450:
borrowing was a reasonable exception under the national emergency to allow educational functions to continue since physical libraries and bookstores were forced to be shuttered. The
Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, the National Writers Union, and others argued that this allowed unlimited copyright infringement and denied revenues from distribution of authorized digital copies of books to authors who also needed relief during the COVID-19 national emergency. Though the Open Library asserted that the copies of entire books in e-book format were still encrypted and the unlimited borrowing was for educational purposes, the National Writers Union asserted that images of each page of each book could still be accessed on the Web without encryption or other controls.
281:-like interface. If books are available in digital form, a button labeled "Read" appears next to its catalog listing. Digital copies of the contents of each scanned book are distributed as encrypted e-books (created from images of scanned pages), audiobooks and streaming audio (created from the page images using OCR and text-to-speech software), unencrypted images of full pages from OpenLibrary.org and Archive.org, and APIs for automated downloading of page images. Links to where books can be purchased or borrowed are also provided.
529:
1806:
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27:
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305:. Other books including in-print and in-copyright books have been scanned from copies in library collections, library discards, and donations, and are also available for lending in digital form. In total, the Open Library offers copies of over 1.4 million books for what it calls "digital lending", but critics have called distribution of digital copies a violation of copyright law.
41:
1693:
357:, "lets you direct a cash donation to pay for the purchase and scanning of any books. In return, you are first in line to check that book out when it is available, and then anyone who holds an Open Library library card can check it out.". The feature was developed by Mek Karpeles, Tabish Shaikh, and other members of the community.
421:, and a coalition of 37 national and international organizations of "writers, translators, photographers, and graphic artists; unions, organizations, and federations representing the creators of works included in published books; book publishers; and reproduction rights and public lending rights organizations". The UK
477:
against the
Internet Archive in June 2020, asserting the Open Library project violated numerous copyrights. In their suit, the publishers claimed "Without any license or any payment to authors or publishers, scans print books, uploads these illegally scanned books to its servers, and distributes
449:
in March 2020. Under these circumstances, the
National Emergency Library removed the waitlists of all books in its Open Library collection and allowed any number of digital copies of a book to be downloaded as an encrypted file that would be unusable after two weeks, asserting that this unlimited
1696:
478:
verbatim digital copies of the books in whole via public-facing websites. With just a few clicks, any
Internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from defendant." The publishers were represented by the law firms
393:
law. The Open
Library owns a physical copy of each book that they have made available, and thus argue that the lending out of one digital scan of the book in a controlled manner falls within the first-sale doctrine, a practice known as
2585:
486:. The Internet Archive ended the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, instead of the intended June 30 date, and requested the publishers to "call off their costly assault". In July 2022, both parties filed requests for
1635:
1573:
491:
474:
321:
from April 2009 to
December 2011. Oates was responsible for a complete site redesign during her tenure. In 2015, the project was continued by Giovanni Damiola and then Brenton Cheng and Mek Karpeles in 2016.
891:
298:
Open
Library claims to have over 20 million records in its database. Copies of the contents of tens of thousands of modern books have been made available from 150 libraries and publishers for
1272:
1605:
1544:
1460:
1627:
1106:
1565:
1131:
1730:
377:. Under certain provisions of United States copyright law, libraries are sometimes able to reproduce copyrighted works in formats accessible to users with disabilities.
