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Camille Flammarion

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they are heterogeneous, from spirits of an incomprehensible nature. The being evoked soon vanishes when one insists on pushing him to the wall and having the heart out of his mystery. That souls survive the destruction of the body I have not the shadow of a doubt. But that they manifest themselves by the processes employed in séances the experimental method has not yet given us absolute proof. I add that this hypothesis is not at all likely. If the souls of the dead are about us, upon our planet, the invisible population would increase at the rate of 100,000 a day, about 36 millions a year, 3 billions 620 millions in a century, 36 billions in ten centuries, etc.—unless we admit re-incarnations upon the earth itself. How many times do apparitions or manifestations occur? When illusions, auto-suggestions, hallucinations are eliminated what remains? Scarcely anything. Such an exceptional rarity as this pleads against the reality of apparitions.
1431:. London, Watts & Co. p. 57. "The impressions of faces which she got in wax or putty were always her face. I have seen many of them. The strong bones of her face impress deep. Her nose is relatively flattened by the pressure. The hair on the temples is plain. It is outrageous for scientific men to think that either "John King" or an abnormal power of the medium made a human face (in a few minutes) with bones and muscles and hair, and precisely the same bones and muscles and hair as those of Eusapia. I have seen dozens of photographs of her levitating a table. On not a single one are her person and dress entirely clear of the table." 1935: 331:, Flammarion combined with a religious conviction derived, not from the Catholic faith upon which he had been raised, but from the writings of Jean Reynaud and their emphasis upon the transmigration of souls. Man he considered to be a “citizen of the sky,” other worlds “studios of human work, schools where the expanding soul progressively learns and develops, assimilating gradually the knowledge to which its aspirations tend, approaching thus evermore the end of its destiny.” 456: 119: 1954: 953: 180: 415:, he thought the "canals" were artificial in nature and most likely the "rectification of old rivers aimed at the general distribution of water to the surface of the continents." He assumed the planet was in an advanced stage of its habitability, and the canals were the product of an intelligent species attempting to survive on a dying world. 346:, a human character meets the soul of an alien, able to cross the universe faster than light, that has been reincarnated on many different worlds, each with its own gallery of organisms and their evolutionary history. Other than that, his writing about other worlds adhered fairly closely to then current ideas in 353:
The fusion of science, science fiction and the spiritual influenced other readers as well; "With great commercial success he blended scientific speculation with science fiction to propagate modern myths such as the notion that “superior” extraterrestrial species reside on numerous planets, and that
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This is very far from being demonstrated. The innumerable observations which I have collected during more than forty years all prove to me the contrary. No satisfactory identification has been made. The communications obtained have always seemed to proceed from the mentality of the group, or when
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in November 1909, responding to such claims by others, he stated that "The poisoning of humanity by deleterious gases is improbable", and correctly stated that the matter in the comet's tail is so tenuous that it would have no noticeable effect. However, he also indulged in a "thought experiment"
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believed they saw a network of lines on its surface, which were named "canals" by Schiaparelli. These turned out to be an optical illusion due to the limited observing instruments of the time, as revealed by better telescopes in the 1920s. Camille, a contemporary of Schiaparelli, extensively
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He could not have made his position any clearer - yet many papers ignored this rebuttal, and continued a campaign of misquoting and fabrication for the sake of sensational headlines. Flammarion was, in fact, the victim of a deliberate character assassination, in order to sell papers!
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When astronomers announced that the Earth would pass through the tail of Halley's Comet in May 1910, Flammarion was widely reported, in numerous American newspapers, as believing that toxic gases in the tail might "snuff out all life on the planet". In fact, he said no such thing.
777:, a series of dialogues between a man and a disembodied spirit which is free to roam the Universe at will. The novel includes observations about the implications of the finite velocity of light, and many images of otherworldly life adapted to alien circumstances. 475:, writing, "It is by the scientific method alone that we may make progress in the search for truth. Religious belief must not take the place of impartial analysis. We must be constantly on our guard against illusions." He was very close to the French author 1088:'s theory that intelligent beings with constructive talents of a high order exist on the planet Mars has a warm supporter in M. Camille Flammarion, the well-known French astronomer, who was seen in his observatory at Juvisy, near Paris, by a 582:(Haunted Houses) he came to the conclusion that in some rare cases hauntings are caused by departed souls whilst others are caused by the "remote action of the psychic force of a living person". The book was reviewed by the magician 502:
did not find the evidence convincing. He noted that the impressions of faces in putty were always of Palladino's face and could have easily been made, and she was not entirely clear from the table in the levitation photographs.
