1373:
187:
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one Arctic State, or two or more Arctic indigenous peoples groups in a single Arctic state. The number of
Permanent Participants should at any time be less than the number of members. The category of Permanent Participants has been created to provide for active participation and full consultation with the Arctic indigenous representatives within the Arctic Council. This principle applies to all meetings and activities of the Arctic Council.
1646:, which handles the administrative aspects of the council, including organizing semiannual meetings, hosting the website, and distributing reports and documents. The Norwegian Polar Institute hosted the Arctic Council Secretariat for the six-year period from 2007 to 2013; this was based on an agreement between the three successive Scandinavian Chairs, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. This temporary Secretariat had a staff of three.
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196:
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1153:, Sweden — the European Union (EU) requested full observer status. It was not granted, mostly because the members do not agree with the EU ban on hunting seals. Although the European Union has a specific Arctic policy and is active in the region, the ongoing conflict in Ukraine prevents it from reconsidering its status within the Arctic Council.
1189:. Finally, Permanent Participants may propose cooperative activities, such as projects. All this makes the position of Arctic indigenous peoples within the Arctic Council quite influential compared to the (often marginal) role of such peoples in other international governmental fora. The status of "permanent participant" is indeed unique and enables
1931:. Although only a small majority of Russian respondents supported such measures, more than 80 percent of them agreed that the Arctic Council should cover peace-building issues. Paul Berkman suggests that solving security matters in the Arctic Council could save members the much larger amount of time required to reach a decision in
1887:, and Canada could not close the Passage. Russia's claims over the Northern Sea Route are significantly different. Russia only claims small segments of the Northern Sea Route around straits as internal waters. However, Russia requires all commercial vessels to request and obtain permission to navigate in a large area of the
4565:
578:
1389:
The Arctic
Council convenes every six months somewhere in the Chair's country for a Senior Arctic Officials (SAO) meeting. SAOs are high-level representatives from the eight-member nations. Sometimes they are ambassadors, but often they are senior foreign ministry officials entrusted with staff-level
1084:
Observer status is open to non-Arctic states approved by the
Council at the Ministerial Meetings that occur once every two years. Observers have no voting rights in the council. As of September 2021, thirteen non-Arctic states have observer status. Observer states receive invitations for most Council
2194:
Brigham, L.; McCalla, R.; Cunningham, E.; Barr, W.; VanderZwaag, D.; Chircop, A.; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; MacDonald, R.; Harder, S.; Ellis, B.; Snyder, J.; Huntington, H.; Skjoldal, H.; Gold, M.; Williams, M.; Wojhan, T.; Williams, M.; Falkingham, J. (2009). Brigham, Lawson; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; Juurmaa,
1926:
Looking at these two different perspectives, some suggest that the Arctic
Council should expand its role by including peace and security issues as its agenda. A 2010 survey showed that large majorities of respondents in Norway, Canada, Finland, Iceland, and Denmark were very supportive on the issues
1172:
Seven of the eight-member states, excluding
Iceland, have indigenous communities living in their Arctic areas. Organizations of Arctic Indigenous Peoples can obtain the status of Permanent Participant to the Arctic Council, but only if they represent either one indigenous group residing in more than
2127:
Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin;
1809:
stated that circumstances had changed and "the region has become an arena for power and for competition. And the eight Arctic states must adapt to this new future". The council is often in the middle of security and geopolitical issues since the Arctic has peculiar interests to Member States and
1679:
It is costly for the
Permanent participants to be represented at every Council meeting, especially since they take place across the entire circumpolar realm. To enhance the capacity of the PPs to pursue the objectives of the Arctic Council and to assist them to develop their internal capacity to
1176:
Permanent
Participants may address the meetings. They may raise points of order that require an immediate decision by the chairman. Agendas of Ministerial Meetings need to be consulted beforehand with them; they may propose supplementary agenda items. When calling the biannual meetings of Senior
1859:
is a "natural prolongation" of the land. Canada, Russia, and
Denmark (via Greenland) have all submitted partially overlapping claims to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), which is charged with confirming the continental shelf's outer limits. Once the CLCS makes its
1012:(AEPS). The 1996 Ottawa Declaration established the Arctic Council as a forum for promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the Arctic states, with the involvement of the Arctic Indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on issues such as sustainable development and
1922:
has suggested that the Arctic is "probably the most stable area in the world". They say that laws are well established and followed. Member states think that the sharing cost of the development of Arctic shipping-lanes, research, etc., by cooperation and good relationships between states is
1132:
In 2011, the
Council clarified its criteria for admission of observers, most notably including a requirement of applicants to "recognize Arctic States' sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the Arctic" and "recognize that an extensive legal framework applies to the
1393:
At the end of the two-year cycle, the Chair hosts a
Ministerial-level meeting, which is the culmination of the council's work for that period. Most of the eight-member nations are represented by a Minister from their Foreign Affairs, Northern Affairs, or Environment Ministry.
1274:
4656:
619:
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Arctic Officials, the Permanent Participants must have been consulted beforehand. Moreover, though only states have a right to vote in the Arctic Council, the permanent participants must, according to the Ottawa Declaration be fully consulted, which is close to
996:, and these constitute the member states of the council: Canada; Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Russia; Sweden; and the United States. Other countries or national groups can be admitted as observer states, while organizations representing the concerns of
1193:
to be seated at the same table as states' delegations while in any other international organization it is not the case. Nevertheless, decision-making in the Arctic Council remains in the hands of the eight-member states, on the basis of consensus.
1910:
The increase in the number of observer states drew attention to other national security issues. Observers have demonstrated their interests in the Arctic region. China has explicitly shown its desire to extract natural resources in Greenland.
1935:. However, as of June 2014, military security matters are often avoided. The focus on science and resource protection and management is seen as a priority, which could be diluted or strained by the discussion of geopolitical security issues.
