554:
836:
40:
764:
53:
662:
620:
3294:
3282:
508:
3306:
1317:"Decreto 15 novembre 2005 – Designazione della Stazione sperimentale per le industrie delle essenze e dei derivati degli agrumi quale autorità pubblica, incaricata di effettuare i controlli sulla denominazione di origine protetta "Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria", registrata in ambito Unione europea, ai sensi del regolamento (CEE) n. 2081/92"
526:
in Italy, to such an extent that it is a symbol of the entire city. Most of the bergamot comes from a short stretch of land there, where the temperature is favourable. The fruit is also produced in
Argentina, Brazil, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and South-East Asia.
580:
3267:
1541:
Kejlova K, Jirova D, Bendova H, Kandarova H, Weidenhoffer Z, Kolarova H, Liebsch M (2007). "Phototoxicity of bergamot oil assessed by in vitro techniques in combination with human patch tests".
692:
578:
has been a problem for consumers. To protect the reputation of their produce, the
Italian government introduced tight controls, including testing and certificates of purity. The
3262:
553:
1141:
807:
conducted on bergamot oil has been of poor quality, with no conclusions about its possible biological effects. Consuming bergamot oil as a component of tea may cause
3452:
3478:
1272:
1316:
1161:
691:
at the beginning of the 18th century in
Germany. The first use of bergamot oil as a fragrance ingredient was recorded in 1714, and can be found in the
3413:
1619:
Autier P, Dore JF, Schifflers E, et al. (1995). "Melanoma and use of sunscreens: An EORTC case control study in
Germany, Belgium and France".
3465:
3426:
1225:
1216:
912:
Genetic origin of cultivated citrus determined: Researchers find evidence of origins of orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, other citrus species"
1480:
1458:
1450:
1431:
1393:
1352:
914:
1106:
602:. Rival products from Brazil and Mexico came onto the market as a substitute, but these were produced from other citrus fruits such as
3400:
795:
since 1959, the substances nonetheless were used in tanning activators until 1995, contributing to many cases of melanoma and death.
1033:
1827:
1879:
1504:
Girard J, Unkovic J, Delahayes J, Lafille C (1979). "Phototoxicity of
Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs".
1849:
3470:
1221:
592:
1282:
286:
Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultivars found bergamot orange to be a probable hybrid of
3601:
1057:
935:
Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016).
3517:
3483:
3298:
3184:
3189:
2311:
1774:
1365:
1040:
The bergamot orange is not edible and is grown only for its fragrant oil, although its peel is sometimes candied.
1100:
Cappello, AR, Dolce V, Iacopetta D, Martello M, Fiorillo M, Curcio R, Muto L, Dhanyalayam D. (2015). "Bergamot (
3596:
3581:
2116:
1715:
Mannucci, C.; Navarra, M.; Calapai, F.; Squeri, R.; Gangemi, S.; Calapai, G. (2017). "Clinical pharmacology of
1155:
Servillo, Luigi; Giovane, Alfonso; Balestrieri, Maria Luisa; Casale, Rosario; Castaldo, Domenico (2013-05-17).
343:
52:
3522:
1327:
421:
The bergamot orange is unrelated to the herbs known as bergamot, wild bergamot, bergamot mint, or bergamint –
3591:
3576:
3174:
3154:
3111:
3083:
2101:
2501:
39:
3586:
3328:
3149:
3126:
2356:
2336:
2331:
1104:
Risso) Flavonoids and Their
Potential Benefits in Human Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis: an Overview".
1085:
665:
599:
531:
3179:
3247:
3101:
2874:
2869:
2486:
1721:
1135:
169:
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1989:
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2011:
1950:
1836:
1746:
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1646:
1437:
911:
585:
193:
47:
1157:"Citrus genus plants contain N-methylated tryptamine derivatives and their 5-hydroxylated forms"
1080:
3457:
3571:
3504:
3232:
3217:
3164:
3091:
3073:
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1348:
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1186:
1178:
1123:
1029:
966:
804:
688:
429:
1383:
859:
811:. Use on the skin may be unsafe, particularly for children and pregnant women, and may cause
518:
The bergamot is a citrus fruit native to southern Italy. Production is mostly limited to the
3509:
3222:
3106:
2987:
2898:
2856:
2845:
2835:
2820:
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90:
550:
where it is grown on a small-scale basis, it is largely consumed as juice by the locals.