2733:
1512:
414:
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1910:
2743:
2738:
2708:
1212:
698:
2713:
1905:
942:
2753:
836:
883:
1262:
1595:
1864:
1363:
631:
1723:
1534:
1231:
490:. A first hearing was held on March 20, 2023. A summary judgement was issued March 24, 2023, in favor of the plaintiffs. In its ruling the
1450:
1658:
2723:
2069:
1076:
558:
2728:
2632:
470:
663:
1189:
1098:
603:
2446:
1716:
1127:
563:
1705:(Text of the speech given by Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, at the launch of the Open Library in October 2005)
2112:
1900:
1895:
1837:
1832:
1388:
2553:
861:
967:
401:
Since its launch, the Open
Library has been accused of mass copyright violation by numerous groups, including the American
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1017:
410:
342:
338:
215:
1504:
2077:
568:
436:
1428:
1338:
1160:
2748:
2456:
1305:
916:
761:
353:
In the week of
October 21, 2019, the Open Library website introduced a Book Sponsorship program, which according to
2461:
2274:
1847:
1482:
503:
395:
374:
302:
1204:
690:
992:
723:
2441:
1795:
1566:"Publishers File Suit Against Internet Archive for Systematic Mass Scanning and Distribution of Literary Works"
1046:
938:
250:
441:
The Open
Library further came under criticism from several authors and publishers groups when it created the
385:
The Open Library has justified its ability to offer full contents of books in digital formats as part of the
2243:
1920:
1822:
832:
811:
425:
threatened legal action in 2019 unless the Open Library agreed to cease distribution of copyrighted works.
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2167:
1915:
499:
418:
246:
109:
2612:
2543:
2238:
1780:
543:
479:
1805:
528:
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alleged that the Open Library and the National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement.
126:
2343:
2199:
1359:
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627:
458:
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1971:
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511:
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386:
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90:
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122:
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1943:
1326:
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406:
317:
as the original engineer and leader of the Open Library's technical team. The project was led by
102:
1227:
1425:"Controlled Digital Lending (CDL): An appeal to readers and librarians from the victims of CDL"
2527:
2358:
2162:
2061:
1925:
1877:
1069:"The Internet Archive's Open Library will let you sponsor a book, paying for it to be scanned"
573:
507:
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462:
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82:
1068:
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1999:
1994:
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66:
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655:
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130:
94:
78:
74:
241:, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Malamud, Open Library is a project of the
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2570:
2485:
2480:
2451:
2431:
2264:
2179:
2098:
2019:
2014:
1976:
1659:"The Internet Archive has lost its first fight to scan and lend e-books like a library"
599:
517:
On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against Internet Archive, which plans on appealing.
502:
by scanning and distributing copies of books online. Stemming from the creation of the
366:
238:
118:
70:
1298:"Open Letter to Internet Archive and Other Proponents of 'Controlled Digital Lending'"
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1981:
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Bookfinch; Chitipothu, Anand; Oates, George; West, Jessamyn (2013-10-10).
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2393:
2366:
2306:
2290:
2174:
2044:
1948:
1702:
1263:"Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library"
857:
659:
578:
390:
291:
works (which are the aggregate of all books with the same title and text)
230:
1128:"Project puts 1M books online for blind, dyslexic | UTSanDiego.com"
2388:
2378:
2371:
2157:
1765:
1596:"Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers"
1334:
1301:
884:"Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online"
325:
The site was redesigned and relaunched in May 2010. Its codebase is on
137:
719:
628:"openlibrary/LICENSE at master · internetarchive/openlibrary · GitHub"
294:
editions (which are different publications of the corresponding works)
2600:
988:
326:
254:
1410:
1331:"Open letter to Internet Archive about 'Controlled Digital Lending'"
1038:
833:"Internet Archive Forums: In-Library eBook Lending Program Launched"
1708:
1483:"Internet Archive removes controls on "lending" of bootleg e-books"
939:"Announcing the Open Library redesign « The Open Library Blog"
600:"Using Open Library Data § Who owns the Open Library catalog?"
2622:
2605:
2520:
2515:
2316:
1790:
492:
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
299:
1535:"Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending"
2617:
2121:
807:
278:
257:
digital copies in multiple formats, created from images of many
2094:
1712:
1387:. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. 2018-01-08.
329:. The site uses Infobase, its own database framework based on
1099:"Scan On Demand: Building the World's Open Library, Together"
1451:"Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge"
1228:
A White Paper on Controlled Digital Lending of Library Books
369:
and offering over one million modern and older books to the
1684:
1182:"NLS Factsheets: Copyright Law Amendment, 1996: PL 104-197"
151:
691:"Why you can't find a library book in your search engine"
2090:
780:
778:
253:
and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. Open Library provides
1628:"Oral Argument Set in Internet Archive Copyright Case"
398:
and in use by multiple public and academic libraries.
