49:
577:
796:. One of the most striking changes to evolve was the loss of eyes. This is referred to as a "regressive trait" because the surface fish that originally colonized caves possessed eyes. In addition to regressive traits, cave forms evolved "constructive traits". In contrast to regressive traits, the purpose or benefit of constructive traits is generally accepted. Active research focuses on the mechanisms driving the evolution of regressive traits, such as the loss of eyes, in
129:
58:
104:
82:
627:, due to down-regulation of the protein αA-crystallin and consequent lens cell death. Despite losing their eyes, cavefish cells respond to light responsive and show an endogenous circadian rhythm. The fish in the Pachón caves have lost their eyes completely whilst the fish from the Micos cave only have limited sight. Cave fish and surface fish are able to produce fertile offspring.
251:
662:, northeastern Mexico. Among the various cave population are at least three with only full cave forms (blind and without pigment), at least eleven with cave, "normal" and intermediate forms, and at least one with both cave and "normal" forms but no intermediates. Studies suggest at least two distinct genetic
438:
Likewise, the blind cave tetra has fully "devolved" (lost) the use of its eyes by living in an environment completely devoid of natural light, with only empty sockets in their place. The blind tetra instead has sensory organs along its body, as well as a heightened nervous system (and senses of smell
825:
By the time that an animal had reached, after numberless generations, the deepest recesses, disuse will on this view have more or less perfectly obliterated its eyes, and natural selection will often have effected other changes, such as an increase in the length of antennae or palpi, as compensation
666:
occur among the blind populations, and the current distribution of populations arose by at least five independent invasions. Furthermore, cave populations have a very recent origin (< 20,000 years) in which blindness or reduced vision evolved convergently after surface ancestors populated several
902:
The blind cave tetra is a hardy species. Their lack of sight does not hinder their ability to get food. They prefer subdued lighting with a rocky substrate, like gravel, mimicking their natural environment. They become semi-aggressive as they age, and are by nature schooling fish. Experiments have
642:
induces a disruption of early neuromast patterning, which further causes asymmetries in cranial bone structure. One such asymmetry is a bend in the dorsal region of their skull, which is propounded to increase water flow to the opposite side of the face, functionally enhancing sensory input and
859:
Another likely explanation for the loss of its eyes is that of selective neutrality and genetic drift; in the dark environment of the cave, the eyes are neither advantageous nor disadvantageous and thus any genetic factors that might impair the eyes (or their development) can take hold with no
842:
Modern genetics has made clear that the lack of use does not, in itself, necessitate a feature's disappearance. In this context, the positive genetic benefits have to be considered, i.e., what advantages are obtained by cave-dwelling tetras by losing their eyes? Possible explanations include:
860:
consequence on the individual or species. Because there is no selection pressure for sight in this environment, any number of genetic abnormalities that give rise to the damage or loss of eyes could proliferate among the population with no effect on the fitness of the population.
871:"—showing an evolutionary trend of decreasing complexity. But evolution is a non-directional process, and while increased complexity is a common effect, there is no reason why evolution cannot tend towards simplicity if that makes an organism better suited to its environment.
667:
caves independently at different times. This recent origin suggests that the phenotypic changes in cavefish populations, namely eye degeneration, arose as a result of the high fixation of genetic variants present in surface fish populations in a short period of time.
851:
There remains less chance of accidental damage and infection, since the previously useless and exposed organ is sealed with a flap of protective skin. It is unknown why this species did not develop transparent skin or eyelids instead, as some species of reptiles
890:
trade are all based on stock collected in the Cueva Chica Cave in the southern part of the Sierra del Abra system in 1936. These were sent to an aquarium company in Texas, who soon started to distribute them to aquarists. Since then, these have been
847:
Not developing eyes allows the individual more energy for growth but not egg production. However the species does use other methods to locate food and detect danger, which also consume energy that would be conserved if it had eyes or transparent
1802:
686:, regressive evolution in cave animals, and the genetic basis of regressive traits. This, combined with the ease of maintaining the species in captivity, has made it the most studied cavefish and likely also the most studied
468:
species, like most tetras, that spends most of its time in midlevel waters above the rocky and sandy bottoms of pools, and backwaters of creeks and streams. Coming from an environment somewhere between
855:
The lack of eyes disables the "body clock", which is controlled by periods of light and dark, conserving energy. However sunlight does have minimal impact on the "body clock" in caves.