1824:
3144:
2982:
2825:
2694:
2674:
2620:
2491:
2456:
2366:
2276:
2266:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2151:
1984:
1940:
1798:
1765:
1621:
961:
936:
682:
675:. It is prized for its ability to combine with an array of scents to form a bouquet of
495:
423:
276:
77:
1119:
3565:
3096:
2793:
2577:
2529:
2416:
2396:
2326:
2201:
2156:
2036:
1961:
1935:
1506:
1441:
1156:
937:"Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers"
744:
642:
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388:
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299:
291:
1750:
1650:
3548:
3169:
3121:
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2361:
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2086:
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1979:
808:
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280:
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1844:
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An essence extracted from the aromatic skin of this sour fruit is used to flavour
619:
3439:
3237:
3033:
2744:
2712:
2587:
2476:
2451:
2446:
2431:
2401:
2301:
2251:
2236:
2061:
2021:
1920:
732:
720:
649:). Bergamot is one of the most common "casings" (flavourings) added to Swedish
581:
Stazione
Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi
455:
444:
400:
396:
1666:"Should subjects who used psoralen suntan activators be screened for melanoma?"
564:
One hundred bergamot oranges yield about 3 ounces (85 g) of bergamot oil.
363:
during the winter. The juice tastes less sour than lemon, but more bitter than
3058:
2341:
2146:
2141:
2081:
2051:
2041:
1969:
1684:
1665:
1554:
1245:
995:
861:
Multilingual
Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D): Sorting Citrus Names
716:
712:
708:
603:
519:
364:
126:
3405:
3355:
2506:
1788:
1693:
1182:
897:
876:
711:
studies, application of some sources of bergamot oil directly to the skin of
3387:
2724:
2466:
2426:
2351:
2191:
2076:
2031:
1490:
999:
788:
772:
728:
724:
672:
661:
624:
547:
543:
392:
376:
3535:
2972:
1807:
1742:
1634:
1605:
1562:
1190:
1127:
1052:
970:
584:(Experimental Station for Essential Oil and Citrus By-Products) located in
507:
3496:
1701:
1642:
679:
that complement each other. Bergamot is a major component of the original
3530:
3349:
3257:
3063:
3043:
3038:
3012:
2992:
2754:
2734:
2648:
2643:
2411:
2346:
2296:
2216:
2071:
2016:
2003:
1845:
BBC news story on the farming of
Bergamot in the Calabria region of Italy
1527:
952:
780:
748:
736:
598:
During World War II, Italy was unable to export to countries such as the
571:
512:
384:
136:
103:
1596:
1577:
3418:
3374:
3068:
2997:
2749:
2658:
2635:
2461:
2441:
2406:
2281:
2131:
2096:
2056:
1925:
1897:
776:
696:
360:
325:
20:
3444:
1519:
1174:
546:. The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption. However, in
3048:
2521:
2471:
2421:
2391:
2381:
2371:
2261:
2241:
2231:
2206:
2186:
2181:
2161:
2136:
2091:
1945:
1910:
1888:
1734:
740:
539:
486:
439:
295:
272:
146:
116:
3322:
461:, due to the latter occasionally going by the name "Thai Bergamot".
1423:
1345:
The
Complete Technology Book of Essential Oils (Aromatic Chemicals)
3392:
1974:
1578:"Modification of ultraviolet carcinogenesis by photoactive agents"
762:
676:
660:
618:
552:
506:
490:
302:. Extracts have been used as an aromatic ingredient in food, tea,
287:
64:
338:
332:
2511:
812:
650:
530:
It is also grown in southern France and the Ivory Coast for the
303:
3326:
1861:
638:
3268:
University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection
671:
Bergamot oil is one of the most commonly used ingredients in
1664:
Autier, P.; Dore, J.-F.; Cesarini, J.-P.; Boyle, P. (1997).
248:
1770:
essential oil: from basic research to clinical application"
1366:
Three generations of Turkish delight in Southern California
779:
products, bergamot may cause skin irritation. In the past,
254:
1305:
A Practical Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils
260:
1857:
885:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
251:
306:, perfumes, and cosmetics. Use on the skin can increase
588:, is the quality control body for the essential oil
263:
245:
3335:
3203:
3137:
3082:
3021:
2960:
2928:
2883:
2854:
2802:
2780:
2767:
2708:
2667:
2657:
2634:
2606:
2568:
2520:
2000:
1959:
1895:
877:"Lemons: Diversity and Relationships with Selected
318:The word bergamot is derived from the Italian word
257:
242:
3263:University of California Citrus Experiment Station
1764:Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G (2015).
