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385:. After 1871, Gardner gave up photography and helped to found an insurance company. Gardner stayed in Washington until his death. When asked about his work, he said, "It is designed to speak for itself. As mementos of the fearful struggle through which the country has just passed, it is confidently hoped that it will possess an enduring interest." He became sick in the late fall of 1882 and died shortly afterward on December 10, 1882, at his home in Washington, D.C. He was survived by his wife and two children. He was buried in local
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351:, among others. Some of his photographs of Lincoln were considered to be the last taken of the President, four days before his assassination, although later this claim was found to be incorrect; the pictures were actually taken in February 1865, the last one on February 5. Gardner would photograph Lincoln on a total of seven occasions while Lincoln was alive. He also documented Lincoln's funeral, and photographed the conspirators involved (with
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210:, he stayed in New York. Gardner initiated contact with Brady and became an assistant to him that year, continuing until 1862. At first, Gardner specialized in making large photographic prints, called Imperial photographs, but as Brady's eyesight began to fail, Gardner assuming increasing responsibilities in Brady's studio. In 1858, Brady put Gardner in charge of his
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331:. Each volume contained 50 hand-mounted original prints. The book did not sell well. Not all photographs were Gardner's; he credited the negative producer and the positive print printer. As the employer, Gardner owned the work produced, as with any modern-day studio. The sketchbook contained work by
270:
Gardner's work has often been misattributed to Brady, and despite his considerable output, historians have tended to give
Gardner less than full recognition for his documentation of the Civil War. When Lincoln relieved McClellan from command of the Army of the Potomac in November 1862, Gardner's role
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417:, has been argued to be a fabrication. This argument, first put forth by William Frassanito in 1975, goes this way: Gardner and his assistants Timothy O'Sullivan and James Gibson had dragged the sniper's body 40 yards (37 m) into the more photogenic surroundings of the
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as chief army photographer diminished. About this time, Gardner ended his working relationship with Brady, probably in part because of Brady's practice of attributing his employees' work as "Photographed by Brady". That winter, Gardner followed
General
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In 1893, photographer J. Watson Porter, who had worked for
Gardner years before, tracked down hundreds of glass negatives made by Gardner, that had been left in an old house in Washington where Gardner had lived. The result was a story in the
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and along with his election came the threat of war. Gardner was well-positioned in
Washington, D.C. to document the pre-war events, and his popularity rose as a portrait photographer, capturing the visages of soldiers leaving for war.
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A century later, photographic analysis suggested that
Gardner had manipulated the setting of at least one of his Civil War photos by moving a soldier's corpse and weapon into more dramatic positions. In 1961, Frederic Ray of the
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140:(October 17, 1821 – December 10, 1882) was a Scottish photographer who immigrated to the United States in 1856, where he began to work full-time in that profession. He is best known for his photographs of the
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magazine compared several of
Gardner's Gettysburg photos showing "two" dead Confederate snipers and realized that the same body had been photographed in two separate locations. One of his most famous images,
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One view is these are dead confederate soldiers taken east of the
Dunkard Church southwest of the Mumma Farm. Site identified by Robert Kalasky, "Military Images" Volume XX, Number 6 May–June 1999, pp.
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in
September 1862, developing photos in his travelling darkroom. Gardner's photography was so detailed that relatives could identify their loved ones by their facial features in his images.
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Dead soldiers at
Antietam Maryland 1862 incorrectly identified and sold as dead of the Irish Brigade; another version identifies the deceased as Confederates but at the wrong location;
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movement. By adulthood he desired to create a cooperative community in the United States that would incorporate socialist values. In 1850, Gardner and others purchased land near
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Cracked glass portrait of
Abraham Lincoln, that was considered to be the last photograph taken of the president before his death. The photo was actually taken in February 1865.
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In 1856, Gardner and his family immigrated to the United States. Finding that many family members and friends at the cooperative he had helped to form were dead or dying of
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1328:"The Case of the Moved Body | Does the Camera Ever Lie? | Articles and Essays | Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"
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for this purpose, but Gardner never lived there, choosing to return to Scotland to raise more money. He stayed there until 1856, becoming owner and editor of the
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to create a better composition. Though Ray's analysis was that the same body was used in two photographs, Frassanito expanded on this analysis in his 1975 book
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355:) in Lincoln's assassination. Gardner was the only photographer allowed at their execution by hanging, photographs of which would later be translated into
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283:. In May 1863, Gardner and his brother James opened their own studio in Washington, D.C., hiring many of Brady's former staff. Gardner photographed the
251:, was central to promoting Brady's idea to Lincoln. Pinkerton recommended Gardner for the position of chief photographer under the jurisdiction of the
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In fact it was taken northeast of the Dunkard church beside the Smoketown road looking west toward the West Woods. Site identified by Robert Kalasky,
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263:. At this point, Gardner's management of Brady's gallery ended. The honorary rank of captain was bestowed upon Gardner, and he photographed the
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560:"Confederate soldier who after being wounded had evidently dragged himself to a little ravine on the hillside where he died".
