1018:
1061:, for example by touching the terminal with a finger, this causes charge to flow from ground to the terminal, attracted by the charge on the object close to the terminal. This charge neutralizes the charge in the gold leaves, so the leaves come together again. The electroscope now contains a net charge opposite in polarity to that of the charged object. When the electrical contact to earth is broken, e.g. by lifting the finger, the extra charge that has just flowed into the electroscope cannot escape, and the instrument retains a net charge. The charge is held in the top of the electroscope terminal by the attraction of the inducing charge. But when the inducing charge is moved away, the charge is released and spreads throughout the electroscope terminal to the leaves, so the gold leaves move apart again.
938:
1021:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1026:
1023:
911:
1010:
43:
1054:'s metal rod, so that the top terminal gains a net charge of opposite polarity to that of the object, while the gold leaves gain a charge of the same polarity. Since both leaves have the same charge, they repel each other and spread apart. The electroscope has not acquired a net charge: the charge within it has merely been redistributed, so if the charged object were to be moved away from the electroscope the leaves will come together again.
1098:
1157:
metal under the influence of the external charge in such a way that they maintain local electrostatic neutrality; in any interior region the negative charge of the electrons balances the positive charge of the nuclei. The electrons move until they reach the surface of the metal and collect there, where they are constrained from moving by the boundary. The surface is the only location where a net electric charge can exist.
1969:
1022:
1934:
988:
causes a separation of these internal charges. For example, if a positive charge is brought near the object (see picture of cylindrical electrode near electrostatic machine), the electrons in the metal will be attracted toward it and move to the side of the object facing it. When the electrons move
1147:
is reached in which the induced charges are exactly the right size and shape to cancel the external electric field throughout the interior of the metal object. Then the remaining mobile charges (electrons) in the interior of the metal no longer feel a force and the net motion of the charges stops.
1156:
Since the mobile charges (electrons) in the interior of a metal object are free to move in any direction, there can never be a static concentration of charge inside the metal; if there was, it would disperse due to its mutual repulsion. Therefore in induction, the mobile charges move through the
1598:
are repelled and move slightly to the opposite side of the molecule. Since the negative charges are now closer to the external charge than the positive charges, their attraction is greater than the repulsion of the positive charges, resulting in a small net attraction of the molecule toward the
1593:
and are not free to move about the object as in conductors; however they can move a little within the molecules. If a positive charge is brought near a nonconductive object, the electrons in each molecule are attracted toward it, and move to the side of the molecule facing the charge, while the
1126:
are repelled and move to the surface facing away. These induced surface charges create an opposing electric field that exactly cancels the field of the external charge throughout the interior of the metal. Therefore electrostatic induction ensures that the electric field everywhere inside a
893:) is constant at any point throughout a conductor. Electrostatic induction is also responsible for the attraction of light nonconductive objects, such as balloons, paper or styrofoam scraps, to static electric charges. Electrostatic induction laws apply in dynamic situations as far as the
1043:, which is a large reservoir of both positive and negative charges, some of the negative charges in the ground will flow into the object, under the attraction of the nearby positive charge. When the contact with ground is broken, the object is left with a net negative charge.
1143:. As the charges in the metal object continue to separate, the resulting positive and negative regions create their own electric field, which opposes the field of the external charge. This process continues until very quickly (within a fraction of a second) an
856:
in an object that is caused by the influence of nearby charges. In the presence of a charged body, an insulated conductor develops a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other end. Induction was discovered by
British scientist
989:
out of an area, they leave an unbalanced positive charge due to the nuclei. This results in a region of negative charge on the object nearest to the external charge, and a region of positive charge on the part away from it. These are called
1030:
Using an electroscope to show electrostatic induction. The device has leaves/needle that become charged when introducing a charged rod to it. The leaves bend the leave/needle, and the stronger the static introduced, the more bending
1050:, which is an instrument for detecting electric charge. The electroscope is first discharged, and a charged object is then brought close to the instrument's top terminal. Induction causes a separation of the charges inside the
1160:
This establishes the principle that electrostatic charges on conductive objects reside on the surface of the object. External electric fields induce surface charges on metal objects that exactly cancel the field within.
1000:
charge on the object; it still has no net charge. This induction effect is reversible; if the nearby charge is removed, the attraction between the positive and negative internal charges causes them to intermingle again.