2504:
485:, and a temperature range of 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F). In the winter, some populations migrate to warmer waters. The species' natural diet consists largely of
3045:
2236:
Lyndon M. Coghill; C. Darrin Hulsey; Johel Chaves-Campos; Francisco J. GarcĂa de Leon; Steven G. Johnson (2014). "Next
Generation Phylogeography of Cave and Surface
2863:
2685:
2296:
439:
and touch), and can immediately detect where objects or other animals are located by slight changes in the surrounding water pressure, a process vaguely similar to
1020:
3030:
2925:
3005:
1486:
784:. When the surface-dwelling ancestors of current cave populations entered the subterranean environment, the change in ecological conditions rendered their
807:
The blind form of the
Mexican tetra is different from the surface-dwelling form in a number of ways, including having unpigmented skin, having a better
3055:
3010:
2036:
2837:
912:
903:
shown that keeping these fish in bright aquarium set-ups has no effect on the development of the skin flap that forms over their eyes as they grow.
2876:
1093:
815:
all over its head, and by being able to store four times more energy as fat, allowing it to deal with irregular food supplies more effectively.
2531:
2374:
Protas, M; Tabansky, I.; Conrad, M.; Gross, J. B.; Vidal, O.; Tabin, C. J.; Borowsky, R. (April 2008). "Multi-trait evolution in a cave fish,
2242:
1901:
1527:
1228:
2283:
864:
3025:
801:
2602:
2487:
1061:
2977:
754:, varying from blind and depigmented to individuals showing intermediate features, is known from the Granadas Cave, part of the
3050:
2618:
Rohner, N.; Jarosz, D. F.; Kowalko, J. E.; Yoshizawa, M.; Jeffery, W. R.; Borowsky, R. L.; Lindquist, S.; Tabin, C. J. (2013).
1926:
1473:
2881:
1085:
48:
2785:
1174:
644:
647:-a mutation restricts blood flow to cavefish eyes during a critical stage of growth so the eyes are covered by skin.
2505:"Chapter 5: Laws of Variation, Effects of the Increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as Controlled by Natural Selection"
2380:
800:. Recent studies have produced evidence that the mechanism may be direct selection, or indirect selection through
2930:
2433:
1355:
804:, rather than genetic drift and neutral mutation, the traditionally favored hypothesis for regressive evolution.
128:
1920:
Luis
Espinasa; Patricia Rivas-Manzano; HĂ©ctor Espinosa PĂ©rez (2001). "A New Blind Cave Fish Population of Genus
3020:
2083:
1971:
1413:
1295:
833:
2777:
2073:
Fumey, Julien; Hinaux, Hélène; Noirot, Céline; Thermes, Claude; Rétaux, Sylvie; Casane, Didier (2016-12-16).
1961:
Fumey, Julien; Hinaux, Hélène; Noirot, Céline; Thermes, Claude; Rétaux, Sylvie; Casane, Didier (2018-04-18).
674:, being members of the same species, are closely related and can interbreed making this species an excellent
2292:
1482:
720:
2750:
3040:
2712:
584:
555:
465:
240:
2790:
2539:
868:
650:
Currently, about 30 cave populations are known, dispersed over three geographically distinct areas in a
223:
1741:"Evolution of an adaptive behavior and its sensory receptors promotes eye regression in blind cavefish"
2982:
2969:
1794:"Parallel evolution of regressive and constructive craniofacial traits across distinct populations of
867:, the cave tetra is seen as evidence 'against' evolution. One argument claims this is an instance of "
780:
The surface and cave forms of the
Mexican tetra have proven powerful subjects for scientists studying
2811:
2759:
2633:
2092:
1811:
1695:
679:
607:
576:
1575:
1179:
687:
663:
440:
424:
71:
2917:
958:
3035:
2620:"Cryptic variation in morphological evolution: HSP90 as a capacitor for loss of eyes in cavefish"
2405:
2337:
1943:
1155:
744:
683:
546:
432:
263:
123:
108:
655:
2904:
2868:
1863:
1403:
Bradic, M.; Beerli, P.; Garcia-de Leon, F. J.; Esquivel-Bobadilla, S.; Borowsky, R. L. (2012).