1409:Giovanni Dugo; Ivana Bonaccorsi (23 August 2013).
1275:[The most prominent marmalade: Bergamot].
881:Genotypes as Measured with Nuclear Genome Markers"
310:, resulting in greater damage from sun exposure.
1825:Bergamot by Citrus Variety Collection of the UCR
925:January 26, 2011 (Retrieved February 10, 2017).
719:effect of increasing redness after exposure to
454:is frequently misidentified as another citrus,
1873:
1385:Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures
489:, the yellow fruit of which is also known as
319:
279:, with a yellow or green colour similar to a
209:(Risso & Poit.) Wight & Arn. ex Engl.
8:
1140:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
715:was shown to have a concentration-dependent
680:
1303:Brannt, William Theodore; Schaedler, Karl.
1028:(Second ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 75.
743:). This is a property shared by many other
3323:
2777:
2664:
1880:
1866:
1858:
1162:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
443:, disputed species). Those are all in the
324:, derived either from the Italian town of
38:
29:
1797:
1787:
1683:
1595:
1024:Davidson, Alan (2006). Jaine, Tom (ed.).
960:
896:
447:, and are named for their similar aroma.
1019:
1017:
858:Porcher, Michel H.; et al. (1995),
783:extracted from bergamot oil was used in
1343:Board, Niir (2011). "Oil of Bergamot."
1226:United States Department of Agriculture
1217:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1202:
1200:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
828:
653:, a form of smokeless tobacco product.
1906:Australian and Papuan wild limes group
1133:
1382:Zoe Diana Draelos (14 October 2015).
570:with cheaper products such as oil of
499:, the "sweet lemon" or "sweet lime".
407:, such as N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine.
7:
3305:
403:. Bergamot leaves contain different
1107:Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
838:The International Plant Names Index
14:
1850:Information about the hard candy
1364:Garbee, Jenn (2011, January 06).
1120:10.2174/1389557515666150709110222
522:coastal areas of the province of
3523:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771860-1
3304:
3293:
3292:
3281:
3280:
1475:. London: Taylor & Francis.
875:Gulsen, O.; M. L. Roose (2001).
238:
51:
375:Bergamot fruit or oil contains
1415:: Bergamot and its Derivatives
1273:"Reçellerin gözdesi, Bergamut"
1271:Aktas, Ali (26 October 2004).
417:Citrus taxonomy § Oranges
1:
2545:Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
1471:Dugo G, Di Giacomo A (2002).
1222:Agricultural Research Service
864:, The University of Melbourne
590:Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria
2983:Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
1418:. CRC Press. pp. 467–.
1026:The Oxford Companion to Food
465:has also been classified as
333:
1058:Online Etymology Dictionary
917:September 21, 2017, at the
723:light (due to the chemical
481:is sometimes confused with
3618:
414:
339:
18:
3276:
3190:Johann Christoph Volkamer
2899:Orange-flowered oxanthera
2322:Myrtle-leaved orange tree
2312:Midknight Valencia Orange
1775:Frontiers in Pharmacology
1555:10.1016/j.tiv.2007.05.016
290:(itself a hybrid between
283:, depending on ripeness.
199:
192:
175:
168:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
32:
1789:10.3389/fphar.2015.00036
1719:: A systematic review".
1473:Citrus: the genus citrus
898:10.21273/JASHS.126.3.309
3175:Walter Tennyson Swingle
3155:Lena B. Smithers Hughes
2846:Brown River finger lime
1685:10.1023/A:1008205513771
1388:. Wiley. pp. 57–.
473:(i.e., a subspecies of
3150:Robert Willard Hodgson
2841:Australian finger lime
2357:Palestinian sweet lime
2337:New Zealand grapefruit
1635:10.1002/ijc.2910610602
1590:(2, Part 2): 373–378.
