Fibula (brooch) - Knowledge

1327: 402:. The earliest design is the spring, which provides tension to the pin. The spring could be unilateral or bilateral. A unilateral spring winds in one direction only. Unilateral springs are the earlier type, first appearing around the 14th century BC. Bilateral springs wind in one or more loops on one side of the pin and then cross over or under the bow and continue with more loops on the other side. They appeared around the 6th century BC. Bilateral springs can be very short, with only one or two revolutions per side, or up to 10 cm long. Most bilateral springs are made of one piece of metal and therefore have a spring cord, a piece of wire extending from one end of the spring to the other. The spring cord can pass in front of or behind the fibulae body. Bilateral springs wrap around a pin or axle. These are usually made of iron even if the rest of the fibula and spring is copper alloy. In the 1st century AD, some fibulae had springs concealed under a metal cover that was an extension of the fibula body. These are known as covered springs, or hidden springs. 984: 1147: 1268: 338: 163: 691: 683: 573: 2697: 1454: 1401: 273: 653: 4105: 2962: 145: 841: 801: 1078: 893:. Perhaps the most distinctive British fibula design was the Dolphin. This was actually a series of designs including the Polden Hill type, the Langton Down type, the Colchester type and the T-Shaped type. Dolphin fibulae have a smooth arched bow that tapers from the head to end in a long point. The long bilateral spring is covered. From the top the Dolphin fibula looks like a T or the late-Roman 1064: 1092: 827: 665: 2690: 32: 813: 639: 129: 1050: 178: 2972: 1180:. The P-Shaped fibula, or Almgren Type 162, has a semi-circular arch and a long foot that curves back under itself to return to the base of the arch. They have bilateral springs. The bows of P-Shaped fibulae are usually semi-circular in cross-section and are decorated with ribs. P-Shaped fibulae were found from the 2nd to the early 4th centuries. 1338: 1298: 1243: 854: 532: 2704: 1346: 553:. These fibulae, such as the Haslau type and the St. Lucija type, were found in the 9th to 7th centuries BC. Some spectacle fibula were very large with spirals up to 10 cm across. A variant that appeared in the 6th century BC had four small spirals with a square, or squarish, cover plate on the middle, the Vierpass type. 1146: 983: 1444:

are among the most spectacular pieces of jewellery of the Early Medieval period. When the Vikings began to raid and settle the British Isles, they took to wearing these brooches, but now in plain silver. The thistle and bossed types were the most popular styles, both developing out of earlier Celtic

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Different types of fibula construction were used contemporaneously. Though the introduction of the hinge was later than the introduction of the spring, the spring remained in use long after the hinge was introduced. Therefore, a given fibula with a hinge is not necessarily more recent than one with a

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In the late 1st century BC or early 1st century AD, a new design appeared in some bow type fibulae. A separate pin was attached to the head-end of the bow with a small hinge. In the second half of the 1st century AD, hinges were introduced to plate type fibulae. One or two small plaques were cast on

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type. The crossbow fibula consists of a highly arched semi-circular bow, usually of squarish cross-section, and a long flat foot. The fibula has a wide transverse bar (or arms) at the head containing the pin-hinge. Crossbow fibulae usually have three round or onion-shaped knobs: one at the head and

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There were other bow fibula variations of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The Divided Bow type has an arched bow and a long foot. The arch was made up of two, or even three, separate, but parallel, arches. These arches are either wide and flat or narrow and tall. The Trident fibula has a rounded arch

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The Aucissa fibula was another widespread design. It has a high semi-circular arched bow that extended into a short foot. The bow is flat and wide and has a rounded central ridge. The bow ends, at the head, in a hinge. The Aucissa was one of the first fibulae to use a hinge instead of a spring. The

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Bow, or Sanguisuga, fibulae the catch plate became large and triangular. Another variant, the Certosa type, had a small square or ribbon cross-section bow and a short bilateral spring (possibly the first use of a bilateral spring). Certosa fibulae are often very small, but can reach lengths of over

