Bonsai - Knowledge (XXG)

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watering, and may also have to block excessive wind or precipitation. As a result of these practical constraints, outdoor displays are often rustic in style, with simple wood or stone components. A common design is the bench, sometimes with sections at different heights to suit different sizes of bonsai, along which bonsai are placed in a line. Where space allows, outdoor bonsai specimens are spaced far enough apart that the viewer can concentrate on one at a time. When the trees are too close to each other, aesthetic discord between adjacent trees of different sizes or styles can confuse the viewer, a problem addressed by exhibition displays.

886: 1290: 1441: 198:, "n the West, the word is used to describe virtually all miniature container trees, whether they are authentically trained bonsai or just small rooted cuttings. Technically, though, the term should be reserved for plants that are grown in shallow containers following the precise tenets of bonsai pruning and training, resulting in an artful miniature replica of a full-grown tree in nature." In the most definitive sense, "bonsai" refers to miniaturized, container-grown trees adhering to Japanese bonsai tradition and principles. 442: 2458: 1433: 1318:

allows the viewer to imagine the bonsai as a full-size tree seen from a distance, siting the bonsai neither so low that the viewer appears to be hovering in the sky above it nor so high that the viewer appears to be looking up at the tree from beneath the ground. Noted bonsai writer Peter Adams recommends that bonsai be shown as if "in an art gallery: at the right height; in isolation; against a plain background, devoid of all redundancies such as labels and vulgar little accessories."

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newsletters are available online, and there are at least that many discussion forums and blogs. There are at least a hundred thousand enthusiasts in some fifteen hundred clubs and associations worldwide, as well as over five million unassociated hobbyists. Plant material from every location is being trained into bonsai and displayed at local, regional, national, and international conventions and exhibitions for enthusiasts and the general public.

1003: 1457: 34: 524: 5785: 2345: 1366: 308: 80: 1390:. Such constructed surfaces can be made much lighter than solid rock, can include depressions or pockets for additional soil, and can be designed for drainage of water, all characteristics difficult to achieve with solid rock slabs. Other unconventional containers can also be used, but in formal bonsai display and competitions in Japan, the ceramic bonsai pot is the most common container. 2444: 1378:

soil, allowing excess water to escape the pot. Growers cover the holes with a screening to prevent soil from falling out and to hinder pests from entering the pots from below. Pots usually have vertical sides, so that the tree's root mass can easily be removed for inspection, pruning, and replanting, although this is a practical consideration and other container shapes are acceptable.

1345: 905: 5774: 1054: 870: 818: 72: 1337:(companion plant) representing the foreground, and a hanging scroll representing the background. These three elements are chosen to complement each other and evoke a particular season, and are composed asymmetrically to mimic nature. When displayed inside a traditional Japanese home, a formal bonsai display will often be placed within the home's 1330:, each containing a single bonsai. The walls or dividers between the alcoves make it easier to view only one bonsai at a time. The back of the alcove is a neutral color and pattern to avoid distracting the viewer's eye. The bonsai pot is almost always placed on a formal stand, of a size and design selected to complement the bonsai and its pot. 1026:

Asia then visited and studied at the various Japanese nurseries, occasionally even apprenticing under the masters. These visitors brought back to their local clubs the latest techniques and styles, which were then further disseminated. Japanese teachers also traveled widely, bringing hands-on bonsai expertise to all six continents.

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growth. A training box will have a single specimen, and a smaller volume of soil that helps condition the bonsai to the eventual size and shape of the formal bonsai container. There are no aesthetic guidelines for these development containers, and they may be of any material, size, and shape that suit the grower.

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cultivation and the aesthetic understanding of the trees. A photograph of a bonsai may not give the viewer an accurate impression of the tree's real size, so printed documents may complement a photograph by naming the bonsai's size class. The size class implies the height and weight of the tree in its container.

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four-year cancellation and became annual affairs. These displays continue to this day and are by invitation only for eight days in February. In October 1964, a great exhibition was held in Hibya Park by the private Kokufu Bonsai Association, reorganized into the Nippon Bonsai Association, to mark the 1964

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The Japanese tradition of bonsai does not include indoor bonsai, and bonsai appearing at Japanese exhibitions or in catalogs have been grown outdoors for their entire lives. In less-traditional settings, including climates more severe than Japan's, indoor bonsai may appear in the form of potted trees

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All bonsai start with a specimen of source material, a plant that the grower wishes to train into bonsai form. Bonsai practice is an unusual form of plant cultivation in that growth from seeds is rarely used to obtain source material. To display the characteristic aged appearance of a bonsai within a

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By 1940, about 300 bonsai dealers worked in Tokyo. Some 150 species of trees were being cultivated, and thousands of specimens were shipped annually to Europe and America. The first bonsai nurseries and clubs in the Americas were started by first and second-generation Japanese immigrants. Though this

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In the very largest size ranges, a recognized Japanese practice is to name the trees "two-handed", "four-handed", and so on, based on the number of men required to move the tree and pot. These trees will have dozens of branches and can closely simulate a full-size tree. The very largest size, called

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For outdoor displays, there are few aesthetic rules. Many outdoor displays are semi-permanent, with the bonsai trees in place for weeks or months at a time. To avoid damaging the trees, therefore, an outdoor display must not impede the amount of sunlight needed for the trees on display, must support

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The source specimen is shaped to be relatively small and to meet the aesthetic standards of bonsai, which emphasizes not the entirety of a landscape but the unique form of a specimen bonsai tree or trees. When the candidate bonsai nears its planned final size, it is planted in a display pot, usually

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Japanese bonsai exhibitions and catalogs frequently refer to the size of individual bonsai specimens by assigning them to size classes (see table below). Not all sources agree on the exact sizes or names for these size ranges, but the concept of the ranges is well-established and useful to both the

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A frequently used set of styles describes the orientation of the bonsai tree's main trunk. Different terms are used for a tree with its apex directly over the center of the trunk's entry into the soil, slightly to the side of that center, deeply inclined to one side, and inclined below the point at

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There are alternatives to the conventional ceramic pot. Multi-tree bonsai may be created atop a fairly flat slab of rock, with the soil mounded above the rock surface and the trees planted within the raised soil. In recent times, bonsai creators have also begun to fabricate rock-like slabs from raw

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Completed trees are grown in formal bonsai containers. These containers are usually ceramic pots, which come in a variety of shapes and colors and may be glazed or unglazed. Unlike many common plant containers, bonsai pots have drainage holes at the bottom surface to complement fast-draining bonsai