1083:
of the object is momentarily grounded while the inducing charge is near, a charge opposite in polarity to the inducing charge will be attracted from ground into the object, and it will be left with a charge
1366:
1181:(work) required to move a small positive charge through an electric field between the two points, divided by the size of the charge. If there is an electric field directed from point
950:
that builds up on the fur causes a polarization of the molecules of the styrofoam due to electrostatic induction, resulting in a slight attraction of the styrofoam to the charged fur.
1534:
1461:
600:
1035:
However, the induction effect can also be used to put a net charge on an object. If, while it is close to the positive charge, the above object is momentarily connected through a
1499:
1426:
573:
1388:
1333:
1311:
1289:
1267:
1245:
1223:
1201:
585:
1548:
1539:
Another way of saying this is that in electrostatics, electrostatic induction ensures that the potential (voltage) throughout a conductive object is constant.
1064:
The sign of the charge left on the electroscope after grounding is always opposite in sign to the external inducing charge. The two rules of induction are:
1678:
836:
605:
1291:
against the opposing force of the electric field. Thus the electrostatic potential energy of the charge will increase. So the potential at point
615:
937:
1980:
1614:, which has a positive and negative end due to its structure, even in the absence of external charge. This is the principle of operation of a
440:
1748:
1599:
charge. This effect is microscopic, but since there are so many molecules, it adds up to enough force to move a light object like
Styrofoam.
1944:
1869:
455:
77:
1950:
1859:
1825:
1724:
1684:... the Swede, Johann Karl Wilcke (1732–1796), then resident in Germany, who in 1762 published an account of experiments in which....
335:
1835:
1758:
67:
1973:
1891:
250:
1682:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–193, see page 181, second para, three lines from end.
1788:
829:
595:
72:
610:
315:
1563:) objects, and is responsible for the attraction of small light nonconductive objects, like balloons, scraps of paper or
475:
465:
450:
215:
82:
961:
in each part of it, located close together, so no part of it has a net electric charge. The positive charges are the
927:, causing the cylinder's near end to acquire a negative charge and the far end to acquire a positive charge. The small
515:
205:
768:
643:
540:
435:
852:, also known as "electrostatic influence" or simply "influence" in Europe and Latin America, is a redistribution of
1595:
268:
996:
Since this process is just a redistribution of the charges that were already in the object, it doesn't change the
894:
822:
783:
310:
300:
240:
235:
175:
20:
1338:
882:
753:
633:
320:
1507:
1434:
2012:
1603:
1547:
1395:
1170:
969:
which are bound into the structure of matter and are not free to move. The negative charges are the atoms'
886:
874:
866:
758:
728:
160:
145:
1047:
1013:
Gold-leaf electroscope, showing induction (labelled polarity of charges), before the terminal is grounded.
928:
580:
350:
125:
1469:
917:
678:
365:
355:
305:
295:
42:
1638:
910:
1131:
A remaining question is how large the induced charges are. The movement of charges is caused by the
2017:
1988:
1663:
1400:
1058:
1040:
1036:
981:
974:
803:
703:
668:
420:
285:
185:
170:
105:
1602:
This change in the distribution of charge in a molecule due to an external electric field is called
210:
1102:
763:
743:
738:
545:
530:
415:
385:
280:
1778:
1371:
1316:
1294:
1272:
1250:
1228:
1206:
1184:
1120:
are attracted and move to the surface of the object facing the external charge. Positive charges
1009:
1568:
947:
638:
378:
180:
140:
1940:
1865:
1831:
1805:
1784:
1754:
1720:
1714:
1144:
870:
862:
698:
993:. If the external charge is negative, the polarity of the charged regions will be reversed.
1909:
1140:
985:
943:
798:
713:
673:
663:
550:
505:
488:
405:
340:
110:
34:
1668:
977:
objects such as metals, some of the electrons are able to move freely about in the object.
1895:
1466:
Since there can be no electric field inside a conductive object to exert force on charges
958:
853:
733:
658:
653:
520:
395:
360:
255:
220:
120:
773:
1097:
1611:
1136:
1057:
But if an electrical contact is now briefly made between the electroscope terminal and
693:
688:
510:
400:
325:
275:
225:
198:
155:
130:
100:
93:
1884:
2006:
1673:
966:
878:
808:
793:
778:
718:
430:
345:
330:
245:
230:
135:
1615:
1575:
1556:
1051:
788:
683:
648:
590:
525:
410:
290:
165:
445:
1855:
858:
708:
560:
390:
52:
1560:
957:
A normal uncharged piece of matter has equal numbers of positive and negative
425:
1564:
748:
723:
535:
460:
57:
1968:
1590:
1582:
1391:
1269:. Work will have to be done on the charge by a force to make it move to
1114:
causes the mobile charges in metal objects to separate. Negative charges
970:
931:
hanging from the bottom show that the charge is concentrated at the ends.