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This type of fibula, used to fasten a cloak around the neck, became part of the standard insignia of military personnel during the third century A.D. This example is inscribed in Latin on the bow: HERCVLI AVGVSTE SEMPER VINCAS (May you always be victorious, Hercules Augustus!); the titles probably

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Pedde, Friedhelm, "Development and Extension of Near Eastern Fibulae in the Iron Age", in: R. Eichmann – H. Parzinger (ed.), Migration und Kulturtransfer. Der Wandel vorder- und zentralasiatischer Kulturen im Umbruch vom 2. zum 1. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums

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The Fantail fibula, which have a short bow that flares into a flat, wide fan-shaped foot, were common in Britain and on the European continent. The Fantail design lasted into the 2nd century AD. A common and widespread design was the Augen (or Eye) fibula, which has a longer bow and a long, flat,

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I, or La Tène A to B2, era (4th to 3rd centuries BC), fibula design became relatively standardised over a large geographic area, although minor stylistic variations and differences in decoration remained. The La Tène I fibula usually had a narrow bow. The spring that could be either unilateral or

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designs. In one variation, the foot of the fibula that had previously terminated at the end of the arch with a simple catch plate, lengthened significantly. These extended foot fibulae, such as the Kahn type and the Pauken type, were found in the 7th to 5th centuries BC. The first long, bilateral

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including Keller, Prottel and Soupault. Type I, dating to the 3rd and 4th centuries, has small, simple knobs and a foot that is shorter than the bow. Type II, dating to the 4th century, has larger knobs and a foot that is approximately the same length as the bow. Type III, also dating to the 4th

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from side to side while still remaining flat and parallel to the pin. These variants, such as the Grunwald type and the Hanua type, were found in the 12th and 11th centuries BC. In another variant, the bow, while still flat, widened out into an oval or diamond shape (blattbugel in German). These

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introduced a series of variations of the bow fibula in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. In these so-called Italianate fibulae, the bow begins, at the head, with a semi-circular form, but bends at its apex to angle straight down to the foot that was often lengthened and extended. The bow was often

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In the La Tène II, or La Tène C era (2nd century BC), the foot of the fibula actually bent back to touch the bow and was wrapped around it. Many La Tène II fibulae had long bilateral springs. It is important to be aware that this type of construction was in use several centuries later in the

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The ring, or annular, fibula or brooch is extremely hard to date as the design for utilitarian pieces was almost unchanged from the 2nd to the 14th centuries AD. If there is decoration, this is likely to indicate whether a given ring fibula is Roman-era fibula or a medieval brooch.

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The body of a fibula is known as either the bow or the plate, depending on the basic form. A bow is generally long and narrow, and often arched. A plate is flat and wide. Plates could be solid or openwork. The body was often decorated. The head is the end of the fibula with the

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The 1st century AD saw the widespread use of plate fibulae. Plate fibulae consist of a flat plate. Since there is little space between the fibula body and the pin (there is no arch to the body), plate fibulae could not be used to fasten much material and were therefore mainly

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bow. The bow could be round, square, or flat and ribbon-like in cross-section. Some had simple punched or incised decoration on the bow. Violin bow fibula, such as the Peschiera type and the Unter-Radl type, was introduced in the 14th century BC (Late Mycenean III era) by the

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A variation of the P-shaped fibula, the tied foot fibula has a foot that returns to the bow but then wraps, or ties, around the bow. Many Tied Foot fibulae have long bilateral springs. The tied foot fibula was found in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD and is associated with the

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when conducting services. The finest period is from the 8th and 9th centuries, before the Vikings disrupted the societies. Ornate Irish examples in the period are usually "pseudo-penannular"; in fact closed rings, but imitating the penannular form. Examples like the

