254:
1343:
1390:
1214:, may also represent another site of cryovolcanism on Pluto. An estimated 300 kilometres (190 miles) of Virgil Fossae's western section was likely the site of a fountaining eruption, spewing and dispersing material that covered surrounding terrain up to 200 kilometres (120 miles) away. More recently, in 2021 Hekla Cavus was hypothesized to have formed from a cryovolcanic collapse by a team of two researchers, C. J. Ahrens and V. F. Chevrier. Similarly, in 2021 a team of planetary scientists led by A. Emran proposed that Kiladze, a feature that is formally classified as an impact crater, is actually a cryovolcanic caldera complex.
1327:
1359:
1426:
1165:
1134:
represent Triton's youngest cryovolcanic features. The regions around Ruach and
Tuonela feature additional smaller subcircular depressions, some of which are partially bordered by walls and scarps. In 2014, a team of planetary scientists interpreted these depressions as diapirs, caldera collapse structures, or impact craters filled in by cryolava flows. To the south of Tuonela Planitia, isolated conical hills with central depressions have been noted as resembling terrestrial cinder cones, possibly pointing to cryovolcanic activity beyond Tuonela Planitia's plains.
1374:
818:
31:
968:
1308:
1207:, two large mountains with central depressions which have led to hypotheses that they may be cryovolcanoes with peak calderas. The two mountains are surrounded by an unusual region of hilly "hummocky terrain", and the lack of distinct flow features have led to an alternative proposal in 2022 by a team of researchers that the structures may instead be formed by sequential dome-forming eruptions, with nearby Coleman Mons being a smaller independent dome.
1438:
911:(HST) in December 2012 detected columns of excess water vapor up to 200 kilometres (120 miles) high, hinting at the existence of weak, possibly cryovolcanic plumes. The plumes were observed again by the HST in 2014. However, as these are distant observations, the plumes have yet to be definitively confirmed as eruptions. Recent analyses of some Europan surface features have proposed cryovolcanic origins for them as well. In 2011, Europa's
431:
4726:
4750:
1027:, an ovular depression that resembles a caldera. Several round lakes and depressions in Titan's polar regions show structural evidence of an explosive origin, including overlapping depressions, raised rims (or "ramparts"), and islands or mountains within depression rim. These characteristics led to a 2020 hypothesis by planetary scientists Charles A. Wood and Jani Radebaugh that they form from either
1146:; however, more recent analysis in 2022 disfavors the solid greenhouse effect model. An alternative cryovolcanic model, first proposed by R. L. Kirk and collaborators in 1995, instead suggests that the plumes represent explosive cryovolcanic eruption columnsâan interpretation supported by the estimated observed output rate of ~200 kg/s, comparable to the output of Enceladus's plumes.
4497:
4762:
1414:
1402:
4738:
915:, where the crust appears especially disrupted, was interpreted by a team of researchers as the site of very shallow cryomagma lakes. As these subsurface lakes melt and refreeze, they fracture Europa's crust into small blocks, creating the chaos terrain. Later, in 2023, a field of cryovolcanic cones was tentatively identified near the western edge of
874:(formerly Ysolos Mons), two prominent isolated mountains which are likely young cryovolcanic domes. It is expected that cryovolcanic domes eventually subside after becoming extinct due to viscous relaxation, flattening them. This would explain why Ahuna Mons appears to be the most prominent construct on Ceres, despite its geologically young age.
3753:
Hofgartner, Jason D.; Birch, Samuel P. D.; Castillo, Julie; Grundy, Will M.; Hansen, Candice J.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Howett, Carly J. A.; Hurford, Terry A.; Martin, Emily S.; Mitchell, Karl L.; Nordheim, Tom A.; Poston, Michael J.; Prockter, Louise M.; Quick, Lynnae C.; Schenk, Paul (15 March 2022).
373:
Internal pressurization: the progressive pressurization of a subsurface ocean as it cools and freezes may be enough to force cryomagma to ascend to the surface due to water's unusual property of expanding upon freezing. Internal ocean pressurization does not necessitate the addition of other volatile
322:
Effusive cryovolcanism takes place with little to no explosive activity and is instead characterized by widespread cryolava flows which cover the pre-existing landscape. In contrast to explosive cryovolcanism, no instances of active effusive cryovolcanism have been observed. Structures constructed by
107:
as well. As such, cryovolcanism is important to the geological histories of these worlds, constructing landforms or even resurfacing entire regions. Despite this, only a few eruptions have ever been observed in the Solar System. The sporadic nature of direct observations means that the true number of
415:
does. As the ice convects, warmer ice becomes buoyant relative to surrounding colder ice, rising towards the surface. The convection can be aided by local density differences in the ice due to an uneven distribution of impurities in the ice shell. If the warm ice intrudes on particularly impure ice
383:
In addition to overcoming the density barrier, cryomagma also requires a way to reach the surface in order to erupt. Fractures in particular, either the result of global or localized stress in the icy crust, providing potential eruptive conduits for cryomagma to exploit. Such stresses may come from
1117:
spacecraft on 25 August 1989, revealing Triton's surface features up close for the first time. With an estimated average surface age of 10â100 million years old, with some regions possibly being only a few million years old, Triton is one of the most geologically active worlds in the Solar System.
490:
Reservoirs of cryomagma can hypothetically form within the shell of an icy world as well, either from direct localized melting or the injection of cryomagma from a deeper subsurface ocean. A convective layer in the ice shell can generate warm plumes that spread laterally at the base of the brittle
357:
Compositional buoyancy: the introduction of impurities such as ammonia, which is expected to be common in the outer Solar System, can help lower the densities of cryomagmas. However, the presence of impurities in cryomagma alone is unlikely to succeed in overcoming the density barrier. Conversely,
1141:
deposited by wind-blown plumes. At least two plumes, the
Mahilani Plume and the Hili Plume, have been observed, with the two plumes reaching 8 kilometres (5.0 miles) in altitude. These plumes have been hypothesized by numerous teams of researchers in the early 1990s to be driven by the buildup of
1279:
spacecraft, indicate that icy worlds are capable of sustaining enough heat on their own to drive cryovolcanic activity. In contrast to the icy satellites of the giant planets, where many benefit from extensive tidal heating from their parent planets, the dwarf planets must rely on heat generated
1133:
form a northern pair, and Sipapu
Planitia and Ryugu Planitia form a southern pair. The walled plains are characterized by crenulated, irregularly-shaped cliffs that enclose a flat, young plain with a single group of pits and mounds. The walled plains are likely young cryovolcanic lakes and may
1069:
is located near
Miranda's south pole and is estimated to be less than 1 billion years old, and broad similarities between Miranda's coronae and Enceladus's south polar region have been noted. These characteristics have led to several teams of researchers to propose a cryovolcanic origin of the
88:. Cryovolcanic eruptions can take many forms, such as fissure and curtain eruptions, effusive cryolava flows, and large-scale resurfacing, and can vary greatly in output volumes. Immediately after an eruption, cryolava quickly freezes, constructing geological features and altering the surface.
