Chlorofluorocarbon

2330:(UNEP) in a 2006 report titled "Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances". UNEP estimates that between 16,000–38,000 tonnes of CFCs passed through the black market in the mid-1990s. The report estimated between 7,000 and 14,000 tonnes of CFCs are smuggled annually into developing countries. Asian countries are those with the most smuggling; as of 2007, China, India and South Korea were found to account for around 70% of global CFC production, South Korea later to ban CFC production in 2010. Possible reasons for continued CFC smuggling were also examined: the report noted that many of the refrigeration systems that were designed to be operated utilizing the banned CFC products have long lifespans and continue to operate. The cost of replacing the equipment of these items is sometimes cheaper than outfitting them with a more ozone-friendly appliance. Additionally, CFC smuggling is not considered a significant issue, so the perceived penalties for smuggling are low. In 2018 public attention was drawn to the issue, that at an unknown place in east Asia an estimated amount of 13,000 metric tons annually of CFCs have been produced since about 2012 in violation of the protocol. While the eventual phaseout of CFCs is likely, efforts are being taken to stem these current non-compliance problems. 2465: 2042: 2278: 3260:. Vapors displace air and can cause asphyxiation in confined spaces. Dermal absorption of chlorofluorocarbons is possible, but low. Where the pulmonary uptake of inhaled chlorofluorocarbons occurs quickly with peak blood concentrations occurring in as little as 15 seconds with steady concentrations evening out after 20 minutes. Absorption of orally ingested chlorofluorocarbons is 35 to 48 times lower compared to inhalation. Although non-flammable, their combustion products include hydrofluoric acid and related species. Normal occupational exposure is rated at 0.07% and does not pose any serious health risks. 2830:

of CFCs into the ocean makes them extremely useful as transient tracers to estimate rates and pathways of ocean circulation and mixing processes. However, due to production restrictions of CFCs in the 1980s, atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 and CFC-12 has stopped increasing, and the CFC-11 to CFC-12 ratio in the atmosphere have been steadily decreasing, making water dating of water masses more problematic. Incidentally, production and release of sulfur hexafluoride (SF

8794: 988: 1201:). The CFCs have still higher boiling points because the chloride is even more polarizable than fluoride. Because of their polarity, the CFCs are useful solvents, and their boiling points make them suitable as refrigerants. The CFCs are far less flammable than methane, in part because they contain fewer C-H bonds and in part because, in the case of the chlorides and bromides, the released halides quench the free radicals that sustain flames. 2808:

Nonroad Vehicles and Servicing Fittings for Small Refrigerant Cans. This ruling allows HFO-1234yf to take over in applications where ozone depleting CFCs such as R-12, and high GWP HFCs such as R-134a were once used. The phaseout and replacement of CFCs and HFCs in the automotive industry will ultimately reduce the release of these gases to atmosphere and in turn have a positive contribution to the mitigation of climate change.

8756: 2252:. In a self-funded research expedition ending in 1973, Lovelock went on to measure CFC-11 in both the Arctic and Antarctic, finding the presence of the gas in each of 50 air samples collected, and concluding that CFCs are not hazardous to the environment. The experiment did however provide the first useful data on the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. The damage caused by CFCs was discovered by 2318: 2194:, various chloroalkanes were in standard use in military aircraft, although these early halons suffered from excessive toxicity. Nevertheless, after the war they slowly became more common in civil aviation as well. In the 1960s, fluoroalkanes and bromofluoroalkanes became available and were quickly recognized as being highly effective fire-fighting materials. Much early research with 8804: 1000: 5735: 2062: 49: 8785: 8777: 8769: 2498:, were used in place of CFC-12 in automobile air conditioners. Hydrocarbon refrigerants (a propane/isobutane blend) were also used extensively in mobile air conditioning systems in Australia, the US and many other countries, as they had excellent thermodynamic properties and performed particularly well in high ambient temperatures. 3652:

Mandin, J.-Y.; Massie, S.T.; Mikhailenko, S.N.; Miller, C.E.; Moazzen-Ahmadi, N.; Naumenko, O.V.; Nikitin, A.V.; Orphal, J.; Perevalov, V.I.; Perrin, A.; Predoi-Cross, A.; Rinsland, C.P.; Rotger, M.; Šimečková, M.; Smith, M.A.H.; Sung, K.; Tashkun, S.A.; Tennyson, J.; Toth, R.A.; Vandaele, A.C.; Vander Auwera, J. (June 2009).

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others. Approximately one-third of these CFCs are projected to be emitted over the next decade if action is not taken, posing a threat to both the ozone layer and the climate. A proportion of these CFCs can be safely captured and destroyed by means of high temperature, controlled incineration which destroys the CFC molecule.

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numeral gives the number of fluorine atoms. The rest of the unaccounted carbon bonds are occupied by chlorine atoms. The value of this equation is always a three figure number. An easy example is that of CFC-12, which gives: 90+12=102 -> 1 carbon, 0 hydrogens, 2 fluorine atoms, and hence 2 chlorine atoms resulting in CCl

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conjunction with other industrial peers DuPont formed a lobbying group, the "Alliance for Responsible CFC Policy", to combat regulations of ozone-depleting compounds. In 1986 DuPont, with new patents in hand, reversed its previous stance and publicly condemned CFCs. DuPont representatives appeared before the

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Production of new stocks ceased in most (probably all) countries in 1994. However many countries still require aircraft to be fitted with halon fire suppression systems because no safe and completely satisfactory alternative has been discovered for this application. There are also a few other, highly

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did not cover bromofluoroalkanes under the same restrictions, instead, the consumption of bromofluoroalkanes was frozen at 1986 levels. This is due to the fact that emergency discharge of extinguishing systems was thought to be too small in volume to produce a significant impact, and too important to

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in which the pCFC directly corresponds to the year with the same. The difference between the corresponding date and the collection date of the seawater sample is the average age for the water parcel. The age of a parcel of water can also be calculated using the ratio of two CFC partial pressures or

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will replace HCFCs. Unlike CFCs and HCFCs, HFCs have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0. DuPont began producing hydrofluorocarbons as alternatives to Freon in the 1980s. These included Suva refrigerants and Dymel propellants. Natural refrigerants are climate friendly solutions that are enjoying

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In 1978 the United States banned the use of CFCs such as Freon in aerosol cans, the beginning of a long series of regulatory actions against their use. The critical DuPont manufacturing patent for Freon ("Process for Fluorinating Halohydrocarbons", U.S. Patent #3258500) was set to expire in 1979. In

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CFCs and HCFCs are used in various applications because of their low toxicity, reactivity and flammability. Every permutation of fluorine, chlorine and hydrogen based on methane and ethane has been examined and most have been commercialized. Furthermore, many examples are known for higher numbers of

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air-conditioning, refrigeration, blowing agents in foams, insulations and packing materials, propellants in aerosol cans, and as solvents. The entry

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While the production and consumption of CFCs are regulated under the Montreal Protocol, emissions from existing banks of CFCs are not regulated under the agreement. In 2002, there were an estimated 5,791 kilotons of CFCs in existing products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans and

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Growth in CFCs continued over the following decades leading to peak annual sales of over 1 billion USD with greater than 1 million metric tonnes being produced annually. It wasn't until 1974 that it was first discovered by two University of California chemists, Professor F. Sherwood Rowland and Dr.

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Western, Luke M.; Daniel, John S.; Vollmer, Martin K.; Clingan, Scott; Crotwell, Molly; Fraser, Paul J.; Ganesan, Anita L.; Hall, Brad; Harth, Christina M.; Krummel, Paul B.; Mühle, Jens; O’Doherty, Simon; Salameh, Peter K.; Stanley, Kieran M.; Reimann, Stefan; Vimont, Isaac; Young, Dickon; Rigby,

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who, after hearing a lecture on the subject of Lovelock's work, embarked on research resulting in the first publication suggesting the connection in 1974. It turns out that one of CFCs' most attractive features—their low reactivity—is key to their most destructive effects. CFCs' lack of reactivity

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The warming influence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased substantially in recent years. The rising presence of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning is the largest overall driver. The relatively smaller but significant warming impact from releases of the most abundantly produced

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Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Barbe, A.; Benner, D.Chris; Bernath, P.F.; Birk, M.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L.R.; Campargue, A.; Champion, J.-P.; Chance, K.; Coudert, L.H.; Dana, V.; Devi, V.M.; Fally, S.; Flaud, J.-M.; Gamache, R.R.; Goldman, A.; Jacquemart, D.; Kleiner, I.; Lacome, N.; Lafferty, W.J.;

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as a tracer of ocean circulation allows for the derivation of rates for ocean processes due to the time-dependent source function. The elapsed time since a subsurface water mass was last in contact with the atmosphere is the tracer-derived age. Estimates of age can be derived based on the partial

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Hydrofluoroolefins serve as functional replacements for applications where high GWP hydrofluorocarbons were once used. In April 2022, the EPA signed a pre-published final rule Listing of HFO-1234yf under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program for Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning in

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Among the natural refrigerants (along with ammonia and carbon dioxide), hydrocarbons have negligible environmental impacts and are also used worldwide in domestic and commercial refrigeration applications, and are becoming available in new split system air conditioners. Various other solvents and

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While new production of these refrigerants has been banned, large volumes still exist in older systems and have been said to pose an immediate threat to our environment. Preventing the release of these harmful refrigerants has been ranked as one of the single most effective actions we can take to

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where is the measured CFC concentration (pmol kg) and F is the solubility of CFC gas in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity. The CFC partial pressure is expressed in units of 10–12 atmospheres or parts-per-trillion (ppt). The solubility measurements of CFC-11 and CFC-12 have been

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Another equation that can be applied to get the correct molecular formula of the CFC/R/Freon class compounds is to take the numbering and add 90 to it. The resulting value will give the number of carbons as the first numeral, the second numeral gives the number of hydrogen atoms, and the third

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The development of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as replacements for Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons began after the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol in 2016, which called for the phase out of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and to replace them with other

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was, initially, mainly developed in the UK. By the late 1960s they were standard in many applications where water and dry-powder extinguishers posed a threat of damage to the protected property, including computer rooms, telecommunications switches, laboratories, museums and art collections.