886:'s type, is a very plain design. It resembles the violin bow fibula of over one thousand years earlier except that the bow has slightly more of an arch and the spring in (short) bilateral not unilateral. The Straight Wire fibula is found through the 1st century AD. 234:

There are hundreds of different types of fibulae. They are usually divided into families that are based upon historical periods, geography, and/or cultures. Fibulae are also divided into classes that are based upon their general forms. Fibulae replaced straight

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the back of the plate, and a pin was attached to them by a small hinge. Previously, plate-type fibulae had bilateral springs attached to the back. In the 3rd century AD, the hinge was placed in the centre of a long transverse bar, creating the famous

1326: 875:. The spread of technologically advanced workshops in the Roman Empire led to more complex fibula designs. Bows were cast in more complex forms, hinges appeared alongside bilateral springs and a wide variety of plate designs were introduced. 1384:, and are found over a wide part of southern and western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Some historians have debated whether some of these Gothic fibulae could also be attributed to the Vandals. There are also a wide variety of 2670: 1434:

developed in the post-Roman period into highly elaborate and decorative marks of status in Ireland and Scotland, made in precious metals and often decorated with gems, and worn by men and women, as well as the clergy as part of their

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bow fibulae. The high arched bow of these fibulae had large fins or knobs. The bow usually ended in a very large triangular or square catch plate. Some of the large square catch plates were decorated with complex incised

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The pin that is used to fasten the clothing is either a continuation of the fibula's body or a separate piece attached to the body. The fibula is closed by connecting the end of the pin to a catch plate, or pin rest.

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creating a loop above the foot. In one variant, the Nauheim type, the bow widened into a flat triangle or diamond. In another variant, the Schussel type, the ribbon-like bow widened at the head into a rounded

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The Middle Ages : treasures from the Cloisters and the Metropolitan Museum of Art : Los Angeles County Museum of Art January 18 - March 29, 1970 : the Art Institute of Chicago May 16 - July 5,

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Another British design was the Hod Hill type. Usually quite small, Hod Hill fibulae have a shallow arched bow that appears to be made up of lumpy segments. Many Hod Hill fibulae have a pair of small side

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brooch types (the term fibula is rarely used for medieval items). The two most common are ring brooches, including square and lobed or flower designs as well as round ones, and flat plate brooches, or

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The 1st century AD saw several other bow variations. The Wolf or Wolf's Head fibula has a flat, ribbon-like bow that widens into a square section at the head. The common design of two circles and a

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which was less secure and could fall out. While the head of the earlier straight pin was often decorated, the bow or plate of the fibula provided a much increased scope for decoration. Among some

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In English, "fibula" is not a word used for modern jewellery, but by archaeologists, who also use "brooch", especially for types other than the ancient "safety pin" types, and for types from the

1768:, "Vorderasiatische Fibeln von der Levante bis Iran", Saarbrücken, 2000, and the review of this volume by Judy Bjorkman in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 63 No. 2 (2004) pp 158–160. 1235:

designs). Most designs continued in use throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries. In one later variation during this time, the Tutulus type, the circular disc plate was extended upwards to form a

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the fibula designs common in the 1st century AD continued to some extent into the second, although usually in more complex variations. A new design, the Head Stud type, has a long bow with a

998:-shaped head and a long thin pointy foot. They have long bilateral hinges. There are three main variations of the Kraftig Profilierte fibula. The North Pannonian Double Knot type, found in 1305:

The first crossbow fibulae, from the early 3rd century AD, has short, thin arms, no knobs, a long bow and a short foot. The later crossbow fibulae have been divided into groups by several

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shape when viewed from the side. The bow was usually decorated with a series of rings and dots. The catch plate usually had the form of a hand, making the entire fibula resemble an arm.

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refer to the tetrarch Maximian, who styled himself as Hercules. The brooch would have been made at an imperial workshop and presented as a gift to a senior member of the imperial staff.