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A variety of informal containers may house the bonsai during its development, and even trees that have been formally planted in a bonsai pot may be returned to growing boxes from time to time. A large growing box can house several bonsai and provide a great volume of soil per tree to encourage root

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The final trend supporting world involvement in bonsai is the widening availability of specialized bonsai plant stock, soil components, tools, pots, and other accessory items. Bonsai nurseries in Japan advertise and ship specimen bonsai worldwide. Most countries have local nurseries providing plant

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Japan also hosts several annual bonsai competitions where trees compete for awards in different categories. The most prestigious bonsai competition for amateur-owned trees, although most trees are prepared for display by professionals, is the Kokufu-ten, held every year in the month of February in

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There are exhibitions, shows, and competitions dedicated to bonsai all around the world. However, there is a consensus that the best specimens are in Japan. Japan has several private and public museums dedicated to bonsai, such as the Shunka-en Bonsai Garden in Tokyo and the Omiya Bonsai Museum in

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Bonsai has now reached a worldwide audience. There are over fourteen hundred books on bonsai and the related arts in at least twenty-eight languages available in over one-hundred-and-ten countries and territories. A few dozen magazines in over thirteen languages are in print. Several score of club

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wire was used only for selected trees that had real potential. In the 1920s and 1930s, toolsmith Masakuni I (1880–1950) helped design and produce the first steel tools specifically made for the developing requirements of bonsai styling. This included the concave cutter, a branch cutter designed to

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New books, magazines, and public exhibitions made bonsai more accessible to the Japanese populace. An Artistic Bonsai Concours was held in Tokyo in 1892, followed by publication of a three-volume commemorative picture book. This event demonstrated a new tendency to see bonsai as an independent art

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taught at Japan's monasteries. One of the monks' activities was to introduce political leaders to various arts of miniature landscapes as admirable accomplishments for men of taste and learning. Potted landscape arrangements up to this period included miniature figurines after the Chinese fashion.

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The Japanese tradition describes bonsai tree designs using a set of commonly understood, named styles. The most common styles include formal upright, informal upright, slanting, semi-cascade, cascade, raft, literati, and group/forest. Less common forms include windswept, weeping, split-trunk, and

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A bonsai display presents one or more bonsai specimens in a way that allows a viewer to see all the important features of the bonsai from the most advantageous position. That position emphasizes the bonsai's defined "front", which is designed into all bonsai. It places the bonsai at a height that

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A third trend was the increasing availability of expert bonsai training, at first only in Japan, and then more widely. In 1967, the first group of Westerners studied at an Ōmiya nursery. Returning to the U.S., they established the American Bonsai Society. Other groups and individuals from outside

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and shaping miniature trees in containers, with a long documented history of influences and native Japanese development over a thousand years, and with unique aesthetics, cultural history, and terminology derived from its evolution in Japan. Similar arts exist in other cultures, including Korea's

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The elite class of monks, scholars, and artists took a slightly different path during the Edo period, One of the biggest influences for the literati artists was the Mustard Seed Garden Manual (Jieziyuan Huazhuan), first published in 1679, which showed how to paint the idealized images. The same

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The first World Bonsai Convention was held in Osaka during the World Bonsai and Suiseki Exhibition in 1980. Nine years later, a series of World Bonsai Conventions was launched by the newly-formed World Bonsai Friendship Federation (WBFF) in Omiya. These conventions attracted several hundreds of

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Following World War II, several trends made the Japanese tradition of bonsai increasingly accessible to Western and world audiences. One key trend was the increase in the number, scope, and prominence of bonsai exhibitions. For example, the Kokufu-ten bonsai displays reappeared in 1947 after a

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Over centuries of practice, the Japanese bonsai aesthetic has encoded some important techniques and design guidelines. Like the aesthetic rules that govern, for example, Western common practice period music, bonsai's guidelines help practitioners work within an established tradition with some

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For bonsai being shown formally in their completed state, pot shape, color, and size are chosen to complement the tree as a picture frame is chosen to complement a painting. In general, containers with straight sides and sharp corners are used for formally-shaped plants, while oval or round

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Sample of a Pomegranate trained as bonsai, and shown after a late spring partial defoliation. This specimen was collected in the wild in California, the tree is estimated to be 125 to 175 years old. Note the sections of trunk deadwood which give character and reflect the old age of the

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driftwood styles. These terms are not mutually exclusive, and a single bonsai specimen can exhibit more than one style characteristic. When a bonsai specimen falls into multiple style categories, the common practice is to describe it by the dominant or most striking characteristic.

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Bonsai shaping aesthetics, techniques, and tools became increasingly sophisticated as bonsai popularity grew in Japan. In 1910, shaping with wire rather than the older string, rope, and burlap techniques, appeared in the Sanyu-en Bonsai-Dan (History of Bonsai in the Sanyu nursery).

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For bonsai professionals, the top competition in Japan is the Nippon Bonsai Sakufu-ten organized by the Japan Bonsai Cooperative Association. The competition is held in December of each year and the top prize is the Prime Minister Award, which went to Hiroaki Suzuki in 2022 for a

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clay, are available worldwide, and suppliers also provide similar local materials in many locations. Specialized bonsai tools are widely available from Japanese and Chinese sources. Potters around the globe provide material to hobbyists and specialists in many countries.

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Exhibition displays allow many bonsai to be displayed in a temporary exhibition format, typically indoors, as would be seen in a bonsai design competition. To allow many trees to be located close together, exhibition displays often use a sequence of small

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assurance of success. Simply following the guidelines alone will not guarantee a successful result. Nevertheless, these design rules can rarely be broken without reducing the impact of the bonsai specimen. Some key principles in bonsai aesthetics include:

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bonsai (13–25 cm or 5–10 in tall) was held. So was the first sakufu-ten (creative bonsai exhibit), the only event in which professional bonsai growers exhibit traditional trees under their own names rather than under the name of the owner.

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is a style of bonsai possessing straight trunks like those of bonsai grown in the formal upright style. However, the slant style trunk emerges from the soil at an angle, and the apex of the bonsai will be located to the left or right of the root

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Purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation for the viewer, and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity for the grower. In contrast to other plant cultivation practices, bonsai are not grown for the production of food or for medicine.

