:doi
6578:doi
6517:doi
6392:doi
6380:802
6094:doi
6082:290
6051:doi
6039:290
5891:CNN
5483:doi
5479:843
5420:IMO
5334:doi
5177:doi
5173:221
5089:doi
4990:doi
4986:108
4923:doi
4861:doi
4857:172
4759:doi
4644:doi
4545:PMC
4535:doi
4429:doi
4392:doi
4296:doi
4284:140
4212:doi
4175:PMC
4167:doi
4103:doi
3990:doi
3947:doi
3911:doi
3865:PMC
3855:doi
3851:109
3721:doi
3638:doi
3626:297
3522:doi
3510:106
3484:doi
3283:doi
2977:872
2972:119
2940:968
2935:132
2891:210
2853:223
2816:252
2776:260
2739:260
2701:285
2667:287
2624:454
2580:560
2536:818
2279:in
2155:50
2152:76
2135:25
2132:38
2112:nm
2109:mm
1797:of
1702:or
1604:or
1417:GPS
1323:Air
1123:fur
1051:An
614:War
58:Air
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