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425:, and acknowledged that the manipulation of photographic settings in the early years of photography was not frowned upon.
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171:, on October 17, 1821. He became an apprentice jeweler at the age of 14, lasting seven years. Gardner was raised in the
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The "Gettysburg Portrait", A head-on photograph of Abraham Lincoln taken on November 8, 1863; eleven days before his
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William A. Frassanito's books: Gettysburg-A Journey in Time page 187+; Early Photography at Gettysburg page 270+
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View of the scaffold and hanging bodies of the Lincoln Assassination conspirators taken from roof of the arsenal
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The Photographer and the President: Abraham Lincoln, Alexander Gardner, and the Images That Made a Presidency
1188:"Antietam, Maryland. Allan Pinkerton, President Lincoln, and Major General John A. McClernand: Another View"
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Photographic Works of Alexander Gardner, a Public Domain collection of the photographs of Alexander Gardner
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An alternative view is that these are dead soldiers of the 20 New York Infantry see History.Net article at
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Confederate Dead Antietam Maryland 1862 incorrectly identified and sold as taken near "Burnsides Bridge";
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Mathew Brady shared his idea with Gardner about photographing the Civil War. Gardner's relationship with
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1544:"Biographical Sketch" in "Glass Plate Negative of Alexander Gardner Abraham Lincoln Portrait, ca. 1864"
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669:"Dr. A. Hurd, 14th Indiana Volunteers, attending to Confederate wounded after the Battle of Antietam."
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Confederate dead near the Hagerstown Pike (Possibly based on the photograph to the immediate right.)
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Confederate dead at Antietam 1862 north of the Dunker Church on the west side of the Hagerstown Pike
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Gen. John F. Hartranft and staff, responsible for securing the conspirators at the arsenal
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Dead Confederates at the site of a Rebel Artillery Battery; Dunkard Church in background
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who came to Washington to discuss treaties; and he surveyed the proposed route of the
255:. Following that short appointment, Gardner became a staff photographer under General
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this-antietam-photo-has-been-a-mystery-for-40-years-weve-solved-it-we-think-part-iii
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Hagen, Charles (July 31, 1992). "A Civil War Image Maker's Belated Recognition".
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A Eulogy on the Life and Character of Alexander Gardner, by Joseph M. Wilson
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Gardner's Photographic Gallery of the War at 7th and D in Washington, D.C. (
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1275:"Alexander Gardner: The mysteries of the Civil War's photographic giant"
356:
151:, and of the conspirators and the execution of the participants in the
657:"Confederate Colonel and horse, both killed at the Battle of Antietam"
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Alexander Gardner: Visionary Photographer of the American Civil War
1219:"Alexander Gardner (1821–1882): Abraham Lincoln, February 5, 1865"
312:
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645:"Burying the Dead on the Battlefield of Antietam, September 1862"
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Abraham Lincoln became the President of the United States in the
1628:
In The Footsteps of Alexander Gardner at Antietam And Gettysburg
1607:
Witness to an Era: The Life and Photographs of Alexander Gardner
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On Alexander Gardner's photographic sketch book of the Civil War
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of a US Navy Lieutenant of US Civil war 1861–1865 Gardner studio
1243:, Berkeley : University of California Press, 2007. p. 63.
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247:, chief of the intelligence operation that would become the
1571:
Lens of War: Exploring Iconic Photographs of the Civil War
1137:
100 Photographs | The Most Influential Images of All Time
1259:
Davis, William C.; Pohanka, Brian C.; and Troiani, Don.
1089:
BBC Scotland (2012). "The Scot who shot the Civil War".
1073:
A Eulogy on the Life and Character of Alexander Gardner
1058:
A Eulogy on the Life and Character of Alexander Gardner
460:
Dead Confederate artillery horses and dead Confederates
1356:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 186–192.
1133:"See The First Photo To Capture The Casualties of War"
962:
Conspirator's execution – bodies hanging from scaffold
373:
After the war, Gardner was commissioned to photograph
1263:
Nashville, Tenn.: Rutledge Hill Press, 1998, p. 291.
