365:, defines as "a yearning for that which one has indirectly or directly participated in destroying." McKenney sought to preserve Native American culture while carrying out governmental policies that were responsible for its erasure. He first tried to collect artifacts from various tribes, then thought of having portraits painted for the government. About this time, he met King, whose talent he appreciated. "The arrival of Charles Bird King on the Washington scene inspired the imaginative McKenney to add portraits to his archives." King painted the subjects in his own studio, as McKenney easily obtained the consent for the portraits from Native American leaders coming to Washington to do business with the US through his new department. King's 20-year role in painting works for the collection was profitable for the artist. He charged at least $ 20 for a bust, and $ 27 for a full-figure portrait, allowing him to collect an estimated $ 3,500 from the government.
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238:, due to the economic appeal of the burgeoning capital city. Here King developed a solid reputation as a portraitist among politicians, and earned enough to maintain his own studio and gallery. King's economic success in the art world, particularly in the field of portraiture, was in part dependent on his ability to socialize with the wealthy celebrities, and relate to the well-educated politicians of the time: "His industry and simple habits enabled him to acquire a handsome competence, and his amiable and exemplary character won him many friends". These patrons included such prominent leaders as
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483:, he attempts to criticize how "Philadelphians preferred reading about art exhibitions rather than purchasing art themselves." As an artist who only profited off of others buying his art, King became upset over the lack of art patronage in the Academy's exhibitions in Philadelphia and turned his criticisms into art. Through the depiction of the cup of water and piece of bread that surrounds the flurry of news articles in the cupboard, King tries to send the message that artists are starving because of the lack of commissions being offered to artists.
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critical approach to King's representation of Native
Americans in this work. The portrayal of the Native American men in the painting is, according to this more critical view, merely a stereotypical conglomerate of different Native American tribes. King has seemingly "sacrificed their individuality, creating a facial composite that he hoped would draw a sympathetic response from a white audience." King, these scholars suggest, structured his piece around the interests of his audience rather than portraying a true account of Native American tribes.
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295:, was quite popular in the upper echelons of the art culture. While attending the Royal Academy, King was swayed towards the Dutch styles by the demand such works commanded. He also was able to study the works and learn from them. It is likely that through his schooling, he was able to study the British royal collection, as "Prince of Wales, and Regent, George IV collected Dutch art voraciouslyβ¦" and the prints were the favored style at the time by other members of European royalty.
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privately by the political elite. Painting was used to portray important men before the time of photography. Despite his popularity at the time, King is often overlooked in the broad scope of art history. His relative obscurity may be due in part to his lack of innovation in his work. It is also surely due to the loss of most of his numerous Indian portraits to a fire in the
Smithsonian. With his most unique work destroyed, he was overlooked by succeeding generations.
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452:. Some art historians have argued that the Native American tribal leader being depicted in King's artwork has been "radically decontextualized" and has been painted in such a way that emphasizes a "viewer's cultural superiority." However, others have argued the opposite. This particular piece has been praised for its representation of "ethnographic elements in its true sense" and is said to have portrayed an "accurate record of a Sauk or Fox chief."
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361:, initiated the government's commissioning of the portraits. Like many others, at the time he believed that the indigenous people were nearing extinction, and he was seeking ways to preserve their history and culture. Some scholars have described this view of Native American culture as a product of "imperialist nostalgia," which the art historian Frances K. Pohl, building on the work of the cultural anthropologist
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445:." However, the cultural elements that King added into his portraits granted insight on the rich culture of Native American tribes. The hairstyles, facial designs, and robes often provide authentic documentation of Native American culture. Some art historians continue to critique the accuracy of the cultural elements that King put into his Native American portraits.