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the human soul evolves through cosmic reincarnation. Flammarion's influence was great, not just on the popular thought of his day, but also on later writers with similar interests and convictions." In the English translation of
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and organizations appearing all over Europe. He has been described as an "astronomer, mystic and storyteller" who was "obsessed by life after death, and on other worlds, and seemed to see no distinction between the two".
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who wrote "the work's fundamental faults are a lack of critical judgment in the estimation of evidence, and of an appreciation of the nature of the logical conditions which the study of these problems presents."
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and wrote, "It is infinitely to be regretted that we cannot trust the loyalty of mediums. They almost always cheat". However, Flammarion, a believer in psychic phenomena, attended séances with
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and pluralism. He was convinced that souls after the physical death pass from planet to planet and progressively improve at each new incarnation. In 1862 he published his first book,
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inject various gases into the atmosphere. Sensation-seeking papers chose to quote only the latter part, leading to the widespread misconception that Flammarion actually believed it.
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The New York Times reported that the noted French astronomer, Camille Flammarion believed the gas "would impregnate that atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet".
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after death but wrote that mediumship had not been scientifically proven. Even though Flammarion believed in the survival of the soul after death he did not believe in the
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and astronomy. Among other things, he believed that all planets went through more or less the same stages of development, but at different rates depending on their sizes.
1134: 443:, saying he wished to warn journalists against "accusing me of announcing the end of the world for May 19 next. The end of the world will not occur on May 19 next." 273:, he was widely but falsely reported as believing the gas from the comet's tail "would impregnate atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet". 1379:
in "Death and Its Mystery", 1921, 3 volumes. Translated by Latrobe Carroll (1923, T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. London: Adelphi Terrace.). Partial online version at
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who wrote it "fails to supply adequate proof of the veracity of the conglomeration of hearsay it contains; it must, therefore, be a collection of myths."
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and claimed that some of her phenomena were genuine. He produced in his book alleged levitation photographs of a table and an impression of a face in
2056: 2046: 327:(1887), he "describes a range of exotic species, including sentient plants which combine the processes of digestion and respiration. This belief in 133: 2071: 374:, published 1913, also has a lot in common with Flammarion's supposed worries that the tail of Halley's Comet would be poisonous for earth life. 2031: 33: 2041: 2026: 1979: 1750: 1605: 1364: 1339: 1263: 1218: 1180: 1144: 2001: 723: 716: 213: 1835: 896:
Mysterious psychic forces: an account of the author's investigations in psychical research, together with those of other European savants
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As a young man, Flammarion was exposed to two significant social movements in the western world: the thoughts and ideas of
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Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853–1931
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correspondent. M. Flammarion had just returned from abroad, and was in the act of reading a letter from Prof. Lowell.
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is the explanation and there is no evidence for the spirit hypothesis. Flammarion believed in the survival of the
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Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud?: The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined
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theory and "exceptionally and rarely the dead do manifest" in hauntings. He was also a member of the
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had tried to communicate with Earth in the past. He also believed in 1907 that a seven-tailed
208: 200: 109: 1823:"Pluralite des mondes habites: Etude ou l'on expose les conditions d'habitabilite des terres" 1692: 1625: 1595: 1253: 1170: 1046: 891:(published in English as: L’inconnu: The Unknown), 1900, a collection of psychic experiences. 641:
cited Flammarion as having had a significant influence on his childhood interest in science.
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later the same year. It is not quite clear if these two incidents are related to each other.