802:
Although there are broad parallels between cryovolcanism and terrestrial (or "silicate") volcanism, such as the construction of domes and shields, the definitive identification of cryovolcanic structures is difficult. The unusual properties of water-dominated cryolava, for example, means that
365:
Gas-driven buoyancy: besides affecting density, the inclusion of more volatile impurities may help decrease the density of cryomagma as it ascends by the formation of gas bubbles. The volatile compounds are fully dissolved in the cryomagma when pressurized deep beneath the surface. Should the
1832:
Schenk, P. M.; Beyer, R. A.; McKinnon, W. B.; Moore, J. M.; Spencer, J. R.; White, O. L.; Singer, K.; Nimmo, F.; Thomason, C.; Lauer, T. R.; Robbins, S.; Umurhan, O. M.; Grundy, W. M.; Stern, S. A.; Weaver, H. A.; Young, L. A.; Smith, K. E.; Olkin, C. (November 2018). "Basins, fractures and
991:
Other regions centered on
Enceladus's leading and trailing hemispheresâthe hemispheres that "face" towards or against the direction of Enceladus's orbitâexhibit similar terrain to that of the Tiger Stripes, possibly indicating that Enceladus has experienced discrete periods of heightened
3996:; Cook, Jason C.; Bertrand, Tanguy; Stern, S. Alan; Olkin, Catherine B.; Weaver, Harold A.; Young, Leslie A.; Spencer, John R.; Lisse, Carey M.; Binzel, Richard P.; Earle, Alissa M.; Robbins, Stuart J.; Gladstone, G. Randall; Cartwright, Richard J.; Ennico, Kimberly (15 September 2019).
495:, where friction may be able to generate enough heat to melt ice; and impact events that violently heat the impact site. Intrusive models, meanwhile, propose that a deeper subsurface ocean directly injects cryomagma through fractures in the ice shell, much like volcanic
265:, is expected to be driven by the exsolvation of dissolved volatile gasses as pressure drops whilst cryomagma ascends, much like the mechanisms of explosive volcanism on terrestrial planets. Whereas terrestrial explosive volcanism is primarily driven by dissolved water (
1198:
on 14 July 2015, observing their surface features in detail for the first time. The surface of Pluto varies dramatically in age, and several regions appear to display relatively recent cryovolcanic activity. The most reliably identified cryovolcanic structures are
577:'s icy moons, where salt-dominated impurities are likely more common. Besides affecting density and viscosity, the inclusions of impuritiesâparticularly salts and especially ammoniaâcan encourage melting by significantly lowering the melting point of cryomagma.
3991:
Cruikshank, Dale P.; Umurhan, Orkan M.; Beyer, Ross A.; Schmitt, Bernard; Keane, James T.; Runyon, Kirby D.; Atri, Dimitra; White, Oliver L.; Matsuyama, Isamu; Moore, Jeffrey M.; McKinnon, William B.; Sandford, Scott A.; Singer, Kelsi N.; Grundy, William M.;
1221:
represents the youngest surface on Pluto, it is not a cryovolcanic structure; Sputnik
Planitia continuously resurfaces itself with the convective overturning of glacial nitrogen ice, fuelled by Pluto's internal heat and sublimation into Pluto's atmosphere.
1014:
which permanently obscures visible observations of its surface features, making the definitive identification of cryovolcanic structures especially difficult. Titan has an extensive subsurface ocean, encouraging searches for evidence of cryovolcanism. From
1264:. The detection indicated that all three have experienced internal melting and planetary differentiation in their pasts. The presence of volatiles on their surfaces indicates that cryovolcanism may be resupplying methane. JWST spectral observations of
339:
For cryovolcanism to occur, three conditions must be met: an ample supply of cryomagma must be produced in a reservoir, the cryomagma must have a force driving ascent, and conduits need to be formed to the surface where cryomagma is able to ascend.
352:
where liquid magma is less dense than solid rock. As such, cryomagma must overcome this in order to erupt onto a body's surface. A variety of hypotheses have been proposed by planetary scientists to explain how cryomagma erupts onto the surface:
891:
receives enough tidal heating from
Jupiter to sustain a global liquid water ocean. Its surface is exceedingly young, at roughly 60 to 90 million years old. Its most striking features, a dense web of linear cracks and faults termed
862:, indicates that the upwelling occurred recently or is currently ongoing. That brine exists in Ceres's interior implies that salts played a role in keeping Ceres's subsurface ocean liquid, potentially even to the present day.
439:
Cryovolcanism implies the generation of large volumes of molten fluid in the interiors of icy worlds. A primary reservoir of such fluid are subsurface oceans. Subsurface oceans are widespread amongst the icy satellites of the
434:
A diagram of Europa's probable internal structure, with a hot core tidally heated by
Jupiter's influence. A global subsurface ocean exists underneath Europa's surface, with localized melting possibly occurring within its ice
946:
imagery. The paterae have been hypothesized by several teams of planetary scientists as caldera-like cryovolcanic vents. However, conclusive evidence for a cryovolcanic origin of these structures remains elusive in imagery.
854:. These bright spots are composed primarily of various salts, and are hypothesized to have formed from impact-induced upwelling of subsurface material that erupt brine to Ceres's surface. The distribution of hydrated
2197:
Glein, Christopher R.; Grundy, William M.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Wong, Ian; Protopapa, Silvia; Pinilla-Alonso, Noemi; Stansberry, John A.; Holler, Bryan J.; Cook, Jason C.; Souza-Feliciano, Ana
Carolina (April 2024).
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Emery, J. P.; Wong, I.; Brunetto, R.; Cook, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Stansberry, J. A.; et al. (March 2024). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf
Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST Spectroscopy".
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Large-scale cryovolcanic landforms have been identified on Triton's young surface, with nearly all of Triton's observed surface features likely related to cryovolcanism. One of Triton's major cryovolcanic features,
511:
Water is expected to be the dominant component of cryomagmas. Besides water, cryomagma may contain additional impurities, drastically changing its properties. Certain compounds can lower the density of cryomagma.
177:. Cryomagma refers to the molten or partially molten material beneath a body's surface, where it may then erupt onto the surface. If the material is still fluid, it is classified as cryolava, which can flow in
2886:
Patterson, G. Wesley; Collins, Geoffrey C.; Head, James W.; Pappalardo, Robert T.; Prockter, Louise M.; Lucchitta, Baerbel K.; Kay, Jonothan P. (6 December 2009). "Global geological mapping of Ganymede".
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coronae, where eruptions of viscous cryomagma form the structures with some tectonic involvement. Ariel also exhibits widespread resurfacing, with large polygonal crustal blocks divided by large canyons (
483:. In the case of Pluto and the other dwarf planets, there is comparatively little, if any, long-term tidal heating. Thus, heating must largely be self-generated, primarily coming from the decay of
1272:
revealed that hydrogen-deuterium and carbon isotopic ratios indicated that both dwarf planets are actively replenishing surface methane as well, possibly with the presence of a subsurface ocean.
3284:
2473:
De Sanctis, M; Ammannito, E; Raponi, A; Frigeri, A; Ferrari, M; Carrozzo, F; Ciarniello, M; Formisano, M; Rousseau, B; Tosi, F.; Zambon, F.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T. (10 August 2020).
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appear to have unusually youthful surfaces indicative of relatively recent activity. Miranda in particular has extraordinarily varied terrain, with striking angular features known as the
323:
effusive eruptions depend on the viscosity of the erupted material. Eruptions of less viscous cryolava can resurface large regions and form expansive, relatively flat plains, similar to
491:
icy crust. The intruding warm ice can melt impure ice, forming a lens-shaped region of melting. Other proposed methods of producing localized melts include the buildup of stress within
416:(such as ice containing large amounts of salts), the warm ice can lead to the melting of the impure ice. The melting may then go on to erupt or uplift terrain to form surface diapirs.
3182:
Iess, L.; Jacobson, R. A.; Ducci, M.; Stevenson, D. J.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Armstrong, J. W.; Asmar, S. W.; Racioppa, P.; Rappaport, N. J.; Tortora, P. (2012). "The Tides of Titan".