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began using R-11 in the worlds first self-contained home air conditioning unit known as the "atmospheric cabinet". As a result of CFCs being largely non-toxic, they quickly became the coolant of choice in large air-conditioning systems. Public health codes in cities were revised to designate

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Rossberg, Manfred; Lendle, Wilhelm; Pfleiderer, Gerhard; Tögel, Adolf; Dreher, Eberhard-Ludwig; Langer, Ernst; Rassaerts, Heinz; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Strack, Heinz; Cook, Richard; Beck, Uwe; Lipper, Karl-August; Torkelson, Theodore R.; Löser, Eckhard; Beutel, Klaus K.; Mann, Trevor (2006).

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Since the time history of CFC concentrations in the atmosphere is relatively well known, they have provided an important constraint on ocean circulation. CFCs dissolve in seawater at the ocean surface and are subsequently transported into the ocean interior. Because CFCs are inert, their

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The atmospheric impacts of CFCs are not limited to their role as ozone-depleting chemicals. Infrared absorption bands prevent heat at that wavelength from escaping Earth's atmosphere. CFCs have their strongest absorption bands from C-F and C-Cl bonds in the spectral region of 7.8–15.3

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Because the only CFCs available to countries adhering to the treaty is from recycling, their prices have increased considerably. A worldwide end to production should also terminate the smuggling of this material. However, there are current CFC smuggling issues, as recognized by the

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According to their material safety data sheets, CFCs and HCFCs are colorless, volatile, non-toxic liquids and gases with a faintly sweet ethereal odor. Overexposure at concentrations of 11% or more may cause dizziness, loss of concentration, central nervous system depression or

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cleavage of the C-Cl bond. In 1976, under the Toxic Substances Control Act, the EPA banned commercial manufacturing and use of CFCs and aerosol propellants. This was later superseded in the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act to address stratospheric ozone depletion.

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Prinn, R. G.; Weiss, R. F.; Fraser, P. J.; Simmonds, P. G.; Cunnold, D. M.; Alyea, F. N.; O'Doherty, S.; Salameh, P.; Miller, B. R.; Huang, J.; Wang, R. H. J.; Hartley, D. E.; Harth, C.; Steele, L. P.; Sturrock, G.; Midgley, P. M.; McCulloch, A. (27 July 2000).

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By the early 1980s, bromofluoroalkanes were in common use on aircraft, ships, and large vehicles as well as in computer facilities and galleries. However, concern was beginning to be expressed about the impact of chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes on the

2337:, it was realised that deliberate and accidental discharges during system tests and maintenance accounted for substantially larger volumes than emergency discharges, and consequently halons were brought into the treaty, albeit with many exceptions. 2804:

refrigerants with a lower GWP, closer to that of carbon dioxide. HFOs have an ozone depletion potential of 0.0, compared to the 1.0 of principal CFC-11, and a low GWP which make them environmentally safer alternatives to CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs.

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and they have contributed to more chlorine buildup there than originally predicted. Later alternatives lacking the chlorine, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have an even shorter lifetimes in the lower atmosphere. One of these compounds,

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Mario Molina, that the use of chlorofluorocarbons were causing a significant depletion in atmospheric ozone concentrations. This initiated the environmental effort which eventually resulted in the enactment of the Montreal Protocol.

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A special numbering system is to be used for fluorinated alkanes, prefixed with Freon-, R-, CFC- and HCFC-, where the rightmost value indicates the number of fluorine atoms, the next value to the left is the number of hydrogen atoms

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specialized uses. These programs recycle halon through "halon banks" coordinated by the Halon Recycling Corporation to ensure that discharge to the atmosphere occurs only in a genuine emergency and to conserve remaining stocks.

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of General Motors is credited for synthesizing the first chlorofluorocarbons. The Frigidaire corporation was issued the first patent, number 1,886,339, for the formula for CFCs on December 31, 1928. In a demonstration for the

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Prior to, and during the 1920s, refrigerators used toxic gases as refrigerants, including ammonia, sulphur dioxide, and chloromethane. Later in the 1920s after a series of fatal accidents involving the leaking of

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Lee, Bing-Sun; Chiou, Chung-Biau (October 2008). "The Relationship of Meteorological and Anthropogenic Factors to Time Series Measurements of CFC-11, CFC-12, and CH3CCl3 Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere".

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The hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are less stable in the lower atmosphere, enabling them to break down before reaching the ozone layer. Nevertheless, a significant fraction of the HCFCs do break down in the

8505: 768: 5062: 8730: 2502:(HCFC-141b) has replaced HFC-134a, due to its low ODP and GWP values. And according to the Montreal Protocol, HCFC-141b is supposed to be phased out completely and replaced with zero ODP substances such as 947: 8725: 942: 4437: 2313:

and voted to significantly strengthen the Montreal Protocol by calling for a complete elimination of CFCs by 2000. By 2010, CFCs should have been completely eliminated from developing countries as well.

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By 1930, General Motors and Du Pont formed the Kinetic Chemical Company to produce Freon, and by 1935, over 8 million refrigerators utilizing R-12 were sold by Frigidaire and its competitors. In 1932,

4654: 1482:. The main advantage of this method of deducing the molecular composition in comparison with the method described in the paragraph above is that it gives the number of carbon atoms of the molecule. 1178:

symmetry. Because the fluorine and chlorine atoms differ greatly in size and effective charge from hydrogen and from each other, the methane-derived CFCs deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry.

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Bromofluoroalkanes have been largely phased out and the possession of equipment for their use is prohibited in some countries like the Netherlands and Belgium, from 1 January 2004, based on the

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in 2018, the hole in the ozone layer has begun to recover as a result of CFC bans. However, research released in 2019 reports an alarming increase in CFCs, pointing to unregulated use in China.

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concentration; the increase in temperature is roughly logarithmic. Conversely, the low concentration of CFCs allow their effects to increase linearly with mass, so that chlorofluorocarbons are

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The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb radiation creates a "super"

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Min, Dong-Ha; Warner, Mark J.; Bullister, John L. (August 2010). "Estimated rates of carbon tetrachloride removal in the thermocline and deep waters of the East Sea (Sea of Japan)".

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Bullister, John L.; Wisegarver, David P. (August 2008). "The shipboard analysis of trace levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater".

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is close to saturation with high concentrations and few infrared absorption bands, the radiation budget and hence the greenhouse effect has low sensitivity to changes in CO

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from refrigerators, a major collaborative effort began between American corporations Frigidaire, General Motors, and DuPont to develop a safer, non-toxic alternative.

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Boccuzzi, S. J; Wogen, J; Roehm, J. B (2000). "Use of hydrofluoroalkane propellant delivery system for inhaled albuterol in patients receiving asthma medications".

2207:, in the 1970s, bromofluoroalkanes also progressively came to be associated with rapid knockdown of severe fires in confined spaces with minimal risk to personnel. 5373:

Watanabe, Yutaka W.; Shimamoto, Akifumi; Ono, Tsuneo (2003). "Comparison of Time-Dependent Tracer Ages in the Western North Pacific: Oceanic Background Levels of (

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Freon-12, for example, indicates a methane derivative (only two numbers) containing two fluorine atoms (the second 2) and no hydrogen (1-1=0). It is therefore CCl

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The interim replacements for CFCs are hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which deplete stratospheric ozone, but to a much lesser extent than CFCs. Ultimately,

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Siegemund, Günter; Schwertfeger, Werner; Feiring, Andrew; Smart, Bruce; Behr, Fred; Vogel, Herward; McKusick, Blaine (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Organic".