793:. (Based on a lost Alexander Gardner photograph (?))
1584:
Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War
838:, conspirator to assassination, after arrest, 1865.
823:, conspirator to assassination, after arrest, 1865.
808:, conspirator to assassination, after arrest, 1865.
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The home of a rebel sharpshooter, Gettysburg (1863)
328:
Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War
319:
Gardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the Civil War
127:
119:
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23:
1604:
1673:. George Eastman House Collection. Archived from
974:Graves for the Lincoln Assassination conspirators
998:Portrait of Ta-Tan-Kah-Sa-Pah (Black Bull), 1872
1792:Burials at Glenwood Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
1718:From the Collections at the Library of Congress
1332:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
397:and renewed interest in Gardner's photographs.
1549:. Indiana Historical Society. February 6, 2012
1490:Not Proven but possibly taken on Sherrick Farm
381:to the Pacific Ocean. Many of his photos were
325:In 1866, Gardner published a two-volume work,
1448:Volume XX, Number 6 May–June 1999, pp. 24–29.
8:
621:Dead Confederates in the "Bloody Lane" road.
609:Dead Confederates in the "Bloody Lane" road.
597:Dead Confederates in the "Bloody Lane" road.
203:, and thus began his interest in the field.
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20:
1525:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1512:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1499:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1431:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1418:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1405:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1392:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1379:Site identified by William Frassanito in
1366:Site identified by William Frassanito in
291:(June 1864–April 1865) during this time.
1772:Photographers from Paisley, Renfrewshire
1747:British people of the American Civil War
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1777:Scottish emigrants to the United States
1693:. Spartacus Educational. Archived from
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1107:"Alexander Gardner [biography]"
1043:
1026:Photographers of the American Civil War
432:
1273:Michael E. Ruane (December 23, 2011).
1308:from the original on October 11, 2008
1182:
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1109:. The Civil War Trust. Archived from
199:, he saw the photography of American
7:
1710:Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach
179:, Welsh socialist and father of the
1807:19th-century American photographers
1802:19th-century Scottish photographers
1737:Photographers from Washington, D.C.
1716:Rays of Sunlight from South America
1458:Battlefield near the Sherrick House
547:Confederate dead at Antietam 1862.
14:
472:Dead Confederate artillery horses
321:(1866), design by Alfred R. Waud.
18:Scottish photographer (1821–1882)
1797:19th-century British journalists
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335:, James F. Gibson, John Reekie,
1586:. New York: Dover Publications.
339:, James Gardner (his brother),
1762:British cooperative organizers
1598:. New York: Rizzoli Ex Libris.
175:and influenced by the work of
1:
1712:includes a passage on Gardner
1354:Gettysburg: A Journey in Time
1302:"A Sharpshooter's Last Sleep"
443:
423:Gettysburg: A Journey in Time
107:United Kingdom, United States
38:
1582:Gardner, Alexander (1959) .
1352:Frassanito, William (1975).
633:View on Battlefield" No 572
415:Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter
279:. Next, he followed General
253:U.S. Topographical Engineers
1611:. New York: Viking Studio.
1575:University of Georgia Press
781:drawing showing autopsy of
725:A Sharpshooter's Last sleep
308:Boyd's Washington Directory
1823:
1594:Lowry, Richard S. (2015).
949:After Trap has been Sprung
894:Conspirators; July 7, 1865
1767:Scottish male journalists
1742:British war photographers
1230:. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
1071:Joseph M. Wilson (1883).
1056:Joseph M. Wilson (1883).
1018:American Civil War portal
706:John Alexander McClernand
310:, 1864 edition, page 15)
30:
277:Battle of Fredericksburg
231:Alexander Gardner, 1860s
1722:Encyclopædia Britannica
1635:Steiner, Keith (2016).
1626:Steiner, Keith (2013).
1033:(influenced by Gardner)
535:, Union Soldiers grave.
379:Kansas Pacific railroad
1782:Scottish Presbyterians
1603:Katz, Mark D. (1990).
322:
303:
237:November 1860 election
232:
163:Alexander was born in
1193:World Digital Library
892:Lincoln Assassination
333:Timothy H. O'Sullivan
316:
297:
230:
223:Civil War photography
153:Lincoln assassination
1304:. Museum of Hoaxes.