907:
Despite its young surface age, few, if any, distinct cryovolcanoes have been definitively identified on the Europan surface in the past. Nevertheless, observations of Europa from the
3246:; Kirk, R. L.; Mitchell, K. L.; LeGall, A.; Barnes, J. W.; Hayes, A.; Kargel, J.; Wye, L.; Radebaugh, J.; Stofan, E. R.; Janssen, M. A.; Neish, C. D.; Wall, S. D.; Wood, C. A.;
3815:
978:'s moon Enceladus is host to the most dramatic example of cryovolcanism yet observed, with a series of vents erupting 250 kg of material per second that feeds Saturn's
358:
the density of the ice shell can be increased through impurities as well, such as the inclusion silicate particles and salts. In particular, objects that are only partially
331:
eruptions on terrestrial planets. More viscous erupted material does not travel as far, and instead can construct localized high-relief features such as cryovolcanic domes.
3139:
Berne, A.; Simons, M.; Keane, J.T.; Leonard, E.J.; Park, R.S. (29 April 2024). "Jet activity on Enceladus linked to tidally driven strike-slip motion along tiger stripes".
547:) can lower cryomagma density even further, whilst significantly increasing viscosity. Conversely, some impurities can increase the density of cryomagma. Salts, such as
3425:
Schenk, Paul M.; Moore, Jeffrey M. (December 2020). "Topography and geology of Uranian mid-sized icy satellites in comparison with Saturnian and Plutonian satellites".
2930:
1373:
2696:
2316:
Schmidt, Britney; Blankenship, Don; Patterson, Wes; Schenk, Paul (24 November 2011). "Active formation of 'chaos terrain' over shallow subsurface water on Europa".
1031:-like eruptionsâforming by explosions of boiling subsurface liquid as it is rapidly heated by magma (in this case, cryomagma)âor the flooding of collapse calderas.
1342:
1553:
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Solomonidou, Anezina; Malaska, Michael; Stephan, Katrin; Soderlund, Krista; Valenti, Martin; Lucchetti, Alice; Kalousova, Klara; Lopes, Rosaly (September 2022).
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to drive cryovolcanism on their own, an observation which has been supported by both in situ observations by spacecraft and distant observations by telescopes.
1891:
Moore, M. H.; Ferrante, R. F.; Hudson, R. L.; Stone, J. N. (September 2007). "Ammoniaâwater ice laboratory studies relevant to outer Solar System surfaces".
1326:
930:'s surface, like Europa's, is heavily tectonized yet appears to have few cryovolcanic features. By 2009, at least 30 irregularly-shaped depressions (termed
1122:, the apparent primary vent of the Cipango Planum cryovolcanic plateau which is one of the largest volcanic or cryovolcanic edifices in the Solar System.
573:) significantly increases density with comparatively minor changes in viscosity. Salty or briny cryomagma compositions may be important cryovolcanism on
2834:
2740:
BradĂĄk, BalĂĄzs; Kereszturi, Ăkos; Gomez, Christopher (November 2023). "Tectonic analysis of a newly identified putative cryovolcanic field on Europa".
2200:"Moderate D/H ratios in methane ice on Eris and Makemake as evidence of hydrothermal or metamorphic processes in their interiors: Geochemical analysis"
4270:
3900:
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Martin-Herrero, Alvaro; Romeo, Ignacio; Ruiz, Javier (2018). "Heat flow in Triton: Implications for heat sources powering recent geologic activity".
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Fortes, A. D.; Gindrod, P. M.; Trickett, S. K.; VoÄadlo, L. (May 2007). "Ammonium sulfate on Titan: Possible origin and role in cryovolcanism".
127:
in the case of the moons of the giant planets. However, isolated dwarf planets are capable of retaining enough internal heat from formation and
2718:
982:. These eruptions take place across Enceladus's south polar region, sourced from four major ridges which form a region informally known as the
2617:
Kattenhorn, Simon A. (March 2018). "Commentary: The Feasibility of Subduction and Implications for Plate Tectonics on Jupiter's Moon Europa".
1358:
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3652:
1742:
1685:
1603:
916:
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Saxena, Prabal; Renaud, Joe P.; Henning, Wade G.; Jutzi, Martin; Hurford, Terry (March 2018). "Relevance of tidal heating on large TNOs".
1425:
228:-like collapse structures, cryovolcanic flow channels (analogous to lava flow features), and cryovolcanic fields and plains (analogous to
2585:
4355:
1307:
1457:
1228:'s surface dichotomy indicates that a large section of its surface may have been flooded in large, effusive eruptions, similar to the
1074:) with floors as young as ~0.8 ± 0.5 billion years old, while relatively flat plains may have been the site of large flood eruptions.
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2601:
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158:, meaning cold or frost), and volcano. In general, terminology used to describe cryovolcanism is analogous to volcanic terminology:
348:
A major challenge in models of cryovolcanic mechanisms is that liquid water is substantially denser than water ice, in contrast to
253:
4133:
McKinnon, W. B.; et al. (1 June 2016). "Convection in a volatile nitrogen-ice-rich layer drives Pluto's geological vigour".
3371:
4088:; Cruikshank, D. P.; Cook, J. C. (March 2021). "Surface composition of Pluto's Kiladze area and relationship to cryovolcanism".
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Thomas, P. C.; Tajeddine, R.; et al. (2016). "Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean".
2952:
Spahn, F.; et al. (10 March 2006). "Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring".
2451:
2652:
Figueredo, Patricio H.; Greeley, Ronald (February 2004). "Resurfacing history of Europa from pole-to-pole geological mapping".
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2922:
3016:; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006).
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primarily or almost entirely by themselves. Leftover primordial heat from formation and radiogenic heat from the decay of
144:
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Sulcanese, Davide; Cioria, Camilla; Kokin, Osip; Mitri, Giuseppe; Pondrelli, Monica; Chiarolanza, Giancula (March 2023).
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as an object orbits around a parent planet, especially if the object is on an eccentric orbit or if its orbit changes.
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orbit allows the rocky core to dissipate energy and generate heat. Evidence for subsurface oceans also exist for the
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is a landform constructed by cryovolcanic eruptions. These may take the form of shields (analogous to terrestrial
1724:
983:
392:, where the object's surface shifts relative to its rotational axis, can introduce deformities in the ice shell.
359:
257:
Diagram of Enceladus's south polar plumes, an example of explosive cryovolcanism, and Enceladus's internal ocean
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1977:"Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus"
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of the volatiles out of the cryomagma, forming gas bubbles that help lower the density of the bulk solution.
65:
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3842:"At Pluto, New Horizons Finds Geology of All Ages, Possible Ice Volcanoes, Insight into Planetary Origins"
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Leonard, Erin Janelle; Beddingfield, Chloe B.; Elder, Catherine M.; Nordheim, Tom Andrei (December 2022).
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1996:
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Using an estimated surface area of at least 490,000 km for Cipango Planum, this significantly surpasses
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cryovolcanic features are difficult to interpret using criteria applied to terrestrial volcanic features.
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2060:"The role of Pluto's ocean's salinity in supporting nitrogen ice loads within the Sputnik Planitia basin"
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is the innermost object in the Solar System known to be cryovolcanically active. Upon the arrival of the
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Triton's southern polar ice cap is marked by a multitude of dark streaks, likely composed of organic
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Evidence for relatively recent cryovolcanism on the other three round moons of Uranus is less clear.
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896:, appear to be the sites of active resurfacing on Europa, proceeding in a manner similar to Earth's
3470:"Geological analysis of Monad Regio, Triton: Possible evidence of endogenic and exogenic processes"
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has a massive ~11 km (6.8 mi) high mountain that was observed on its limb at the time of
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also provide an additional source of fracturing by violently disrupting and weakening the crust.
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Characterization and Possible Origin of Sub-Circular Depressions in Ruach Planitia Region, Triton
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523:) in particular may be a common component of cryomagmas, and has been detected in the plumes of
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s flyby; the precise origins of the mountain is unclear, but it may be of cryovolcanic origin.
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Type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock
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3605:"Triton: Topography and Geology of a Probable Ocean World with Comparison to Pluto and Charon"
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2865:. 16th Europlanet Science Congress 2022. Palacio de Congresos de Granada, Spain and online.