768:
681:
668:
627:
561:
515:
320:
3248:List of citrus fruits
2821:Australian round lime
2487:Variegated pink lemon
1722:Phytotherapy Research
766:
747:and other members of
664:
622:
556:
510:
359:is a small tree that
2904:Large-leaf oxanthera
2816:New Guinea wild lime
1086:Collins Dictionaries
817:photodermatotoxicity
785:tanning accelerators
727:, and possibly also
348:, 'prince's pear').
3212:The Citrus Industry
3195:Herbert John Webber
3054:Orange flower water
2909:Wavy-leaf oxanthera
2107:Fairchild tangerine
1597:10.1038/jid.1959.63
1543:Toxicology in Vitro
1258:tradewindsfruit.com
1246:"Bergamot Orange -
1002:. 21 September 2021
435:Eau de Cologne mint
3602:Ark of Taste foods
3253:Mother Orange Tree
2915:Oxanthera brevipes
2875:Clymenia polyandra
2870:Clymenia platypoda
2831:Maiden's wild lime
2826:Russell River lime
2578:Cleopatra mandarin
2437:Smith Red Valencia
2157:Indian wild orange
1852:bergamote de Nancy
1830:2018-08-14 at the
1671:Annals of Oncology
1576:Urbach, F (1959).
953:10.1093/aob/mcw005
769:
669:
628:
615:Tea and other uses
586:Reggio di Calabria
562:
524:Reggio di Calabria
516:
19:For the herb, see
3559:
3558:
3505:Open Tree of Life
3329:Taxon identifiers
3320:
3319:
3233:Cold-hardy citrus
3218:Citrus production
2952:Trifoliate orange
2924:
2923:
2892:
2863:
2809:
2787:
2763:
2762:
2675:Hong Kong kumquat
2621:Mountain "citron"
2598:Willowleaf orange
2347:Orangelo/Chironja
2292:Melanesian papeda
2112:Florentine citron
1993:
1583:J Invest Dermatol
1520:10.1159/000250763
1482:978-0-415-28491-2
1459:978-0-429-16588-7
1451:978-1-4398-6227-8
1433:978-1-4398-6229-2
1395:978-1-118-65546-7
1370:Los Angeles Times
1353:978-81-7833-066-2
1175:10.1021/jf401448q
1169:(21): 5156–5162.
805:clinical research
793:photocarcinogenic
689:Jean-Marie Farina
271:), is a fragrant
225:
224:
3609:
3552:
3551:
3539:
3538:
3526:
3525:
3513:
3512:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3370:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3340:
3324:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3223:Citrus rootstock
3180:Chōzaburō Tanaka
3138:Citrus botanists
2988:Grapefruit juice
2890:
2861:
2836:Mount White lime
2807:
2785:
2778:
2773:wild limes group
2709:Kumquat hybrids
2665:
2570:Mandarin oranges
2417:Satsuma mandarin
2177:Jamaican tangelo
1987:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1735:10.1002/ptr.5734
1712:
1706:
1705:
1687:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1599:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1549:(7): 1298–1303.
1538:
1532:
1531:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1468:
1462:
1445:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1326:. Archived from
1321:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1285:on 18 April 2013
1281:. Archived from
1268:
1262:
1261:
1248:Citrus aurantium
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
992:
975:
974:
964:
941:Annals of Botany
932:
926:
909:
903:
902:
900:
872:
866:
865:
855:
849:
848:
847:
845:
833:
686:
405:indole alkaloids
347:
346:
336:
323:
308:photosensitivity
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
213:Citrus aurantium
203:Citrus aurantium
181:
161:C. bergamia
56:
55:
42:
33:Bergamot orange
30:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3597:Oranges (fruit)
3582:Flora of Greece
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3542:
3534:
3529:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3495:
3492:Observation.org
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3456:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3331:
3321:
3316:
3272:
3243:Japanese citrus
3228:Citrus taxonomy
3199:
3185:Ikuro Takahashi
3160:David Mabberley
3133:
3078:
3029:Calcium citrate
3017:
2968:Calamansi juice
2956:
2934:
2932:
2920:
2891:(former genera)
2889:
2879:
2862:(former genera)
2860:
2850:
2808:(former genera)
2806:
2798:
2786:(former genera)
2784:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2716:Citrofortunella
2710:
2704:
2700:Malayan kumquat
2695:Jiangsu kumquat
2668:Kumquat species
2653:
2630:
2602:
2564:
2560:Yemenite citron
2555:Moroccan citron
2540:Diamante citron
2535:Corsican citron
2516:
2482:Valencia orange
2377:Ponderosa lemon
2247:Kobayashi mikan
2117:Forbidden fruit
2067:Cara cara navel
2027:Bergamot orange
2002:
2001:True and hybrid
1996:
1955:
1951:Ryukyu mandarin
1941:Mountain citron
1931:Mandarin orange
1891:
1886:
1838:Citrus bergamia
1832:Wayback Machine
1821:
1816:
1815:
1768:Citrus bergamia
1763:
1762:
1758:
1717:Citrus bergamia
1714:
1713:
1709:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1434:
1413:Citrus bergamia
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1363:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1210:Citrus bergamia
1206:
1205:
1198:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1132:
1102:Citrus bergamia
1099:
1098:
1094:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
994:
993:
978:
934:
933:
929:
919:Wayback Machine
910:
906:
874:
873:
869:
857:
856:
852:
843:
841:
835:
834:
830:
825:
815:resulting from
801:
767:Bergamot orange
761:
705:
659:
647:Turkish delight
617:
612:
558:Maricopa County
505:
463:Citrus bergamia
419:
413:
373:
357:Citrus bergamia