997:
2951:
2798:
2667:
2624:
2598:
2483:
2460:
2397:
2356:
2310:
2259:
2178:
2122:
2055:
2008:
1990:
1897:
1845:
1827:
1774:
1721:
1659:
1641:
1602:
1594:
1548:
1500:
1442:
1382:
1324:
1224:
1147:
1139:
789:
620:
403:
of about 12 cm (4.7 in), the
Mexican tetra is of typical characin form, albeit with
2956:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2573:
2450:
2442:
2389:
2346:
2300:
2251:
2216:
2168:
2158:
2112:
2102:
2045:
1998:
1980:
1935:
1835:
1819:
1764:
1754:
1711:
1703:
1686:
1649:
1633:
1584:
1540:
1490:
1465:"Evidence for multiple genetic forms with similar eyeless phenotypes in the blind cavefish,
1432:
1422:
1372:
1364:
1314:
1304:
1129:
992:
953:
892:
699:
560:
525:, often doing well on a variety of foods such as frozen/thawed or live cultured blackworms,
454:
The
Mexican tetra's blind variant has experienced a steady surge in popularity among modern
350:
2894:
2764:
1249:
3015:
2938:
1495:
1464:
1120:
764:
389:
354:
200:
2637:
2446:
1815:
1699:
1654:
1621:
1368:
788:—which included many biological functions dependent on the presence of light—subject to
727:. Other blind populations were initially also recognized as separate species, including
2662:
2619:
2455:
2424:
2173:
2146:
2117:
2074:
2003:
1962:
1840:
1793:
1769:
1740:
1716:
1681:
1536:
1437:
1404:
1377:
1346:
1319:
1286:
818:
675:
635:
443:—another adaptation known from cave-dwelling, as well as aquatic, species, such as the
369:
170:
1521:
Strecker, U.; FaĂşndez, V. H.; Wilkens, H. (2004). "Phylogeography of surface and cave
57:
2999:
2889:
2393:
2050:
2027:
1159:
1057:
983:
944:
896:
793:
580:
565:
551:
357:
180:
113:
91:
86:
2409:
2147:"Evolution of eye development in the darkness of caves: adaptation, drift, or both?"
1947:
935:
2803:
974:
899:
traits. Today large numbers are bred at commercial facilities, especially in Asia.
755:
716:
708:
631:
530:
506:
400:
377:
361:
17:
2032:(Characidae, Teleostei): genetic evidence from reduced eye-size and pigmentation"
1525:(Teleostei) from Central and North America based on cytochrome b sequence data".
719:. The Cueva Chica Cave in the southern part of the Sierra del Abra system is the
2912:
2850:
2744:
2255:
1745:
1544:
931:
470:
381:
2279:"To See or Not to See: Evolution of Eye Degeneration in Mexican Blind Cavefish"
2578:
2561:
2207:
2107:
1985:
1939:
1620:
Frøland
Steindal, Inga A.; Yamamoto, Yoshiyuki; Whitmore, David (2023-07-12).
1134:
1115:
659:
522:
486:
478:
416:
412:
408:
373:
347:
340:
190:
2735:
2059:
1994:
1831:
1803:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
1759:
1645:
1598:
1309:
1143:
2645:
2221:
2202:
1739:
Yoshizawa, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; O'Quin, K. E.; Jeffery, W. R. (December 2012).
1682:"The energetic cost of vision and the evolution of eyeless Mexican cavefish"
1589:
1570:
812:
808:
785:
781:
494:
420:
140:
2671:
2532:"Why do cave fish lose their eyes? A Darwinian mystery unfolds in the dark"
2464:
2401:
2360:
2314:
2305:
2278:
2263:
2182:
2163:
2126:
2012:
1849:
1778:
1725:
1707:
1663:
1637:
1606:
1552:
1504:
1446:
1427:
1405:"Gene flow and population structure in the Mexican blind cavefish complex (
1386:
1328:
1151:
735:
described in 1947 from the Los
Sabinos Cave (both subsequently merged into
250:
2943:
643:
spatial mapping in the dark waters of caves. Scientists suggest that gene
2824:
2729:
2351:
2332:
1070:
887:
759:
594:
526:
514:
455:
160:
31:
2653:
1823:
2842:
2829:
630:
These fish can still, however, find their way around by means of their
534:
490:
448:
435:
and has no need for a colorful appearance (i.e. for attracting mates).
1792:
Powers, Amanda K.; Berning, Daniel J.; Gross, Joshua B. (2020-02-06).
1571:"Adaptive Evolution of Eye Degeneration in the Mexican Blind Cavefish"
2855:
2772:
1019:
Froese, R.; Reyes, R. D. (2023-04-21). Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (eds.).
619:. Depending on the exact population, cave forms can have degenerated
538:
502:
404:
393:
150:
2706:
2511:. The Harvard Classics. Vol. XI. New York: P.F. Collier and Son
2277:
William R. Jeffery; Allen G. Strickler; Yoshiyuki
Yamamoto (2003).
2097:
2964:
875:
651:
575:
518:
498:
385:
365:
428:
343:
2816:
2710:
30:"Blind cave fish" redirects here. For cavefish in general, see
2482:. Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Science. p. 315.
624:
510:
482:
444:
878:
has a dramatic effect in the development of the blind tetra.