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Schenk, Paul M.; Zahnle, Kevin (December 2007). "On the negligible surface age of Triton".
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into a rocky core and icy mantle are likely to have ice shells rich in silicate particles.
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radar data, several features have been proposed as candidate cryovolcanoes, most notably
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3404:
3331:
3270:
3195:
3152:
3109:
3033:
2965:
2900:
2753:
2665:
2630:
2592:, pp. 427 ff. in Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; and McKinnon, William B., editors;
2540:
2490:
2329:
2291:
2225:
2129:
2075:
1992:
1946:
1904:
1846:
1818:
1778:
535:
mixture can be positively buoyant with respect to the icy crust, enabling its eruption.
4699:
4628:
4446:
4426:
3968:
3923:
1809:
Croft, S. K.; Kargel, J. S.; Kirk, R. L.; et al. (1995). "The geology of Triton".
1734:
1677:
1313:
1185:
1126:
1078:
1061:
1052:
851:
559:
500:
496:
324:
285:
274:
209:
38:
3367:
306:). Upon eruption, cryovolcanic material is pulverized in violent explosions much like
147:(GSA) Abstract with Programs. The term is ultimately a combination of cryo-, from the
4782:
4694:
4598:
4505:
4481:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4266:
4029:
3896:
3586:
3501:
3349:
3125:
3013:
2769:
2556:
2506:
2447:
2241:
2091:
2011:
1976:
1862:
1695:
1225:
1110:
1082:
912:
888:
883:
445:
367:
148:
124:
46:
4180:
3229:
2999:
2475:"Fresh emplacement of hydrated sodium chloride on Ceres from ascending salty fluids"
2474:
2400:
4689:
4633:
4471:
4403:
4196:"Differentiation and cryovolcanism on Charon: A view before and after New Horizons"
3603:
Schenk, Paul; Beddingfield, Chloe; Bertrand, Tanguy; et al. (September 2021).
3057:
2353:
1663:
1507:
1281:
1245:
1211:
1204:
1190:
1056:
1024:
1007:
1001:
453:
441:
393:
328:
307:
217:
186:
182:
104:
100:
92:
77:
4323:
4219:
4119:
4069:
4044:
4021:
3789:
3543:
3493:
3117:
2908:
2783:
2673:
2583:"Chapter 18: Ages and Interiors: the Cratering Record of the Galilean Satellites"
2299:
2233:
2083:
1912:
1854:
1786:
988:. Enceladus's cryovolcanic activity is sustained by a global subsurface ocean.
4583:
4538:
4513:
4421:
4383:
3848:. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. 9 November 2015.
2822:
2581:
Schenk, Paul M.; Chapman, Clark R.; Zahnle, Kevin; and Moore, Jeffrey M. (2004)
1523:
s closest approach, its true extent is uncertain and may be significantly larger
1474:
1380:
1229:
1200:
1169:
850:) located within several major impact basins, most prominently in the center of
213:
24:
3959:
3160:
4608:
4558:
4533:
4258:
3888:
3756:"Hypotheses for Triton's plumes: New analyses and future remote sensing tests"
3578:
2761:
2548:
2498:
2027:"Tidal heating and the long-term stability of a subsurface ocean on Enceladus"
1595:
1480:
1364:
901:
867:
400:
229:
3797:
3168:
2719:"NASA's Hubble Spots Possible Water Plumes Erupting on Jupiter's Moon Europa"
1931:"Pressurized oceans and the eruption of liquid water on Europa and Enceladus"
1288:
of rocky material or tidal heating from interactions with their satellites .
1275:
These observations, combined with the discoveries in the Pluto system by the
4593:
4578:
4563:
4496:
4411:
3679:
3203:
3041:
2983:
1516:
1349:
1020:
956:
528:
221:
112:
4172:
3977:
3454:
3446:
3316:"Morphologic Evidence for Volcanic Craters near Titan's North Polar Region"
3221:
3049:
2991:
2830:
2425:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53â55.
2345:
430:
4045:"Investigation of the morphology and interpretation of Hekla Cavus, Pluto"
1833:
volcanoes: Global cartography and topography of Pluto from New Horizons".
1510:'s area of roughly 300,000 km. As Cipango Planum extended beyond Triton's
1081:
hosts large chasms but does not show any clear evidence of cryovolcanism.
4638:
4613:
4588:
4518:
3340:
3315:
2871:
2638:
2138:
2113:
1954:
1269:
1023:, a mountain reminiscent of a shield or dome edifice; and the neighoring
536:
532:
349:
4164:
3212:
2337:
1298:
Various examples of probable cryovolcanic structures in the Solar System
842:
orbiter in March 2015, the dwarf planet was discovered to have numerous
185:. Explosive eruptions, however, may pulverize the material into a fine "
4568:
4553:
4378:
4364:
3812:"NASA's Three-Billion-Mile Journey to Pluto Reaches Historic Encounter"
3629:
3604:
3279:
2392:
1106:
574:
513:
460:
408:
225:
73:
61:
42:
4618:
4603:
4573:
4548:
4543:
4523:
4476:
3719:. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The Woodlands, Texas.
3645:
Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io;
1253:
1138:
1040:
975:
524:
404:
311:
399:
An alternative model for cryovolcanic eruptions invokes solid-state
366:
cryomagma ascend, the cryomagma is depressurized. This leads to the
4306:
4147:
4102:
3942:
3772:
3100:
2523:
Sori, Michael T.; Sizemore, Hanna G.; et al. (December 2018).
2282:
2216:
1142:
nitrogen gas underneath solid nitrogen ice through a sort of solid
143:
was coined by Steven K. Croft in a 1987 conference abstract at the
1486:
1284:
in their rocky cores likely serve as primary sources of heat. The
1181:
1173:
966:
816:
456:
429:
252:
224:). Cryovolcanic edifices may support secondary landforms, such as
174:
69:
29:
3252:"Cryovolcanism on Titan: New results from Cassini RADAR and VIMS"
4643:
4416:
1028:
385:
170:
4337:
904:, with one block of its icy crust sliding underneath another.
99:
in the outer Solar System, especially on the icy moons of the
295:), explosive cryovolcanism may instead be driven by methane (
236:
As cryovolcanism largely takes place on icy worlds, the term
4333:
1477: â Wave-driven mound of ice formed on terrestrial lakes
123:
from within a celestial object, often supplied by extensive
2153:
Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; McCord, T. B.; Davis, A. G. (2007).
1176:. Coleman Mons can be seen just southwest of Wright Mons
2448:"NASA Spacecraft Becomes First to Orbit a Dwarf Planet"
1236:
and may have erupted as Charon's internal ocean froze.
900:. In addition to this, Europa may experience a form of
3710:
Martin-Herrero, A.; Ruiz, J.; Romeo, I. (March 2014).
1465: â Liquid water naturally occurring outside Earth
80:. The erupted material is collectively referred to as
3018:"Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus"
2792:(Center Latitude: -14.60°, Center Longitude: 208.50°)
2525:"Cryovolcanic rates on Ceres revealed by topography"
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
407:. If a portion of an object's ice shell is warm and
4662:
4504:
4371:
3816:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
3647:Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, p. 132.
2802:Showman, Adam P.; Malhotra, Renu (1 October 1999).
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3396:The Geologic History of Miranda's Inverness Corona
3427:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
2612:
2610:
2594:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere
2446:Landau, Elizabeth; Brown, Dwayne (6 March 2015).
1584:Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ăkos, eds. (2015).
1483: â Collections of ice crystals in open water
1244:In 2022, low-resolution near-infrared (0.7â5 ÎŒm)
193:. Cryoclastic material flowing downhill produces
41:(upper left), two large cryovolcanic features on
3998:"Recent cryovolcanism in Virgil Fossae on Pluto"
3668:McKinnon, William B.; Kirk, Randolph L. (2014).