3715:
1034:. The same countries issued a second statement on June 8, 2022 that declared their intent to resume cooperation on a limited number of previously approved Arctic Council projects that do not involve Russian leadership or participation.
1292:
However prominent the role of indigenous peoples, the Permanent Participant status does not confer any legal recognition as peoples. The Ottawa Declaration, the Arctic Council's founding document, explicitly states (in a footnote):
1186:
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1914:
Military infrastructure is another point to consider. Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia are rapidly increasing their defence presence by building up their militaries in the Arctic and developing their building infrastructure.
5459:
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1894:
Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Passage arouses substantial public concern in Canada. A poll indicated that half of Canadian respondents said Canada should try to assert its full sovereignty rights over the
3271:
2456:
4201:
1397:
A formal, although non-binding, "Declaration", named for the town in which the meeting is held, sums up the past accomplishments and the future work of the council. These Declarations cover climate change,
655:
2416:
Morcillo Pazos, Adrián & López Coca, Pau (2022). Comparison of EU and Chinese policies in the Arctic : new challenges in the Arctic after the Ukraine war. Quaderns IEE, Vol. 1, Nº. 2, pp. 87-114.
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meetings. Their participation in projects and task forces within the working groups is not always possible, but this poses few problems as few observer states want to participate at such a detailed level.
1333:
4492:
2250:
1810:
Observers. Changes in the Arctic environment and participants of the Arctic Council have led to a reconsideration of the relationship between geopolitical matters and the role of the Arctic Council.
1030:
On March 3, 2022, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and the United States declared that they will not attend meetings of the Arctic Council under Russian chairmanship because of the
6156:
2280:
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1149:
Pending observer states need to request permission for their presence at each individual meeting; such requests are routine and most of them are granted. At the 2013 Ministerial Meeting in
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are now becoming accessible. Large reserves of oil, gas and minerals are located within the Arctic. This environmental factor generated territorial disputes among member states. The
6273:
1270:
2684:
568:
5951:
5700:
3421:
2128:
Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (October 16, 2014).
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3900:
1297:"The use of the term 'peoples' in this declaration shall not be construed as having any implications as regard the rights which may attach to the term under international law."
685:
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can be another factor of conflicts. A poll found that Canadians perceive the Northwest Passage as their internal Canadian waterway whereas other countries assert it is an
604:
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Dams, Ties; van Schaik, Louise; Stoetman, Adája (2020). Presence before power: why China became a near-Arctic state (Report). Clingendael Institute. pp. 6–19.
1981:
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1302:
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1217:
1202:
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1802:
Before signing the Ottawa Declaration, a footnote was added stating; "The Arctic Council should not deal with matters related to military security". In 2019,
1156:
The role of observers was re-evaluated, as were the criteria for admission. As a result, the distinction between permanent and ad hoc observers were dropped.
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710:
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1824:, which was resolved in the summer of 2022 with agreement to split the island in half. There are oceanic claims between the United States and Canada in the
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963:
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Norway, Denmark, and Sweden have agreed on a set of common priorities for the three chairmanships. They also agreed to a shared secretariat 2006–2013.
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1976:
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allows states to extend their exclusive right to exploit resources on and in the continental shelf if they can prove that seabed more than 200
534:
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1402:, Arctic monitoring and assessment, persistent organic pollutants and other contaminants, and the work of the council's five Working Groups.
893:
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770:
675:
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1960:
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Chairmanship of the Council rotates every two years. The current chair is Norway, which serves until the Ministerial meeting in 2025.
1024:
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1879:, which means Canada would have total control over which ships may enter the channel. The United States believes the Passage is an
3319:
1918:
However, some say that the Arctic Council facilitates stability despite possible conflicts among member states. Norwegian Admiral
1891:
under Article 234 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which grants coastal states greater powers over ice-covered waters.
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In September 2017, Anna Degteva replaced Elle Merete Omma as the executive secretary for the Indigenous Peoples´ Secretariat.
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power of veto should they all reject a particular proposal. This mandatory consultation process matches the consultation and
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2032:
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2900:
1322:
918:
913:
898:
873:
499:
6308:
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3850:
3272:"Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark, together with Greenland, reach historic agreement on long-standing boundary disputes"
2130:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure"
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5103:
4701:
3845:
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883:
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1042:
The council is made up of member and observer states, Indigenous "permanent participants", and observer organizations.
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4357:
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1031:
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Only states with territory in the Arctic can be members of the council. The member states consist of the following:
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coordination. Representatives of the six Permanent Participants and the official Observers also are in attendance.
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1314:
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937:
6243:
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The major territorial disputes are over exclusive rights to the seabed under the central Arctic high seas. Due to
1197:
As of 2023, six Arctic indigenous communities have Permanent Participant status. These groups are represented by
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1353:
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The first step towards the formation of the Council occurred in 1991 when the eight Arctic countries signed the
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Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
4507:
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1966:
1954:
1944:
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1164:
Brazil expressed their interest for joining the Arctic Council as first non-Arctic Latin American observer.
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1900:
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Arctic Council members agreed to action points on protecting the Arctic but most have never materialized.
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1971:
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83:
3579:
Wiseman, Matthew (2020). "The Future of the Arctic Council". In Coates, Ken; Holroyd, Carin (eds.).
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4387:
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4107:
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2893:"The Norwegian, Danish, Swedish common objectives for their Arctic Council chairmanships 2006–2013"
1727:
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989:
832:
822:
441:
3297:
2565:
2431:"Brazilian ambassador to Russia: Brazil plans to become an observer country in the Arctic Council"
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had been extremely limited. The only outstanding land dispute was between Canada and Denmark, the
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1141:, and that this framework provides a solid foundation for responsible management of this ocean".
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143:
113:
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rulings, Russia, Denmark, and Canada will need to negotiate to divide their overlapping claims.