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atoms. In general, they are volatile but less so than their parent alkanes. The decreased volatility is attributed to the molecular polarity induced by the

8438: 6577: 4156:"Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World, by J. R. McNeill (2001), New York: Norton. Reviewed by Michael Bess" 2368: 1030: 718: 3626: 2286: 4839: 4237: 4105:

Scientific American inventions and discoveries : all the milestones in ingenuity—from the discovery of fire to the invention of the microwave oven

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Brominated derivatives are generated by free-radical reactions of hydrochlorofluorocarbons, replacing C-H bonds with C-Br bonds. The production of the

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The densities of CFCs are higher than their corresponding alkanes. In general, the density of these compounds correlates with the number of chlorides.

7496: 5796: 4341: 4033: 2771: 1971: 4668: 2041: 3190:{\displaystyle \ln F=a_{1}+a_{2}\left({\frac {100}{T}}\right)+a_{3}\ln \left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)+a_{4}\left({\frac {T}{100}}\right)^{2}+S\left} 8677: 7501: 5837: 4350: 2327: 1926: 5716: 8720: 5676: 5317: 5176: 4608: 4358: 4145: 3842: 3453: 3420: 2954:

by Wanninkhof et al. and Bullister et al. Theses authors mentioned above have expressed the solubility (F) at a total pressure of 1 atm as:

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Bullister, John L; Wisegarver, David P; Menzia, Frederick A (January 2002). "The solubility of sulfur hexafluoride in water and seawater".

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concentration in the ocean interior reflects simply the convolution of their atmospheric time evolution and ocean circulation and mixing.

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On September 21, 2007, approximately 200 countries agreed to accelerate the elimination of hydrochlorofluorocarbons entirely by 2020 in a

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CFCs and HCFCs are usually produced by halogen exchange starting from chlorinated methanes and ethanes. Illustrative is the synthesis of

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are constants to be determined from the least squares fit to the solubility measurements. This equation is derived from the integrated

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It was reported that levels of HCFCs in the atmosphere had started to fall in 2021 due to their phase out under the Montreal Protocol.

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Use of certain chloroalkanes as solvents for large scale application, such as dry cleaning, have been phased out, for example, by the

1774: 932: 846: 288: 8780: 8527: 8413: 7907: 7902: 4538: 4112: 3487: 2163:, Midgley flamboyantly demonstrated all these properties by inhaling a breath of the gas and using it to blow out a candle in 1930. 788: 693: 3200:

where F = solubility expressed in either mol l or mol kg atm, T = absolute temperature, S = salinity in parts per thousand (ppt), a

5805: 1189:, which induces intermolecular interactions. Thus, methane boils at −161 °C whereas the fluoromethanes boil between −51.7 (CF 8707: 3742:

Bera, Partha P.; Francisco, Joseph S.; Lee, Timothy J. (12 November 2009). "Identifying the Molecular Origin of Global Warming".

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previously measured by Warner and Weiss Additionally, the solubility measurement of CFC-113 was measured by Bu and Warner and SF

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increasing support from large companies and governments interested in reducing global warming emissions from refrigeration and

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Roehl, C. M.; Boglu, D.; Brühl, C.; Moortgat, G. K. (April 1995). "Infrared band intensities and global warming potentials of

3503: 1886: 1863: 1839: 5750: 2453:, agreed with the accelerated phase out schedule. India successfully achieved the complete phase out of HCFC-141 b in 2020. 2481:

Work on alternatives for chlorofluorocarbons in refrigerants began in the late 1970s after the first warnings of damage to

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is also an inert gas and is not affected by oceanic chemical or biological activities. Thus, using CFCs in concert with SF

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It can be noted that the solubility of CFCs increase with decreasing temperature at approximately 1% per degree Celsius.

2029:. Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation, so its depletion allows more of this high energy radiation to reach the Earth's surface. 8832: 8827: 8239: 7988: 7968: 7720: 6354: 506: 358: 333: 128: 4809: 4459: 3798:

Ramanathan, V; Y. Feng (2009). "Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives".

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urging that CFCs be banned worldwide and stated that their new HCFCs would meet the worldwide demand for refrigerants.

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Wanninkhof, Rik; Ledwell, James R.; Watson, Andrew J. (15 May 1991). "Analysis of sulfur hexafluoride in seawater".

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Warner, M.J.; Weiss, R.F. (December 1985). "Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater".

8847: 8475: 8433: 8395: 7960: 7754: 4793: 3601: 2663: 2233: 2160: 2115:. This "atmospheric window" absorption is intensified by the low concentration of each individual CFC. Because CO 748: 713: 673: 326: 293: 143: 6345: 6327: 4138:

Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (The Global Century Series)

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Since the late 1970s, the use of CFCs has been heavily regulated because of their destructive effects on the

1104:(R-12). R-12 is also commonly called Freon and was used as a refrigerant. Many CFCs have been widely used as 8682: 8448: 7978: 7529: 7483: 6426: 6256: 6164: 6117: 4557: 3225: 2094: 1539: 1327:

Hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formula CCl

1292: 1101: 773: 728: 348: 6459: 6447: 6409: 6306: 5793: 4364: 8892: 8641: 8031: 7383: 6510: 6485: 6417: 6318: 6285: 6231: 4539:"HFCs and PFCs: Current and Future Supply, Demand and Emissions, plus Emissions of CFCs, HCFCs and Halons" 4212: 2025:). The radical Cl is long-lived in the upper atmosphere, where it catalyzes the conversion of ozone into O 2002: 1562: 1519: 1082: 911: 398: 6522: 6501: 6169: 6122: 6080: 8872: 8857: 8842: 8611: 8443: 8319: 8227: 7917: 7810: 7610: 7490: 7378: 6545: 6367: 6239: 6194: 6185: 6089: 6064: 5823: 5046: 4430:"Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible" 2270: 2195: 1601: 1581: 1284: 1208: 881: 723: 589: 501: 198: 8772: 5712: 1492:, which are common for ethane and propane derivatives, are indicated by letters following the numbers: 2309:

nations agreed to ban the production of all CFCs by the end of the century. In 1990, diplomats met in

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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): when derived from methane and ethane these compounds have the formulae CCl

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pressure of an individual compound and the ratio of the partial pressure of CFCs to each other (or SF

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Bu, Xin; Warner, Mark J. (July 1995). "Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater".

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Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy: Industry, Environmentalists, and U.S. Power

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The physical properties of CFCs and HCFCs are tunable by changes in the number and identity of the

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The chlorine atom, written often as Cl, behaves very differently from the chlorine molecule (Cl

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chlorofluorocarbons as the only gases that could be used as refrigerants in public buildings.

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Ramanathan, V (1975). "Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications".

3276: 3238:) is derived, it is then compared to the atmospheric time histories for CFC-11, CFC-12, or SF 8793: 8631: 8532: 8490: 8458: 8352: 8306: 8266: 8173: 8141: 8109: 8094: 8078: 8053: 7838: 7792: 7154: 6648: 6586: 6215: 6022: 5794:

Process using pyrolysis in an ultra high temperature plasma arc, for the elimination of CFCs

5664: 5641: 5606: 5571: 5531: 5493: 5450: 5402: 5355: 5142: 5107: 5021: 4975: 4892: 4882: 4767: 4748:"A history of chemically and radiatively important gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE" 4636: 4305: 4167: 3984: 3815: 3767: 3759: 3708: 3673: 3579: 3475: 3441: 3408: 3327: 2419: 2403: 2261:

gives them a lifespan that can exceed 100 years, giving them time to diffuse into the upper

2086: 987: 901: 798: 738: 624: 577: 526: 486: 461: 446: 428: 403: 343: 228: 178: 8837: 8495: 8405: 8371: 8256: 8210: 8136: 8063: 7983: 7886: 7828: 7683: 7373: 7132: 7127: 7110: 7093: 6894: 6643: 5980: 5941: 5875: 5800: 5788: 5761: 5698: 5085: 5066: 4927: 4817: 4797: 4729: 4561: 2229: 2075: 2055: 1125: 686: 646: 516: 481: 413: 353: 281: 218: 118: 5454: 5406: 2046:

CFCs (CFC11 and CFC12) will continue to persist for many further decades into the future.

5740: 5637: 5602: 5567: 5527: 5489: 5398: 5351: 5133:

Rusch, George M. (2018). "The development of environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons".

4878: 4763: 4301: 3811: 3755: 3704: 3669: 3323: 8808: 8542: 8428: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8220: 8205: 8156: 8146: 8058: 7912: 7668: 7639: 7444: 7439: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7098: 7065: 6849: 6831: 6821: 6048: 6010: 5668: 4897: 4862: 4861:

Velders, G. J. M.; Andersen, S. O.; Daniel, J. S.; Fahey, D. W.; McFarland, M. (2007).

2862:

The age of a water parcel can be estimated by the CFC partial pressure (pCFC) age or SF

2434: 2415: 2380: 2372: 2253: 2237: 2167: 2134:

Groups are actively disposing of legacy CFCs to reduce their impact on the atmosphere.