3924:"Large-scale cryovolcanic resurfacing on Pluto"
3663:
3661:
2423:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1051:spacecraft. Of Uranus's five major satellites,
1002:Titan (moon) § Cryovolcanism and mountains
411:enough, it could begin to convect, much as the
84:; it originates from a reservoir of subsurface
2311:
2309:
1975:Moresi, Louis; Solomatov, Viatcheslav (1998).
1878:"Ice volcanoes on Pluto may still be erupting"
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
4349:
4043:Ahrens, C. J.; Chevrier, V. F. (March 2021).
3598:
3596:
3081:
3079:
2862:Ganymede paterae: a priority target for JUICE
2058:McGovern, J. C.; Nguyen, A. L. (April 2024).
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1544:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
934:) were identified on Ganymede's surface from
95:, past and recent cryovolcanism is common on
8:
3399:. AGU Fall Meeting 2022. Chicago, Illinois.
2421:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
2262:
2260:
2258:
2192:
2190:
1924:
1922:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
919:, a region in Europa's southern hemisphere.
3309:
3307:
3305:
2518:
2516:
1669:Planetary Volcanism across the Solar System
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
4356:
4342:
4334:
4305:
4146:
4101:
4068:
3967:
3941:
3771:
3628:
3361:
3359:
3339:
3278:
3211:
3099:
2973:
2870:
2281:
2215:
2137:
2010:
2000:
813:Ceres (dwarf planet) § Cryovolcanism
169:are distinguished in a manner similar to
3320:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
3259:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2619:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1471: â Study of extraterrestrial oceans
1163:
1047:were explored for the first time by the
759:
752:
726:
719:
711:
686:
678:
653:
649:
642:
634:
608:
579:
569:
565:
554:
542:
519:
298:
291:
280:
268:
56:(sometimes informally referred to as an
4247:"Ice volcanoes may dot Pluto's surface"
3873:"Icy volcanoes may dot Pluto's surface"
1536:
1499:
1303:
1929:Manga, M.; Wang, C. -Y. (April 2007).
1102:Geology of Triton § Cryovolcanism
581:Properties of hypothesized cryomagmas
119:, cryovolcanism is driven by escaping
4273:from the original on 17 November 2015
3903:from the original on 17 November 2015
3822:from the original on 14 November 2021
3290:from the original on 1 September 2019
2933:from the original on 23 November 2017
2790:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
2699:from the original on 15 December 2013
2369:"Cryovolcanism on the Icy Satellites"
2175:from the original on 24 February 2011
1729:(Second ed.). pp. 763â776.
1666:; Fagents, Sarah A. (December 2021).
1590:(first ed.). Springer New York.
884:Europa (moon) § Surface features
108:extant cryovolcanoes is contentious.
7:
4737:
3674:(Third ed.). pp. 861â881.
2687:Fletcher, Leigh (12 December 2013).
2155:"Ceres: evolution and present state"
2114:"Ceres: Evolution and current state"
1556:from the original on 12 January 2024
1210:Virgil Fossae, a large fault within
4761:
4226:from the original on 1 October 2017
2923:"Enceladus rains water onto Saturn"
2788:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
2563:from the original on 17 August 2021
1587:Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
957:Enceladus § South polar plumes
821:Bright faculae on the floor of the
531:. A partially frozen ammonia-water
3922:Singer, Kelsi N. (29 March 2022).
3734:from the original on 12 March 2024
3314:Wood, C.A.; Radebaugh, J. (2020).
3250:; Malaska, M. J. (19 March 2013).
1735:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00044-4
1678:10.1016/B978-0-12-813987-5.00005-5
1489: â Mound of earth-covered ice
1458:List of extraterrestrial volcanoes
586:Cryomagma composition, mass %
314:, producing cryoclastic material.
14:
3852:from the original on 4 March 2016
3064:from the original on 16 June 2024
2454:from the original on 7 March 2015
1981:Geophysical Journal International
1125:Triton hosts four walled plains:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4725:
4724:
4495:
4194:Desch, S. J.; Neveu, M. (2017).
3671:Encyclopedia of the Solar System
3374:from the original on 18 May 2024
2840:from the original on 14 May 2011
2012:10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00521.x
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1372:
1357:
1341:
1325:
1306:
240:is sometimes used colloquially.
2118:Journal of Geophysical Research
858:on one particular bright spot,
2596:, Cambridge University Press,
1876:Sohn, Rebecca (1 April 2022).
1065:cutting across older terrain.
971:Enceladus's south polar plumes
444:and are largely maintained by
420:Cryomagma reservoir generation
1:
3871:Witze, A. (9 November 2015).
1726:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
1463:Extraterrestrial liquid water
963:Rings of Saturn § E Ring
145:Geological Society of America
23:For ice mounds on Earth, see
4324:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.11.023
4220:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.037
4120:10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115653
4070:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114108
4022:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.04.023
3790:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114835
3544:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.004
3494:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115368
3118:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037
2909:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.11.035
2674:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.09.016
2300:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116017
2234:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.115999
2084:10.1016/j.icarus.2024.115968
1935:Geophysical Research Letters
1913:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.020
1855:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.008
1787:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.002
1443:Enceladus feeding the E ring
1395:Dome in Murias Chaos, Europa
825:impact basin on Ceres, with
706:Ammonia, water, and methanol
261:Explosive cryovolcanism, or
103:and potentially amongst the
3559:Planetary and Space Science
3366:Bolles, Dana (March 2024).
2823:10.1126/science.286.5437.77
2162:Lunar and Planetary Science
992:cryovolcanism in the past.
779:Basaltic lava (comparison)
448:, where the moon's slighly
91:Although rare in the inner
4810:
3960:10.1038/s41467-022-29056-3
3161:10.1038/s41561-024-01418-0
2742:Advances in Space Research
2112:McCord, Thomas B. (2005).
1250:James Webb Space Telescope
1172:, a likely cryovolcano on
1153:
1099:
999:
960:
954:
881:
810:
423:
220:), or domes (analogous to
22:
4720:
4493:
4259:10.1038/nature.2015.18756
4245:Witze, Alexandra (2015).
3889:10.1038/nature.2015.18756
3579:10.1016/j.pss.2018.03.010
2804:"The Galilean Satellites"
2762:10.1016/j.asr.2023.07.062
2721:. NASA. 26 September 2016
2549:10.1038/s41550-018-0574-1
2499:10.1038/s41550-020-1138-8
1596:10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3
1419:Inverness Corona, Miranda
1232:. These floodplains form
778:
746:
705:
672:
628:
602:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
459:and, to a lesser extent,
135:Etymology and terminology
4399:Cryptovolcanic structure
3846:New Horizons News Center
2588:24 December 2016 at the
2373:Earth, Moon, and Planets
1407:Elsinore Corona, Miranda
4680:Eruptions by death toll
3881:Nature Publishing Group
3680:10.1016/C2010-0-67309-3
3571:2018P&SS..160...19M
3204:10.1126/science.1219631
3042:10.1126/science.1123013
2984:10.1126/science.1121375
2385:1995EM&P...67..101K
1723:Geissler, Paul (2015).
1550:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
1383:and Piccard Mons, Pluto
595:Liquid viscosity (Pa·s)
302:) and carbon monoxide (
212:), cones (analogous to
3994:Dalle Ore, Cristina M.
3643:Frankel, C.S. (2005).
3447:10.1098/rsta.2020.0102
2689:"The Plumes of Europa"
2367:Kargel, J. S. (1995).
1469:Planetary oceanography
1177:
1012:atmospheric haze layer
972:
909:Hubble Space Telescope
830:
487:in their rocky cores.