1939: 1901:"Mysterious psychic forces: An account of the author's investigations in psychical research" 1738: 1570: 1022: 1888: 1195: 637:, respectively, although these names were not officially adopted until many decades later. 1921: 1387: 1296: 1233: 1085: 925:
Death and its mystery—proofs of the existence of the soul; Volume 2—At the moment of death
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The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channeling, and Spirit Communication
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researched the so-called "canals" during the 1880s and 1890s. Like American astronomer
387: 359: 339: 277: 158: 91: 32: 795:, 1874. Popular Science Monthly V.5, Aug 1874. Translated in English from La Nature. ( 242:
its bulletin. The 1895 volume of the combined journal was numbered 9, to preserve the
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and Berthe Martin-Flammarion, and uncle of a woman named Zelinda. His first wife was
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Comet Madness: How the 1910 Return of Halley's Comet (Almost) Destroyed Civilisation
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Comet Madness: How the 1910 Return of Halley's Comet (Almost) Destroyed Civilisation
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Scientific Mythologies: How Science and Science Fiction Forge New Religious Beliefs
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Scientific Mythologies: How Science and Science Fiction Forge New Religious Beliefs
638: 523: 476: 305: 297: 192: 57: 1673: 199:, France. He was the brother of Ernest Flammarion (1846–1936), the founder of the 1993: 1398:
Pearson's Magazine. Volume 20. Issue 4. Pearson Publishing Company. 1908. p. 383
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Death and its mystery—proofs of the existence of the soul; Volume 1—Before death
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in October 1923 Flammarion summarized his views after 60 years of investigating
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Death and its mystery—proofs of the existence of the soul; Volume 3—After death
871:, and has recently been brought back into print. It was adapted into a film in 118: 1027: 1002: 876: 673: 606: 571: 487: 146: 1975: 689: 681: 677: 598: 567: 543: 1851: 1766: 228:, which was first published in 1887. In January 1895, after 13 volumes of 149:
and author. He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles, including
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volume numbering, but this had the consequence that volumes 9 to 13 of
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The Net Advance of Physics: History and Philosophy: Camille Flammarion
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but still claimed there was no evidence for the spirit hypothesis of
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of Spiritism, instead he believed that Spiritist activities such as
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From Shaman to Scientist: Essays on Humanity's Search for Spirits
805:, 1880. His best-selling work, it was translated into English as 527: 407: 338:, where he would write about his beliefs in a cosmic version of 262: 250:
can each refer to two different publications five years apart.
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and levitations of objects could be explained by an unknown "
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On 1 February 1910, Flammarion published an update in the
853:(The End of the World), 1893 (translated into English as 406:'s 1877 observations, 19th-century astronomers observing 269:
was heading toward Earth. In 1910, for the appearance of
1135:"Ten Notable Apocalypses That (Obviously) Didn't Happen" 510:(1900) received a negative review from the psychologist 1196:
Reynaud, Jean (1806–1863) - The Worlds of David Darling
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In the 1920s Flammarion changed some of his beliefs on
1213:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 193. 261:. In 1907, he wrote that he believed that dwellers on 203:
publishing house. In 1858 he became a professional at
1449:. Science. New Series, Vol. 11, No. 285. pp. 945–947. 1381:
Manifestations of the Dead in Spiritistic Experiments
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M. Dinorben Griffith and Madame Camille Flammarion,
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1888 which does not have the Flammarion engraving).
161:and related topics. He also published the magazine 105: 84: 65: 39: 23: 334:His psychical studies also influenced some of his 211:. He was a founder and the first president of the 1007:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 1003:"Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Flammarion, Camille" 257:" first appeared in Flammarion's 1888 edition of 1836:French Tales of Infinity - Astrobiology Magazine 1298:La Planète Mars et Ses Conditions d'Habitabilité 845:La planète Mars et ses conditions d'habitabilité 555: 145:; 26 February 1842 – 3 June 1925) was a French 1729:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(1021) Flammario". 1495:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 94. 