354:
330:Ottoman Turkish
316:
275:the size of an
241:
237:
234:bergamot orange
229:Citrus bergamia
188:
183:
179:Citrus bergamia
177:
164:
50:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Flora of Italy
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Citrus hybrids
3574:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:wfo-0000607952
3540:
3527:
3514:
3501:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3436:
3423:
3410:
3397:
3384:
3371:
3361:
3345:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3205:
3204:Related topics
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Clément Rodier
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Clara H. Hasse
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2940:
2930:Related genera
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Celebes papeda
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Xã Đoài orange
2499:
2494:
2492:Volkamer lemon
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Pixie mandarin
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Lemonade fruit
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Kinkoji unshiu
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Kawachi bankan
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Imperial lemon
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Kumquats group
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1841:on Wikispecies
1834:
1820:
1819:External links
1817:
1814:
1813:
1756:
1707:
1678:(5): 435–437.
1656:
1629:(6): 749–755.
1622:Int. J. Cancer
1611:
1568:
1533:
1496:
1481:
1463:
1432:
1424:10.1201/B15375
1401:
1394:
1374:
1357:
1336:
1333:on 2012-04-25.
1308:
1296:
1263:
1237:
1196:
1147:
1092:
1072:
1044:
1034:
1013:
996:"Bergamot oil"
976:
947:(4): 565–583.
927:
923:Science Daily,
904:
891:(3): 309–317.
867:
850:
827:
826:
824:
821:
800:
797:
791:. Known to be
760:
757:
704:
701:
683:Eau de Cologne
658:
655:
616:
613:
611:
608:
504:
501:
424:Monarda didyma
412:
409:
372:
371:Phytochemicals
369:
353:
350:
315:
312:
223:
222:
221:
220:
210:
197:
196:
190:
189:
184:
173:
172:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3614:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3587:Flora of Iran
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Round kumquat
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2680:Meiwa kumquat
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2626:Ichang papeda
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Balady citron
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Sweet limetta
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Rhobs el Arsa
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:Nagpur orange
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Limón de Pica
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Bitter orange
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Mangshanyegan
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Ichang papeda
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:(4): 229–43.
1513:
1510:(in French).
1509:
1508:
1507:Dermatologica
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:0-19-280681-5
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
908:
905:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
871:
868:
863:
862:
854:
851:
840:
839:
832:
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
809:muscle cramps
806:
798:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
765:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
745:citrus fruits
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
684:
678:
674:
667:
666:Essential oil
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:confectionery
641:, as well as
640:
637:
633:
626:
621:
614:
609:
607:
605:
601:
600:Allied powers
596:
594:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
576:bergamot mint
573:
569:
565:
559:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:essential oil
528:
525:
521:
514:
509:
502:
500:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:bitter orange
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:(kaffir lime)
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
441:
436:
432:
431:
426:
425:
418:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:neohesperidin
386:
382:
381:neoeriocitrin
378:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
351:
349:
345:
342:
335:
331:
327:
322:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:bitter orange
297:
293:
292:bitter orange
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
268:
235:
231:
230:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
201:
200:
198:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
174:
171:
170:Binomial name
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
28:
24:
23:
3336:
3309:
3297:
3285:
3210:
3170:Robert Soost
3122:Phytophthora
3102:CTV/Tristeza
3008:Yuja-hwachae
3003:Orange juice
2945:
2936:
2913:
2884:
2855:
2803:
2781:
2740:Mandarinquat
2730:Citrangequat
2685:Oval kumquat
2550:Greek citron
2362:Persian lime
2222:Khasi papeda
2172:Jaffa orange
2087:Coorg orange
2047:Blood orange
2026:
1990:sweet orange
1851:
1837:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1729:(1): 27–39.