1687:
The IPS board decides on the allocation of the funds. The IPS was established in 1994 under the
4657:
Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
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588:
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participate and intervene in Council meetings, the Council provides financial support to the
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Press briefing, Arctic Council Annual Meeting, Nuuk May 2011 Stop talking – start protecting
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173:
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53:
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1932:
1856:
1840:
1649:
In 2012, the Council moved towards creating a permanent secretariat in Tromsø, Norway.
1454:
1337:
1255:
1138:
1017:
720:
558:
2374:
2251:"Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation following Russia's Invasion of Ukraine"
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5812:
5674:
5553:
5469:
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5283:
5245:
5148:
5113:
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1852:
1281:
993:
775:
451:
6016:
5424:
5316:
5278:
5255:
4967:
4181:
3685:
3494:"The Arctic Council is the best way for Canada to resolve its territorial disputes"
3422:"The Arctic: Five Critical Security Challenges | ASPAmerican Security Project"
1896:
1825:
1243:
people in Canada (Northwest Territories and Yukon) and the United States (Alaska).
1134:
645:
186:
4377:
2457:
The participation of indigenous peoples in international norm-making in the Arctic
1571:
1467:
1328:
Organizations with observer status currently include the Arctic Parliamentarians,
5807:
2148:
2129:
5762:
5715:
5578:
5489:
5464:
5439:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5198:
5138:
4276:
3890:
3665:
2996:"Introducing Mathieu Parker: The new director of the Arctic Council Secretariat"
2273:"Canada, six other states pull back from Arctic Council in protest over Ukraine"
1821:
1806:
1240:
3229:"Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council (Ottawa, Canada, 1996)"
6050:
5303:
5273:
4997:
4731:
4414:
3716:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
2351:
2204:. Norway: Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Arctic Council.
1817:
1723:
1706:
Arctic Council working groups document Arctic problems and challenges such as
1377:
817:
3256:
992:. At present, eight countries exercise sovereignty over the lands within the
6253:
6217:
6197:
5419:
5343:
5321:
5093:
4992:
4972:
4382:
4352:
4293:
1558:
1480:
1259:
760:
700:
3542:"U.S.-Russia Relations Are Frosty But They're Toasty On The Arctic Council"
1692:
1493:
263:
195:
3721:
Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty
3144:
6192:
5308:
5160:
5088:
4766:
4342:
3875:
3610:
3447:
1844:
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251:
Forum for promoting cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the
5449:
5298:
5288:
5133:
5128:
5108:
5098:
4315:
3339:"An Off-the-Shelf Guide to Extended Continental Shelves and the Arctic"
2322:"Arctic Council nations to resume limited cooperation — without Russia"
1707:
1532:
1428:
790:
3473:
Rethinking the Top of the World: Arctic Security Public Opinion Survey
2849:"The Kingdom of Denmark. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council 2009–2011"
1642:
Each rotating Chair nation accepts responsibility for maintaining the
5664:
5474:
5444:
5414:
5376:
5348:
5293:
5007:
4844:
3781:
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
2296:"Joint statement on limited resumption of Arctic Council cooperation"
1715:
1519:
1210:
1206:
1150:
985:
730:
252:
2788:"Secretary Tillerson Chairs 10th Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting"
2010:
3520:"Stability and Peace in the Arctic Ocean through Science Diplomacy"
3209:
1691:(AEPS). It was based in Copenhagen until 2016 when it relocated to
1027:, the first binding treaty concluded under the council's auspices.
5434:
5165:
3710:
3675:
3368:"Canadians rank Arctic sovereignty as top foreign-policy priority"
3188:
3100:
1830:
1371:
1251:
1229:
4202:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
2922:
255:
states, with the involvement of the Arctic Indigenous communities
4813:
3965:
3885:
3720:
3604:
1506:
5635:
4817:
4493:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
4041:
3614:
2631:
1899:
compared to just 10 percent of Americans. New commercial trans-
6157:
Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act
2715:. Library of Parliament Research Publications. Archived from
2609:
1843:
and melting of the Arctic sea-ice, more energy resources and
1187:
United Nation Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
377:
4629:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
2941:"Finland's Chairmanship of the Arctic Council in 2017–2019"
2419:
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8570467
3166:
1301:
The Indigenous Permanent Participants are assisted by the
2346:
2344:
2342:
1275:
Indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
3836:
GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
2959:"Travel of Deputy Secretary Burns to Sweden and Estonia"
2566:"Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North"
2375:"Arctic Council: John Kerry steps into Arctic diplomacy"
1750:
Emergency Prevention, Preparedness & Response (EPPR)
6162:
Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act
3831:
Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America
1658:
Magnús Jóhannesson (Iceland) February 2013-October 2017
6274:
United States military and prostitution in South Korea
6152:
Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
3122:
3074:
3052:
1762:
Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP) (since 2006)
1271:
Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North
1000:
can be admitted as indigenous permanent participants.
5952:
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
6041:
Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
6007:
Links between Trump associates and Russian officials
4192:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
3901:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
6226:
6185:
6109:
5922:
5778:
5683:
5544:
5501:
5385:
5357:
5264:
5179:
5064:
5016:
4938:
4880:
4852:
4669:
4617:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
4606:
4581:
4538:
4430:
4423:
4264:
4172:
4080:
4009:
3648:
3581:
The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics
3396:"Outsiders in the Arctic: The roar of ice cracking"
3361:
3359:
3101:"Emergency Prevention, Preparedness & Response"
2354:. Arctic Council Secretariat (2021). Arctic Council
1661:
Nina Buvang Vaaja (Norway) October 2017-August 2021
1380:
of Finland chairs the May 2019 ministerial meeting.
372:
360:
270:
259:
247:
237:
218:
120:
3916:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
3165:. Portal.sdwg.org. August 27, 2013. Archived from
1778:Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP)
6329:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
5758:Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations
4645:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
3075:"Conservation of Arctic Flora & Fauna (CAFF)"
1875:. Canada claims the entire Northwest Passage are
1023:In 2011, the Council member states concluded the
75:
5998:Russian interference in United States elections
3951:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
3776:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
4930:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
4551:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
4222:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
3583:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 439–452.