2124: 1004: 808: 708: 663: 656: 651: 408: 103: 5645: 5111: 3554: 8821: 8562: 8463: 8249: 8178: 7950: 7698: 7562: 7464: 7412: 7343: 7229: 7219: 7214: 7204: 7199: 7149: 7144: 7060: 7055: 7045: 6899: 6854: 6816: 6804: 6775: 6653: 6031: 5933: 5892: 5883: 5781: 5575: 5497: 5303:

Plummer, L. N.; Busenberg, E. (2006). "Chlorofluorocarbons in aquatic environments".

4919: 4188:"NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species" 4078: 3555:"NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Halocarbons and other Atmospheric Trace Species" 2442: 2305:, which called for drastic reductions in the production of CFCs. On 2 March 1989, 12 2241: 2151: 1277: 1273: 823: 313: 308: 303: 61: 5162: 4543:

IPCC/TEAP Special Report: Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System

4324: 3728: 8583: 8557: 8537: 8361: 8324: 8288: 7924: 7871: 7747: 7703: 7688: 7617: 7395: 7282: 7277: 7254: 7005: 6844: 6770: 6707: 6702: 6680: 6636: 6621: 6611: 5901: 5277: 4941:"India achieves complete phase out of one the most potent ozone depleting chemical" 4510: 4309: 3819: 2503: 2490: 2482: 2262: 2257: 2191: 2033:

atoms are even more efficient catalysts; hence brominated CFCs are also regulated.

1105: 1059: 856: 818: 803: 634: 599: 544: 263: 123: 5810: 5535: 5146: 4238:"Back from the brink: how the world rapidly sealed a deal to save the ozone layer" 3479: 2842:

as a tracer resolves the water dating issues due to decreased CFC concentrations.

4381: 3445: 2517:(MDI), a non-ozone effecting substitute was developed as a propellant, known as " 2001:

The reaction of the CFCs which is responsible for the depletion of ozone, is the

8520: 8515: 8200: 8195: 8166: 8131: 8104: 7634: 7454: 7407: 7368: 7249: 7137: 7122: 7117: 7105: 6670: 6665: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6594: 5910: 5846: 3712: 3677: 2398: 2282: 2266: 2212: 1435: 1269: 1175: 1109: 1062: 778: 476: 456: 93: 5078: 4980: 4967: 4262: 2834:) have rapidly increased in the atmosphere since the 1970s. Similar to CFCs, SF 2317: 8697: 8314: 7629: 7622: 7605: 7590: 7363: 7354: 7234: 7189: 7085: 7050: 7040: 6980: 6916: 6839: 6787: 6130: 6056: 5359: 4640: 4554:

Chlorofluorocarbons: An Overlooked Climate Threat, EESI Congressional Briefing

2593: 2294: 2293:

By 1987, in response to a dramatic seasonal depletion of the ozone layer over

2240:

was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the air, finding a

1232: 1212: 1129: 828: 584: 88: 5202: 4323:

Auer, Charles; Kover, Frank; Aidala, James; Greenwood, Marks (1 March 2016).

3600:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Spring 2023. 3412: 8626: 8578: 8552: 8500: 8334: 8296: 8046: 8036: 7708: 7570: 7545: 7330: 7244: 7209: 7194: 7182: 7025: 7000: 6809: 6177: 4887: 4122: 4034:"NASA Study: First Direct Proof of Ozone Hole Recovery Due to Chemicals Ban" 3772: 2609: 2441:

summit. Developing nations were given until 2030. Many nations, such as the

2061: 1235: 896: 851: 813: 763: 698: 604: 68: 48: 40: 5691: 5462: 5252: 5154: 5119: 4966:

Matt; Weiss, Ray F.; Prinn, Ronald G.; Montzka, Stephen A. (11 June 2024).

4906: 3781: 3653: 8271: 8215: 7876: 7725: 7693: 7338: 7292: 7259: 6955: 6861: 6735: 6690: 6675: 6202: 4996:"Emissions of several ozone-depleting chemicals are larger than expected" 4772: 4747: 2495: 2438: 2298: 1456: 1121: 1078: 1074: 1070: 268: 4485: 3308:"Hydrocarbon pollution of the sea and its influence on marine organisms" 8232: 7735: 7713: 7600: 7595: 7300: 7224: 7075: 7070: 7035: 7020: 7015: 6985: 6968: 6792: 6719: 6685: 5862: 5854: 4172: 4155: 3720: 3436:

Plummer, L. Niel; Busenberg, Eurybiades (2000). "Chlorofluorocarbons".

3332: 3307: 2249: 2204: 2078:

due to the relative transparency of the atmosphere within this region.

2030: 1374: 1366: 1182: 1171: 1113: 1094: 1086: 5610: 4786: 4627:

Smith, Brigitte (1998). "Ethics of Du Pont's CFC Strategy 1975–1995".

3988: 3763: 3593: 8636: 8616: 8510: 8185: 7678: 7388: 7320: 7164: 6873: 6866: 6760: 6741: 6730: 6714: 6660: 2310: 2127:

with a much higher potential to enhance the greenhouse effect than CO

1489: 1378: 1370: 1362:

have formulae similar to the CFCs and HCFCs but also include bromine.

1268:

carbon as well as related compounds containing bromine. Uses include

1186: 1149: 1145: 1090: 1066: 906: 886: 793: 783: 491: 6555: 5079:

Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories. TemaNord 516/2003

2468:

Freon tanks awaiting CFC reclamation and container recycling in 2012

2793:

Development of Hydrofluoroolefins as alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs

2430:

and the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.

8646: 8588: 7929: 7861: 7759: 7651: 7269: 7239: 7172: 7030: 6995: 6990: 6963: 6911: 6878: 6782: 6606: 4382:"S. Korea to ban import, production of freon, halon gases in 2010" 2316: 2276: 2071: 2060: 2040: 1485: 1132:, the manufacture of such compounds has been phased out under the 916: 861: 253: 4553: 4003:"One overlooked way to fight climate change? Dispose of old CFCs" 3623:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report

3504:"Ice Breaker: Refrigerant Numbering System Explained | ACHR News" 2085:

from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as

8621: 7742: 7730: 7646: 6697: 5227: 2138: 1451:

1, and the next value to the left is the number of carbon atoms

891: 138: 133: 98: 7518: 6559: 5819: 5815: 4863:"The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate" 2510:

methods have replaced the use of CFCs in laboratory analytics.

2460:

Properly collecting, controlling, and destroying CFCs and HCFCs

2383:

in 1997. Permitted chlorofluoroalkane uses are medicinal only.

2198:

was conducted under the auspices of the US Armed Forces, while

2183: 7514: 5253:"Automobile Air Conditioners and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)" 5203:"What are HFO Refrigerants? Their Benefits and Applications" 5429:

Fine, Rana A. (15 January 2011). "Observations of CFCs and

5022:"Refrigerant Management @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions" 4400:"Ozonkiller: Ein verbotener Stoff in der Atmosphäre – WELT" 3658:

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer

2523: 1664:

Freon 113, R-113, CFC-113, 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane

1494: 1136:, and they are being replaced with other products such as 4263:"Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer" 1455:

one (zeroes are not stated), and the remaining atoms are

4820:. dupont.com (30 January 2009). Retrieved on 2011-09-24. 4721: 3793: 3791: 2065:

CFCs negatively affecting stratospheric ozone production

5626:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

5556:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

5478:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

5340:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

5088:. Norden.org (1 January 2003). Retrieved on 2011-09-24. 2217:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

5333: 5331: 5329: 3349:"Ozone layer treaty could tackle super polluting HFCs" 4832:"A Novel Tactic in Climate Fight Gains Some Traction" 4060:"Scientists discover the source of new CFC emissions" 2963: 2879: 2870:) age. The pCFC age of a water sample is defined as: 1710:

Freon 114, R-114, CFC-114, Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

1436:

Refrigerant § Refrigerants by class and R-number

5312:. International Atomic Energy Agency. pp. 1–8. 5306:

Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook

4107:. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. p. 351. 4066:(Press release). University of Bristol. 22 May 2019. 2179:

Commercial development and use in fire extinguishing

1280:

in medicinal applications, and degreasing solvents.