2203:"Sensory Adaptations of Fishes to Subterranean Environments"
474:
2686:"Mexican Tetra (Astyanax mexicanus): Ultimate Care Guide"
1463:
Dowling, T. E.; Martasian, D. P.; Jeffery, W. R. (2002).
973:
Contreras-Balderas, S. & Almada-Villela, P. (1996).
550:, though this is not widely accepted. Additionally, the
415:
to its natural environment. By comparison, the species'
1626:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
544:
The Mexican tetra has been treated as a subspecies of
2478:
Helfman, G. S.; Collete, B. B.; Facey, D. E. (1997).
1680:
Moran, D.; Softley, R. & Warrant, E. J. (2015).
509:, and those that land on or fall in the water, like
423:
a pale, pinkish-white color, somewhat resembling an
2719:
1864:"Gene found that causes eyes to wither in cavefish"
521:or aquatic vegetation; in captivity, it is largely
1564:
1562:
541:, among other commercially available fish foods.
1896:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–148.
65:Normal form (above) and blind cave form (below)
2333:"Genes, modules and the evolution of cave fish"
2297:Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
2026:WILKENS, HORST; STRECKER, ULRIKE (2003-12-01).
1915:
1913:
1516:
1514:
1244:
1242:
1240:
823:
697:is sometimes recognized as a separate species,
558:is sometimes recognized as a separate species,
1458:
1456:
1340:
1338:
1219:Keene, A.; Yoshizawa, M.; McGaugh, S. (2016).
605:(leading to easy confusion with the Brazilian
1887:
1885:
1883:
1398:
1396:
1221:Biology and Evolution of the Mexican Cavefish
959:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T62191A3109229.en
8:
634:, which are highly sensitive to fluctuating
2201:Soares, D.; Niemiller, M. L. (April 2013).
1487:Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution
1223:. Elsevier Science. pp. 68–69, 77–87.
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
747:cave population is the one in Los Sabinos.
731:described in 1946 from the PachĂłn Cave and
623:or have total loss of sight and even their
473:climate, it prefers water with 6.5–8
2707:
2326:
2324:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
998:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T2270A9379535.en
249:
102:
80:
56:
47:
38:
2661:
2577:
2454:
2350:
2304:
2220:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2172:
2162:
2145:Retaux, S.; Casane, D. (September 2013).
2140:
2138:
2136:
2116:
2106:
2096:
2075:"Evidence for Late Pleistocene origin of
2049:
2037:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2002:
1984:
1963:"Evidence for late Pleistocene origin of
1839:
1768:
1758:
1715:
1653:
1588:
1494:
1436:
1426:
1376:
1318:
1308:
1175:"Blind Cavefish Stops Its Internal Clock"
1133:
996:
957:
3046:Least concern biota of the United States
2530:Espinasa, L.; Espinasa, M. (June 2005).
1675:
1673:
913:List of freshwater aquarium fish species
517:. It will also supplement its diet with
1924:: Geography, Morphology and Behavior".
1094:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
923:
762:, southern Mexico, but it is a part of
2562:"Losing Sight of Regressive Evolution"
2028:"Convergent evolution of the cavefish
1622:"Blind fish have cells that see light"
2243:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1528:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1496:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004100
693:The blind and colorless cave form of
564:, but this directly contradicts the
270:
7:
3031:Freshwater fish of the United States
2970:2B7DECAD-1F0D-2C8E-390E-8C1CB09AB942
3006:IUCN Red List least concern species
2560:Espinasa, M.; Espinasa, L. (2008).
2447:10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134216
2284:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1369:10.1146/annurev-genet-102108-134216
984:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
945:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
750:Another cave-adapted population of
886:The blind cave tetras seen in the
597:, which is known by such names as
25:
2566:Evolution: Education and Outreach
3056:Taxa named by Filippo De Filippi
3011:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2394:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2008.00227.x
2051:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00230.x
1173:Palermo,LiveScience, Elizabeth.
1114:Borowsky, Richard (2018-01-22).
703:, but this leaves the remaining
127:
1927:Environmental Biology of Fishes
1474:Molecular Biology and Evolution
977:Astyanax mexicanus ssp. jordani
2507:. In Eliot, Charles W. (ed.).
1894:Cave Biology: Life in Darkness
768:(itself sometimes included in
670:The eyed and eyeless forms of
353:(tetras and relatives) of the
1:
1569:Jeffery, W. R. (2005-01-13).
427:, as it inhabits pitch-black
419:"cave" form has scales which
2503:Darwin, Charles R. (2001) .
2331:Wilkens, H (November 2012).
281:Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus
2381:Evolution & Development
2256:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.029
1545:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.001
645:cystathionine beta synthase
372:, originating in the lower
3072:
2597:. New York: W. W. Norton.
29:
3026:Freshwater fish of Mexico
2595:Climbing Mount Improbable
2579:10.1007/s12052-008-0094-z
2519:– via Bartleby.com.
2434:Annual Review of Genetics
2425:"Regressive Evolution in
2108:10.1186/s12862-018-1156-7
1986:10.1186/s12862-018-1156-7
1356:Annual Review of Genetics
1347:"Regressive evolution in
1285:Gross, J.B. (June 2012).
1135:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.011
501:, including both aquatic
411:, likely an evolutionary
305:Tetragonopterus streetsii
273:Tetragonopterus mexicanus
269:
262:
257:
248:
229:
222:
124:Scientific classification
122:
100:
78:
69:
64:
55:
46:
41:
2084:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1972:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1760:10.1186/1741-7007-10-108
1414:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1310:10.1186/1471-2148-12-105
1296:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1060:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
593:is famous for its blind
464:is a peaceful, sociable
2646:10.1126/science.1240276
2480:The Diversity of Fishes
2293:Oxford University Press
2222:10.1525/bio.2013.63.4.7
1940:10.1023/A:1011852603162
1483:Oxford University Press
1287:"The complex origin of
1074:. October 2015 version.
821:said of sightless fish:
802:antagonistic pleiotropy
297:Tetragonopterus nitidus
289:Tetragonopterus fulgens
3051:Fish described in 1853
2164:10.1186/2041-9139-4-26
1708:10.1126/sciadv.1500363
1638:10.1098/rspb.2023.0981
1428:10.1186/1471-2148-12-9
840:
587:
392:and eastern states of
368:, it is native to the
2509:The Origin of Species
1590:10.1093/jhered/esi028
834:The Origin of Species
579:
327:), also known as the
2593:Dawkins, R. (1997).
2423:Jeffery, WR (2009).
2352:10.1038/hdy.2009.184
2306:10.1093/icb/43.4.531
1345:Jeffery, W. (2009).
952:: e.T62191A3109229.
608:Stygichthys typhlops
433:subterranean streams
2638:2013Sci...342.1372R
2632:(6164): 1372–1375.
1892:Romero, A. (2009).
1824:10.1002/jez.b.22932
1816:2020JEZB..334..450P
1700:2015SciA....1E0363M
1576:Journal of Heredity
1180:Scientific American
1025:(De Filippi, 1853)"
991:: e.T2270A9379535.
613:blind cave characin
333:blind cave characin
72:Conservation status
18:Blind cave characin
2778:astyanax-mexicanus
2765:Astyanax_mexicanus
2751:Astyanax mexicanus
2721:Astyanax mexicanus
2376:Astyanax mexicanus
2238:Astyanax mexicanus
2077:Astyanax mexicanus
1965:Astyanax mexicanus
1796:Astyanax mexicanus
1489:(smbe)): 446–455.
1467:Astyanax mexicanus
1407:Astyanax mexicanus
1252:Astyanax mexicanus
1088:Astyanax mexicanus
1064:Astyanax mexicanus
1023:Astyanax mexicanus
938:Astyanax mexicanus
874:Inhibition of the
776:Evolution research
684:parallel evolution
638:. Blindness in A.
588:
324:Astyanax mexicanus
284:(De Filippi, 1853)
258:Approximate range
233:Astyanax mexicanus
2993:
2992:
2952:Open Tree of Life
2713:Taxon identifiers
1903:978-0-521-82846-8
1230:978-0-12-802148-4
790:natural selection
658:and far southern
315:
314:
309:
301:
293:
285:
277:
215:A. mexicanus
117:
95:
16:(Redirected from
3063:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2946:
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2846:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2780:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2692:. August 5, 2022
2682:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2538:. Archived from
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2142:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2100:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2006:
1988:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1889:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1810:(7–8): 450–462.
1789:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1687:Science Advances
1677:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1430:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1312:
1282:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1246:
1235:
1234:
1216:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1137:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
970:
964:
963:
961:
928:
893:selectively bred
838:
831:Charles Darwin,
811:sense by having
599:blind cave tetra
337:blind cave tetra
307:
299:
291:
283:
276:De Filippi, 1853
275:
253:
235:
132:
131:
111:
106:
105:
89:
84:
83:
60:
51:
39:
21:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3021:Astyanax (fish)
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2939:Observation.org
2937:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2911:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2690:Fish Laboratory
2684:
2683:
2679:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2572:(S4): 509–516.