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wide foot. It has a short bilateral spring. Many Augen fibulae are decorated with a pair of ringed dots, or eyes, on the flat foot. Augen fibulae appear to have been introduced to the

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group of bow fibulae have a round or triangular flat head plate, often with 3, 5 or 7 knobs, a small arched bow and a long flat diamond shaped foot. They were widely used by the

443:. They could refer to a status or profession such as single woman, married woman, man, warrior, or chief. Some Roman-era fibulae may symbolize specific ranks or positions in the 415:

fibula design. A few fibulae from a much earlier date also had hinges, although this design feature was very rare and soon died out for nearly five centuries. For example, the

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in German) instead of the low flat arch of the violin bow fibula. At first, the bow was thin. In later variants the bow was made of thicker metal or of two pieces of thin

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bone because a popular form for brooches and the shape of the bone were thought to resemble one another. Some fibulae were also sometimes used as votive gifts for gods.

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graves implies that the Knee fibula was the most popular fibula among Roman soldiers in the 2nd century AD. They are rarely found outside military sites or contexts.

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or stone. In some cases the raised foot was bent back towards the bow, although it did not touch the bow. The Thraco-Getic fibula is a variant found in the eastern

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and leg. Many Knee fibulae have small rectangular, or larger semi-circular head plates. Knee fibulae appear, like the Augen type, to have been introduced into the

337: 588:. These fibulae had a near-perfect semi-circular arch sometimes decorated with knobs or round flanges. In the same period, the Hand or Arm fibula spread from 2826: 2343: 2295: 1318:. Another variant, dating to the 4th and 5th centuries, the Bugelkopf type, has no transverse bar, or arms at all but retains the round knob at the head. 3015: 2270: 704:

saw an expansion in the use of fibulae. The rounded bow fibula underwent several variations and were usually highly decorated with incised or moulded

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twisted together. These rounded bow fibulae were first found in the 12th century BC, but lasted in use in some places for more than five centuries.

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The late 1st century AD saw the introduction of the Kraftig Profilierte group of fibula designs. Kraftig Profilierte fibulae have a wide fan-, or

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century, has a foot that is longer than the bow. There are several variants of the Type III based on the decoration of the foot: dotted circles,

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decorated with moulded knobs or spikes. The rear half of the bow was sometimes bent into a wavy, kinked shape. The latter variants were known as

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In the La Tène III, or La Tène D era (1st century BC), the raised foot was no longer wrapped around the bow but was attached directly to it by

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bilateral, was wound in a fairly large diameter circle. The foot was turned up and usually ended in a decorated knob or with an applied

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foot ends in a rounded knob. Many Aucissa fibulae have the word "AVCISSA" moulded above the hinge. This is thought to be the name of a

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or pin for fastening garments, typically at the right shoulder. The fibula developed in a variety of shapes, but all were based on the

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principle. Unlike most modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative; they originally served a practical function: to fasten

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above the penis, thus hiding the glans, this was done both to show modesty and in the belief that it helped preserve the voice.

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Birmingham, J., "The Development of the Fibula in Cyprus and the Levant", Palestine Exploration Quarterly 95, 1963, 80–112.

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or auxiliary. In some cultures, fibulae were worn in pairs and could be linked by a length of chain. The Romans also used

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Sapouna-Sakellarakis, Efi, "Die Fibeln der griechischen Inseln", Prähistorische Bronzefunde XIV 4. Beck, München 1978,

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in The Archaeological Journal, CXXIV, 1967. (includes the description of over 250 Roman fibulae found at the site)

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tied-foot and returned-foot types of fibulae. These latter types are sometimes known as pseudo-La Tène fibulae.

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Les elements metalliques du costume masculin dans les provinces romaines de la mer Noire. IIIe-IVe s. ap. J.-C.