500:
495:
115:
984:
object, such as a piece of metal, the force of the nearby charge due to
1174:
890:
470:
916:
Demonstration of induction, in the 1870s. The positive terminal of an
1607:
1501:, within a conductive object the gradient of the potential is zero
1178:
555:
62:
1889:, Powerpoint presentation, p.27-28, 2009, S. Polytechnic State Univ.
1667:
1546:
1132:
1101:
Surface charges induced in metal objects by a nearby charge. The
1096:
1016:
1008:
1586:
962:
16:
Separation of electric charge due to presence of other charges
1068:
If the object is not grounded, the nearby charge will induce
1864:(3rd ed.). USA: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 594–596.
1093:
The electrostatic field inside a conductive object is zero
1747:
Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jearl (2010).
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1165:
The voltage throughout a conductive object is constant
1510:
1472:
1437:
1403:
1374:
1341:
1319:
1297:
1275:
1253:
1231:
1209:
1187:
980:
When a charged object is brought near an uncharged,
1987:. Oswego City School District. 1999. Archived from
1225:then it will exert a force on a charge moving from
1633:
1631:
1528:
1493:
1455:
1420:
1382:
1360:
1327:
1305:
1283:
1261:
1239:
1217:
1195:
1939:. USA: famous Publishing. 2009. p. 329.
830:
8:
1719:. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 127–128.
1713:Purcell, Edward M.; David J. Morin (2013).
923:is placed near an uncharged brass cylinder
1849:
1847:
1361:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (\mathbf {x} )}
837:
823:
41:
25:
1807:Magnetism & Electricity for Beginners
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1606:, and the polarized molecules are called
1525:
1520:
1509:
1490:
1476:
1471:
1452:
1447:
1436:
1410:
1402:
1375:
1373:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1320:
1318:
1298:
1296:
1276:
1274:
1254:
1252:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1208:
1188:
1186:
1830:. US: Academic Press. pp. 159–161.
1819:
1817:
1551:Paper snippets attracted by a charged CD
1046:This method can be demonstrated using a
1810:. Macmillan & Company. p. 182.
1627:
1529:{\displaystyle \nabla V=\mathbf {0} \,}
1456:{\displaystyle \nabla V=\mathbf {E} \,}
885:in this context. Due to induction, the
586:Electromagnetism and special relativity
33:
1772:
1770:
1610:. This should not be confused with a
1981:"Charging by electrostatic induction"
1555:A similar induction effect occurs in
1177:between two points is defined as the
1152:Induced charge resides on the surface
606:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
1753:(9 ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
1139:of the external charged object, by
1887:Electric Charge and Electric Force
1511:
1494:{\displaystyle (\mathbf {E} =0)\,}
1438:
14:
1827:Electricity, magnetism, and light
1967:
1910:"Charge and Charge Interactions"
1521:
1477:
1448:
1411:
1376:
1351:
1343:
1321:
1299:
1277:
1255:
1233:
1211:
1189:
936:
909:
1543:Induction in dielectric objects
1421:{\displaystyle V(\mathbf {x} )}
1005:Charging an object by induction
881:, use this principle. See also
1487:
1473:
1415:
1407:
1355:
1347:
861:in 1753 and Swedish professor
1:
1936:Kaplan MCAT Physics 2010-2011
946:clinging to a cat's fur. The
611:Relativistic electromagnetism
1914:Static Electricity, Lesson 1
1804:Hadley, Harry Edwin (1899).
1777:Cope, Thomas A. Darlington.
1383:{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
1328:{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }
1306:{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} }
1284:{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} }
1262:{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} }
1240:{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }
1218:{\displaystyle \mathbf {a} }
1196:{\displaystyle \mathbf {b} }
1108:of a nearby positive charge
1572:(see picture of cat, above)
2034:
1645:. Britannica.com Inc. 2008
1127:conductive object is zero.
336:Liénard–Wiechert potential
18:
1824:Saslow, Wayne M. (2002).
1783:. Library of Alexandria.
1716:Electricity and Magnetism
1639:"Electrostatic induction"
895:quasistatic approximation
601:Mathematical descriptions
311:Electromagnetic radiation
301:Electromagnetic induction
241:Magnetic vector potential
236:Magnetic scalar potential
21:Electromagnetic induction
1985:Regents exam prep center
1394:(rate of change) of the
1313:is higher than at point
867:Electrostatic generators
19:Not to be confused with
1974:Electrostatic induction
1916:. The Physics Classroom
1908:Henderson, Tom (2011).