3039:"Arctic Council Secretariat annual report 2017"
2982:"Arctic Council Secretariat annual report 2017"
2059:"Canada bypasses key players in Arctic meeting"
1982:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1849:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1747:Conservation of Arctic Flora & Fauna (CAFF)
135:
105:
90:
4242:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
3676:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
1330:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1016:. The Arctic Council has conducted studies on
6078:Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange
5874:Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
5647:
4829:
4053:
3766:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
3626:
3424:. Americansecurityproject.org. Archived from
3390:
3388:
3123:"Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment"
1675:Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat
1664:Mathieu Parker (Canada) August 2021 – Present
1303:Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat
957:
165:
150:
45:
8:
4227:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
4217:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
3053:"Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme"
2702:
2700:
1759:Sustainable Development Working Group (SDWG)
1409:List of Arctic Council Ministerial Meetings
60:
30:
21:
5241:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
4905:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
3941:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
3492:Janice Gross Stein And Thomas S. Axworthy.
3189:"Arctic Contaminants Action Program (ACAP)"
2455:Koivurova, T., & Heinämäki, L. (2006).
2163:Lawson W Brigham (September–October 2021).
1863:Disputes also exist over the nature of the
1835:Claims to the Arctic Seabed and Arctic Sea.
1754:Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment
6284:Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.
5738:Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco
5726:Consulate-General of Russia, New York City
5711:Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
5696:Ambassadors of Russia to the United States
5654:
5640:
5632:
4836:
4822:
4814:
4427:
4060:
4046:
4038:
3633:
3619:
3611:
3298:"Transnational Issues CIA World Fact Book"
3145:"Oops! We couldn't find this page for you"
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2782:
2780:
2085:"Why everyone wants a piece of the Arctic"
1814:Disputes over land and ocean in the Arctic
1742:Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
964:
950:
385:
185:
20:
4483:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
3956:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
3886:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3806:Economic Community of West African States
3255:
2760:"Canadian Chairmanship Program 2013–2015"
2147:
1702:Working groups, programs and action plans
984:forum that addresses issues faced by the
6167:Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act
6088:Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
5889:U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs
4473:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
3896:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
3081:. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna
2394:
2392:
2198:Arctic marine shipping assessment (AMSA)
1737:The six Arctic Council workings groups:
1689:Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
1407:
1010:Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
5835:Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
5770:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
4593:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
3751:Collective Security Treaty Organization
3163:"Sustainable Development Working Group"
3103:. Eppr.arctic-council.org. June 4, 2013
2709:"Canada as Chair of the Arctic Council"
2654:"Association of World Reindeer Herders"
2294:Canada, Global Affairs (June 8, 2022).
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1321:(both global and regional), as well as
840:
747:
627:
596:
557:
471:
413:
397:
315:
282:
6234:Russian Empire–United States relations
4463:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
3961:Southern African Development Community
3856:Latin American Integration Association
3661:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
2211:from the original on January 28, 2016.
2057:Axworthy, Thomas S. (March 29, 2010).
1977:International Arctic Science Committee
1889:Russian Arctic exclusive economic zone
1288:of Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden.
1088:As of 2021, observer states included:
16:Intergovernmental forum for the Arctic
6213:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
6147:Russian undesirable organizations law
6063:Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
5947:Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident
4348:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
4247:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
4027:Regionalism (international relations)
3911:Organization of Ibero-American States
3746:Central European Free Trade Agreement
3448:"Arctic politics: Cosy amid the thaw"
3337:Overfield, Cornell (April 21, 2021).
2224:"Arctic treaty leaves much undecided"
1205:(AIA), representing more than 15,000
990:indigenous people of the Arcticregion
7:
6239:Soviet Union–United States relations
5721:Consulate-General of Russia, Houston
5706:Embassy of the United States, Moscow
4022:Regional organizations by population
2980:Secretariat, Arctic Council (2018).
2033:"Arctic Council: Founding Documents"
1346:United Nations Environment Programme
1342:United Nations Development Programme
1185:(FPIC) requirement mentioned in the
1020:, oil and gas, and Arctic shipping.
6142:Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014
5691:Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C.
5615:
5460:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
3741:Central American Integration System
3037:Arctic Council Secretariat (2018).
2283:from the original on March 4, 2022.
2013:. The Arctic Council. April 7, 2011
1669:The Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat
615:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)
6279:Russian Mission School in New York
5904:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
5519:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
4623:Convention on Biological Diversity
3976:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat
3756:Commonwealth of Independent States
2320:Schreiber, Melody (June 8, 2022).
2083:Savage, Luiza Ch. (May 13, 2013).
1961:Arctic policy of the United States
1885:any ship could transit at any time
1334:International Red Cross Federation
1025:Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement
14:
6249:Anti-American sentiment in Russia
6093:2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks
5957:Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries
5937:Kola Peninsula submarine incident
4651:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
3946:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3811:Economic Cooperation Organization
3696:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
3014:"Terms, Reference and Guidelines"
2891:Category: About (April 7, 2011).
2867:"Council of American Ambassadors"
2478:"Aleut International Association"
1325:can also obtain Observer Status.
1284:, representing more than 100,000
1266:) and the United States (Alaska).
1232:) and the United States (Alaska).
1209:in Russia and the United States (
1168:Indigenous permanent participants
6357:
6356:
6324:Territorial claims in the Arctic
6319:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
5967:Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees
5932:Kildin Island submarine incident
5673:
5663:
5614:
5603:
5602:
5189:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
5046:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
4925:Territorial claims in the Arctic
4790:
4789:
4503:Government of the Sakha Republic
4212:Indigenous Environmental Network
4093:Free, prior and informed consent
3786:Council of the Baltic Sea States
3575:. McGill Queen University Press.