1301:(in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars et Fils. 859:in 1894), is a science fiction novel about a 757:, 1872. (Appears to be an earlier edition of 312:, and was dismissed from his position at the 224:Bulletin de la Société astronomique de France 153:works about astronomy, several notable early 8: 1994:Newspaper clippings about Camille Flammarion 1561:. Social Forces. Vol. 4, No. 4. pp. 850–853. 1516:Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology 167:, starting in 1882. He maintained a private 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 366:have likely been influenced by Flammarion. 1697:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. 1460:Modern Spiritism: Its Science and Religion 823:De Wereld vóór de Schepping van den Mensch 739:(The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds), 1862. 31: 20: 1918:Works by Camille Flammarion in eBook form 1600:. Wesleyan University Press. p. 31. 1462:. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. pp. 32–101 1210:Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy 1026: 819:works. An observer's handbook of its day. 546:could explain some paranormal phenomena. 542:" from the medium. He also believed that 1972:, with 102 library catalogue records 1413:. Small, Maynard and Company. pp. 63–135 16:French astronomer and author (1842–1925) 994: 621:He was the first to suggest the names 1980:Internet Speculative Fiction Database 1694:Mars: A Tour of the Human Imagination 1680:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. 1475:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 406–454. 889:L’inconnu et les problèmes psychiques 813:Les Étoiles et les Curiosités du Ciel 672:is named in his honour. In addition, 140: 7: 1936:Works by or about Camille Flammarion 1793:"Les Obseques de Camille Flammarion" 1559:Haunted Houses by Camille Flammarion 829:L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire 759:L'atmosphère: météorologie populaire 358:, Brian Stableford argues that both 1678:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 837:, 1889 (translated into English as 767:, 1872 (translated into English as 755:L'atmosphère: Des Grands Phenomenes 518:After two years investigation into 1258:. InterVarsity Press. p. 57. 1175:. InterVarsity Press. p. 56. 1143:. 12 November 2009. Archived from 719:, the French astronomical society. 14: 1446:The Unknown by Camille Flammarion 1107:"Flammarion's Seven Tailed Comet" 856:Omega: The Last Days of the World 724:Commandeur de la Legion d'honneur 684:is named after Flammarion's book 589:In a presidential address to the 310:The Plurality of Inhabited Worlds 2052:20th-century French male writers 2037:19th-century French male writers 1952: 1731:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names 1518:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 337. 1359:. Prometheus Books. p. 83. 1334:. Prometheus Books. p. 64. 958:Bibliothèque nationale de France 459:A middle-aged Camille Flammarion 2057:19th-century French astronomers 2047:20th-century French astronomers 1234:Camille Flammarion's Collection 825:, 1886. A paleontological work. 737:La pluralité des mondes habités 597:. He wrote that he believed in 191:Camille Flammarion was born in 2072:French science fiction writers 1771:Société astronomique de France 1743:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1022 717:Société astronomique de France 591:Society for Psychical Research 432:about what might happen if it 388:Sylvie Petiaux-Hugo Flammarion 214:Société astronomique de France 169:observatory at Juvisy-sur-Orge 142:[nikɔlakamijflamaʁjɔ̃] 92:Sylvie Petiaux-Hugo Flammarion 1: 2032:19th-century French novelists 1577:. Visible Ink Press. p. 142. 1355:Goodrich, Richard J. (2023). 1330:Goodrich, Richard J. (2023). 1280:"A Wedding Tour in a Balloon" 692:for the heroine of his novel 392:Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion 284:and the rising popularity of 97:Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion 2042:20th-century apocalypticists 2027:19th-century apocalypticists 1648:"George Gamow on Flammarion" 1471:Camille Flammarion. (1909). 1407:Camille Flammarion. (1909). 1295:Flammarion, Camille (1892). 815:, 1882. A supplement of the 1998:20th Century Press Archives 1951:(public domain audiobooks) 1945:Works by Camille Flammarion 1927:Works by Camille Flammarion 1538:. Scarecrow Press. p. 129. 715:, the highest award of the 661:Flammarion (Martian crater) 394:, also a noted astronomer. 2108: 1735:Springer Berlin Heidelberg 1458:Alfred Schofield. (1920). 471:from the viewpoint of the 390:, and his second wife was 131:Nicolas Camille Flammarion 44:Nicolas Camille Flammarion 2092:Reincarnation researchers 1960:Atlas cèleste, Paris 1877 1473:Mysterious Psychic Forces 1410:Mysterious Psychic Forces 1252:James A. Herrick (2008). 1169:James A. Herrick (2008). 743:Real and Imaginary Worlds 711:In 1897, he received the 686:Lumen: Récits de l'infini 676:commemorates his sister; 656:Flammarion (lunar crater) 551:Mysterious Psychic Forces 467:, psychical research and 382:Camille was a brother of 321:Real and Imaginary Worlds 238:, the two merged, making 30: 2077:French parapsychologists 1691:Rabkin, Eric S. (2005). 954:"Gallica search results" 680:commemorates his niece; 2082:People from Haute-Marne 1320:Flammarion 1892, p. 586 1311:Flammarion 1892, p. 589 1028:10.1093/mnras/86.4.178a 938:Dreams of an Astronomer 486:Flammarion had studied 2087:Writers from Grand Est 1962:at AtlasCoelestis.com] 1534:James Houran. (2004). 