1726:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1675:
1669:
1659:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1587:
1581:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1472:
1466:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1360:
1344:
1339:
1328:the original
1311:
1304:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:the original
1276:
1266:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1215:
1209:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1136:cite journal
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1039:
1025:
1004:. Retrieved
944:
940:
930:
922:
907:
888:
884:
878:
870:
860:
853:
842:, retrieved
837:
831:
803:As of 2017,
802:
770:
759:Skin effects
751:, including
706:
687:composed by
670:
629:
597:
589:
579:
568:Adulteration
566:
563:
538:in southern
529:
517:
494:
493:), and with
482:
478:
470:
467:C. aurantium
466:
462:
456:
451:
449:
438:
430:M. fistulosa
428:
422:
420:
374:
356:
355:
317:
285:
273:citrus fruit
236:(pronounced
233:
228:
227:
226:
216:
212:
206:
202:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
110:
97:
84:
71:
27:
21:
16:Citrus fruit
3440:iNaturalist
3238:Hesperidium
3034:Citric acid
2804:Microcitrus
2794:Desert lime
2782:Eromocitrus
2745:Procimequat
2588:Nanfengmiju
2497:Winged lime
2477:Tsunonozomi
2452:Sweet lemon
2447:Suruga yuko
2432:Shonan Gold
2402:Rough lemon
2302:Meyer lemon
2237:Kishu mikan
2197:Kakadu lime
2122:Ginger lime
2022:Assam lemon
1921:Kaffir lime
1114:(8): 1–11.
733:bergamottin
721:ultraviolet
713:guinea pigs
707:In several
695:Archive in
645:(including
479:C. bergamia
452:C. bergamia
445:mint family
401:bergamottin
397:brutieridin
352:Description
91:Angiosperms
3566:Categories
3299:Production
3092:Black spot
3059:Orange oil
2771:and Papuan
2769:Australian
2147:Hyuganatsu
2142:Heen naran
2082:Clementine
2052:Byeonggyul
2042:Blood lime
1970:Grapefruit
1231:2011-09-07
1081:"Bergamot"
1053:"Bergamot"
1006:4 February
823:References
789:sunscreens
717:phototoxic
709:patch test
703:Toxicology
604:sweet lime
520:Ionian Sea
503:Production
496:C. limetta
457:C. hystrix
415:See also:
379:, such as
377:flavonoids
365:grapefruit
334:beg armudu
321:bergamotto
127:Sapindales
3127:citricola
3117:Mal secco
3107:Exocortis
2935:properly
2886:Oxanthera
2725:Calamansi
2593:Tachibana
2467:Tangerine
2427:Shangjuan
2352:Oroblanco
2307:Micrantha
2192:Kaji Nemu
2077:Citrumelo
2032:Bizzarria
2004:cultivars
1694:0923-7534
1442:100440701
1347:. p. 75.