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2144:
2143:
2134:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1694:(8): e1500363.
1679:
1678:
1671:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1121:Current Biology
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1056:
1055:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
972:
971:
967:
930:
929:
925:
921:
909:
884:
882:In the aquarium
839:
830:
778:
656:San Luis PotosĂ
574:
572:Blind cave form
407:, unremarkable
390:Central Plateau
329:blind cave fish
244:
237:
231:
218:
126:
118:
107:
103:
96:
85:
81:
74:
35:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2741:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2677:
2610:
2603:
2585:
2552:
2522:
2495:
2488:
2470:
2415:
2388:(2): 196–209.
2366:
2345:(5): 413–422.
2320:
2269:
2228:
2215:(4): 274–283.
2188:
2132:
2098:10.1101/094748
2065:
2044:(4): 545–554.
2018:
1953:
1934:(1): 339–344.
1909:
1902:
1879:
1855:
1784:
1731:
1669:
1612:
1583:(3): 185–196.
1558:
1537:Academic Press
1510:
1452:
1392:
1334:
1270:
1258:Seriously Fish
1236:
1229:
1192:
1165:
1128:(2): R60–R64.
1106:
1077:
1058:Froese, Rainer
1040:
1011:
965:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
908:
905:
883:
880:
857:
856:
853:
849:
828:
826:for blindness.
777:
774:
678:for examining
676:model organism
636:water pressure
617:blind cavefish
573:
570:
399:Maturing at a
370:Nearctic realm
313:
312:
311:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
267:
266:
260:
259:
255:
254:
246:
245:
238:
227:
226:
220:
219:
212:
210:
206:
205:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
171:Actinopterygii
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
101:
98:
97:
79:
76:
75:
70:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:Mexican tetra
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3068:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Blind animals
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2604:0-393-31682-3
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2542:on 2006-05-15
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2489:0-86542-256-7
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:"Synonyms of
1015:
1012:
999:
994:
990:
986:
985:
980:
978:
969:
966:
960:
955:
951:
947:
946:
941:
939:
933:
927:
924:
918:
914:
911:
910:
906:
904:
900:
898:
897:troglomorphic
894:
889:
881:
879:
877:
876:HSP90 protein
872:
870:
866:
861:
854:
850:
846:
845:
844:
836:
835:
827:
822:
820:
816:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:genetic drift
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
766:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:type locality
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
691:
689:
688:cave organism
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
632:lateral lines
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
582:
578:
571:
569:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
549:
548:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:water beetles
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Characiformes
356:
352:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:
320:
319:Mexican tetra
306:
303:
300:Bocourt, 1868
298:
295:
292:Bocourt, 1868
290:
287:
282:
279:
274:
271:
268:
265:
261:
256:
252:
247:
242:
236:
234:
228:
225:
224:Binomial name
221:
217:
216:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:Characiformes
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
115:
110:
99:
93:
88:
87:Least Concern
77:
73:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2720:
2694:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2654:1721.1/96714
2629:
2623:
2613:
2594:
2588:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:the original
2536:FindArticles
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
2479:
2473:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2342:
2336:
2299:): 531–541.
2288:
2282:
2272:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2154:
2150:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2021:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1893:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1858:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1750:
1744:
1734:
1691:
1685:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1580:
1574:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1251:
1220:
1184:. Retrieved
1178:
1168:
1125:
1119:
1116:"Cavefishes"
1109:
1097:. Retrieved
1087:
1080:
1069:
1063:
1032:. Retrieved
1028:
1022:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
988:
982:
976:
968:
949:
943:
937:
926:
901:
885:
873:
865:creationists
862:
858:
841:
832:
824:
817:
806:
798:A. mexicanus
797:
779:
770:A. mexicanus
769:
763:
758:drainage in
756:Balsas River
751:
749:
743:). The most
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:polyphyletic
712:
711:species and
709:paraphyletic
705:A. mexicanus
704:
698:
695:A. mexicanus
694:
692:
672:A. mexicanus
671:
669:
649:
639:
629:
616:
612:
606:
602:
598:
591:A. mexicanus
590:
589:
566:phylogenetic
559:
547:A. fasciatus
545:
543:
539:mysis shrimp
531:brine shrimp
481:of up to 30
462:A. mexicanus
461:
460:
453:
441:echolocation
437:
401:total length
398:
382:Pecos Rivers
362:type species
336:
332:
328:
323:
322:
318:
316:
304:
296:
288:
280:
272:
232:
230:
214:
213:
201:
36:
2913:NatureServe
2851:iNaturalist
2745:Wikispecies
2250:: 368–374.