1285:(January 1899): 62–68. 904:Astronomy for Amateurs 817:L'Astronomie Populaire 793:Distances of the Stars 560: 463:Flammarion approached 460: 188: 127: 2067:French male novelists 1043:"Which l'Astronomie?" 912:Thunder and Lightning 458: 427:In an article in the 418: 404:Giovanni Schiaparelli 329:extraterrestrial life 296:He was influenced by 290:spiritualist churches 182: 157:novels, and works on 122:"Telefonoscope" from 121: 1791:Touchet, E. (1925). 1674:"Camille Flammarion" 1622:"Camille Flammarion" 1140:Smithsonian magazine 983:Scientific marvelous 978:Flammarion engraving 803:Astronomie populaire 611:Theosophical Society 595:paranormal phenomena 364:William Hope Hodgson 300:(1806–1863) and his 255:Flammarion engraving 185:Flammarion engraving 1970:Library of Congress 1903:. 17 December 1907. 1809:1925LAstr..39Q.309T 1654:on 24 November 2009 1594:A. Merritt (2004). 1386:6 July 2009 at the 1207:Andre Heck (2012). 1112:Nelson Evening Mail 1019:1926MNRAS..86R.178. 869:death of the planet 863:colliding with the 769:Stories of Infinity 580:Les maisons hantées 578:. In his 1924 book 348:evolutionary theory 2062:French balloonists 1985:Camille Flammarion 1976:Camille Flammarion 1966:Camille Flammarion 1854:on 12 October 2006 1491:Sofie Lachapelle. 1239:9 January 2013 at 1075:. 10 November 1907 1073:The New York Times 781:History of a Comet 765:Récits de l'infini 713:Prix Jules Janssen 522:he wrote that the 461: 451:Psychical research 368:Arthur Conan Doyle 189: 159:psychical research 128: 25:Camille Flammarion 1931:Project Gutenberg 1752:978-3-540-00238-3 1607:978-0-8195-6706-2 1366:978-1-63388-856-2 1341:978-1-63388-856-2 1265:978-0-8308-2588-2 1220:978-94-010-0049-9 1182:978-0-8308-2588-2 807:Popular Astronomy 553:(1909) he wrote: 532:spirit hypothesis 524:subconscious mind 520:automatic writing 492:Eusapia Palladino 473:scientific method 384:Ernest Flammarion 314:Paris Observatory 209:Paris Observatory 201:Groupe Flammarion 116: 115: 110:Ernest Flammarion 2099: 1956: 1955: 1940:Internet Archive 1905: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1850:. 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1849: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799:(in French). 1798: 1794: 1787: 1784: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1597:The Moon Pool 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:Harry Houdini 1551: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423:Joseph McCabe 1419: 1416: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241:archive.today 1238: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1200: 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540:psychic force 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 513: 509: 504: 501: 500:Joseph McCabe 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:reincarnation 466: 457: 450: 448: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 425: 416: 414: 409: 405: 397: 395: 393: 389: 385: 377: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 302:Terre et ciel 299: 294: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232: 227: 225: 221: 216: 215: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 186: 181: 174: 172: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 135: 132: 125: 120: 111: 108: 104: 98: 95: 93: 90: 89: 87: 83: 78: 68: 64: 59: 42: 38: 34: 29: 22: 19: 1895: 1884: 1874: 1868: 1856:. 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(1920). 1053:10 January 989:References 877:Abel Gance 771:in 1873). 674:154 Bertha 607:stone tape 572:mediumship 488:mediumship 171:, France. 147:astronomer 50:1842-02-26 841:in 1890). 690:286 Iclea 682:141 Lumen 678:169 Zelia 666:Asteroids 599:telepathy 576:Spiritism 568:hauntings 544:telepathy 536:ectoplasm 506:His book 481:Spiritism 465:spiritism 286:spiritism 234:and 8 of 205:computery 175:Biography 112:(brother) 106:Relatives 1949:LibriVox 1384:Archived 1237:Archived 972:See also 951:Source: 809:in 1894. 627:Amalthea 79:, France 60:, France 2000:of the 1996:in the 1978:at the 1938:at the 1805:Bibcode 1658:9 March 1015:Bibcode 847:, 1892. 831:, 1888. 745:, 1865. 635:Jupiter 631:Neptune 282:Lamarck 207:at the 187:", 1888 138:French: 85:Spouses 1875:Urania 1749:  1701:  1604:  1581:  1542:  1522:  1499:  1479:  1363:  1338:  1262:  1217:  1179:  947:, 1924 941:, 1923 933:, 1923 927:, 1922 921:, 1921 915:, 1905 907:, 1904 899:, 1907 885:(1897) 883:Stella 839:Urania 835:Uranie 700:after 696:; and 694:Uranie 645:Honors 623:Triton 617:Legacy 605:, the 441:Herald 378:Family 278:Darwin 865:Earth 861:comet 775:Lumen 731:Works 496:putty 356:Lumen 344:Lumen 342:. 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Index


Montigny-le-Roi
Juvisy-sur-Orge
Sylvie Petiaux-Hugo Flammarion
Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion
Ernest Flammarion

FRAS
[nikɔlakamijflamaʁjɔ̃]
astronomer
popular science
science fiction
psychical research
L'Astronomie
observatory at Juvisy-sur-Orge

Flammarion engraving
Montigny-le-Roi
Haute-Marne
Groupe Flammarion
computery
Paris Observatory
Société astronomique de France
BSAF (Bulletin de la Société astronomique de France)
L'Astronomie
Flammarion engraving
Mars
comet
Halley's Comet
Darwin

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