3572:Diplomacy and the Arctic Council
2544:"Gwich'in Council International"
2522:"Gwich'in Council International"
2402:. April 20, 2015. Archived from
1963:– Arctic Council Chair 2015–2017
1957:– Arctic Council Chair 2013–2015
1929:Arctic nuclear-weapons free zone
1855:(370 km; 230 mi) from
1804:United States Secretary of State
1798:Territorial claims in the Arctic
1792:Security and geopolitical issues
1783:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
1319:Inter-parliamentary institutions
1183:free, prior and informed consent
405:
194:
6386:Intergovernmental organizations
6314:Space Flight Europe-America 500
6269:Anglo-American School of Moscow
5884:The U.S. Russia Investment Fund
4895:Arctic cooperation and politics
4777:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
4639:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
4323:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
3986:Union of South American Nations
3906:Organization of American States
3706:Association of Caribbean States
3518:Berkman, Paul (June 23, 2014).
2871:Council of American Ambassadors
2707:Troniak, Shauna (May 1, 2013).
2400:"The EU and the Arctic Council"
2037:Arctic Council Document Archive
1950:Arctic cooperation and politics
1787:Arctic Human Development Report
1682:Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat
1315:intergovernmental organizations
1273:(RAIPON), representing 250,000
1203:Aleut International Association
5987:European Deterrence Initiative
5701:Russian ambassador's residence
5670:Russia–United States relations
5003:Populated places in the Arctic
4687:2009 Peruvian political crisis
4197:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
3771:Community of Democratic Choice
3569:Danita Catherine Burke. 2020.
3210:Arctic Biodiversity Assessment
2739:"Norway Chairs Arctic Council"
1773:Arctic Biodiversity Assessment
1323:non-governmental organizations
1237:Gwich'in Council International
242:Intergovernmental organization
77:Issittumi Siunnersuisoqatigiit
1:
6294:International Launch Services
6264:Congress of Russian Americans
6208:Megatons to Megawatts Program
5526:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
5051:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
4518:Council of Indigenous Peoples
3981:Organization of Turkic States
3736:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
2373:Ghattas, Kim (May 14, 2013).
2222:Koring, Paul (May 12, 2011).
6304:U.S.–Russia Business Council
5879:Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission
5231:Climate change in the Arctic
4983:Impact craters of the Arctic
4702:Expulsion of the Chagossians
3846:Indian Ocean Rim Association
3821:European Political Community
3701:Assembly of European Regions
2945:Ministry for Foreign Affairs
2824:"Arctic Council Secretariat"
2149:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
1250:(ICC), representing 180,000
1038:Membership and participation
5914:International Space Station
5830:U.S.–Russia peace proposals
5084:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
5026:Canadian Arctic Rift System
4498:Government of Bashkortostan
4363:American Indian reservation
4232:Native American Rights Fund
2690:September 24, 2015, at the
2500:"Arctic Athabaskan Council"
1348:; the Association of World
1220:(AAC), representing 45,000
1032:Russian invasion of Ukraine
620:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty
6407:
6259:Center on Global Interests
5992:Operation Atlantic Resolve
5079:British Arctic Territories
4453:Fundação Nacional do Índio
3871:Melanesian Spearhead Group
2011:"About the Arctic Council"
1795:
1672:
1668:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1362:World Wide Fund for Nature
1239:(GCI), representing 9,000
472:Governmental organizations
6354:
6122:Russian foreign agent law
5962:Pristina airport incident
5942:Norwegian rocket incident
5894:Moscow–Washington hotline
5818:Obama–Medvedev Commission
5597:
4915:Inuit Circumpolar Council
4785:
4187:Assembly of First Nations
3861:Latin American Parliament
3681:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
3191:. Acap.arctic-council.org
2961:. State.gov. May 14, 2012
2610:"Arctic Parliamentarians"
2165:"Think Again: The Arctic"
1767:Programs and action plans
1618:United States (2015–2017)
1594:United States (1998–2000)
1248:Inuit Circumpolar Council
1218:Arctic Athabaskan Council
808:Indigenous decolonization
628:NGOs and political groups
193:
184:
151:
106:
26:
6381:Government of the Arctic
6309:Stanford US–Russia Forum
6172:Task Force KleptoCapture
6083:Black Sea drone incident
5842:2017 St. Petersburg raid
5731:John Henry Hammond House
5226:Arctic methane emissions
4677:Chechen–Russian conflict
4528:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3936:Polynesian Leaders Group
3851:Liptako–Gourma Authority
3841:Gulf Cooperation Council
3215:August 13, 2011, at the
3125:. Pame.is. June 13, 2013
2792:U.S. Department of State
1877:Canadian Internal Waters
1358:University of the Arctic
1137:including, notably, the
1014:environmental protection
641:Amazon Conservation Team
6289:Russian Cultural Center
6117:Jackson–Vanik amendment
5862:Arctic Ocean Conference
4900:Arctic Ocean Conference
4722:Little Danes experiment
4508:Government of Tatarstan
4175:political organizations
3816:Eurasian Economic Union
3761:Commonwealth of Nations
3524:Science & Diplomacy
1967:Antarctic Treaty System
1955:Arctic policy of Canada
1945:Arctic Economic Council
1400:sustainable development
1145:Pending observer status
222:September 19, 1996
6299:U.S. Russia Foundation
6073:Russian bounty program
5788:Operation Provide Hope
5559:Arctic shipping routes
4707:High Arctic relocation
4609:Declarations of Rights
4306:Cultural appropriation
4237:Survival International
3801:East African Community
3691:Asia-Europe Foundation
3642:Regional organizations
3605:www.arctic-council.org
3478:April 8, 2022, at the
2660:on September 28, 2007.