341:. The source code to the site is published under the
1230:(Report). Controlled Digital Lendings by Libraries.
787:"What is the Internet Archive doing with our books?"
16:
Online project for book data of the Internet Archive
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2008:
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146:
136:
108:
62:
52:
1039:"The Internet Archive Book Drive | Open Library"
249:. It has been funded in part by grants from the
1153:"Welcome to Daisy Books for the Print Disabled"
277:, as well as from user contributions through a
684:
682:
680:
415:Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America
284:There are different entities in the database:
2106:
1724:
1505:"Publishers Are Taking the Internet to Court"
1362:. Australian Society of Authors. 2019-01-21.
229:is an online project intended to create "one
8:
1657:Jay Peters, Sean Hollister (24 March 2023).
1427:. National Writers Union. 13 February 2019.
1411:"NWU denounces 'Controlled Digital Lending'"
1226:Hansen, David R.; Courtney, Kyle K. (2018).
19:
269:Its book information is collected from the
233:for every book ever published". Created by
2113:
2099:
2091:
1860:
1731:
1717:
1709:
1097:El-Sabrout, Omar Rafik (23 October 2019).
25:
18:
858:"FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)"
650:
648:
265:Book database and digital lending library
622:
620:
475:Southern New York Federal District Court
2734:Internet properties established in 2006
1211:. The Ohio State University Libraries.
590:
45:Open Library homepage in September 2011
1626:Albanese, Andrew (February 21, 2023).
1360:"Open Library: copyright infringement"
964:"internetarchive/openlibrary · GitHub"
7:
2719:Full-text scholarly online databases
1926:Collected texts of Simon Schwartzman
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
656:"A library bigger than any building"
261:, out-of-print, and in-print books.
2744:Bibliographic databases and indexes
2739:Software using the GNU AGPL license
2709:Aggregation-based digital libraries
2070:Recorder: The Marion Stokes Project
1638:from the original on March 18, 2023
1481:Hasbrouck, Edward (24 March 2020).
785:Hasbrouck, Edward (16 April 2020).
559:List of software under the GNU AGPL
2714:Free software programmed in Python
1186:Library of Congress NLS Factsheets
1130:. Signonsandiego.com. 2010-05-05.
471:Association of American Publishers
365:The website was relaunched adding
14:
2754:Digital rights management systems
1748:Universal access to all knowledge
343:GNU Affero General Public License
2682:
2673:
2672:
2662:
1911:RECAP US Federal Court Documents
1804:
1691:
1409:Hasbrouck, Edward (2019-02-13).
1215:from the original on 2016-06-30.
1192:from the original on 2017-05-21.
689:Grossman, Wendy M (2009-01-22).
564:List of digital library projects
527:
361:Books for the blind and dyslexic
313:Open Library began in 2006 with
39:
2663:
1608:from the original on 2020-06-14
1576:from the original on 2020-06-05
1547:from the original on 2020-06-01
1533:Brandom, Russell (2020-06-01).
1515:from the original on 2021-08-23
1503:Bustillos, Maria (2020-09-10).
1463:from the original on 2019-02-12
1431:from the original on 2020-07-28
1391:from the original on 2019-02-12
1366:from the original on 2019-08-20
1341:from the original on 2019-07-28
1308:from the original on 2019-07-28
1275:from the original on 2020-04-04
1261:Grady, Constance (2020-04-02).
1234:from the original on 2019-08-02
1163:from the original on 2013-01-04
1134:from the original on 2011-12-17
1109:from the original on 2019-10-24
1079:from the original on 2019-10-23
1049:from the original on 2022-06-05
1020:from the original on 2015-06-27
995:from the original on 2015-06-27
970:from the original on 2015-08-10
945:from the original on 2015-06-27
919:from the original on 2017-02-22
894:from the original on 2020-03-28
864:from the original on 2020-03-30
839:from the original on 2015-07-17
814:from the original on 2015-06-27
764:from the original on 2018-07-17
726:from the original on 2015-05-23
701:from the original on 2014-01-14
666:from the original on 2009-11-27
634:from the original on 2017-01-22
606:from the original on 2022-04-11
381:Copyright violation accusations
882:Lee, Timothy B. (2020-03-28).