19:"CFCs" redirects here. For other singular uses, see 8706: 8655: 8604: 8571: 8404: 8343: 8305: 8287: 8087: 8022: 7959: 7885: 7854: 7819: 7803: 7768: 7561: 7432: 7352: 7329: 7291: 7268: 7163: 7084: 6954: 6931: 6887: 6830: 6753: 6728: 6593: 6214: 6047: 5932: 5874: 5853: 4695:"Management of Environmental Protection in Defence" 3228:and the logarithmic Setchenow salinity dependence. 2628:)); HFC 410 (a 1:1 azeotropic mixture of HFC-32 (CF 1756:Freon 115, R-115, CFC-115, Chloropentafluoroethane 4930:. Epa.gov (28 June 2006). Retrieved on 2011-09-24. 3654:"The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database" 3312:Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 3189: 2938: 1488:containing bromine are signified by four numbers. 1381:, these compounds have the respective formulae CF 5000:MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4655:"Phaseout of Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances" 4867:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5715:. International Programme on Chemical Safety. 3833:Harnung, Sven E.; Johnson, Matthew S. (2012). 3472:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3405:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2285:, if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned. 7530: 6571: 5831: 3594:"The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)" 3438:Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology 2753:Solvents, degreasing agents, cleaning agents 1365:Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): when derived from 1024: 8: 5509: 5507: 4752:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 4732:. Halon.org. Retrieved on 24 September 2011. 4511:"Phase out of Halons : Firesafe.org.uk" 4325:Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress 3247:partial pressure to a CFC partial pressure. 2858:Partial pressure and ratio dating techniques 5777:Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances (HCFCs) 5549: 5547: 5545: 4564:. Eesi.org. Retrieved on 24 September 2011. 4343:Illegal Trade in Ozone Depleting Substances 3837:. Cambridge University Press. p. 365. 3234:Once the partial pressure of the CFC (or SF 2281:NASA projection of stratospheric ozone, in 8863:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 7537: 7523: 7515: 6951: 6750: 6578: 6564: 6556: 5838: 5824: 5816: 5659:Tsai, W.T. (2014). "Chlorofluorocarbons". 2506:, HFOs, and HFC-345a before January 2020. 1946:1,1-Dichloro-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropane 1031: 1017: 921: 47: 27: 4979: 4896: 4886: 4771: 4622: 4620: 4213:"Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion" 4171: 3771: 3331: 3176: 3162: 3151: 3130: 3120: 3107: 3086: 3072: 3061: 3040: 3024: 3003: 2993: 2980: 2962: 2895: 2878: 1972:1,3-Dichloro-1,2,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane 1299:Classes of compounds and Numbering System 5228:"Association of Equipment Manufacturers" 5069:. (PDF). Retrieved on 24 September 2011. 2463: 2269:radiation is strong enough to cause the 2182: 1287:are produced annually as a precursor to 8678:Pollutant release and transfer register 5713:"Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons" 5591:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 4740: 4738: 3268: 2939:{\displaystyle pCFC={\frac {}{F(T,S)}}} 2527:Applications and replacements for CFCs 2414:Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the 1909:1-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 960: 924: 39: 4351:United Nations Environmental Programme 4040:from the original on 24 September 2020 2473:mitigate catastrophic climate change. 2390:and guidelines of the European Union. 2328:United Nations Environmental Programme 2265:. Once in the stratosphere, the sun's 1927:2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1729:1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1706:1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1236:2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1124:. As a result of CFCs contributing to 3530:"Numbering of refrigerants • Darment" 2543:Refrigeration & air-conditioning 1683:1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 1660:1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 1291:, the monomer that is converted into 7: 8768: 8009:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5455:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163933 5177:"The Environmental Benefits of HFOs" 4789:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4440:from the original on 9 November 2020 4154:Shmelev, Stanislav (December 2002). 3632:from the original on 13 October 2017 2477:Development of alternatives for CFCs 1752:1-Chloro-1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethane 1645:BCF, Halon 1211, H-1211, Freon 12B1 1160:Structure, properties and production 8784: 8776: 7867:Radium and radon in the environment 5811:Phasing out halons in extinguishers 5782:History of halon-use by the US Navy 4830:Broder, John M. (9 November 2010). 4410:from the original on 5 October 2020 3744:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 1355:, where m, n, x, and y are nonzero. 259:Radium and radon in the environment 5772:Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances 5669:10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.01118-0 5407:10.1023/B:JOCE.0000009600.12070.1a 3528:Sievänen, Esa (26 February 2020). 3287:from the original on 19 March 2021 2649:Propellants in medicinal aerosols 1775:2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane 14: 4330:(Report). EPA Alumni Association. 3604:from the original on 24 May 2023. 2825:tracer-derived age of ocean water 8802: 8792: 8783: 8775: 8767: 8755: 8754: 5733: 5719:from the original on 5 May 2012. 5201:Dey, Anup Kumar (11 July 2023). 4842:from the original on 20 May 2013 4722:Welcome to the Halon Corporation 4460:"Halon essential use exemptions" 998: 986: 7581:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5443:Annual Review of Marine Science 5385:, CFC-11, CFC-12 and CFC-113". 5059:"Greenpeace, Cool Technologies" 4599:DeSombre, Elizabeth R. (2000). 4077:Bellis, Mary (12 August 2016). 4032:Samson Reiny (4 January 2018). 4009:. 29 April 2019. Archived from 3347:Darby, Megan (19 August 2014). 2232:. After the development of his 1238:("halothane") is illustrative: 1174:, carbon in the CFCs bond with 79:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5135:Critical Reviews in Toxicology 4575:"The cool way to destroy CFCs" 4310:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.042 3820:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063 2930: 2918: 2910: 2898: 2428:Global Warming Potential (GWP) 2220:human safety for restriction. 1887:1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1864:Tetrachloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1840:Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane 948:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 8069:Electrical resistance heating 5646:10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00051-6 5536:10.1016/j.marchem.2010.03.008 5147:10.1080/10408444.2018.1504276 5112:10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88482-9 4140:. W. W. Norton. p. 421. 4079:"Where Does Freon Come From?" 3835:Chemistry and the Environment 3480:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2 2410:Phasing-out of HFCs and HCFCs 2050:CFCs were phased out via the 1868:Freon 112a, R-112a, CFC-112a 1687:Freon 113a, R-113a, CFC-113a 419:Electrical resistance heating 7721:Persistent organic pollutant 5576:10.1016/0967-0637(95)00052-8 5498:10.1016/0198-0149(85)90099-8 5181:sustainability.honeywell.com 4673:Ministry for the Environment 4669:"Ozone depleting substances" 4160:Journal of Political Ecology 3977:Geophysical Research Letters 3470:"Chlorinated Hydrocarbons". 3446:10.1007/978-1-4615-4557-6_15 2418:and are regulated under the 129:Persistent organic pollutant 53:Air pollution from a factory 8883:Environmental controversies 8731:Least polluted cities by PM 4810:Freon : 1930. In Depth 3713:10.1126/science.190.4209.50 3678:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.013 2812:Tracer of ocean circulation 2500:1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1817:1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane 1794:1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane 1100:The most common example is 8909: 8673:Pollution haven hypothesis 8596:Brain health and pollution 7834:Ecological light pollution 7664:Internal combustion engine 5692:Material Safety Data Sheet 5661:Encyclopedia of Toxicology 5084:February 27, 2008, at the 5047:acp.copernicus.org article 4981:10.1038/s41558-024-02038-7 4629:Journal of Business Ethics 4406:(in German). 16 May 2018. 2796: 2377:volatile organic compounds 2321:Ozone-depleting gas trends 2037:Impact as greenhouse gases 1891:Freon 113, R-113, CFC-113 1844:Freon 112, R-112, CFC-112 1641:Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1439: 1433: 1163: 18: 16:Class of organic compounds 8752: 8476:Nonpoint source pollution 8396:War and environmental law 7755:Volatile organic compound 7552: 7473: 6542: 5360:10.1016/j.dsr.2008.03.014 4787:"Ozone Layer Depletion", 4603:. MIT Press. p. 93. 4217:American Chemical Society 4103:Carlisle, Rodney (2004). 2691:Blowing agents for foams 2526: 2399:hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 2234:electron capture detector 2161:American Chemical Society 1497: 1283:Billions of kilograms of 674:War and environmental law 294:Health effects from noise 144:Volatile organic compound 7935:Marine mammals and sonar 7846:Radio spectrum pollution 3413:10.1002/14356007.a11_349 1625:Freon 31, R-31, HCFC-31 1166:Organofluorine chemistry 1118:gaseous fire suppression 1052:hydrochlorofluorocarbons 299:Marine mammals and sonar 8781:WikiProject Environment 8739:Most polluted countries 8683:Polluter pays principle 8414:Agricultural wastewater 7484:chemical classification 5701:. National Refrigerants 5387:Journal of Oceanography 4888:10.1073/pnas.0610328104 4641:10.1023/A:1005789810145 4290:Atmospheric Environment 3800:Atmospheric Environment 3306:Mironov, O. G. (1968). 2426:due to their very high 2379:(VOC) directive of the 1567:Freon-13, R-13, CFC-13 1544:Freon-12, R-12, CFC-12 1540:Dichlorodifluoromethane 1524:Freon-11, R-11, CFC-11 1102:dichlorodifluoromethane 774:Freshwater salinization 694:Agricultural wastewater 8799:Environment portal 8032:Agricultural pollution 4920:HCFC Phaseout Schedule 4136:McNeill, J.R. (2001). 