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The practice of bonsai development incorporates a number of techniques either unique to bonsai or, if used in other forms of cultivation, applied in unusual ways that are particularly suitable to the bonsai domain. These techniques include:

850:, international interest in bonsai was fueled by increased trade in trees and the appearance of books in popular foreign languages. By 1914, the first national annual bonsai show was held (an event repeated annually through 1933) in Tokyo's 1231:. A number of other cultures around the globe have adopted the Japanese aesthetic approach to bonsai, and, while some variations have begun to appear, most hew closely to the rules and design philosophies of the Japanese tradition. 1109:

suitable bonsai material in its original wild situation, successfully moving it, and replanting it in a container for development as bonsai. These trees are called yamadori and are often the most expensive and prized of all

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trees usually appear in glazed pots. Pots are also distinguished by their size. The overall design of the bonsai tree, the thickness of its trunk, and its height are considered when determining the size of a suitable pot.

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climate trees grown outdoors in containers. Kept in the artificial environment of a home, these trees weaken and die. However, a number of tropical and sub-tropical tree species will survive and grow indoors, such as the

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leave a shallow indentation on the trunk when a branch was removed. Properly treated, this indentation would fill over with live tree tissue and bark over time, greatly reducing or eliminating the usual pruning scar.

484:), which expressed a beautiful landscape with plants and trees (often made of artificial materials) and accessories to match the title of a waka poem, were exhibited at poetry contests and competed with each other. 1749:

is a style of bonsai that mimic a natural phenomenon that occurs when a tree topples onto its side from erosion or another natural force. Branches along the top side of the trunk continue to grow as a group of new

1022:. This book describes tray landscapes made with younger plant material than was traditionally used in bonsai, providing an alternative to the use of large, older plants, few of which had escaped war damage. 1248:: The most prized proportions mimic those of a full-grown tree as closely as possible. Small trees with large leaves or needles are out of proportion and are avoided, as is a thin trunk with thick branches. 987:, the son of a Japanese bonsai community leader, collaborated with German diplomat and author Alfred Koehn to give bonsai demonstrations. Koehn had been an enthusiast before the war, and his 1937 book 790:

had to be "Giant Bonsai", large enough to fill the grand space. The Meiji Emperor encouraged interest in bonsai, which broadened its importance and appeal to his government's professional staff.

747:, Japanese scholars of Chinese arts gathered in the early 19th century to discuss recent styles in the art of miniature trees. Many terms and concepts adopted by this group were derived from the 1198: 668:

prints by several artists depicted this popular drama. There was even a fabric design of the same name. Through these and other popular media, bonsai became known to a broad Japanese population.

149: 775:. This word connoted a shallow container, not a deeper bowl style. The term "bonsai", however, would not become broadly used in describing Japan's dwarf potted trees for nearly a century. 1448: 854:. Another great annual public exhibition of trees began in 1927 at the Asahi Newspaper Hall in Tokyo. Beginning in 1934, the prestigious Kokufu-ten annual exhibitions were held in Tokyo's 1816:

is a style describing a tree that appears to be affected by strong winds blowing continuously from one direction, as might shape a tree atop a mountain ridge or on an exposed shoreline.

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is a style of trees characterized by a straight, upright, tapering trunk. Branches progress regularly from the thickest and broadest at the bottom to the finest and shortest at the top.

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or formal display alcove. An indoor display is usually very temporary, lasting a day or two, as most bonsai are intolerant of indoor conditions and lose vigor rapidly within the house.

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Indoors, a formal bonsai display is arranged to represent a landscape, and traditionally consists of the featured bonsai tree in an appropriate pot atop a wooden stand, along with a

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tradition of growing an artistically shaped miniature tree in a container. Many Japanese cultural characteristics, in particular the influence of Zen Buddhism and the expression of

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reached a high level of expertise in this period. Bonsai dating to the 17th century have survived to the present. One of the oldest-known living bonsai trees, considered one of the

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Another key trend was the increase in books on bonsai and related arts, being published for the first time in English and other languages for audiences outside of Japan. In 1952,

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who burns his last three potted trees as firewood to warm a traveling monk. The monk is a disguised official who later rewards the samurai for his actions. In later centuries,

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as bonsai material because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles or aged-looking bark, that make them appropriate for the compact visual scope of bonsai.

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is the earliest known to depict dwarfed potted trees in Japan. Wooden tray and dish-like pots with dwarf landscapes on modern-looking wooden shelves also appear in the 1309

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is a style of trees incorporating visible curves in trunk and branches, but the apex of the informal upright is located directly above the trunk's entry into the soil line.

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Japanese artists eventually adopted a simpler style for bonsai, increasing focus on the tree by removing miniatures and other decorations, and using smaller, plainer pots.

2119:. These techniques take advantage of the bonsai's minute dimensions and compensate for the limited number of branches and leaves that can appear on a tree this small. 272:. Bonsai does not require genetically-dwarfed trees but rather, depends on growing small trees from regular stock and seeds. Bonsai uses cultivation techniques like 5481: 866:

progress to international markets and enthusiasts was interrupted by the war, by the 1940s bonsai had become an art form of international interest and involvement.

260:, but dwarfing generally refers to research, discovery, or creation of plants that are permanent, genetic miniatures of existing species. Plant dwarfing often uses 1297: 999:, written in English with his student Giovanna M. Halford, went on to be called the "classic Japanese bonsai bible for westerners" with over thirty printings. 1135:, the selective removal of leaves (for most varieties of deciduous tree) or needles (for coniferous trees and some others) from a bonsai's trunk and branches. 4822: 5351: 980:. Currently, Japan continues to host regular exhibitions with the world's largest numbers of bonsai specimens and the highest recognized specimen quality. 721:. Connoisseurs from five provinces and neighboring areas would bring one or two plants each to the show in order to submit them to visitors for ranking. 492:, but expresses a uniquely Japanese scene of white sand and green pine trees on a tray with legs that imitate a sandy beach. Later, it came to be called 192:

in English, attached to many forms of diminutive potted plants, and also on occasion to other living and non-living things. According to Stephen Orr in

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reasonable time, the source plant is often mature or at least partially grown when the bonsai creator begins work. Sources of bonsai material include:

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In Japan after 1800, bonsai began to move from being the esoteric practice of a few specialists to becoming a widely popular art form and hobby. In

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At the other end of the size spectrum, there are a number of specific techniques and styles associated solely with the smallest common sizes,

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While the majority of bonsai specimens feature a single tree, there are well-established style categories for specimens with multiple trunks.