436:
426:Planetary oceanography
258:
244:Types of cryovolcanism
230:lava fields and plains
64:that erupts gases and
49:
3929:Nature Communications
2693:The Planetary Society
1188:were explored by the
1167:
1113:were explored by the
1109:and its largest moon
970:
961:Further information:
820:
598:Solid density (g/cm)
592:Liquid density (g/cm)
507:Cryomagma composition
433:
424:Further information:
263:cryoclastic eruptions
256:
33:
3341:10.1029/2019JE006036
2872:10.5194/epsc2022-423
2639:10.1002/2018JE005524
2139:10.1029/2004JE002244
1955:10.1029/2007GL029297
1662:Gregg, Tracy K. P.;
1282:radioactive isotopes
1248:observations by the
1186:system of five moons
1039:On 24 January 1986,
747:Nitrogen and methane
485:radioactive isotopes
206:cryovolcanic edifice
191:cryoclastic material
4316:2018Icar..302..245S
4212:2017Icar..287..175D
4165:10.1038/nature18289
4157:2016Natur.534...82M
4112:2023Icar..40415653E
4061:2021Icar..35614108A
4014:2019Icar..330..155C
3952:2022NatCo..13.1542S
3782:2022Icar..37514835H
3725:2014LPI....45.1177M
3621:2021RemS...13.3476S
3536:2007Icar..192..135S
3486:2023Icar..39215368S
3439:2020RSPTA.37800102S
3405:2022AGUFM.P32E1872L
3332:2020JGRE..12506036W
3271:2013JGRE..118..416L
3248:Lunine, Jonathan I.
3196:2012Sci...337..457I
3153:2024NatGe..17..385B
3110:2016Icar..264...37T
3034:2006Sci...311.1393P
3028:(5766): 1393â1401.
2966:2006Sci...311.1416S
2901:2010Icar..207..845P
2754:2023AdSpR..72.4064B
2666:2004Icar..167..287F
2631:2018JGRE..123..684K
2541:2018NatAs...2..946S
2491:2020NatAs...4..786D
2338:10.1038/nature10608
2330:2011Natur.479..502S
2292:2024Icar..41416017E
2226:2024Icar..41215999G
2130:2005JGRE..110.5009M
2076:2024Icar..41215968M
1993:1998GeoJI.133..669M
1947:2007GeoRL..34.7202M
1905:2007Icar..190..260M
1847:2018Icar..314..400S
1819:1995netr.conf..879C
1779:2007Icar..188..139F
1664:Lopes, Rosaly M. C.
1552:. Clarendon Press.
1431:Plumes of Enceladus
1240:Other dwarf planets
582:
249:Explosive eruptions
117:terrestrial planets
4675:Lists of volcanoes
4462:Subglacial volcano
4437:Pyroclastic shield
3630:10.3390/rs13173476
3280:10.1002/jgre.20062
2393:10.1007/BF00613296
1811:Neptune and Triton
1379:Topography map of
1178:
973:
831:
580:
493:strike-slip faults
437:
318:Effusive eruptions
259:
50:
4794:Planetary geology
4776:
4775:
4529:Basaltic andesite
4467:Submarine volcano
3689:978-0-12-415845-0
3653:978-0-521-80393-9
3141:Nature Geoscience
2324:(7374): 502â505.
1744:978-0-12-385938-9
1687:978-0-12-813987-5
1605:978-1-4614-3133-6
1332:Detail mosaic of
1180:The dwarf planet
1160:Geology of Charon
1144:greenhouse effect
795:
794:
673:Ammonia and water
589:Melting point (K)
549:magnesium sulfate
390:True polar wander
199:pyroclastic flows
195:cryoclastic flows
179:cryolava channels
129:radioactive decay
97:planetary objects
66:volatile material
4801:
4764:
4763:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4727:
4685:Decade Volcanoes
4663:Lists and groups
4654:Pyroclastic flow
4649:Pyroclastic fall
4499:
4432:Pyroclastic cone
4358:
4351:
4344:
4335:
4328:
4327:
4309:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4150:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4105:
4086:Dalle Ore, C. M.
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4040:
4034:
4033:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3945:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3818:. 14 July 2015.
3808:
3802:
3801:
3775:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3718:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3665:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3256:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3215:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3103:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2977:
2960:(5766): 1416â8.
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2784:"Argadnel Regio"
2780:
2774:
2773:
2748:(9): 4064â4073.
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2614:
2605:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2529:Nature Astronomy
2520:
2511:
2510:
2479:Nature Astronomy
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2379:(1â3): 101â113.
2364:
2358:
2357:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2285:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2219:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2032:. Archived from
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2004:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1806:
1791:
1790:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1720:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1659:
1610:
1609:
1581:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1524:
1522:
1504:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1376:
1361:
1345:
1334:Leviathan Patera
1329:
1318:Tuonela Planitia
1310:
1286:serpentinization
1219:Sputnik Planitia
1194:spacecraft in a
1156:Geology of Pluto
1150:Pluto and Charon
1131:Tuonela Planitia
1120:Leviathan Patera
1091:
1067:Inverness Corona
898:mid-ocean ridges
866:also discovered
762:
755:
730:
722:
715:
689:
682:
656:
645:
638:
612:
583:
572:
557:
546:
522:
325:shield volcanoes
305:
301:
294:
283:
272:
210:shield volcanoes
35:Leviathan Patera
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4716:
4658:
4624:Tephriphonolite
4500:
4491:
4487:Harmonic tremor
4389:Complex volcano
4367:
4362:
4332:
4331:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4274:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4141:(7605): 82â85.
4132:
4131:
4127:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4042:
4041:
4037:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3667:
3666:
3659:
3642:
3638:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3506:
3504:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3313:
3312:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3254:
3244:Lopes, R. M. C.
3242:
3241:
3237:
3190:(6093): 457â9.
3181:
3180:
3176:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2975:10.1.1.466.6748
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2817:(5437): 77â84.
2806:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2590:Wayback Machine
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2535:(12): 946â950.
2522:
2521:
2514:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2266:
2265:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2039:on 21 July 2010
2036:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1661:
1660:
1613:
1606:
1583:
1582:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1348:Radar image of
1346:
1337:
1330:
1321:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1242:
1234:Vulcan Planitia
1162:
1154:Main articles:
1152:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1045:system of moons
1037:
1004:
998:
965:
959:
953:
925:
886:
880:
860:Cerealia Facula
856:sodium chloride
846:(designated as
827:Cerealia Facula
815:
809:
800:
761:
757:
754:
750:
748:
728:
724:
721:
717:
713:
709:
707:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
610:
606:
604:
571:
567:
563:
556:
552:
544:
540:
521:
517:
509:
428:
422:
381:
346:
337:
320:
303:
300:
296:
293:
289:
282:
278:
270:
266:
251:
246:
137:
68:such as liquid
60:) is a type of
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4807:
4805:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4700:Volcanic field
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4629:Trachyandesite
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4506:Volcanic rocks
4502:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4447:Shield volcano
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Parasitic cone
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4284:
4237:
4186:
4125:
4076:
4035:
3983:
3914:
3863:
3833:
3803:
3745:
3702:
3688:
3657:
3636:
3609:Remote Sensing
3592:
3549:
3530:(1): 135â149.
3514:
3460:
3410:
3385:
3355:
3301:
3265:(3): 416â435.
3235:
3174:
3147:(5): 385â391.
3131:
3075:
3005:
2944:
2914:
2895:(2): 845â867.
2878:
2851:
2794:
2775:
2732:
2710:
2679:
2660:(2): 287â312.
2644:
2625:(3): 684â689.
2606:
2574:
2512:
2465:
2438:
2431:
2413:
2359:
2305:
2254:
2186:
2145:
2124:(E5): E05009.