2091:. Rogers Digital Media
1905:international waterway
1901:Arctic shipping routes
1836:
1381:
1368:Administrative aspects
1340:, the Northern Forum,
1309:Observer organizations
1299:
1160:Future observer status
716:Survival International
597:International Treaties
224:; 28 years ago
166:
136:
121:
91:
76:
61:
46:
31:
6244:NATO–Russia relations
6177:Executive Order 14071
6068:Arrest of Trevor Reed
5867:Ilulissat Declaration
5514:Petroleum exploration
5194:Arctic dipole anomaly
5171:North American Arctic
5124:Northwest Territories
4910:Ilulissat Declaration
4712:Human rights in Tibet
4439:Aotearoa-New Zealand
4333:Fortress conservation
4135:Traditional knowledge
4098:Intellectual property
3971:Three Seas Initiative
3926:Pacific Islands Forum
3726:British–Irish Council
3428:on September 27, 2013
2903:on September 27, 2013
2406:on November 17, 2018.
1972:Ilulissat Declaration
1834:
1730:affecting the entire
1718:thawing, increase of
1425:17–18 September 1998
1375:
1295:
1226:Northwest Territories
447:Traditional knowledge
432:Intellectual property
312:13 observer countries
266:, Norway (since 2012)
62:Conseil de l'Arctique
5847:2018 Helsinki summit
5803:2005 Slovakia Summit
5798:2001 Slovenia Summit
5584:Transpolar Sea Route
4736:Residential schools
4682:Sri Lankan Civil War
4424:Legal representation
4393:Urban Indian reserve
4282:Internal colonialism
4173:Non-governmental and
4128:in the United States
4017:Regional integration
4001:Western Balkans Quad
3482:, EKOS, January 2011
3276:Government of Canada
2923:"The Arctic Council"
2672:"The Arctic Council"
1920:Haakon Bruun-Hanssen
1881:international strait
1101:United Kingdom, 1998
988:governments and the
457:Water and sanitation
233:(Ottawa Declaration)
5899:Shuttle–Mir program
5485:Arctic Winter Games
5251:Polar amplification
5219:ecology and history
4978:Greenland ice sheet
4287:Settler colonialism
3996:West Nordic Council
3169:on January 14, 2013
2175:on October 13, 2013
1923:beneficial to all.
1883:, which would mean
1728:ocean acidification
1624:Iceland (2019–2021)
1621:Finland (2017–2019)
1609:Denmark (2009–2011)
1600:Iceland (2002–2004)
1597:Finland (2000–2002)
1511:Greenland, Denmark
1410:
1364:-Arctic Programme.
1191:circumpolar peoples
833:Uncontacted peoples
823:Settler colonialism
23:
6203:Mutual detargeting
5852:2021 Geneva summit
5793:1998 Moscow Summit
5574:Northern Sea Route
5204:Arctic oscillation
4948:Arctic Archipelago
4872:History of whaling
4862:Arctic exploration
4772:Stolen Generations
4573:BBNJ ABS Committee
4328:Discovery doctrine
4272:Civilizing mission
4113:Self-determination
3498:The Globe and Mail
3402:. February 2, 2013
3372:The Globe and Mail
2437:. January 25, 2023
2229:The Globe and Mail
1873:Northern Sea Route
1837:
1630:Norway (2023-2025)
1627:Russia (2021–2023)
1615:Canada (2013–2015)
1612:Sweden (2011–2013)
1606:Norway (2006–2009)
1603:Russia (2004–2006)
1591:Canada (1996–1998)
1408:
1382:
1222:Athabaskan peoples
998:indigenous peoples
781:Discovery doctrine
766:Civilizing mission
584:BBNJ ABS Committee
378:arctic-council.org
279:8 member countries
6368:
6367:
6132:Dima Yakovlev Law
6058:Battle of Khasham
5629:
5628:
5589:Search and rescue
5569:Northwest Passage
5564:Northeast Passage
5509:Natural resources
5400:Subarctic peoples
5372:Arctic vegetation
5236:Climate of Alaska
5056:Ungava Fault Zone
5041:Innuitian orogeny
4958:Arctic Cordillera
4811:
4810:
4796:Indigenous rights
4665:
4664:
4598:Indigenous Caucus
4539:Intergovernmental
4388:Russian republics
4358:Autonomous okrugs
4207:Cultural Survival
4035:
4034:
3931:Paneuropean Union
3791:Council of Europe
3590:978-3-030-20556-0
3326:on June 13, 2007.
3026:on July 20, 2011.
2855:. April 29, 2009.
2279:. March 3, 2022.