3191: 2940: 2620:CHF2) and HFC-143a (CF 2485:ozone were published. 2469: 2322: 2290: 2187: 2066: 2047: 2003:photo-induced scission 1563:Chlorotrifluoromethane 1520:Trichlorofluoromethane 1197:) and −128 °C (CF 1058:) are fully or partly 993:Environment portal 8454:Industrial wastewater 8320:Clutter (advertising) 8228:Municipal solid waste 8074:Soil guideline values 7918:Sustainable transport 7811:Information pollution 7611:Open burning of waste 7491:chemical nomenclature 5100:Clinical Therapeutics 4972:Nature Climate Change 4800:accessed 25 June 2008 4486:"| Ozone Secretariat" 3192: 2941: 2866:partial pressure (pSF 2515:Metered-dose inhalers 2467: 2451:resisted such efforts 2449:, who had previously 2350:Regulation and DuPont 2320: 2301:forged a treaty, the 2280: 2186: 2064: 2054:due to their part in 2044: 1602:Chlorodifluoromethane 1582:Dichlorofluoromethane 1425:, where m is nonzero. 1324:, where m is nonzero. 1285:chlorodifluoromethane 1209:chlorodifluoromethane 734:Industrial wastewater 502:Municipal solid waste 424:Soil guideline values 8853:Halogenated solvents 8726:Most polluted cities 8419:Biological pollution 8330:Overhead power lines 5762:Gas conversion table 5663:. pp. 883–884. 4773:10.1029/2000JD900141 4758:(D14): 17751–17792. 3440:. pp. 441–478. 3379:"Hydrofluoroolefins" 3226:Van 't Hoff equation 2961: 2877: 2535:Previously used CFC 2076:"atmospheric window" 2074:—referred to as the 1976:R-225cb, HCFC-225cb 1949:R-225ca, HCFC-225ca 1442:List of refrigerants 943:Most polluted cities 595:Overhead power lines 21:CFC (disambiguation) 8833:Aerosol propellants 8828:Chlorofluorocarbons 8789:WikiProject Ecology 8486:Ocean acidification 8391:Unexploded ordnance 8262:Post-consumer waste 8122:Foam food container 8100:Biodegradable waste 7674:Global distillation 6947:not C, H or O) 5638:2002DSRI...49..175B 5603:1991JGR....96.8733W 5568:1995DSRI...42.1151B 5528:2010MarCh.121..100M 5490:1985DSRA...32.1485W 5441:as Ocean Tracers". 5399:2003JOce...59..719W 5352:2008DSRI...55.1063B 5278:"Phasing Down HFCs" 4879:2007PNAS..104.4814V 4764:2000JGR...10517751P 4515:www.firesafe.org.uk 4388:. 23 December 2009. 4302:2008AtmEn..42.7706L 4242:rapidtransition.org 3812:2009AtmEn..43...37R 3756:2009JPCA..11312694B 3750:(45): 12694–12699. 3705:1975Sci...190...50R 3670:2009JQSRT.110..533R 3324:1968HWM....17..335M 3243:the ratio of the SF 2375:in 1994 and by the 2363:Phasing-out of CFCs 2333:By the time of the 1621:Chlorofluoromethane 1511:Boiling point (°C) 1289:tetrafluoroethylene 1278:aerosol propellants 1044:Chlorofluorocarbons 759:Ocean acidification 669:Unexploded ordnance 590:Advertising clutter 522:Post-consumer waste 467:Foam food container 452:Biodegradable waste 109:Global distillation 8878:Belgian inventions 8809:Ecology portal 8693:Waste minimisation 8668:Industrial ecology 8663:Cleaner production 8481:Nutrient pollution 8358:Herbicidal warfare 8152:Construction waste 7788:Introduced species 7659:Indoor air quality 7586:Chlorofluorocarbon 7389:Hypervalent iodine 5799:2016-04-15 at the 5787:2000-08-19 at the 5751:Chlorofluorocarbon 5697:2011-02-08 at the 5065:2008-07-06 at the 4926:2009-07-16 at the 4836:The New York Times 4816:2011-03-19 at the 4796:2008-09-19 at the 4728:2009-09-19 at the 4560:2009-12-04 at the 4466:. 23 February 2023 4173:10.2458/v9i1.21636 3333:10.1007/BF01611234 3258:cardiac arrhythmia 3187: 2936: 2799:Hydrofluoroolefins 2732:); HFC-365 mfc (CF 2608:); HFC-507 (a 1:1 2470: 2323: 2307:European Community 2291: 2188: 2156:Thomas Midgley Jr. 2099:bromofluorocarbons 2067: 2048: 1821:R-142b, HCFC-142b 1798:R-141b, HCFC-141b 1360:bromofluorocarbons 1142:hydrofluoroolefins 1138:hydrofluorocarbons 1005:Ecology portal 630:Herbicidal warfare 174:Introduced species 114:Indoor air quality 84:Chlorofluorocarbon 8815: 8814: 8688:Pollution control 8368:Nuclear holocaust 8277:Thermal treatment 8245:Plastic pollution 8162:Mercury poisoning 8115:Battery recycling 8014:Radioactive waste 7783:Genetic pollution 7778:Biological hazard 7576:Air quality index 7512: 7511: 7450:Sulfenyl chloride 7428: 7427: 6927: 6926: 6746:(only C, H and O) 6587:Functional groups 6553: 6552: 5678:978-0-12-386455-0 5611:10.1029/91JC00104 5597:(C5): 8733–8740. 5484:(12): 1485–1497. 5319:978-92-0-100805-3 5028:. 6 February 2020 4610:978-0-262-04179-9 4434:Independent.co.uk 4370:on 22 March 2012. 4360:978-92-807-2815-6 4147:978-0-393-32183-8 3989:10.1029/95GL00488 3844:978-1-107-02155-6 3764:10.1021/jp905097g 3664:(9–10): 533–572. 3455:978-1-4613-7057-4 3422:978-3-527-30385-4 3359:on 19 August 2014 3283:. 19 March 2021. 3170: 3138: 3080: 3048: 3011: 2934: 2790: 2789: 2706:); HCFC-141b (CCl 2636:) and HFC-125 (CF 2562:); HCFC-22 (CHClF 2519:hydrofluoroalkane 2424:Montreal Protocol 2388:Montreal Protocol 2357:Montreal Protocol 2335:Montreal Protocol 2303:Montreal Protocol 2083:greenhouse effect 2052:Montreal Protocol 1994: 1993: 1733:CFC-114a, R-114a 1144:(HFOs) including 1134:Montreal Protocol 1081:(F), produced as 1041: 1040: 976: 975: 642:Nuclear holocaust 565:Urban heat island 379:Radioactive waste 164:Biological hazard 74:Air quality index 8900: 8848:Greenhouse gases 8807: 8806: 8805: 8797: 8796: 8787: 8786: 8779: 8778: 8771: 8770: 8758: 8757: 8632:Legacy pollution 8491:Oil exploitation 8353:Chemical warfare 8267:Waste management 8174:Industrial waste 8142:Biomedical waste 8110:Electronic waste 8095:Advertising mail 8079:Phytoremediation 8054:Land degradation 7839:Overillumination 7793:Invasive species 7539: 7532: 7525: 7516: 7479: 7384:Trifluoromethoxy 6952: 6948: 6751: 6747: 6600: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6216:Tetrasubstituted 5840: 5833: 5826: 5817: 5806:Freon in car A/C 5767:Nomenclature FAQ 5737: 5736: 5721: 5720: 5708: 5702: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5562:(7): 1151–1161. 5551: 5540: 5539: 5522:(1–4): 100–111. 5516:Marine Chemistry 5511: 5502: 5501: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5411: 5410: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5346:(8): 1063–1074. 5335: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5095: 5089: 5076: 5070: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5026:Project Drawdown 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4937: 4931: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4890: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4807: 4801: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4742: 4733: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4571: 4565: 4551: 4545: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4363:. Archived from 4348: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4152:(as reviewed in 4151: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4013:on 29 April 2019 3999: 3993: 3992: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3775: 3773:2060/20110023746 3739: 3733: 3732: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3580:"Halons Program" 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3508:www.achrnews.com 3500: 3494: 3493: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3383:GAB Neumann GmbH 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355:. Archived from 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3318:(1–4): 335–339. 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3277:"Climate Change" 3273: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3155: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3112: 3111: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3029: 3028: 3016: 3012: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2985: 2984: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2913: 2896: 2845:Using CFCs or SF 2760:F); CFC-113 (CCl 2574:); CFC-114 (CClF 2524: 2420:Kigali Amendment 2404:air conditioning 2373:greenhouse gases 2287:Animated version 2125:greenhouse gases 2087:perfluorocarbons 2005:of a C-Cl bond: 1779:R-124, HCFC-124 1503:Systematic name 1495: 1430:Numbering system 1033: 1026: 1019: 1003: 1002: 1001: 991: 990: 922: 625:Chemical warfare 527:Waste management 487:Industrial waste 462:Electronic waste 447:Advertising mail 429:Phytoremediation 404:Land degradation 344:Depleted uranium 229:Overillumination 179:Invasive species 51: 28: 8908: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8868:Ozone depletion 8818: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8803: 8801: 8791: 8748: 8734: 8702: 8651: 8600: 8567: 8506:Pharmaceuticals 8496:Oil exploration 8400: 8372:Nuclear fallout 8339: 8301: 8283: 8257:Packaging waste 8211:Deep sea mining 8137:Hazardous waste 8083: 8064:Open defecation 8018: 7984:Nuclear fallout 7979:Nuclear fission 7955: 7881: 7850: 7821:Electromagnetic 7815: 7799: 7764: 7684:Ozone depletion 7557: 7548: 7543: 7513: 7508: 7477: 7469: 7424: 7379:Trichloromethyl 7374:Trifluoromethyl 7348: 7325: 7287: 7264: 7159: 7128:Phosphine oxide 7080: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6923: 6883: 6826: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6724: 6598: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6554: 6549: 6538: 6534: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6472: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6421: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6380: 6371: 6363: 6349: 6340: 6331: 6322: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6251: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6159: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6112: 6093: 6084: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5928: 5923: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5887: 5876:Monosubstituted 5870: 5866: 5849: 5844: 5801:Wayback Machine 5789:Wayback Machine 5758: 5757: 5756: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5699:Wayback Machine 5690: 5686: 5679: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5553: 5552: 5543: 5513: 5512: 5505: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5414: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5337: 5336: 5327: 5320: 5309: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5284:. 9 August 2022 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5259: 5257:p2infohouse.org 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5211: 5209: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5086:Wayback Machine 5077: 5073: 5067:Wayback Machine 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 5002:. 