506:(NEL) during the onset of the
1:
1843:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1205:"Copyright and Accessibility"
1067:Doctorow, Cory (2019-10-22).
411:Australian Society of Authors
2586:Conservation and restoration
2078:Hachette v. Internet Archive
1449:Flood, Alison (2019-01-22).
937:Oates, George (2010-03-17).
569:Online public access catalog
437:Hachette v. Internet Archive
430:Hachette v. Internet Archive
1701:public domain audiobook at
1594:Lee, Timothy (2020-06-11).
182:; 18 years ago
2770:
2724:American digital libraries
2000:Open Educational Resources
504:National Emergency Library
443:National Emergency Library
434:
396:controlled digital lending
375:DAISY Digital Talking Book
303:controlled digital lending
2729:Internet Archive projects
2658:
1802:
1746:
1413:. National Writers Union.
33:
24:
1796:Internet Archive Scholar
1485:. National Writers Union
1014:"Developers / Licensing"
941:. Blog.openlibrary.org.
789:. National Writers Union
720:"Aaron Swartz: howtoget"
473:—filed a lawsuit in the
349:Book sponsorship program
333:, and Infogami, its own
251:California State Library
2244:Collection (publishing)
2168:Illuminated manuscripts
1921:US Government Documents
1823:Bibliotheca Alexandrina
1188:. Library of Congress.
758:"The Open Library Team"
373:in May 2010 using the
273:, other libraries, and
1327:The Society of Authors
989:"About the Technology"
722:. Aaronsw.jottit.com.
500:copyright infringement
453:Four major publishers—
419:National Writers Union
247:nonprofit organization
2613:Intellectual property
2239:Volume (bibliography)
1781:Open Content Alliance
1103:The Open Library Blog
544:Free-software license
510:, publishing company
480:Davis Wright Tremaine
469:, all members of the
463:John Wiley & Sons
58:Digital library index
1385:"Infringement Alert"
860:. 13 February 2019.
494:determined that the
459:Penguin Random House
1828:Library of Congress
1016:. Openlibrary.org.
991:. Openlibrary.org.
915:. Openlibrary.org.
810:. Openlibrary.org.
512:Hachette Book Group
445:in response to the
387:first-sale doctrine
271:Library of Congress
211:Data: public domain
195:Current status
21:
2749:Library catalogues
2650:World Book Capital
1944:Live Music Archive
1906:Children's Library
1901:Canadian Libraries
1896:American Libraries
1838:Canadian Libraries
1833:American Libraries
484:Oppenheim + Zebrak
423:Society of Authors
407:Society of Authors
2696:
2695:
2528:Coffee table book
2359:Bookworm (insect)
2088:
2087:
2062:Panorama Ephemera
1990:
1989:
1878:Libre Map Project
1632:Publishers Weekly
1294:The Authors Guild
574:Project Gutenberg
508:COVID-19 pandemic
488:summary judgement
447:COVID-19 pandemic
224:
223:
63:Available in
2761:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2596:History of books
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
1861:
1848:Sloan Foundation
1808:
1740:Internet Archive
1733:
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1719:
1710:
1698:The Open Library
1695:
1694:
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1687:
1685:Official website
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1209:Copyright Corner
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1157:Internet Archive
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760:. Open Library.