1746:BMC Biology
1539:: 469–481.
932:NatureServe
863:Among some
603:blind tetra
554:blind cave
487:crustaceans
471:subtropical
388:, into the
116:) Cave form
3000:Categories
2546:2007-02-13
2515:8 February
2208:BioScience
1873:2020-06-27
1291:cave fish"
1186:2022-02-24
1034:2023-04-21
919:References
895:for their
869:devolution
813:taste buds
725:A. jordani
713:A. jordani
700:A. jordani
680:convergent
660:Tamaulipas
654:region of
581:Blind cave
568:evidence.
561:A. jordani
527:bloodworms
523:omnivorous
505:, such as
497:and their
495:arthropods
413:adaptation
376:, and the
374:Rio Grande
348:Characidae
341:freshwater
308:Cope, 1872
241:De Filippi
191:Characidae
109:Vulnerable
3036:Cave fish
2696:August 5,
2441:: 25–47.
2429:Cavefish"
2157:(1): 26.
2091:(1): 43.
2079:cavefish"
2060:0024-4066
1995:1471-2148
1979:(1): 43.
1967:cavefish"
1832:1552-5007
1798:cavefish"
1646:0962-8452
1599:1465-7333
1363:: 25–47.
1351:cavefish"
1160:235332375
1144:1879-0445
809:olfactory
786:phenotype
782:evolution
765:A. aeneus
745:divergent
741:mexicanus
729:antrobius
690:overall.
640:mexicanus
595:cave form
515:arachnids
466:schooling
456:aquarists
449:cetaceans
409:scalation
209:Species:
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
2918:2.103444
2869:10150981
2825:FishBase
2730:Wikidata
2672:24337296
2465:19640230
2427:Astyanax
2410:32525015
2402:18315813
2361:20068586
2338:Heredity
2315:21680461
2264:25014568
2183:24079393
2127:29665771
2030:Astyanax
2013:29665771
1948:30720408
1922:Astyanax
1868:phys.org
1850:32030873
1779:23270452
1726:26601263
1664:37434525
1655:10336380
1632:(2002).
1607:15653557
1553:15336680
1523:Astyanax
1505:11919286
1447:22269119
1387:19640230
1349:Astyanax
1329:22747496
1289:Astyanax
1152:29374443
1071:FishBase
1029:FishBase
934:(2013).
907:See also
888:aquarium
848:eyelids.
829:—
760:Guerrero
752:Astyanax
664:lineages
552:hypogean
491:annelids
479:hardness
264:Synonyms
202:Astyanax
187:Family:
161:Chordata
157:Phylum:
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
114:IUCN 2.3
92:IUCN 3.1
32:cavefish
2983:1021604
2843:5204344
2736:Q135378
2663:4004346
2634:Bibcode
2625:Science
2456:3594788
2295:(OUP) (
2174:3849642
2151:Evodevo
2118:5905186
2093:bioRxiv
2004:5905186
1841:7415521
1812:Bibcode
1770:3565949
1753:: 108.
1717:4643782
1696:Bibcode
1485:(OUP) (
1438:3282648
1378:3594788
1320:3464594
1303:: 105.
737:jordani
535:daphnia
503:insects
429:caverns
421:evolved
405:silvery
378:Neueces
364:of its
346:in the
339:, is a
335:or the
243:, 1853)
197:Genus:
177:Order:
167:Class:
112: (
90: (
3016:Tetras
2957:701518
2944:154787
2882:162850
2817:994702
2773:ARKive
2670:
2660:
2601:
2486:
2463:
2453:
2408:
2400:
2359:
2313:
2262:
2181:
2171:
2125:
2115:
2095:
2058:
2011:
2001:
1993:
1946:
1900:
1848:
1838:
1830:
1777:
1767:
1724:
1714:
1662:
1652:
1644:
1605:
1597:
1551:
1503:
1445:
1435:
1385:
1375:
1327:
1317:
1227:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1099:1 July
1004:2 July
837:(1859)
819:Darwin
733:hubbsi
537:, and
499:larvae
425:albino
394:Mexico
360:. The
351:family
2978:WoRMS
2965:Plazi
2902:NAS:
2895:62191
2864:IRMNG
2856:94765
2804:687DP
2791:23587
2406:S2CID
2291:(4).
1944:S2CID
1535:(2).
1481:(4).
1421:: 9.