1894:April 19, 2012, at the
1861:Matter and Interactions
1750:Fundamentals of Physics
1679:Encyclopædia Britannica
1604:dielectric polarization
1569:static electric charges
1396:electrostatic potential
1171:electrostatic potential
1135:exerted on them by the
1088:to the inducing charge.
982:electrically conducting
975:electrically conductive
929:pith ball electroscopes
887:electrostatic potential
875:Van de Graaff generator
850:Electrostatic induction
151:Electrostatic induction
146:Electrostatic discharge
1898:on DocStoc.com website
1616:pith-ball electroscope
1581:In nonconductors, the
1552:
1530:
1495:
1457:
1422:
1384:
1362:
1335:. The electric field
1329:
1307:
1285:
1263:
1241:
1219:
1197:
1128:
1076:charges in the object.
1048:gold-leaf electroscope
1032:
1014:
581:Electromagnetic tensor
1664:Fleming, John Ambrose
1643:Britannica.com Online
1550:
1531:
1496:
1458:
1423:
1385:
1363:
1330:
1308:
1286:
1264:
1242:
1220:
1198:
1100:
1029:
1012:
918:electrostatic machine
574:Covariant formulation
366:Synchrotron radiation
306:Electromagnetic pulse
296:Electromagnetic field
1976:at Wikimedia Commons
1854:Sherwood, Bruce A.;
1508:
1470:
1435:
1401:
1372:
1339:
1317:
1295:
1273:
1251:
1229:
1207:
1185:
616:Stress–energy tensor
541:Reluctance (complex)
286:Displacement current
1669:"Electricity"
1106:(lines with arrows)
1103:electrostatic field
531:Magnetomotive force
416:Electromotive force
386:Alternating current
321:Jefimenko equations
281:Cyclotron radiation
1885:Paul E. Tippens,
1553:
1526:
1491:
1453:
1418:
1380:
1358:
1325:
1303:
1281:
1259:
1237:
1215:
1193:
1129:
1033:
1015:
948:static electricity
379:Electrical network
216:Gauss magnetic law
181:Static electricity
141:Electric potential
1972:Media related to
1946:978-1-4277-9875-6
1871:978-0-470-50347-8
1041:electrical ground
1027:
944:Styrofoam peanuts
871:Wimshurst machine
863:Johan Carl Wilcke
847:
846:
546:Reluctance (real)
516:Gyrator–capacitor
461:Resonant cavities
351:Maxwell equations
2025:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1971:
1955:
1954:
1949:. Archived from
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1899:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1635:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1480:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1028:
959:electric charges
940:
913:
839:
832:
825:
506:Electric machine
489:Magnetic circuit
451:Parallel circuit
441:Network analysis
406:Electric current
341:London equations
186:Triboelectricity
176:Potential energy
45:
35:Electromagnetism
26:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1992:
1979:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1896:Wayback Machine
1883:
1879:
1872:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1746:
1745:
1734:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1690:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1545:
1506:
1505:
1468:
1467:
1433:
1432:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1369:
1337:
1336:
1315:
1314:
1293:
1292:
1271:
1270:
1249:
1248:
1227:
1226:
1205:
1204:
1183:
1182:
1167:
1154:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1095:
1017:
1007:
991:induced charges
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
941:
933:
932:
914:
903:
854:electric charge
843:
814:
813:
629:
621:
620:
576:
566:
565:
521:Induction motor
491:
481:
480:
396:Current density
381:
371:
370:
361:Poynting vector
271:
269:Electrodynamics
261:
260:
256:Right-hand rule
221:Magnetic dipole
211:Biot–Savart law
201:
191:
190:
126:Electric dipole
121:Electric charge
96:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:Electrostatics
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1963:
1962:External links
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:on 2014-01-31.