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using mechanical devices for shaping trunks and branches; bending of branches or trunks may also be achieved by the use of tension cables or

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containers are used for plants with informal designs. Many aesthetic guidelines affect the selection of pot finish and color. For example,

2083:. The Kokufu-ten is the oldest competition in Japan, celebrating in 2023 its 97th edition. Awards are presented in different categories. 588:

and the potted trees began to shape bonsai reputation and aesthetics, which were introduced to Japan from China. In this period, Chinese

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By the end of the 18th century, bonsai cultivation in Japan was becoming widespread and began to interest the general public. In the

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is a style of specimens modeled after trees that grow over water or down the sides of mountains. The apex (tip of the tree) in the

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Seal of the Yamaaki kiln stamped on the underside of a bonsai pot. Yamaaki was a bonsai pot manufacturer founded in the 1920s in

1242:: By definition, a bonsai is a tree kept small enough to be container-grown while otherwise fostered to have a mature appearance. 84: 4005: 5376: 5252: 5084: 4573: 4562: 1911: 1890: 1147:

branches and trunks allows the bonsai designer to create the desired general form and make detailed branch and leaf placements.

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participants from dozens of countries and have since been held every four years at different locations around the globe: 1993,

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is a style employed for trees with fine branching, like elms. The trunk is straight and branches out in all directions about

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Some pots are highly collectible, like ancient Chinese or Japanese pots made in regions with experienced pot makers such as

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is a style involving the portrayal of a tree in its struggle to live while a significant part of its trunk is bare of bark.

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should be removed or at least concealed when the bonsai is shown, and must leave no permanent marks on the branch or bark.

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film franchise, Mr. Miyagi practices bonsai and teaches through it, up to even being the central feature of the film in

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new growing material (typically a bud, branch, or root) into a prepared area on the trunk or under the bark of the tree.

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The popularity of bonsai began to grow outside the limited scope of scholars and the nobility. On October 13, 1868, the

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species that produces true branches and can be cultivated to remain small through pot confinement with crown and root

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is a style comprising the planting of several or many trees of one species, typically an odd number, in a bonsai pot.

1289: 5511: 5181: 5054: 5026: 4542: 4508: 1600: 2431:, the History Monk Lu-Tze practices the art of bonsai mountains, a parody of bonsai, due to his expanded lifespan. 1678:) is a style in which the roots of the tree are growing in soil contained within the cracks and holes of the rock. 1631:

Although most bonsai trees are planted directly into the soil, there are styles describing trees planted on rock.

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is a style in which the roots of the tree are wrapped around a rock, entering the soil at the base of the rock.

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var. 'Kotobuki' as bonsai. This tree is over 65 years old and prized for its flaky bark and very short needles.

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Japanese white pine, "Sandai Shogun" (The Third Shogun), approximately 550 years old, Imperial Collection, 1938

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have all the trunks growing out of one spot with one root system, so the bonsai is actually a single tree.

908: 189: 5734: 5666: 5656: 5558: 5496: 5462: 5432: 5361: 5186: 5154: 4706: 4535: 2105: 1327: 961: 835: 787: 679: 563: 4793: 4522: 1440: 441: 5749: 5491: 5230: 5191: 5099: 5059: 4676: 2491: 2017: 925: 541: 635:. This indicated use of a fairly deep pot rather than the shallow pot denoted by the eventual term 221:) or small tree of a species suitable for bonsai development. Bonsai can be created from nearly any 5739: 5671: 5661: 5544: 5422: 5304: 5274: 4971: 3664: 2088: 504: 468: 402: 367: 265: 132: 39: 3750: 1997: 5819: 5681: 5593: 5516: 5469: 5442: 5437: 5386: 5159: 5069: 5042: 4913: 4865: 4843: 4788: 4761: 1469: 750: 261: 194: 3884: 3878: 3640: 3616: 3592: 1254:: Bonsai aesthetics discourage strict radial or bilateral symmetry in branch and root placement. 814:

magazine was published in 1921, and this influential periodical ran for 518 consecutive issues.

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of the way up the entire height of the tree. The branches and leaves form a ball-shaped crown.

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scroll. Several other scrolls and paintings also include depictions of these kinds of trees.

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In a Chinese Garden: The Art and Architecture of the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden

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This juniper makes extensive use of both jin (deadwood branches) and shari (trunk deadwood).

1119: 1002: 973: 969: 957: 945: 873: 707: 684: 532: 96: 2544: 2537: 5809: 5608: 5578: 5573: 5486: 5452: 5371: 5064: 4956: 4875: 4855: 4756: 4616: 4055: 3928: 3774: 3736: 3131:"The Shimpaku Juniper: Its Secret History, Chapter II. First Shimpaku: Ishizuchi Shimpaku" 1407: 1076: 953: 222: 210: 56: 4681: 2913: 2857: 744: 4262: 1432: 858:. The first major book on the subject in English was published in the Japanese capital: 710:. The tree is thought to be at least 500 years old and was trained as a bonsai by 1610. 5814: 5788: 5724: 5676: 5633: 5526: 5427: 4805: 4611: 3798: 2975: 2593: 2362: 2038: 1848: 984: 965: 717:(1781–88), an exhibit of traditional dwarf potted pines began to be held every year in 657: 64: 60: 4478: 3688: 3529: 3028:

images were then recreated in tree form by literati, who were also bonsai enthusiasts.

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was introduced to English-speaking audiences in 1963 in Kawamoto and Kurihara's book

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in Japanese). The Japanese version of potted trees, which had been previously called

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vigor to areas requiring further development, and meet the artist's detailed design.

1365: 423: 33: 5778: 5754: 5697: 5563: 5391: 5210: 4735: 4723: 4718: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4326: 3487: 2506: 2501: 2449: 949: 847: 453: 341: 319: 159: 155: 4946: 4773: 4152: 3364: 3250: 3134: 2730:[A Historical Study of Chinese Penjing and Japanese Bonsai Designations]. 1270:: Many of the formal rules of bonsai help the grower create a tree that expresses 288:

to produce small trees that mimic the shape and style of mature, full-size trees.

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The Secret Techniques of Bonsai: A guide to starting, raising, and shaping bonsai

3421: 1169:, which can provide short-term dwarfing of foliage for certain deciduous species. 4966: 4800: 4730: 4358: 3400: 1976: 1591:

style bonsai extend just at or beneath the lip of the bonsai pot; the apex of a

932: 851: 829:

brush; concave cutter; knob cutter; wire cutter; small, medium, and large shears

435: 281: 3550: 3530:"The Nations -- When Did Bonsai Come to the Various Countries and Territories?" 3508: 79: 5623: 4988: 4890: 4838: 4751: 4502: 4344: 2439: 2427: 2398: 2344: 1599:

A number of styles describe the trunk shape and bark finish. For example, the

1456: 1344: 904: 617:

Around the 14th century, the term for dwarf potted trees was "the bowl's tree"

536: 3204: 3074: 2934: 5713: 5016: 4860: 4850: 4464: 3464:"Saburō Katō, International Bridge-builder, His Heritage and Legacy, Part 1" 2422: 2415: 2409: 2357: 1932: 1399: 1395: 1334: 1306: 1302: 1293:

Bonsai displayed on an outdoor bench. Note the automated watering apparatus.