1263:2 May
1156:S2CID
707:as a
652:karst
621:sight
583:fish
519:algae
511:flies
417:blind
386:Texas
366:genus
355:order
2931:7994
2926:NCBI
2890:IUCN
2877:ITIS
2838:GBIF
2830:2740
2786:BOLD
2698:2022
2668:PMID
2599:ISBN
2517:2024
2484:ISBN
2461:PMID
2398:PMID
2357:PMID
2311:PMID
2260:PMID
2179:PMID
2123:PMID
2056:ISSN
2009:PMID
1991:ISSN
1898:ISBN
1846:PMID
1828:ISSN
1775:PMID
1722:PMID
1660:PMID
1642:ISSN
1603:PMID
1595:ISSN
1549:PMID
1501:PMID
1443:PMID
1383:PMID
1325:PMID
1265:2017
1225:ISBN
1148:PMID
1140:ISSN
1101:2006
1006:2023
989:1996
950:2013
852:did.
792:and
723:for
682:and
625:eyes
615:and
585:form
556:form
493:and
477:, a
447:and
445:bats
431:and
380:and
344:fish
317:The
2905:417
2812:EoL
2799:CoL
2760:ADW
2658:PMC
2650:hdl
2642:doi
2630:342
2574:doi
2451:PMC
2443:doi
2390:doi
2378:".
2347:doi
2343:105
2301:doi
2252:doi
2240:".
2217:doi
2169:PMC
2159:doi
2113:PMC
2103:doi
2046:doi
1999:PMC
1981:doi
1936:doi
1836:PMC
1820:doi
1808:334
1765:PMC
1755:doi
1712:PMC
1704:doi
1650:PMC
1634:doi
1630:290
1585:doi
1541:doi
1491:doi
1433:PMC
1423:doi
1373:PMC
1365:doi
1315:PMC
1305:doi
1130:doi
993:doi
954:doi
772:).
715:as
611:),
513:or
483:dGH
384:in
3002::
2980::
2967::
2954::
2941::
2928::
2915::
2892::
2879::
2866::
2853::
2840::
2827::
2814::
2801::
2788::
2775::
2762::
2747::
2732::
2688:.
2666:.
2656:.
2648:.
2640:.
2628:.
2622:.
2568:.
2564:.
2534:.
2459:.
2449:.
2439:43
2437:.
2431:.
2404:.
2396:.
2386:10
2384:.
2355:.
2341:.
2335:.
2323:^
2309:.
2289:43
2287:.
2281:.
2258:.
2248:79
2246:.
2213:63
2211:.
2205:.
2191:^
2177:.
2167:.
2153:.
2149:.
2135:^
2121:.
2111:.
2101:.
2089:18
2087:.
2081:.
2054:.
2042:80
2040:.
2034:.
2007:.
1997:.
1989:.
1977:18
1975:.
1969:.
1942:.
1932:62
1930:.
1912:^
1882:^
1866:.
1844:.
1834:.
1826:.
1818:.
1806:.
1800:.
1773:.
1763:.
1751:10
1749:.
1743:.
1720:.
1710:.
1702:.
1690:.
1684:.
1672:^
1658:.
1648:.
1640:.
1628:.
1624:.
1601:.
1593:.
1581:96
1579:.
1573:.
1561:^
1547:.
1533:33
1531:.
1513:^
1499:.
1479:19
1477:.
1471:.
1455:^
1441:.
1431:.
1419:12
1417:.
1411:.
1409:)"
1395:^
1381:.
1371:.
1361:43
1359:.
1353:.
1337:^
1323:.
1313:.
1301:12
1299:.
1293:.
1273:^
1256:.
1239:^
1195:^
1177:.
1154:.
1146:.
1138:.
1126:28
1124:.
1118:.
1092:.
1068:.
1043:^
1027:.
987:.
981:.
948:.
942:.
601:,
533:,
529:,
489:,
475:pH
458:.
451:.
396:.
331:,
2700:.
2674:.
2652::
2644::
2636::
2607:.
2582:.
2576::
2570:1
2549:.
2492:.
2467:.
2445::
2412:.
2392::
2363:.
2349::
2317:.
2303::
2266:.
2254::
2225:.
2219::
2185:.
2161::
2155:4
2129:.
2105::
2062:.
2048::
2015:.
1983::
1950:.
1938::
1906:.
1876:.
1852:.
1822::
1814::
1781:.
1757::
1728:.
1706::
1698::
1692:1
1666:.
1636::
1609:.
1587::
1555:.
1543::
1507:.
1493::
1469:"
1449:.
1425::
1389:.
1367::
1331:.
1307::
1267:.
1254:"
1250:"
1233:.
1189:.
1162:.
1132::
1103:.
1090:"
1086:"
1066:"
1062:"
1037:.
1008:.
995::
979:"
975:"
962:.
956::
940:"
936:"
739:/
321:(
239:(
94:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