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496:Internet Archive
243:Internet Archive
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127:Anand Chitipothu
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29:
22:
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2639:The Philobiblon
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2200:limited edition
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2004:
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1761:Wayback Machine
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2282:Bibliography
2212:advance copy
2195:instant book
2163:Illustration
2146:dust jackets
2076:
2068:
2060:
2025:David Rumsey
1814:Partners and
1771:Open Library
1770:
1697:
1663:. Retrieved
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1631:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1601:Ars Technica
1599:
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1508:
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1456:The Guardian
1454:
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1433:. Retrieved
1419:
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1393:. Retrieved
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1008:
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983:
972:. Retrieved
958:
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932:
921:. Retrieved
907:
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888:Ars Technica
887:
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866:. Retrieved
852:
841:. Retrieved
827:
816:. Retrieved
802:
791:. Retrieved
766:. Retrieved
728:. Retrieved
714:
703:. Retrieved
695:The Guardian
694:
668:. Retrieved
636:. Retrieved
608:. Retrieved
593:
554:LibraryThing
549:Google Books
516:
452:
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324:
319:George Oates
315:Aaron Swartz
312:
297:
283:
268:
235:Aaron Swartz
227:Open Library
226:
225:
169:Registration
123:Alexis Rossi
115:Aaron Swartz
54:Type of site
20:Open Library
2566:Book curses
2442:Netherlands
2312:Bookselling
2287:Bibliomania
2270:Bestsellers
2258:Consumption
2249:Book series
2234:Typesetting
2030:Jason Scott
1967:NASA Images
1873:NASA Images
1857:Collections
1776:NASA Images
1661:. The Verge
337:written in
335:Wiki engine
152:openlibrary
2703:Categories
2511:audiobooks
2410:By country
2363:Furniture
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2339:Censorship
2322:book towns
2207:Publishing
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2129:Production
1786:Archive-It
1612:2020-06-14
1580:2020-06-05
1551:2020-06-01
1519:2020-10-19
1509:The Nation
1489:2020-05-07
1467:2019-02-10
1459:. London.
1435:2019-02-14
1395:2019-02-10
1370:2019-02-10
1345:2019-04-04
1312:2019-04-04
1279:2020-04-02
1238:2020-04-02
1167:2012-12-10
1138:2015-06-26
1113:2019-10-24
1083:2019-10-24
1073:BoingBoing
1053:2022-06-05
1024:2015-06-26
999:2015-06-26
974:2015-06-26
949:2015-06-26
923:2015-06-26
898:2020-04-20
868:2019-02-14
843:2015-06-26
818:2015-06-26
808:"About Us"
793:2020-05-07
768:2018-07-16
730:2015-06-05
705:2010-07-06
697:. London.
670:2010-07-06
638:2015-06-26
610:2021-04-06
586:References
498:committed
331:PostgreSQL
275:Amazon.com
161:Commercial
110:Founder(s)
91:Portuguese
36:Screenshot
2581:Book tour
2554:incidents
2486:miniature
2481:fictional
2367:bookcases
2307:Bookmarks
2222:paperback
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1916:Microfilm
1642:March 18,
1540:The Verge
417:, the US
103:Ukrainian
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1389:Archived
1364:Archived
1339:Archived
1306:Archived
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1232:Archived
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1190:Archived
1161:Archived
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1107:Archived
1077:Archived
1047:Archived
1018:Archived
993:Archived
968:Archived
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913:"George"
892:Archived
862:Archived
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812:Archived
762:Archived
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699:Archived
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660:BBC News
632:Archived
604:Archived
579:WorldCat
521:See also
455:Hachette
391:fair use
231:web page
177:Launched
142:Donation
83:Croatian
2668:Outline
2628:Outline
2537:Related
2477:Genres
2427:Germany
2401:Reviews
2389:Reading
2379:Library
2327:history
2185:history
2180:edition
2158:Editing
2136:Binding
2054:Related
1972:FedFlix
1766:PetaBox
1335:JotForm
1302:JotForm
309:History
288:authors
185: (
138:Revenue
99:Chinese
87:Italian
67:English
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2141:Covers
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2009:People
465:, and
413:, the
409:, the
339:Python
327:GitHub
255:online
216:AGPLv3
198:Active
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95:Telugu
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1959:Video
1936:Audio
1888:Texts
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300:ebook
71:Czech
2618:ISBN
2559:Nazi
2332:used
2275:list
2229:Size
1667:2023
1644:2023
482:and
389:and
279:wiki
245:, a
187:2006
180:2006
172:Free
154:.org
1570:AAP
1268:Vox
147:URL
2705::
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1537:.
1511:.
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1296:.
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1265:.
1247:^
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