1869:Northeast Passage
1865:Northwest Passage
1580:
1579:
1464:24 November 2004
1376:Foreign Minister
1128:Switzerland, 2017
1122:South Korea, 2013
1095:Netherlands, 1998
982:intergovernmental
974:
973:
828:Truth commissions
756:Aboriginal titles
671:Cultural Survival
589:Indigenous Caucus
399:Indigenous rights
384:
383:
152:Арктический совет
92:Norðurskautsráðið
47:Arktinen neuvosto
6398:
6360:
6359:
5977:Illegals Program
5825:Syrian civil war
5684:Diplomatic posts
5678:
5677:
5668:
5667:
5656:
5649:
5642:
5633:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5605:
5493:
5492:(New Year's Day)
4988:Innuitian Region
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4793:
4792:
4727:Mapuche conflict
4697:Chiapas conflict
4692:Alta controversy
4670:Historical cases
4428:
4410:Rainbow Warriors
4400:Manifest destiny
4088:Ancestral domain
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
3921:Pacific Alliance
3635:
3628:
3621:
3612:
3607:– Arctic Council
3594:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3454:. March 24, 2012
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3322:. Archived from
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3225:
3219:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3019:. Archived from
3018:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2820:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2719:on June 29, 2013
2704:
2695:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2656:. Archived from
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2634:. Northern Forum
2632:"Northern Forum"
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2612:. Arcticparl.org
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:. Arctic Council
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2568:. Arctic Council
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2546:. Arctic Council
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2524:. Arctic Council
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2502:. Arctic Council
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2480:. Arctic Council
2474:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
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2258:
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2236:
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2213:
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2210:
2203:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2171:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2124:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2063:The Toronto Star
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2007:
1732:marine ecosystem
1477:26 October 2006
1451:10 October 2002
1438:13 October 2000
1411:
1350:Reindeer Herders
980:is a high-level
966:
959:
952:
940:
894:Papua New Guinea
422:Ancestral domain
409:
386:
380:
232:
230:
225:
210:
204:
198:
189:
177:
169:
162:
154:
153:
147:
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117:
109:
108:
102:
94:
87:
79:
72:
64:
57:
49:
42:
34:
24:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6350:
6339:Second Cold War
6222:
6181:
6137:Guantanamo List
6105:
6046:Havana syndrome
5972:RM Broadcasting
5918:
5909:Exercise RIMPAC
5774:
5748:Lothrop Mansion
5743:Elmcroft Estate
5679:
5672:
5662:
5660:
5630:
5625:
5593:
5579:Polar air route
5540:
5531:Protected areas
5497:
5491:
5381:
5353:
5260:
5175:
5119:Northern Canada
5060:
5036:Greenland Plate
5031:Eurekan orogeny
5012:
4934:
4876:
4867:Arctic research
4848:
4842:
4812:
4807:
4802:Minority rights
4781:
4767:San controversy
4661:
4635:Nagoya Protocol
4608:
4602:
4585:
4583:
4577:
4540:
4534:
4432:
4419:
4260:
4174:
4168:
4076:
4074:minority rights
4066:
4036:
4031:
4005:
3866:Lublin Triangle
3644:
3639:
3601:
3591:
3578:
3566:
3561:
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3550:
3548:
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3539:
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3502:
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3480:Wayback Machine
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3296:
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3291:
3281:
3279:
3278:. June 14, 2022
3270:
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3217:Wayback Machine
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2588:"Saami Council"
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2253:. March 3, 2022
2249:
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2216:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2192:
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2176:
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2161:
2157:
2135:Polar Geography
2126:
2125:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1995:
1990:
1941:
1800:
1794:
1769:
1712:glacier melting
1704:
1677:
1671:
1655:
1640:
1638:The secretariat
1585:
1568:19–20 May 2021
1542:10–11 May 2017
1387:
1370:
1311:
1170:
1162:
1147:
1125:Singapore, 2013
1082:
1048:
1040:
1006:
970:
938:
813:Inhabited lands
427:Cultural rights
376:
363:
356:
314:
313:
308:
281:
280:
273:
228:
226:
223:
214:
213:
212:
211: observers
208:
206:
202:
180:
171:
156:
141:
126:
111:
107:ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ
96:
81:
66:
51:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6404:
6402:
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6388:
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6373:
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6366:
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6355:
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6351:
6349:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6334:New Great Game
6331:
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6321:
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6306:
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6054:
6053:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6012:Steele dossier
6009:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5984:
5982:Stephen Holmes
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5928:
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5920:
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5906:
5901:
5896:
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5876:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5859:
5857:Arctic Council
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5800:
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5776:
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5767:
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5723:
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5708:
5703:
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5661:
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5595:
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5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5536:Transportation
5533:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5395:Arctic peoples
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5367:Arctic ecology
5363:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5209:Arctic sea ice
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5144:Russian Arctic
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Arctic Cyclone
4970:
4965:
4963:Arctic ecology
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Arctic Council
4886:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4717:Indian removal
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4612:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4582:Indigenous-led
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4560:
4558:Arctic Council
4555:
4554:
4553:
4547:African Union
4544:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4511:
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4505:
4500:
4495:
4487:
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4477:
4476:
4475:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4443:Te Puni Kōkiri
4436:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Plastic shaman
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Indian reserve
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4345:
4340:
4338:Green grabbing
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4311:Sports mascots
4303:
4302:
4301:
4299:Bioprospecting
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4162:in New Zealand
4159:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4068:International
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Visegrád Group
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Nordic Council
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:European Union
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Bucharest Nine
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Arctic Council
3668:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3599:External links
3597:
3596:
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3589:
3576:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3533:
3510:
3484:
3465:
3439:
3413:
3384:
3366:Jill Mahoney.
3355:
3329:
3311:
3289:
3263:
3242:
3231:. May 10, 2017
3220:
3202:
3180:
3154:
3136:
3114:
3092:
3066:
3044:
3029:
3005:
3000:Arctic Council
2987:
2972:
2950:
2932:
2927:Arctic Council
2914:
2897:Arctic Council
2883:
2858:
2853:Arctic Council
2840:
2828:Arctic Council
2804:
2776:
2764:Arctic Council
2751:
2730:
2696:
2677:
2663:
2645:
2623:
2601:
2579:
2557:
2535:
2513:
2491:
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2448:
2422:
2409:
2388:
2365:
2338:
2312:
2286:
2264:
2242:
2214:
2186:
2169:Foreign Policy
2155:
2142:(4): 298–324.