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that show the influence of Dutch art. As noted above, King incorporated the techniques of Dutch painting into his portraits, though he recognized that the United States was not yet as familiar with "references to the style as it would be in the sphere of "post-Civil War materialismβ¦". King was especially influenced by the Dutch tradition of
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Although King's work was widely appreciated, his portrayals of Native
American subjects and still life paintings also received criticism. An artist colleague of King's, Charles Robert Leslie, argued that while King's "greatest excellence was in his coloring of flesh" and his ability to be accurate in
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focused on different Native
American subjects. The artwork has been described as a "profound study of Indian character," a magnificent image of a "newly discovered and exotic race," and is composed of a "felicitous amalgam of the real and the ideal." Some art historians, however, have taken a more
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While King completed a number of paintings that invoked Dutch painting technique, he is better known as an important figure for his numerous portraits of Native
Americans, commissioned by the federal government. He was also commissioned by the government for portraits of celebrated war heroes, and
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King took more than stylistic cues from these examples, as he also employed some of the techniques which he saw. As
Nicholas Clark wrote in 1982, King "sometimes relied upon Dutch prints for formal solutions." The prints were sources of valued composition. Many of King's paintings include features
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that he compiled the book in order to acknowledge the importance of King, as well as his Native
American subjects, as part of the creation of a federal collection of Indian portraits. The government, private collectors, and museums hold portraits by a number of talented United States' painters,
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Though King's legacy lies in his portraiture, throughout his career he also demonstrated a great technical skill in still life, genre, and literary paintings. Scholars have thought he would have preferred to focus on these styles throughout his career, but he needed to earn a living. Painting
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After the administration changed and McKenney left the BIA, the agency donated the Native
American portrait collection to the National Institute, but shoddy care and shoddy displays kept it from the public eye. When the National Institute deteriorated, it gave its work in 1858 to the
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King is known to have been especially committed to staying within the confines of the traditional style of painting which he learned in his youth: "it is apparent that the artist would adapt, time and again, traditional
European mannerisms to his new and native subject matter".
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leaders and tribesmen. His style incorporated Dutch influences, which can be seen most prominently in his still-life and portrait paintings. Although King's artwork was appreciated by many, it has also been criticized for its inaccurate depictions of Native
American culture.
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The portraits gained widespread publicity beyond Washington during this period as McKenney broadened his project by publishing a book on Native Americans. In 1829 he began what would become many years' worth of work on the three-volume work,
196:, the only child of Deborah (nee Bird) and Zebulon King, an American Revolutionary veteran and captain. The family traveled west after the war, but when King was four years old, his father was killed and scalped by Native Americans near
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King's depictions of Native American subjects have particularly been questioned. In some cases, King's portrayal of Native American men as "muscular" and having "large stature" has been seen as conforming to the stereotype of the
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King's inclination towards genre and still life paintings is thought to have been influenced to his seven-year stay in London. The 16th and 17th-century style attributed to masters in Northern Europe, especially that of the
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Although King tailored his piece to his audience, he has been praised for being the first white artist to "paint an Indian wearing a flowing-feather bonnet of eagle feathers" and "Plains Indian women."
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to be a criticism towards the general public, some art historians have praised his piece for being a gracious representation of "illusionism" and "effectively artistic in technique and design."
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King never married. He lived in Washington until his death on March 18, 1862. He bequeathed his collection of paintings, books, and prints to the
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Clark, Nichols B. "A Taste for the Netherlands: the Impact of Seventeenth-Century Dutch and Flemish Genre Painting on American Art 1800-1860,"
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Piggush, Yvette. "Visualizing Early American Art Audiences: The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and Allston's "Dead Man Restored"".
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Piggush, Yvette. "Visualizing Early American Art Audiences: The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and Allston's "Dead Man Restored"".
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a technique that resulted in illusions capable of deceiving the viewer. King especially used this technique in his still-life paintings.
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The McKenney & Hall Lithographs of Charles Bird King's Portraits of American Indians, Smithsonian Institution Building, 1990β1996
246:. King's popularity and steady stream of work left him with little reason or need to leave Washington. In 1827 he was elected to the
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219:. After a seven-year stay in London, King returned to the U.S. due to the War of 1812. He lived and worked in the major cities of
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351:. King's work makes up a bulk of the Indian portrait collection, with more than 143 paintings done from 1822 to 1842.
171:(September 26, 1785 β March 18, 1862) was an American portrait artist, best known for his portrayals of significant
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The Annual Exhibition Record of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 1813
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Viola, Herman J. The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King. 1st ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.
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portraits was the only way for artists to make enough money to live on in the early part of the 19th century.
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Pohl, Frances. "Old World, New World: The Encounter of Cultures on the American Frontier".
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Pohl, Frances. "Old World, New World: The Encounter of Cultures on the American Frontier".