1271: 1220: 1212: 855: 307: 277: 246: 4276: 3333:

Bonsai Basics, A Step-by-Step Guide to Growing, Training & General Care

2790:. No. 5. Osaka City Museum of Art Friends Association. pp. 9–10. 2443: 794:

form. In 1903, the Tokyo association Jurakukai held showings of bonsai and

3593:"Grow trees from cuttings as Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire" 3205:"Bonsai and Other Magical Miniature Landscape Specialty Magazines, Part 1" 1053: 869: 817: 387:

is a water tray in which water plants such as lotus and rice are planted.

249:. Throughout the year, the bonsai is shaped to limit growth, redistribute 71: 16:

Japanese art of training plants to mimic miniature versions of large trees

5707: 4444: 3775:"Bonsai defoliation, pruning leaves to induce new growth - Bonsai Empire" 2516: 2511: 1383: 1349: 1338: 1154: 1080: 915:) in winter, an award winner at the 97th Kokufu-ten bonsai exhibition in 577:) scroll. Dwarf trees displayed on short poles are portrayed in the 1351 285: 269: 257: 214: 185: 3443:"Yuji Yoshimura, the Father of Popular Bonsai in the Non-Oriental World" 438:(710-794), in which natural scenery was represented in a reduced scale. 5719: 5646: 5641: 2880:

The Japanese Art of Stone Appreciation, Suiseki and Its Use with Bonsai

2744: 2727: 2412: 1224: 1031: 992: 897: 795: 661: 593: 336: 273: 230: 169: 3463: 3442: 1759:

A few styles do not fit into the preceding categories. These include:

5729: 5651: 5628: 5613: 4902: 2818: 2795: 2772: 2765:

A Cultural and Technological Historical Study of the Chinese Pengjing

2075:

in Washington DC, and the Pacific Bonsai Museum close to Tacoma, WA.

2067:

In the United States, there are two museums dedicated to bonsai, the

1411: 1228: 1015: 839: 802:

became the first monthly magazine on the subject. It was followed by

714: 703: 324: 3713:"Wiring Bonsai trees to shape and bend the branches - Bonsai Empire" 3689:"Pruning Bonsai, cutting branches to shape the tree - Bonsai Empire" 4312: 5703: 5553: 5549: 4558: 2786:

Kitano, Masao (November 1952). "眼痴のはなし" [Ganchi's story].

2389: 2385: 2367: 2343: 1463: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1431: 1415: 1364: 1353: 1343: 1310: 1296: 1288: 1216: 1197: 1118: 1052: 1001: 916: 903: 884: 868: 816: 783: 739:. This work had a large influence on bonsai during the Edo period. 728: 718: 608: 522: 520:), and has been passed down to the present as a wedding ornament. 440: 306: 226: 78: 70: 4527: 4054:. Daytona Beach, FL: Backyard Bonsai. p. 31. Archived from 3751:"Grafting trees as Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire" 3482: 3480: 2104:"imperial", is named after the enormous potted trees of Japan's 826: 250: 4531: 3949:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.: New York. pp. 44–51. 3641:"Buying Bonsai trees in a store or online shop - Bonsai Empire" 2615: 2613: 1603:

identify trees with prominent dead branches or trunk scarring.

4294: 653: 585: 4202:. Tuttle Publishing, North Clarendon VT USA. pp. 65–66. 3665:"Collecting Trees from the forest (Yamadori) - Bonsai Empire" 2680:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 53. 3287:"Kyuzo Murata, the Father of Modern Bonsai in Japan, Part 1" 448:. From "Amusements at Higashiyama in Kyoto" (17th century). 245:. From that point forward, its growth is restricted by the 114: 4295:"National Bonsai Foundation - Bonsai Museum Washington DC" 3359: 3357: 2809:

Moriya, Takeshi (February 1980). "島台" [Shimadai].

931:

A large display of bonsai and suiseki was held as part of

105: 83:

Bonsai at the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum at the

3799:"Deadwood on Bonsai (Jin, Shari and Uro) - Bonsai Empire" 1418:. Today, many potters worldwide produce pots for bonsai. 1099:, which, in general, sell mature specimens that display 1030:

stock as well. Japanese bonsai soil components, such as

355:) was not yet used in China or Japan. Instead, the term 3271:

Yamada, Tomio (2005). "Fundamentals of Wiring Bonsai".

3095:

Yamada, Tomio (2005). "Fundamentals of Wiring Bonsai".

2955: 2953: 2951: 4263:"Bonsai artists, experts and teachers - Bonsai Empire" 2408:, and many years later, being part of the plot of the 2379: 748: 1141:

the trunk, branches, and roots of the candidate tree.

111: 108: 4446:

Indoor bonsai : a beginner's step-by-step guide

4173:

Masakuni Kawasumi II; Masakuni Kawasumi III (2005).

4131:. Bonsai Institute of California. pp. 123–124. 3133:. World Bonsai Friendship Federation. Archived from 2813:. No. 497. Nihon Bijutsu Kogeisha. p. 93. 2701:

Keswick, Maggie; Oberlander, Judy; Wai, Joe (1991).

2425:

series of books by Terry Pratchett, most notably in

173:, and the miniature living landscapes of Vietnamese 102: 5535: 5404: 5338: 5273: 5137: 5041: 5009: 4922: 4831: 4744: 4669: 4596: 4587: 3251:"The Books on Bonsai and Related Arts, 1900 - 1949" 2738:(1). Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture. 1207:

bonsai, informal upright style, about 120 years old

99: 3737:"How to Clamp Bonsai Trees - Bonsai Tree Gardener" 3617:"Buying nursery stock (Prebonsai) - Bonsai Empire" 2705:. Vancouver: Raincoast Book Dist Ltd. p. 59. 2536: 256:The practice of bonsai is sometimes confused with 67:. The tree is estimated to be about 800 years old. 4432:online article from the Montreal Botanical Garden 3055:Naka, John (1989). "Bunjin-Gi or Bunjin Bonsai". 2878:Covello, Vincent T. & Yuji Yoshimura (1984). 205:A bonsai is created beginning with a specimen of 4479:"Bonsai in the Karate Kid movie - Bonsai Empire" 4249:Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy 4198:Yuji Yoshimura & Barbara M. Halford (1957). 4032:Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy 3348:Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy 3042:Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy 1825:Below is a list of some notable bonsai artists. 1398:bonsai are often placed in unglazed pots, while 527:Bonkei depicted in "Kasuga Gongen Genki E," 1309 241:one designed for bonsai display in one of a few 174: 4347:. 15 December 2022 – via www.youtube.com. 4200:The Art of Bonsai: Creation, Care and Enjoyment 1806: 1773: 1739: 1721: 1715: 1701: 1673: 1667: 1645: 1617: 1581: 1560: 1538: 1515: 1494: 1480:which the trunk of the bonsai enters the soil. 825:): leaf trimmer; rake with spatula; root hook; 766: 760: 640: 626: 601: 2964:. Bonsai Institute of California. p. 258. 2384:is taught in schools. It has also featured in 1800: 1767: 1733: 1695: 1661: 1639: 1611: 1595:cascade-style falls below the base of the pot. 1575: 1554: 1532: 1509: 1488: 697: 620: 568: 556: 546: 497: 461: 395: 360: 329: 322:of bonsai is believed to have originated from 4543: 3110:Hill, Warren (2000). "Reflections on Japan". 8: 3229:. Tokyo: PIE International Inc. p. 16. 2836:. Tokyo: PIE International Inc. p. 15. 2543:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 1010:contains Shimpaku juniper and Zakura azalea. 798:at two Japanese-style restaurants. In 1906, 706:) is documented as having been cared for by 3335:. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 17. 3331:Pessy, Christian & Rémy Samson (1992). 503: 467: 401: 366: 38: 5410: 5344: 5147: 5143: 5047: 4593: 4550: 4536: 4528: 4177:. Kodansha International. pp. 86–91. 1827: 972:, Japan; and 2022's virtual convention in 340:in Chinese) introduced from China. In the 4006:"Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide - Bonsai Styles" 2743: 838:steel wire was initially used. Expensive 660:, based on a story about an impoverished 3880:Growing Bonsai: A Practical Encyclopedia 3572:"How Many Bonsai Enthusiasts Are There?" 3170:Itoh, Yoshimi (1969). "Bonsai Origins". 2594:"Not All Trees Are Cut Out to Be Bonsai" 2121: 535:, recognizable bonsai were portrayed in 32: 4823:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 3973:. Color plates following p. 88; p. 134. 3313:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 168 3307:Terry, Thomas Philip, F.R.G.S. (1914). 2527: 2353:cultivated for the indoor environment. 4048:Intermediate Bonsai: a course syllabus 3509:"The Books on Bonsai and Related Arts" 3015:. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 10–11. 1183:simulate age and maturity in a bonsai. 2125:Common names for bonsai size classes 584:A close relationship between Japan's 141: 75:Bonsai at the Omiya Bonsai Art Museum 7: 4234: 4222: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4078: 2348:Jade plant grown as an indoor bonsai 2069:National Bonsai & Penjing Museum 1089:directly from a nursery, or from a 4999:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 3911:. Color plates facing pp. 89, 134. 2678:The Oxford companion to the garden 2651:. Quintet Publishing Ltd. p. 652:is also the title of a circa 1383 14: 4866:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 4523:Top 5 Bonsai Museums in the World 4327:"Kokufu Bonsai Ten Shows, Part I" 3365:"Kokufu Bonsai Ten Shows, Part 1" 2592:Orr, Stephen (25 February 2009). 1436:Formal upright–style Bald cypress 991:had been published in English in 757:Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden 736:Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden 217:, a tree from the wild (known as 5784: 5783: 5772: 4504:Daniel's Bonsai - Cobra Kai Clip 2882:. Charles E. Tuttle. p. 20. 2624:. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. 2456: 2442: 2392:, and been shown on television. 2165:102–152 cm (40–60 in) 2152:152–203 cm (60–80 in) 1093:or similar resale establishment. 682:collection. A five-needle pine ( 434:-like works in Japan during the 383:) was used in the Tang Dynasty. 95: 85:United States National Arboretum 4410:. Sterling Publishing Company. 3488:"About Bonsai Pots and Potters" 3401:"Bonsai Book of Days for April" 2912:. Art of Bonsai. Archived from 2191:76–122 cm (30–48 in) 2178:76–122 cm (30–48 in) 592:(pronounced "Zen" in Japanese) 243:accepted shapes and proportions 242: 5352:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 4345:"第48回日本盆栽作風展内閣総理大臣賞受賞作家鈴木浩章" 4313:"Pacific Bonsai Museum |" 4008:. Ma-Ke Bonsai. Archived from 3986:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3856:. Ward Lock Ltd. p. 134. 3574:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3553:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3532:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3511:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3490:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3466:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3445:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3424:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3403:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3367:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3289:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3253:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3207:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 3077:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 2937:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 2860:. Magical Miniature Landscapes 2726:Marushima, Hideo (1996–1997). 2569:"Day of the bonsai vegetables" 2535:Gustafson, Herbert L. (1995). 2497:List of species used in bonsai 2246:25–46 cm (10–18 in) 2233:41–91 cm (16–36 in) 2220:41–91 cm (16–36 in) 1444:Informal upright–style Juniper 810:in 1907. The initial issue of 426:, an incomplete specimen of a 37:Bonsai, named "Kenshin Tōge" ( 1: 2858:"Japanese Paintings: to 1600" 2275:15–25 cm (6–10 in) 2081:Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum 771:or other terms, were renamed 2288:13–20 cm (5–8 in) 1006:Multi-species saikei, named 782:moved to his new capital in 4940:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 4886:Abolition of the han system 3984:"Japanese Styles of Bonsai" 3189:Nippon Bonsai Association. 