287:(July 1863) and the
285:Battle of Gettysburg
275:, photographing the
193:The Great Exhibition
1787:Scottish socialists
1697:on October 15, 2008
1691:"Alexander Gardner"
1671:"Alexander Gardner"
1563:Gallman, J. Matthew
1031:David Hume Kennerly
921:Adjusting the Ropes
907:Reading the Warrant
681:Middle bridge over
359:for publication in
289:Siege of Petersburg
261:Army of the Potomac
259:, commander of the
257:George B. McClellan
1261:Civil War Journal.
1168:The New York Times
935:The trap is Sprung
752:Gettysburg Address
712:battlefield, 1862.
323:
304:
265:Battle of Antietam
233:
191:in 1851. Visiting
173:Church of Scotland
142:American Civil War
1567:Gary W. Gallagher
1249:978-0-520-25151-9
1228:Picturing America
1196:. October 3, 1862
1143:on August 7, 2018
783:John Wilkes Booth
685:, September 1862.
520:Confederate Dead
387:Glenwood Cemetery
353:John Wilkes Booth
347:, David Knox and
345:George N. Barnard
197:Hyde Park, London
138:Alexander Gardner
135:
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98:Glenwood Cemetery
78:December 10, 1882
25:Alexander Gardner
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1677:on June 13, 2010
1665:Internet Archive
1655:Internet Archive
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375:Native Americans
273:Ambrose Burnside
212:Washington, D.C.
189:Glasgow Sentinel
123:Margaret Gardner
86:Washington, D.C.
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59:October 17, 1821
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300:carte de visite
245:Allan Pinkerton
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149:Abraham Lincoln
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1589:online version
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1573:. Athens, GA:
1569:, ed. (2015).
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249:Secret Service
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1075:. p. 08.
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1060:. p. 20.
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94:Resting place
92:
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16:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1681:February 20,
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1639:. Troubador.
1636:
1630:. Troubador.
1627:
1606:
1595:
1583:
1570:
1551:. Retrieved
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1335:. Retrieved
1331:
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1310:. Retrieved
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1278:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1198:. Retrieved
1191:
1166:
1147:February 15,
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1136:
1127:
1117:December 23,
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1101:
1090:
1072:
1066:
1057:
948:
934:
920:
906:
884:David Herold
880:Lewis Powell
876:Mary Surratt
862:The scaffold
836:Lewis Powell
806:David Herold
788:
778:
724:
532:
422:
414:
407:
404:
394:
391:
383:stereoscopic
372:
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326:
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318:
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242:
234:
208:tuberculosis
205:
201:Mathew Brady
188:
185:Monona, Iowa
169:Renfrewshire
162:
137:
136:
115:Photographer
80:(1882-12-10)
67:Renfrewshire
15:
1757:1882 deaths
1752:1821 births
1701:October 25,
1553:November 5,
1312:October 25,
447: 1860
419:Devil's Den
401:Controversy
195:in 1851 in
181:cooperative
177:Robert Owen
104:Citizenship
42: 1863
1731:Categories
1529:pp.215-223
1516:pp.122-125
1503:pp.144-147
1435:pp.105-108
1422:pp.105-108
1409:pp.171-174
1396:pp.126-138
1383:pp.165-170
1370:pp.165-170
1337:August 26,
1038:References
159:Early life
112:Occupation
69:, Scotland
55:1821-10-17
1653:, at the
341:John Wood
214:gallery.
1527:Antietam
1514:Antietam
1501:Antietam
1433:Antietam
1420:Antietam
1407:Antietam
1394:Antietam
1381:Antietam
1368:Antietam
1306:Archived
1200:June 10,
1004:See also
710:Antietam
442:Gardner
369:Post-War
357:woodcuts
128:Children
37:Gardner
1663:at the
789:Montauk
785:on the
429:Gallery
165:Paisley
63:Paisley
1615:
1469:24–29.
1247:
886:, and
791:(1862)
218:Career
155:plot.
120:Spouse
88:, U.S.
1547:(PDF)
1222:(PDF)
890:-the
1703:2008
1683:2010
1613:ISBN
1565:and
1555:2012
1339:2022
1314:2008
1245:ISBN
1202:2013
1149:2021
1119:2011
787:USS
704:and
75:Died
49:Born
1092:BBC
1733::
1330:.
1277:.
1226:,
1210:^
1190:.
1177:^
1157:^
1135:.
1081:^
1046:^
882:,
878:,
700:,
444:c.
389:.
365:.
343:,
298:A
167:,
144:,
65:,
39:c.
1705:.
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1557:.
1341:.
1316:.
1281:.
1224:.
1204:.
1151:.
1121:.
1095:.
754:.
131:2
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