2102:
2075:
2049:
2024:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1933:United Nations
1853:nautical miles
1841:climate change
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
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1775:
1768:
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1703:
1700:
1673:Main article:
1670:
1667:
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1653:Past directors
1651:
1639:
1636:
1632:
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1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
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1607:
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1552:
1551:
1550:United States
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1529:24 April 2015
1526:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1490:29 April 2009
1487:
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1446:United States
1444:
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1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1386:
1383:
1369:
1366:
1338:Nordic Council
1310:
1307:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1267:
1256:Inuit Nunangat
1244:
1233:
1214:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1146:
1143:
1139:Law of the Sea
1130:
1129:
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1055:
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1039:
1036:
1018:climate change
1005:
1002:
978:Arctic Council
972:
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969:
968:
961:
954:
946:
943:
942:
934:
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838:
837:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
804:
803:
793:
788:
786:Discrimination
783:
778:
773:
771:Climate change
768:
763:
758:
750:
749:
745:
744:
743:
742:
741:
740:
728:
723:
721:The Red Nation
718:
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559:United Nations
555:
554:
553:
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537:
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527:
522:
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512:
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502:
497:
492:
490:Arctic Council
487:
482:
474:
473:
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454:
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401:
395:
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382:
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364:
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353:United Kingdom
351:
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318:
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182:
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167:Arktiska rådet
163:
148:
133:
122:Árktalaš ráđđi
118:
103:
88:
73:
58:
43:
27:
22:Arctic Council
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6403:
6392:
6389:
6387:
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6260:
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6138:
6135:
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6128:
6127:Magnitsky Act
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6096:
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5836:
5833:
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5828:
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5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:Russian reset
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Pioneer Point
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5722:
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5709:
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5577:
5575:
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5567:
5565:
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5560:
5557:
5555:
5554:Arctic Bridge
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5517:
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5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
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5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5284:Bowhead whale
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5246:Polar climate
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
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5207:
5205:
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5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5074:Arctic Alaska
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
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4979:
4976:
4974:
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4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Arctic Circle
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Saami Council
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
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4883:
4879:
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4851:
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4803:
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4788:
4787:
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4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4755:United States
4753:
4751:
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4741:
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4733:
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4605:
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4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
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4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4368:Indian colony
4366:
4364:
4361:
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4350:
4349:
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4160:
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4154:
4153:
4152:Treaty rights
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
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3796:Craiova Group
3794:
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3656:African Union
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3458:September 24,
3453:
3452:The Economist
3449:
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3432:September 24,
3427:
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3406:September 24,
3401:
3400:The Economist
3397:
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3377:September 24,
3373:
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3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3320:"Sea Changes"
3315:
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3282:September 11,
3277:
3273:
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3264:
3258:
3257:resrep24677.5
3253:
3246:
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3235:September 17,
3230:
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3195:September 24,
3190:
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3173:September 24,
3168:
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3155:
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3149:Arctic Portal
3146:
3140:
3137:
3129:September 24,
3124:
3118:
3115:
3107:September 24,
3102:
3096:
3093:
3085:September 24,
3080:
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3015:
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2506:September 17,
2501:
2495:
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2484:September 17,
2479:
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2467:(2), 101-109.
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2300:www.canada.ca
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2017:September 17,
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489:
272:Membership
260:Headquarters
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5763:Killenworth
5716:Spaso House
5620:WikiProject
5199:Arctic haze
5139:Nunatsiavut
4762:Rubber boom
4745:New Zealand
4277:Colonialism
4103:Land rights
3891:Open Balkan
3666:Arab League
3304:January 10,
2876:January 22,
2833:January 22,
2797:January 22,
2769:January 22,
2377:. Bbc.co.uk
2352:"Observers"
2326:ArcticToday
2195:K. (eds.).
1822:Hans Island
1807:Mike Pompeo
1724:food chains
1644:secretariat
1555:7 May 2019
1254:in Canada (
1224:in Canada (
1119:Japan, 2013
1116:Italy, 2013
1113:India, 2013
1110:China, 2013
1107:Spain, 2006
909:Philippines
889:New Zealand
561:initiatives
437:Land rights
367:Secretariat
350:Switzerland
338:Netherlands
335:South Korea
137:Arktisk råd
84:Greenlandic
32:Arktisk Råd
6375:Categories
6051:Zersetzung
5808:5+2 format
5304:Polar bear
5274:Arctic fox
5104:Inuvialuit
4998:North Pole
4882:Government
4732:Oka Crisis
4415:Two-spirit
4140:ecological
4070:Indigenous
2277:ctvnews.ca
1988:References
1818:Whisky War
1378:Timo Soini
1360:, and the
1262:, Russia (
818:Indigenism
462:Protection
362:Main organ
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6218:New START
6198:START III
5924:Incidents
5780:Diplomacy
5546:Transport
5430:Icelandic
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5344:Snowy owl
5094:Greenland
4993:Nordicity
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4378:Ranchería
4353:Bantustan
4294:Biopiracy
4123:in Canada
3348:August 7,
3055:. Amap.no
2713:HillNotes
2435:arctic.ru
2089:Maclean's
1857:baselines
1845:waterways
1572:Reykjavík
1559:Rovaniemi
1546:Fairbanks
1481:Salekhard
1468:Reykjavík
1313:Approved
1260:Greenland
1080:Observers
929:Venezuela
854:Australia
849:Argentina
841:Countries
761:Biopiracy
701:Land Back
344:Singapore
219:Formation
144:Norwegian
114:Inuktitut
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6362:Category
6193:START II
6186:Treaties
6101:incident
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5309:Reindeer
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3551:June 16,
3476:Archived
3213:Archived
2688:Archived
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2305:July 24,
2281:Archived
2257:March 3,
2206:Archived
1939:See also
1867:and the
1576:Iceland
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1472:Iceland
1459:Finland
1420:Country
1414:Date(s)
1385:Meetings
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569:9 August
442:Language
391:a series
389:Part of
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5214:decline
5181:Climate
5134:Nunavut
5129:Nunavik
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5099:Iceland
5066:Regions
5018:Geology
4854:History
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4489:Russia
4469:Mexico
4459:Canada
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884:Namibia
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864:Denmark
791:Ecocide
610:ILO 169
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290:Finland
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248:Purpose
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159:Russian
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1336:, the
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1069:Russia
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924:Tawain
879:Mexico
859:Brazil
748:Issues
731:KAFFED
666:CONAIE
574:UNPFII
550:UNPFII
505:CIRNAC
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299:Russia
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686:IPACC
656:COICA
540:MCHTA
525:JAKOA
515:FUNAI
480:ACHPR
347:Spain
332:Japan
329:Italy
326:India
317:China
6034:2024
6029:2020
6024:2018
6002:2016
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2967:2013
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