1945:
1926:
1900:
1877:
1870:
1856:Ruth W. Chabay
1843:
1836:
1813:
1796:
1789:
1766:
1759:
1732:
1726:978-1107014022
1725:
1688:
1674:Chisholm, Hugh
1655:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1612:polar molecule
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1378:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1323:
1301:
1279:
1257:
1235:
1213:
1191:
1166:
1163:
1153:
1150:
1137:electric field
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1006:
1003:
942:
935:
934:
915:
908:
907:
906:
905:
904:
902:
899:
869:, such as the
845:
844:
842:
841:
834:
827:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
596:Four-potential
593:
588:
583:
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
511:Electric motor
508:
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
466:Series circuit
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Kirchhoff laws
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:Direct current
398:
393:
388:
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
356:Maxwell tensor
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Larmor formula
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Bremsstrahlung
272:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
226:Magnetic field
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
199:Magnetostatics
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
131:Electric field
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:Charge density
97:
94:Electrostatics
92:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
31:
30:
29:Articles about
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
1991:on 2008-08-28
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:0-12-619455-6
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:9780470469118
1756:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1585:are bound to
1584:
1579:
1577:
1574:, as well as
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:nonconductive
1549:
1542:
1540:
1517:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1481:
1444:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1404:
1397:
1393:
1368:at any point
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Coulomb's law
1138:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1011:
1004:
1002:
999:
994:
992:
987:
986:Coulomb's law
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
949:
945:
939:
930:
926:
922:
919:
912:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:electrophorus
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
820:
818:
817:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
625:
624:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Joule heating
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Lorentz force
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
265:
264:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
246:Magnetization
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:Magnetic flux
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
195:
194:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
136:Electric flux
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
95:
90:
89:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
73:Computational
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:the original
1984:
1951:the original
1935:
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1913:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1860:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1749:
1715:
1683:
1677:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1642:
1601:
1580:
1578:in clothes.
1576:static cling
1571:
1554:
1538:
1465:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1130:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1052:electroscope
1045:
1034:
997:
995:
990:
979:
956:
924:
920:
883:Stephen Gray
849:
848:
591:Four-current
526:Linear motor
411:Electrolysis
291:Eddy current
251:Permeability
171:Polarization
166:Permittivity
150:
2018:Electricity
1145:equilibrium
901:Explanation
859:John Canton
561:Transformer
391:Capacitance
316:Faraday law
111:Coulomb law
53:Electricity
2007:Categories
1995:2008-06-25
1920:2012-01-01
1790:1465543724
1649:2008-06-25
1622:References
1561:dielectric
1037:conductive
897:is valid.
865:in 1762.
628:Scientists
476:Waveguides
456:Resistance
426:Inductance
206:Ampère law
1594:positive
1591:molecules
1583:electrons
1565:Styrofoam
1512:∇
1439:∇
1428: :
1203:to point
971:electrons
784:Steinmetz
714:Kirchhoff
699:Jefimenko
694:Hopkinson
679:Helmholtz
674:Heaviside
536:Permeance
421:Impedance
161:Insulator
156:Gauss law
106:Conductor
83:Phenomena
78:Textbooks
58:Magnetism
1892:Archived
1858:(2011).
1666:(1911).
1392:gradient
1086:opposite
1081:any part
1074:opposite
1039:path to
877:and the
809:Wiechert
764:Poynting
654:Einstein
501:DC motor
496:AC motor
331:Lenz law
116:Electret
1780:Physics
1676:(ed.).
1608:dipoles
1390:is the
1175:voltage
1031:occurs.
921:(right)
891:voltage
794:Thomson
769:Ritchie
759:Poisson
744:Neumann
739:Maxwell
734:Lorentz
729:Liénard
659:Faraday
644:Coulomb
471:Voltage
446:Ohm law
68:History
1943:
1868:
1834:
1787:
1757:
1723:
1596:nuclei
1179:energy
1117:(blue)
1059:ground
973:. In
967:nuclei
925:(left)
873:, the
779:Singer
774:Savart
754:Ørsted
719:Larmor
709:Kelvin
664:Fizeau
634:Ampère
556:Stator
63:Optics
1672:. In
1587:atoms
1567:, to
1133:force
1123:(red)
1070:equal
998:total
963:atoms
804:Weber
799:Volta
789:Tesla
704:Joule
689:Hertz
684:Henry
669:Gauss
551:Rotor
1941:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1169:The
1072:and
724:Lenz
649:Davy
639:Biot
1589:or
1247:to
1173:or
1111:(+)
1079:If
749:Ohm
2009::
1983:.
1912:.
1846:^
1816:^
1769:^
1735:^
1691:^
1641:.
1630:^
1618:.
965:'
1998:.
1923:.
1874:.
1840:.
1793:.
1763:.
1729:.
1652:.
1559:(
1522:0
1518:=
1515:V
1488:)
1485:0
1482:=
1478:E
1474:(
1449:E
1445:=
1442:V
1416:)
1412:x
1408:(
1405:V
1377:x
1356:)
1352:x
1348:(
1344:E
1322:a
1300:b
1278:b
1256:b
1234:a
1212:a
1190:b
889:(
838:e
831:t
824:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