2996:Nippon Bonsai Association. 2893:Nippon Bonsai Association. 2477:Bonsai cultivation and care 2380: 2314:5–10 cm (2–4 in) 2301:5–15 cm (2–6 in) 1807: 1774: 1740: 1722: 1716: 1702: 1674: 1668: 1646: 1618: 1582: 1561: 1539: 1516: 1495: 1274:, or portrays an aspect of 1075:from a source tree through 1049:Bonsai cultivation and care 767: 761: 749: 676:National Treasures of Japan 641: 627: 602: 5841: 4299:National Bonsai Foundation 4127:Naka, John Yoshio (1973). 2960:Naka, John Yoshio (1982). 2767:]. 京都大学. p. 116. 2356:Traditionally, bonsai are 2337: 2327:3–8 cm (1–3 in) 2318: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2237: 2224: 2211: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2145: 1425: 1211:Bonsai aesthetics are the 1191: 1173:Deadwood bonsai techniques 1101:bonsai aesthetic qualities 1046: 295: 25: 18: 5767: 5413: 5347: 5150: 5146: 5050: 4952:Japan during World War II 4769:Mongol invasions of Japan 4569: 4406:Lesniewicz, Paul (1996). 3935:. Accessed 18 July 2009. 3933:The Art of Bonsai Project 3883:. Lorenz Books. pp. 3551:"Club Newsletter On-Line" 3225:Kobayashi, Konio (2011). 2832:Kobayashi, Konio (2011). 2365:and members of the genus 2250: 2195: 2129: 2124: 1801: 1768: 1734: 1696: 1662: 1640: 1612: 1576: 1555: 1533: 1510: 1489: 1305:bonsai on display with a 1246:Proportion among elements 1215:goals characterizing the 1097:Commercial bonsai growers 733:Depicting foliage in the 698: 621: 569: 557: 551:, 1299). The 1195 scroll 547: 498: 462: 396: 361: 330: 137:'tray planting', 127: 5226:House of Representatives 5022:2019 imperial transition 4994:Great Hanshin earthquake 4962:Second Sino-Japanese War 4935:Japan during World War I 4045:Zane, Thomas L. (2003). 3947:The Art of Bonsai Design 3852:Adams, Peter D. (1981). 2676:Taylor, Patrick (2008). 1388:glass-reinforced plastic 995:. Yoshimura's 1957 book 989:Japanese Tray Landscapes 26:Not to be confused with 4909:First Sino-Japanese War 3310:Terry's Japanese Empire 3191:Classic Bonsai of Japan 2998:Classic Bonsai of Japan 2895:Classic Bonsai of Japan 2405:The Karate Kid Part III 553:Saigyo Monogatari Emaki 422:) was used. In Japan's 347:At that time, the term 188:"bonsai" has become an 50:Kenshin's mountain pass 28:Banzai (disambiguation) 21:Bonsai (disambiguation) 5377:Science and technology 4816:Council of Five Elders 4811:Azuchi–Momoyama period 4449:. Wiltshire: Crowood. 3387:Dwarf Trees ( Bonsai ) 3157:Dwarf Trees ( Bonsai ) 3011:Warren, Peter (2014). 2349: 1601:deadwood bonsai styles 1472: 1461: 1453: 1445: 1437: 1370: 1357: 1314: 1294: 1258:No trace of the artist 1208: 1124: 1059: 1011: 920: 913:Carpinus turczaninovii 901: 896:) at an exhibition in 877: 830: 740: 614: 528: 449: 315: 225:woody-stemmed tree or 175: 87: 76: 68: 5322:Deputy Prime Minister 4707:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 4365:. September 22, 2021. 3945:Lewis, Colin (2001). 2976:"Oldest Bonsai trees" 2811:Japan Arts and Crafts 2648:The Bonsai Identifier 2645:Owen, Gordon (1990). 2347: 1467: 1460:Cascade-style conifer 1459: 1451: 1443: 1435: 1368: 1347: 1300: 1292: 1201: 1122: 1056: 1005: 962:San Juan, Puerto Rico 907: 888: 872: 821:Modern bonsai tools ( 820: 732: 680:Tokyo Imperial Palace 678:, can be seen in the 612: 564:Kasuga Gongen Genki E 526: 444: 310: 167:, the Chinese art of 82: 74: 36: 5231:House of Councillors 5125:World Heritage Sites 4359:"日本盆栽作風展｜日本盆栽協同組合" 4331:www.magiminiland.org 3877:Norman, Ken (2005). 3803:www.bonsaiempire.com 3779:www.bonsaiempire.com 3755:www.bonsaiempire.com 3717:www.bonsaiempire.com 3693:www.bonsaiempire.com 3669:www.bonsaiempire.com 3645:www.bonsaiempire.com 3621:www.bonsaiempire.com 3597:www.bonsaiempire.com 3273:International Bonsai 3137:on February 22, 2008 3097:International Bonsai 3057:Bonsai in California 2962:Bonsai Techniques II 2910:"Art of the Mud Man" 2728:"中国盆景と日本盆栽の呼称の歴史的研究" 2620:Chan, Peter (1987). 2492:Chrysanthemum bonsai 2095:Size classifications 2018:William N. Valavanis 1382:materials including 1369:Assorted bonsai pots 1313:and a hanging scroll 1043:Cultivation and care 860:Dwarf Trees (Bonsai) 19:For other uses, see 5248:Self-Defense Forces 4443:Pike, Dave (1989). 4408:Bonsai in Your Home 4281:www.japan-guide.com 4251:. pp. 178–185. 4129:Bonsai Techniques I 3000:. pp. 151–152. 2761:中国盆景に関する文化史及び技術史的考察 2759:Li, Shuhua (1997). 2196:Medium-size bonsai 1452:Slant-style conifer 1014:The related art of 874:Japanese black pine 862:by Shinobu Nozaki. 539:paintings like the 413:artificial mountain 390:In Japan, the term 266:genetic engineering 235:species are popular 5382:Telecommunications 4914:Russo-Japanese War 4844:Tokugawa shogunate 4794:Nanboku-chō period 4789:Ashikaga shogunate 4762:Kamakura shogunate 4155:. Bonsaiempire.com 4153:"Sharimiki Bonsai" 3927:2017-11-28 at the 3922:Bonsai Display 101 3839:Bonsai Masterclass 3824:Bonsai Masterclass 3172:ABS Bonsai Journal 3129:Yamanaka, Kazuki. 2745:10.5632/jila.60.36 2732:Landscape Research 2622:Bonsai Masterclass 2598:The New York Times 2375:In popular culture 2350: 2073:National Arboretum 2059:Bonsai exhibitions 1968:Japanese-American 1473: 1470:Black Hills spruce 1462: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1371: 1358: 1315: 1295: 1209: 1125: 1060: 1012: 921: 902: 878: 831: 751:Jieziyuan Huazhuan 741: 672:Bonsai cultivation 615: 529: 450: 316: 276:, root reduction, 262:selective breeding 195:The New York Times 88: 77: 69: 5797: 5796: 5763: 5762: 5512:Sexual minorities 5400: 5399: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5243:Political parties 5182:Foreign relations 5133: 5132: 5037: 5036: 5027:COVID-19 pandemic 4896:Satsuma Rebellion 4881:Meiji Restoration 4779:Kenmu Restoration 4639:Foreign relations 4184:978-4-7700-2943-0 3971:The Art of Bonsai 3909:The Art of Bonsai 3894:978-0-7548-1572-3 3863:978-0-8317-0947-1 3854:The Art of Bonsai 3826:. pp. 12–14. 3422:"The Conventions" 3389:. pp. 6, 96. 3236:978-4-7562-4094-1 3022:978-1-4093-4408-7 2843:978-4-7562-4094-1 2712:978-0-9694573-0-5 2687:978-0-19-955197-2 2472:Bonsai aesthetics 2331: 2330: 2251:Miniature bonsai 2056: 2055: 1657:Growing-in-a-rock 1194:Bonsai aesthetics 997:The Art of Bonsai 978:COVID-19 pandemic 824: 685:Pinus pentaphylla 542:Ippen Shōnin Eden 298:History of bonsai 143:[boɰ̃sai] 136: 55:). Japanese Yew ( 5832: 5825:Culture of Japan 5787: 5786: 5779:Japan portal 5777: 5776: 5775: 5692:National symbols 5411: 5345: 5148: 5144: 5048: 4982:Economic miracle 4784:Muromachi period 4594: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4511: 4505: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4483:bonsaiempire.com 4475: 4469: 4468: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4393:Miniature Bonsai 4388: 4382: 4381: 4378:Miniature Bonsai 4373: 4367: 4366: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3969:Adams, Peter D. 3967: 3961: 3960: 3942: 3936: 3920:Andy Rutledge, " 3918: 3912: 3907:Adams, Peter D. 3905: 3899: 3898: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3785: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3699: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3484: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2908:Redding, Myron. 