17 March 2020 4994: 4993: 4989: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4928:Wayback Machine 4918: 4914: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4818:Wayback Machine 4808: 4804: 4798:Wayback Machine 4785: 4781: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4730:Wayback Machine 4720: 4716: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4657:. 22 July 2015. 4653: 4652: 4648: 4626: 4625: 4618: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4562:Wayback Machine 4552: 4548: 4534:Campbell, Nick 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4436:. 16 May 2018. 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4153: 4148: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4115: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3797: 3796: 3789: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3699:(4209): 50–52. 3690: 3689: 3685: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625:. p. 731. 3618: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3582:. 15 July 2015. 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3281:The White House 3275: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3158: 3157: 3147: 3126: 3116: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3068: 3067: 3057: 3036: 3020: 2999: 2989: 2976: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2914: 2897: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2814: 2801: 2795: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698:F); CFC 113 (Cl 2697: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2655: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558:F); CFC-13(CClF 2557: 2553: 2549: 2479: 2462: 2412: 2365: 2352: 2343: 2297:, diplomats in 2248:of CFC-11 over 2226: 2203:Beginning with 2181: 2147: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2056:ozone depletion 2039: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1989: 1985: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1940: 1921: 1904: 1900: 1881: 1877: 1857: 1853: 1834: 1830: 1811: 1807: 1788: 1769: 1765: 1746: 1742: 1723: 1719: 1700: 1696: 1677: 1673: 1654: 1634: 1615: 1595: 1576: 1557: 1553: 1533: 1507: 1498:Principal CFCs 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1226: 1222: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1168: 1162: 1126:ozone depletion 1116:applications), 1085:derivatives of 1037: 999: 997: 985: 978: 977: 877: 869: 868: 842: 834: 833: 769:Pharmaceuticals 749:Nonpoint source 689: 679: 678: 647:Nuclear fallout 620: 610: 609: 580: 570: 569: 560: 550: 549: 540: 532: 531: 517:Packaging waste 482:Hazardous waste 442: 434: 433: 394: 384: 383: 354:Nuclear fallout 349:Nuclear fission 329: 319: 318: 284: 274: 273: 249: 241: 240: 214: 212:Electromagnetic 204: 203: 194: 186: 185: 159: 149: 148: 119:Ozone depletion 64: 54: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8906: 8904: 8896: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8820: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8723: 8721:Law by country 8718: 8712: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543:Surface runoff 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8429:Eutrophication 8426: 8421: 8416: 8410: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8386:Scorched earth 8383: 8380:nuclear winter 8376:nuclear famine 8365: 8355: 8349: 8347: 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8221:Uranium mining 8218: 8213: 8208: 8206:Surface mining 8203: 8198: 8188: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8157:Lead poisoning 8154: 8149: 8147:Chemical waste 8144: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8059:Bioremediation 8056: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8028: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7974:Bioremediation 7971: 7965: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7945: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895:Transportation 7891: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7848: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7825: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7780: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7669:Global dimming 7666: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7640:Diesel exhaust 7632: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7487: 7480: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7465:Sulfinylamines 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7445:Phosphoramides 7442: 7440:Isothiocyanate 7436: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7360: 7358: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7316:Selenenic acid 7313: 7311:Seleninic acid 7308: 7306:Selenonic acid 7303: 7297: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7099:Phosphodiester 7090: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6960: 6958: 6949: 6945:(one element, 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6836: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6822:Methylenedioxy 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6748: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6603: 6601: 6599:(only C and H) 6591: 6590: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6049:Trisubstituted 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5745:chemical-class 5739: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727:External links 5725: 5723: 5722: 5703: 5684: 5677: 5651: 5632:(1): 175–187. 5616: 5581: 5541: 5503: 5468: 5449:(1): 173–195. 5435: 5412: 5393:(5): 719–729. 5379: 5365: 5325: 5318: 5295: 5269: 5244: 5219: 5207:What is Piping 5193: 5168: 5141:(8): 615–665. 5125: 5090: 5071: 5051: 5039: 5013: 4987: 4957: 4932: 4912: 4873:(12): 4814–9. 4853: 4838:. p. A9. 4822: 4802: 4779: 4734: 4714: 4702:service.gov.uk 4686: 4675:. 1 April 2021 4660: 4646: 4635:(1): 103–114. 4616: 4609: 4591: 4566: 4546: 4527: 4502: 4490:ozone.unep.org 4477: 4451: 4421: 4391: 4373: 4359: 4333: 4315: 4279: 4254: 4229: 4204: 4179: 4146: 4128: 4113: 4095: 4069: 4051: 4024: 3994: 3983:(7): 815–818. 3969: 3960: 3948: 3939: 3927: 3918: 3906: 3897: 3885: 3876: 3864: 3850: 3843: 3825: 3787: 3734: 3695:. New Series. 3683: 3643: 3616:"Appendix 8.A" 3607: 3585: 3571: 3546: 3520: 3495: 3488: 3461: 3454: 3428: 3421: 3395: 3370: 3339: 3298: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2797:Main article: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2605: 2601: 2600:; HFC-134a (CF 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2582:); CFC-115 (CF 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566:); CFC-113 (Cl 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2478: 2475: 2461: 2458: 2435:United Nations 2416:Kyoto Protocol 2411: 2408: 2364: 2361: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2341:Regulatory gap 2339: 2254:Sherry Rowland 2238:James Lovelock 2225: 2222: 2180: 2177: 2146: 2143: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2104: 2038: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2010: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606:R-22, HCFC-22 1604: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586:R-21, HCFC-21 1584: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508:name(s), code 1506:Common/trivial 1504: 1500: 1499: 1479: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1434:Main article: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1363: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1274:blowing agents 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1170:As in simpler 1164:Main article: 1161: 1158: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1021: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 995: 980: 979: 974: 973: 972: 971: 963: 962: 958: 957: 956: 955: 950: 945: 940: 938:Law by country 935: 927: 926: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 865: 864: 859: 849: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 809:Surface runoff 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 709:Eutrophication 706: 701: 696: 690: 685: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 671: 666: 664:Scorched earth 661: 660: 659: 657:Nuclear winter 654: 652:Nuclear famine 649: 639: 638: 637: 627: 621: 616: 615: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 561: 556: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 409:Bioremediation 406: 401: 395: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 339:Bioremediation 336: 330: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 289:Transportation 285: 280: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 236:Radio spectrum 233: 232: 231: 226: 215: 210: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 171: 166: 160: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 104:Global dimming 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8905: 8894: 8893:Air pollution 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8810: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8782: 8774: 8765: 8761: 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8564: 8563:Water quality 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8325:Traffic signs 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8251: 8250:Microplastics 8248: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8240:Nanomaterials 8238: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8179:Lead smelting 8177: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7999:Radioactivity 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7951:Noise control 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7699:Metal working 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7475: 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7344:Telluroketone 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7290: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230:Sulfonic acid 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220:Sulfinic acid 7218: 7216: 7215:Thiosulfonate 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Thiosulfinate 7203: 7201: 7200:Sulfenic acid 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7155:Phosphaallene 7153: 7151: 7150:Phosphaalkyne 7148: 7146: 7145:Phosphaalkene 7143: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6950: 6930: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Ethylenedioxy 6815: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6509: 6507: 6500: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6484: 6482: 6476: 6474: 6467: 6465: 6458: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6437: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6416: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6375: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6344: 6342: 6335: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6317: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6296: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6154: 6152: 6145: 6143: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6021: 6019: 6009: 6007: 6000: 5998: 5991: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5970: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5952: 5950: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5934:Disubstituted 5931: 5925: 5918: 5916: 5909: 5907: 5900: 5898: 5891: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5855:Unsubstituted 5852: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5688: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5369: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5296: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5194: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106:(2): 237–47. 