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Native American portraiture commissioned by the United States Government from 1822 to 1842
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drawing "heads", he fails to add a "happiness of expression" on all of his subjects.
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When King was fifteen, he went to New York to study under the portrait painter
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To Preserve Hidden Treasures: From the Scrapbooks of Charles Bird King
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The Smithsonian art historian Herman J. Viola notes in the preface to
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1059:(c. 1821) Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution
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A Native American portrait that was notably criticized is King's
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Philadelphia Artists, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 8, 1839
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1321:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 63β66.
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Consentino, Andrew J. "Charles Bird King: an Appreciation,"
1146:. 1st ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976.
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Cosentino, Andrew. "Charles Bird King: An Appreciation".
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Cosentino, Andrew. "Charles Bird King: An Appreciation".
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Cosentino, Andrew. "Charles Bird King: An Appreciation".
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Cosentino, Andrew. "Charles Bird King: An Appreciation".
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Cosentino, Andrew. "Charles Bird King: An Appreciation".
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Cosentino, Andrew. "Charles Bird King: An Appreciation".
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1160:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 18.
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Lithographs from Thomas L. McKenney & James Hall.
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Painting, including portraiture, still life, and genre
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Eitelijorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art
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Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees
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Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees
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Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees
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Lithographs of Native Americans by Charles Bird King
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392:One of King's most renowned pieces in the project,
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1358:. New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 18.
1051:(1840) John S. H. Russell, Newport, Rhode Island
820:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
372:History of the Indian Tribes of North America
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1341:Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History
1304:Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History
1045:(1830) Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University
822:. Philadelphia: F.W. Greenough, 1838β1844
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19:For other people with the same name, see
1394:, 56. University Press of Kansas, 2019.
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1024:) Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library
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188:Detail of a self-portrait aged 30, 1815
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1343:. Thames & Hudson. p. 192.
1306:. Thames & Hudson. p. 193.
756:, Sagoyewatha, or Keeper Awake - A
450:Keokuk, Chief of the Sacs and Foxes
434:Keokuk, Chief of the Sacs and Foxes
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1319:The Paintings of Charles Bird King
998:(1816) Maryland Historical Society
992:(1815) Maryland Historical Society
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207:. At age twenty he moved to
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1043:Vanity Of An Artist's Dream
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951:by Charles Bird King, 1830
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486:Although King meant for
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359:Bureau of Indian Affairs
75:March 18, 1862 (aged 76)
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1510:Native Americans in art
1470:Smithsonian Institution
1183:6 (1974): 54β71. JSTOR.
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1406:Early American Studies
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149:James Monroe
141:John Calhoun
118:Notable work
25:
1505:1862 deaths
1500:1785 births
1063:Hoowaunneka
1037: 1822
1022: 1820
1009: 1815
975: 1845
956:Exhibitions
881:Major Ridge
791:Joseph Kent
717:First Lady
688: 1822
663: 1822
638: 1822
613: 1822
588: 1822
563: 1820
545: 1820
524: 1815
474: 1815
281: 1815
86:Nationality
1494:Categories
1431:: 741β743.
1412:: 741β742.
1130:References
1075:Pushmataha
940:Still life
866:Pushmataha
760:War Chief,
754:Red Jacket
734:David Vann
479:In King's
436:, ca. 1838
420:Criticisms
339:including
145:Henry Clay
1109:Paul Kane
932:Musquakee
778:, c. 1829
499:Portraits
225:Baltimore
180:Biography
132:Patron(s)
94:Education
1450:: 58β59.
1220:: 57β58.
1201:: 65β67.
1088:See also
1069:Wajechai
900:Cherokee
89:American
928:Wapello
762:c. 1828
494:Gallery
293:Flemish
215:at the
57:Newport
934:Chief"
926:Chief
883:, 1834
868:, 1824
838:Menawa
758:Seneca
740:, 1825
705:, 1822
657:Pawnee
632:Pawnee
347:, and
209:London
1377:: 57.
1271:: 58.
1239:: 56.
902:Chief
607:Kansa
289:Dutch
898:, A
682:Otoe
582:Otoe
291:and
242:and
155:and
72:Died
50:Born
1496::
1446:.
1427:.
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1383:^
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1327:^
1277:^
1267:.
1235:.
1216:.
1197:.
1166:^
1034:c.
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1032:(
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23:.
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