2905: 2899: 2898: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2819:10.11501/2281354 2806: 2800: 2799: 2796:10.11501/8099997 2783: 2777: 2776: 2773:10.11501/3128538 2756: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2542: 2539:Miniature Bonsai 2532: 2466: 2464:Gardening portal 2461: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2446: 2383: 2122: 2089:Shimpaku Juniper 2043: 2042: 2041: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1989:Austrian-German 1981: 1980: 1979: 1959: 1958: 1957: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1870:Marco Invernizzi 1853: 1852: 1851: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1725: 1719: 1707: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1677: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1651: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1506:Informal upright 1500: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1204:Ulmus parvifolia 1063:Material sources 974:Perth, Australia 970:Saitama, Saitama 958:Washington, D.C. 946:Orlando, Florida 822: 770: 764: 762:Kai-shi-en Gaden 754: 725:Classical period 708:Tokugawa Iemitsu 701: 700: 651: 648:The Potted Trees 644: 634: 633: 630: 624: 623: 605: 572: 571: 560: 559: 550: 549: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 501: 500: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 465: 464: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 399: 398: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 364: 363: 333: 332: 268:to create dwarf 209:. This may be a 180: 153: 152: 151: 145: 140: 131: 129: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 104: 101: 54: 51: 48: 45: 42: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5773: 5771: 5759: 5579:Class S (genre) 5531: 5507:Sex trafficking 5482:Life expectancy 5418:Anti-monarchism 5396: 5326: 5269: 5236:List of members 5216:Law enforcement 5129: 5033: 5005: 4957:Mukden Incident 4918: 4876:Meiji oligarchy 4856:Empire of Japan 4827: 4757:Kamakura period 4740: 4665: 4583: 4565: 4556: 4519: 4514: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4457: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4363:bonsaikumiai.jp 4357: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3929:Wayback Machine 3919: 3915: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3805: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3739:. October 2018. 3735: 3734: 3730: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3355: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3210: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3140: 3138: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3044:. pp. 7–8. 3039: 3038: 3034: 3023: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2979: 2978:. Bonsai Empire 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2663: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2575: 2573:The Independent 2567: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2438: 2377: 2342: 2336: 2324:Poppy-seed size 2146:Imperial bonsai 2106:Imperial Palace 2097: 2061: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2030:Greek-American 2016: 2015: 2014: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1912:Kunio Kobayashi 1910: 1909: 1908: 1891:Masahiko Kimura 1889: 1888: 1887: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1823: 1811: 1798: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1765: 1757: 1744: 1731: 1693: 1660: 1637: 1622: 1609: 1586: 1573: 1565: 1552: 1530: 1520: 1507: 1486: 1430: 1424: 1408:Tokoname, Japan 1363: 1287: 1240:Miniaturization 1196: 1190: 1117: 1065: 1051: 1045: 964:; 2013, Jitan, 954:Munich, Germany 909:Korean hornbeam 883: 836:Zinc-galvanized 788:Imperial Palace 727: 645: 631: 618: 607: 533:medieval period 517: 514: 511: 508: 481: 479:Intricate beach 478: 475: 472: 415: 412: 409: 406: 380: 377: 374: 371: 305: 300: 294: 247:pot environment 207:source material 148: 147: 146: 138: 98: 94: 59:) presented by 57:Taxus cuspidata 52: 49: 46: 43: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5838: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5802: 5801: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5781: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5636: 5634:Henohenomoheji 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5466: 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4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4806:Sengoku period 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4748: 4746: 4745:Post-Classical 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4600: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4517:External links 4515: 4513: 4512: 4495: 4470: 4455: 4435: 4430:Indoor Bonsai, 4423: 4416: 4398: 4383: 4368: 4350: 4336: 4318: 4304: 4286: 4283:. 13 May 2023. 4268: 4254: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4208: 4190: 4183: 4165: 4144: 4137: 4119: 4107: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4037: 4034:. p. 153. 4022: 4004:D'Cruz, Mark. 3996: 3975: 3962: 3955: 3937: 3913: 3900: 3893: 3869: 3862: 3844: 3829: 3814: 3790: 3766: 3742: 3728: 3704: 3680: 3656: 3632: 3608: 3584: 3563: 3542: 3521: 3500: 3476: 3455: 3434: 3413: 3392: 3377: 3353: 3338: 3323: 3299: 3278: 3263: 3242: 3235: 3217: 3196: 3193:. p. 153. 3181: 3162: 3147: 3121: 3102: 3087: 3066: 3047: 3032: 3021: 3003: 2988: 2967: 2947: 2926: 2900: 2897:. p. 144. 2885: 2870: 2849: 2842: 2824: 2801: 2778: 2751: 2718: 2711: 2693: 2686: 2668: 2661: 2637: 2630: 2609: 2584: 2560: 2553: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2453: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2419: 2376: 2373: 2338:Main article: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2311:Fingertip size 2309: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2096: 2093: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2039:Yuji Yoshimura 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304: 303:Early versions 301: 296:Main article: 293: 290: 65:Nagao Masakage 61:Uesugi Kenshin 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5837: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5790: 5782: 5780: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 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2395: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2346: 2341: 2340:Indoor bonsai 2334:Indoor bonsai 2333: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130:Large bonsai 2128: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2101: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1955:Frank Okamura 1950: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1844: 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