1183:1520-5118
1000:Drugs.com
773:cosmetics
729:citropten
725:bergapten
673:perfumery
657:Fragrance
636:Lady Grey
632:Earl Grey
625:marmalade
623:Bergamot
560:, Arizona
548:Mauritius
544:marmalade
483:C. medica
393:melitidin
314:Etymology
155:Species:
61:Kingdom:
3572:Calabria
3536:50066436
3531:Tropicos
3458:10762966
3350:Wikidata
3341:bergamia
3287:Category
3258:Orangery
3112:Greening
3084:Diseases
3064:Orangeat
3044:Limonene
3039:Lemonene
3022:Products
3013:Yuja tea
2993:Lemonade
2947:Poncirus
2933:(perhaps
2857:Clymenia
2755:Yuzuquat
2735:Limequat
2659:Kumquats
2649:Dangyuja
2644:Banpeiyu
2583:Shīkwāsā
2412:Sanbokan
2332:Nasnaran
2297:Melogold
2217:Key lime
2072:Citrange
2062:Cam sành
2017:Amanatsu
1828:Archived
1808:25784877
1751:12136775
1743:27747942
1651:34941555
1606:13641813
1563:17669618
1491:49784202
1289:26 April
1252:bergamia
1191:23682903
1128:26156545
971:26944784
915:Archived
799:Research
781:psoralen
771:Used in
749:Rutaceae
737:geranial
572:rosewood
542:for its
513:Calabria
511:Unripe,
471:bergamia
411:Taxonomy
385:naringin
361:blossoms
217:bergamia
207:bergamia
194:Synonyms
137:Rutaceae
133:Family:
104:Eudicots
3419:6433772
3375:Ecocrop
3356:Q109196
3337:Citrus
3311:Commons
3069:Succade
2998:Limeade
2978:Curaçao
2750:Sunquat
2636:Pomelos
2608:Papedas
2522:Citrons
2462:Tangelo
2442:Sudachi
2407:Samuyao
2387:Rangpur
2342:Ōgonkan
2317:Murcott
2287:Mandora
2282:Mandelo
2257:Komikan
2132:Hassaku
2097:Dekopon
2057:Biasong
1962:hybrids
1898:species
1799:4345801
1702:9233521
1643:7790106
1065:19 June
962:4817432
777:perfume
697:Cologne
536:Antalya
534:and in
469:subsp.
326:Bergamo
205:subsp.
143:Genus:
123:Order:
65:Plantae
22:Monarda
3510:983571
3497:116586
3484:380129
3471:524859
3445:201695
3406:181675
3380:205644
3367:153263
3364:APDB:
3097:Canker
3049:Neroli
2973:Chūhai
2961:Drinks
2937:Citrus
2472:Tangor
2422:Setoka
2392:Reikou
2382:Ponkan
2372:Pompia
2262:Laraha
2242:Kiyomi
2232:Kinnow
2207:Kanpei
2187:Kabosu
2182:Kabbad
2167:Jabara
2162:Iyokan
2137:Hebesu
2127:Haruka
2102:Encore
2092:Daidai
2012:Alemow
1985:Orange
1960:Major
1946:Pomelo
1911:Citron
1889:Citrus
1806:
1796:
1782:: 36.
1749:
1741:
1700:
1692:
1649:
1641:
1604:
1561:
1528:428611
1526:
1489:
1479:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1430:
1392:
1351:
1189:
1181:
1126:
1061:. 2022
1032:
969:
959:
879:Citrus
844:2 June
813:rashes
739:, and
693:Farina
677:aromas
540:Turkey
487:citron
440:Mentha
433:, and
399:, and
344:آرمودی
298:) and
296:citron
277:orange
232:, the
219:Loisel
148:Citrus
117:Rosids
3453:IRMNG
3432:10698
3401:EUNIS
3393:CIDAB
2661:group
2277:Lumia
2202:Kalpi
1975:Lemon
1896:True
1747:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1331:(PDF)
1324:ISMEA
1320:(PDF)
1278:Zaman
741:neral
491:etrog
485:(the
288:lemon
215:var.
186:Risso
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
3518:POWO
3479:NCBI
3466:ITIS
3427:GRIN
3414:GBIF
3388:EPPO
3074:Zest
2512:Yuzu
2507:Yūkō
2252:Koji
1980:Lime
1804:PMID
1739:PMID
1698:PMID
1690:ISSN
1639:PMID
1602:PMID
1559:PMID
1524:PMID
1487:OCLC
1477:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1291:2012
1250:ssp
1187:PMID
1179:ISSN
1142:link
1124:PMID
1067:2022
1030:ISBN
1008:2022
967:PMID
846:2015
787:and
775:and
651:snus
639:teas
634:and
610:Uses
574:and
450:The
304:snus
294:and
281:lime
3544:WFO
1794:PMC
1784:doi
1731:doi
1680:doi
1631:doi
1592:doi
1551:doi
1516:doi
1512:158
1420:doi
1171:doi
1116:doi
957:PMC
949:doi
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893:doi
889:126
753:rue
593:DOP
477:).
328:or
249:ɜːr
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