2104:
2050:
2018:
2002:10.1.1.30.5989
1967:
1918:
1899:(1): 260â273.
1883:
1868:
1824:
1792:
1773:(1): 139â153.
1757:
1743:
1708:
1686:
1611:
1604:
1567:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1314:Ruach Planitia
1312:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1241:
1238:
1151:
1148:
1127:Ruach Planitia
1100:Main article:
1097:
1094:
1036:
1033:
1006:Saturn's moon
1000:Main article:
997:
994:
955:Main article:
952:
949:
924:
921:
917:Argadnel Regio
882:Main article:
879:
876:
852:Occator Crater
811:Main article:
808:
805:
799:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
703:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
560:sodium sulfate
508:
505:
421:
418:
413:Earth's mantle
380:
377:
376:
375:
371:
363:
360:differentiated
345:
342:
336:
333:
319:
316:
286:sulfur dioxide
275:carbon dioxide
250:
247:
245:
242:
239:
234:
233:
207:
202:
196:
192:
180:
168:
164:
142:
136:
133:
39:Ruach Planitia
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4806:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4769:
4768:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:Volcanic belt
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Phonotephrite
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Volcanic cone
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Stratovolcano
4455:
4453:
4452:Somma volcano
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Rootless cone
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4285:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3703:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3326:(8): e06036.
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:0-521-81808-7
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2485:(8): 786â93.
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2432:9780521880060
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2171:
2168:: 2006â2007.
2167:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:(3): 669â82.
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:spectroscopic
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:Uranian moons
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1003:
995:
993:
989:
987:
986:
985:Tiger Stripes
981:
977:
969:
964:
958:
950:
948:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
929:
922:
920:
918:
914:
913:chaos terrain
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
885:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
828:
824:
819:
814:
806:
804:
797:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
770:
767:
764:
745:
741:
738:
735:
732:
704:
700:
697:
694:
691:
671:
667:
664:
661:
658:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
601:
584:
578:
576:
561:
550:
538:
534:
530:
526:
515:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:
454:dwarf planets
451:
447:
446:tidal heating
443:
442:giant planets
432:
427:
419:
417:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
394:Impact events
391:
387:
378:
372:
369:
364:
361:
356:
355:
354:
351:
343:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
317:
315:
313:
309:
287:
276:
264:
255:
248:
243:
241:
237:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:spatter cones
215:
211:
205:
203:
200:
197:, analogs to
194:
190:
188:
184:
183:lava channels
181:, analogs to
178:
176:
172:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
157:
153:
150:
149:Ancient Greek
146:
140:
134:
132:
130:
126:
125:tidal heating
122:
121:internal heat
118:
114:
109:
106:
105:dwarf planets
102:
101:giant planets
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
40:
37:(center) and
36:
32:
26:
21:
16:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4690:Volcanic arc
4634:Trachybasalt
4472:Supervolcano
4404:Fissure vent
4393:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4275:. Retrieved
4250:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4203:
4199:
4189:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4005:
4001:
3986:
3933:
3927:
3917:
3905:. Retrieved
3876:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3845:
3836:
3824:. Retrieved
3806:
3763:
3759:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3712:
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3670:
3644:
3639:
3615:(17): 3476.
3612:
3608:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3505:. Retrieved
3477:
3473:
3463:
3430:
3426:
3395:
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3323:
3319:
3292:. Retrieved
3262:
3258:
3238:
3213:11573/477190
3187:
3183:
3177:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3091:
3087:
3066:. Retrieved
3025:
3021:
3014:Porco, C. C.
3008:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2935:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2861:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2814:
2810:
2797:
2787:
2778:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2692:
2682:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2622:
2618:
2593:
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2532:
2528:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2441:
2422:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2376:
2372:
2362:
2321:
2317:
2273:
2269:
2245:. Retrieved
2207:
2203:
2177:. Retrieved
2165:
2161:
2148:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2095:. Retrieved
2067:
2063:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2034:the original
2021:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1938:
1934:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1880:. Space.com.
1871:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1810:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1725:
1699:. Retrieved
1668:
1586:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1539:
1515:
1508:Olympus Mons
1502:
1277:New Horizons
1276:
1274:
1243:
1224:
1216:
1212:Belton Regio
1209:
1205:Piccard Mons
1191:New Horizons
1189:
1179:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1105:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1060:
1048:
1038:
1025:Sotra Patera
1016:
1010:has a dense
1005:
990:
984:
974:
941:
935:
931:
926:
906:
893:
887:
863:
847:
844:bright spots
837:
832:
801:
798:Observations
510:
489:
438:
398:
386:tidal forces
382:
347:
338:
329:flood basalt
321:
308:volcanic ash
262:
260:
235:
214:cinder cones
155:
151:
138:
110:
93:Solar System
90:
85:
81:
78:hydrocarbons
57:
53:
51:
20:
15:
4789:Volcanology
4767:WikiProject
4710:polygenetic
4705:monogenetic
4584:Nephelinite
4539:Blairmorite
4514:Agglomerate
4422:Mud volcano
4394:Cryovolcano
4384:Cinder cone
4300:: 245â260.
4277:15 November
4206:: 175â186.
4084:Emran, A.;
4008:: 155â168.
3936:(1): 1542.
3368:"Voyager 2"
3294:2 September
2703:17 December
1841:: 400â433.
1813:: 879â947.
1475:Ice volcano
1381:Wright Mons
1230:Lunar maria
1201:Wright Mons
1170:Wright Mons
1168:Edifice of
238:ice volcano
141:cryovolcano
58:ice volcano
54:cryovolcano
25:Ice volcano
4783:Categories
4609:Rhyodacite
4559:Ignimbrite
4534:Benmoreite
4307:1706.04682
4148:1903.05571
4103:2303.17072
3943:2207.06557
3907:9 November
3856:9 November
3773:2112.04627
3766:: 114835.
3101:1509.07555
2937:14 January
2844:17 January
2283:2309.15230
2276:(116017).
2217:2309.05549
2043:14 October
1531:References
1512:terminator
1481:Frazil ice
1365:Ahuna Mons
902:subduction
872:Yamor Mons
868:Ahuna Mons
603:Pure water
401:convection
374:compounds.
368:exsolution
335:Mechanisms
222:lava domes
4594:Phonolite
4579:Leucitite
4564:Komatiite
4412:Lava dome
4408:Lava cone
4365:Volcanoes
4267:182698872
4030:149983734
3897:182698872
3798:0019-1035
3587:125508759
3565:: 19â25.
3502:254173536
3350:225752345
3169:1752-0908
3126:118429372
3094:: 37â47.
2970:CiteSeerX
2770:260798414
2567:17 August
2557:186800298
2507:225442620
2242:261696907
2092:267316007
1997:CiteSeerX
1863:126273376
1696:245084572
1517:Voyager 2
1350:Doom Mons
1217:Although
1115:Voyager 2
1087:Voyager 2
1049:Voyager 2
1021:Doom Mons
951:Enceladus
829:at center
529:Enceladus
503:systems.
450:eccentric
405:diapirism
350:silicates
189:" termed
167:cryomagma
139:The term
113:volcanism
86:cryomagma
4731:Category
4639:Trachyte
4614:Rhyolite
4589:Obsidian
4519:Andesite
4271:Archived
4230:13 March
4224:Archived
4181:30903520
4173:27251279
3978:35351895
3901:Archived
3850:Archived
3820:Archived
3738:13 March
3729:Archived
3695:12 March
3507:12 March
3455:33161858
3433:(2187).
3372:Archived
3370:. NASA.
3285:Archived
3230:10966007
3222:22745254
3068:13 March
3062:Archived
3050:16527964
3000:33554377
2992:16527969
2931:Archived
2929:. 2011.