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5040: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4958: 4946: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4854: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4715: 4703: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4592: 4580: 4579:New Scientist 4576: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4280: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4114:0-471-24410-4 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3644: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3489:3-527-30673-0 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3183: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2857: 2855: 2843: 2820: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2792: 2773: 2770: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2719: 2716: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2662: 2652:CFC-114 (CClF 2651: 2648: 2647: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2592: 2554:); CFC-11(CCl 2545: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2483:stratospheric 2476: 2474: 2466: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:United States 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2371:directive on 2370: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:mole fraction 2239: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2185: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2152:chloromethane 2144: 2142: 2140: 2137:According to 2135: 2132: 2126: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2004: 1996: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1471: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1429: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1326: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128:in the upper 1127: 1123: 1120:systems, and 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1065:that contain 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1006: 996: 994: 989: 984: 983: 982: 981: 970: 967: 966: 965: 964: 959: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 928: 923: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 873: 872: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 838: 837: 830: 827: 825: 824:Water quality 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 688: 683: 682: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 636: 633: 632: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 619: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 600:Traffic signs 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 579: 574: 573: 566: 563: 562: 559: 554: 553: 546: 543: 542: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 507:Nanomaterials 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 393: 388: 387: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 369:Radioactivity 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 323: 322: 315: 314:Soundproofing 312: 310: 309:Noise control 307: 305: 304:Noise barrier 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 283: 278: 277: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 237: 234: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 208: 207: 200: 197: 196: 190: 189: 180: 177: 176: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 158: 153: 152: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 63: 58: 57: 50: 46: 45: 42: 38: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 8873:Refrigerants 8858:Halomethanes 8843:Firefighting 8642:Point source 8584:Heavy metals 8558:Urban runoff 8538:Sulfur water 8516:Septic tanks 8362:Agent Orange 8216:Mining waste 8042:Manure waste 7872:Volcanic ash 7748:Black carbon 7704:Oil refining 7689:Particulates 7618:Construction 7585: 7489: 7482: 7396:Vinyl halide 7353: 7283:Borinic acid 7278:Boronic acid 7255:Thioxanthate 6595:Hydrocarbons 5847:Halomethanes 5749: 5748: 5747:profile for 5744: 5706: 5687: 5660: 5654: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5559: 5555: 5519: 5515: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5446: 5442: 5390: 5386: 5368: 5343: 5339: 5305: 5298: 5286:. 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Retrieved 4082: 4072: 4064:ScienceDaily 4063: 4054: 4042:. Retrieved 4027: 4015:. Retrieved 4011:the original 4006: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3853: 3834: 3828: 3806:(1): 37–50. 3803: 3799: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3661: 3657: 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3622: 3610: 3597: 3588: 3574: 3562:. Retrieved 3559:gml.noaa.gov 3558: 3549: 3537:. Retrieved 3533: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3507: 3498: 3471: 3464: 3437: 3431: 3404: 3398: 3386:. Retrieved 3382: 3373: 3361:. Retrieved 3357:the original 3352: 3342: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3289:. Retrieved 3280: 3271: 3254: 3233: 3230: 3199: 2948: 2861: 2844: 2828: 2815: 2806: 2802: 2538:Replacement 2532:Application 2518: 2512: 2508: 2504:cyclopentane 2491:stratosphere 2487: 2480: 2471: 2455: 2432: 2413: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2366: 2353: 2344: 2332: 2324: 2292: 2283:Dobson units 2263:stratosphere 2258:Mario Molina 2227: 2209: 2192:World War II 2189: 2173: 2165: 2148: 2136: 2133: 2080: 2068: 2049: 2020: 2000: 1912:Halon 2311a 1484: 1472: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1282: 1270:refrigerants 1266: 1263:Applications 1258:CHBrCl + HBr 1230: 1223:+ 2 HF → HCF 1206: 1203: 1180: 1169: 1106:refrigerants 1099: 1063:hydrocarbons 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 912:Point source 857:Heavy metals 819:Urban runoff 804:Sulfur water 779:Septic tanks 635:Agent Orange 545:Space debris 399:Agricultural 264:Volcanic ash 124:Particulates 83: 25: 8612:Area source 8521:Pit latrine 8444:Groundwater 8201:Gold mining 8196:Coal mining 8167:Toxic waste 8132:Green waste 8105:Brown waste 8088:Solid waste 7635:Exhaust gas 7460:Thiocyanate 7455:Sulfonamide 7420:Perchlorate 7408:Acyl halide 7369:Fluoroethyl 7250:Thionoester 7138:Phosphonium 7123:Phosphinate 7118:Phosphonous 7106:Phosphonate 6805:Hydroperoxy 6627:Cyclopropyl 5288:12 December 5262:12 December 5212:12 December 5186:12 December 4679:12 December 4584:12 December 4520:12 December 4495:12 December 4272:12 December 4247:12 December 4222:12 December 4197:12 December 4007:Environment 3564:12 December 3539:12 December 3513:12 December 3388:12 December 2756:CFC-11 (CCl 2694:CFC-11 (CCl 2612:mixture of 2594:HFC-23 (CHF 2546:CFC-12 (CCl 2437:-sponsored 2267:ultraviolet 2230:ozone layer 2213:ozone layer 1931:Halon 2311 1176:tetrahedral 1140:(HFCs) and 1110:propellants 1060:halogenated 882:Area source 724:Groundwater 477:Green waste 457:Brown waste 441:Solid waste 199:Information 94:Exhaust gas 8822:Categories 8764:by country 8760:Categories 8698:Zero waste 8579:Pollutants 8533:Stagnation 8471:Monitoring 8439:Freshwater 8315:Air travel 8127:Food waste 8047:Pesticides 8037:Herbicides 7941:Industrial 7770:Biological 7630:Demolition 7623:Renovation 7606:Joss paper 7591:Combustion 7364:Haloalkane 7235:Thioketone 7190:Persulfide 7086:Phosphorus 7051:Isocyanate 7041:Isonitrile 6942:or oxygen 6940:hydrogen, 6936:not being 6917:Orthoester 6810:Dioxiranes 6788:Enol ether 6676:1-Propenyl 5032:18 October 5006:18 October 4945:pib.gov.in 4846:5 February 3264:References 2821:CFC and SF 2772:HCFC-225cb 2610:azeotropic 2295:Antarctica 2224:Regulation 2200:Halon 1211 2196:Halon 1301 1440:See also: 1233:anesthetic 1227:Cl + 2 HCl 1213:chloroform 1130:atmosphere 1077:(Cl), and 969:By country 961:Categories 852:Pollutants 829:Wastewater 799:Stagnation 744:Monitoring 719:Freshwater 585:Air travel 472:Food waste 414:Defecation 224:Ecological 157:Biological 89:Combustion 31:Part of a 8888:Pollution 8656:Responses 8627:Garbology 8553:Turbidity 8501:Oil spill 8434:Firewater 8335:Vandalism 8297:Satellite 7994:Poisoning 7989:Plutonium 7969:Actinides 7961:Radiation 7709:Wood dust 7571:Acid rain 7546:Pollution 7497:inorganic 7331:Tellurium 7245:Thioester 7210:Sulfoxide 7195:Disulfide 7183:Sulfonium 7133:Phosphine 7111:Phosphite 7094:Phosphate 7026:Carbamate 7001:Hydrazone 6934:element, 6932:Only one 6905:Anhydride 6644:Methylene 6548:compound. 4083:ThoughtCo 4044:2 October 3034:⁡ 2968:⁡ 2718:HFC-245fa 2676:HFC-227ea 2271:homolytic 1997:Reactions 1918:CHClFCBrF 897:Garbology 814:Turbidity 764:Oil spill 714:Firewater 699:Biosolids 605:Vandalism 364:Poisoning 359:Plutonium 334:Actinides 327:Radiation 69:Acid rain 41:Pollution 8744:Treaties 8716:Diseases 8528:Shipping 8424:Diseases 8272:Landfill 7947:Abstract 7944:Military 7877:Wildfire 7726:Smelting 7694:Asbestos 7478:See also 7413:Chloride 7339:Tellurol 7293:Selenium 7260:Xanthate 6974:Ammonium 6956:Nitrogen 6938:carbon, 6895:Carboxyl 6862:Aldehyde 6850:Acryloyl 6832:carbonyl 6736:hydrogen 6691:Cumulene 6355:C*BrClFI 6165:C*HBrClI 6099:C*HBrClF 5797:Archived 5785:Archived 5717:Archived 5695:Archived 5463:21329203 5163:53745498 5155:30474464 5120:10743983 5082:Archived 5063:Archived 4924:Archived 4907:17360370 4840:Archived 4814:Archived 4794:Archived 4726:Archived 4558:Archived 4438:Archived 4408:Archived 4353:. 2007. 4123:53284995 4088:11 April 4038:Archived 4036:. 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