2835:Archived
2831:10506564
2697:Archived
2586:Archived
2561:Archived
2452:Archived
2450:. NASA.
2406:12 March
2401:54843498
2346:22089135
2247:12 March
2170:Archived
2097:13 March
1960:12 March
1750:12 March
1701:12 March
1554:Archived
1452:See also
1336:, Triton
1320:, Triton
1270:Makemake
1258:Gonggong
1184:and its
1072:chasmata
1043:and its
928:Ganymede
923:Ganymede
756:, 13.5%
683:, 32.6%
537:Methanol
533:eutectic
527:'s moon
477:Gonggong
469:Makemake
379:Eruption
163:Cryolava
82:cryolava
45:'s moon
4743:Commons
4670:Hotspot
4569:Lapilli
4554:Felsite
4379:Caldera
4312:Bibcode
4208:Bibcode
4153:Bibcode
4108:Bibcode
4057:Bibcode
4010:Bibcode
3969:8964750
3948:Bibcode
3778:Bibcode
3721:Bibcode
3617:Bibcode
3567:Bibcode
3532:Bibcode
3482:Bibcode
3435:Bibcode
3401:Bibcode
3328:Bibcode
3267:Bibcode
3192:Bibcode
3184:Science
3149:Bibcode
3106:Bibcode
3058:6976648
3030:Bibcode
3022:Science
2962:Bibcode
2954:Science
2897:Bibcode
2811:Science
2750:Bibcode
2662:Bibcode
2627:Bibcode
2537:Bibcode
2487:Bibcode
2458:6 March
2381:Bibcode
2354:4405195
2326:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2222:Bibcode
2179:25 June
2166:XXXVIII
2126:Bibcode
2072:Bibcode
1989:Bibcode
1943:Bibcode
1901:Bibcode
1843:Bibcode
1815:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1546:"ÎșÏÏÎżÏ"
1514:during
1367:, Ceres
1352:, Titan
1292:Gallery
1139:tholins
1107:Neptune
1079:Titania
1062:coronae
1053:Miranda
1017:Cassini
943:Galileo
937:Voyager
932:paterae
848:faculae
823:Occator
788:~10-100
646:, 2.8%
575:Jupiter
514:Ammonia
409:ductile
284:), and
226:caldera
115:on the
74:ammonia
62:volcano
43:Neptune
4755:Portal
4619:Tephra
4604:Pumice
4574:Latite
4549:Dacite
4544:Cinder
4524:Basalt
4477:Tossol
4294:Icarus
4265:
4251:Nature
4200:Icarus
4179:
4171:
4135:Nature
4090:Icarus
4049:Icarus
4028:
4002:Icarus
3976:
3966:
3895:
3877:Nature
3826:18 May
3796:
3760:Icarus
3686:
3651:
3585:
3524:Icarus
3500:
3474:Icarus
3453:
3378:21 May
3348:
3228:
3220:
3167:
3124:
3088:Icarus
3056:
3048:
2998:
2990:
2972:
2889:Icarus
2829:
2768:
2725:13 May
2654:Icarus
2600:
2555:
2505:
2429:
2399:
2352:
2344:
2318:Nature
2270:Icarus
2240:
2204:Icarus
2090:
2064:Icarus
1999:
1893:Icarus
1861:
1835:Icarus
1767:Icarus
1741:
1694:
1684:
1602:
1560:13 May
1260:, and
1254:Quaoar
1226:Charon
1111:Triton
1096:Triton
1083:Oberon
1041:Uranus
980:E ring
976:Saturn
894:lineae
889:Europa
878:Europa
771:0.0003
749:86.5%
723:, 30%
716:, 23%
701:0.962
675:67.4%
639:, 16%
631:81.2%
624:0.917
621:0.0017
558:) and
525:Saturn
481:Quaoar
479:, and
344:Ascent
312:tephra
152:ÎșÏáż ÌÎżÏ
76:, and
47:Triton
4372:Types
4302:arXiv
4263:S2CID
4177:S2CID
4143:arXiv
4098:arXiv
4026:S2CID
3938:arXiv
3893:S2CID
3768:arXiv
3732:(PDF)
3717:(PDF)
3583:S2CID
3498:S2CID
3346:S2CID
3288:(PDF)
3255:(PDF)
3226:S2CID
3122:S2CID
3096:arXiv
3054:S2CID
2996:S2CID
2838:(PDF)
2807:(PDF)
2766:S2CID
2553:S2CID
2503:S2CID
2397:S2CID
2350:S2CID
2278:arXiv
2238:S2CID
2212:arXiv
2173:(PDF)
2158:(PDF)
2088:S2CID
2037:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
1941:(7).
1859:S2CID
1692:S2CID
1521:'
1494:Notes
1487:Pingo
1262:Sedna
1196:flyby
1182:Pluto
1174:Pluto
1090:'
1057:Ariel
1008:Titan
996:Titan
834:Ceres
807:Ceres
768:0.783
739:4,000
736:0.978
695:0.946
668:1.13
665:0.007
629:Brine
618:1.000
605:100%
473:Sedna
461:Ceres
457:Pluto
435:shell
175:magma
156:krĂșos
111:Like
70:water
4644:Tuff
4417:Maar
4279:2015
4232:2024
4169:PMID
3974:PMID
3909:2015
3858:2015
3828:2024
3794:ISSN
3740:2024
3697:2024
3684:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3509:2024
3451:PMID
3380:2024
3296:2019
3218:PMID
3165:ISSN
3070:2024
3046:PMID
2988:PMID
2939:2015
2846:2008
2827:PMID
2727:2015
2705:2013
2598:ISBN
2569:2021
2460:2015
2427:ISBN
2408:2024
2342:PMID
2249:2024
2181:2009
2099:2024
2045:2011
1962:2024
1752:2024
1739:ISBN
1703:2024
1682:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1562:2024
1316:and
1268:and
1266:Eris
1203:and
1158:and
1129:and
1055:and
1029:maar
940:and
870:and
864:Dawn
839:Dawn
708:47%
662:1.19
641:MgSO
553:MgSO
501:sill
499:and
497:dike
465:Eris
403:and
327:and
310:and
216:and
173:and
171:lava
165:and
4320:doi
4298:302
4255:doi
4216:doi
4204:287
4161:doi
4139:534
4116:doi
4094:404
4065:doi
4053:356
4018:doi
4006:330
3964:PMC
3956:doi
3885:doi
3786:doi
3764:375
3676:doi
3625:doi
3575:doi
3563:160
3540:doi
3528:192
3490:doi
3478:392
3443:doi
3431:378
3336:doi
3324:125
3275:doi
3263:118
3208:hdl
3200:doi
3188:337
3157:doi
3114:doi
3092:264
3038:doi
3026:311
2980:doi
2958:311
2927:ESA
2905:doi
2893:207
2867:doi
2819:doi
2815:286
2758:doi
2670:doi
2658:167
2635:doi
2623:123
2545:doi
2495:doi
2389:doi
2334:doi
2322:479
2296:doi
2274:414
2230:doi
2208:412
2134:doi
2122:110
2080:doi
2068:412
2007:doi
1985:133
1951:doi
1909:doi
1897:190
1851:doi
1839:314
1783:doi
1771:188
1731:doi
1674:doi
1592:doi
733:153
692:176
659:268
615:273
273:),
187:ash
4785::
4318:.
4310:.
4296:.
4269:.
4261:.
4253:.
4249:.
4222:.
4214:.
4202:.
4198:.
4175:.
4167:.
4159:.
4151:.
4137:.
4114:.
4106:.
4096:.
4092:.
4063:.
4055:.
4051:.
4047:.
4024:.
4016:.
4004:.
4000:.
3972:.
3962:.
3954:.
3946:.
3934:13
3932:.
3926:.
3899:.
3891:.
3883:.
3879:.
3875:.
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