745:. The fibula's foot is vertical and ends in a small knob, though later models had a sinuous, s-shaped profile. 682: 166: 137: 82: 628:

or figural designs. Some of the fibula had a flat back indicating that they were likely cast in simple, open

3443: 3333: 3323: 3318: 3138: 3118: 3075: 2433: 2371: 2328: 2059: 1790: 1426:, with an incomplete ring and two terminals, originally a common utilitarian clothes fastening, normally of 1030:. Most plate fibulae have a hinge assembly on the back. Plate fibulae are generally associated with women's 572: 42: 1034:. The most common forms of plate fibula in the 1st century AD were round (disc), diamond, oval and lunula ( 3845: 3278: 3273: 3256: 3200: 3095: 2391: 2366: 2106: 1528: 652: 64: 1843: 1619: 720:

In another variation of the rounded bow fibula, the bow became fat and swollen-looking. In many of these

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styles. The post-Roman types are not called "fibulae" in English, though they are in other languages.

1161:. However, unlike a straight trumpet, the Pannonian Trumpet fibula is sharply bent near the head. This 431:

Fibulae were originally used to fasten clothing. They represent an improvement on the earlier straight

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by the 1st century AD resulted in a tremendous growth in the number and design of fibulae throughout

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D2 era (5th century BC). These fibulae, such as the Doublezier type, looked similar to the Roman-era

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III era, in the late 1st century BC. The Straight Wire fibula, also known as the Soldier's type or

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In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, a series of variations of the bow fibula appeared in the southern

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variants, such as the Kreuznach type and Reisen type, were found in the 12th to 10th centuries BC.

314: 1717:. (Excerpt from the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde.) Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2000. 1453: 377:. The foot is the end of the fibula where the pin closes. Depending on the type of fibula and the 3453: 3305: 3244: 3133: 3065: 3041: 2200: 2043: 1408:, the most ornate of Irish brooches, also decorated on the back (see article). Early 8th century. 1311: 1289:

The classic fibula of the late-Roman era, and in fact the best known of all fibula types, is the

941: 557: 476:. The violin bow fibula has a low flat arch; the body runs parallel to the pin so it resembles a 231:. For Continental archaeologists, all metal jewellery clothes-fasteners are usually "fibulae". 1195:

The use of plate fibulae continued in the 2nd century CE. Simple flat shapes were replaced with

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Lost fibulae, usually fragments, are frequently dug up by amateur coin and relic hunters using

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fibulae from the 5th to 7th century such as the equal-arm type and the small-long type. Most

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and long foot and a wide, flat head plate with three points. The entire fibula looks like a

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Ashmolean Museum Oxford: A Summary catalogue of the Continental Archaeological Collections.

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Brooch of gilded silver featuring Saint Olav in the center with an ax in his left hand. (

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The P-Shaped type is another common 2nd-century AD fibula design that originated among the

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Crossbow fibula in goldplated bronze, 4th century A.D., 8,3 cm long, found in Tongeren

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Decorated Arc Fibula (Blinkenberg Type XII Variation 16) dates to the 5th century BC.

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and other places where Latin was used, the same word denoted both a brooch and the

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in the Middle Ages. Their descendant, the modern safety pin, remains in use today.

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Typical silver Dacian fibulae 1st century BC (Museum of Transylvania Cluj Romania)

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has two knobs, or knots, on the bow. The Single Knot type, found in the central

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In the 1st century AD, for the first time, several fibula designs originated in

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in question, the head of the fibula could be worn facing up, down or sideways.

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Meanwhile, the 8th and 7th centuries BC saw the introduction of the so-called

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There were several variants of the violin bow fibula. The bow could bend, or

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The Knee fibula, a common design in the 2nd century AD, originated in Roman

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shape. The Thracian Anchor type is also called the Illyrian and is found in

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Fibulae were composed of four components: the body, pin, spring, and hinge.

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The Pannonian Trumpet fibula has a wide flaring head like the bell of a

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and could either be flat, with a short bilateral spring on the back, or

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Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. Forschungen in Augst 3.

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Roman zoomorphic fibula, enamelled bronze, 100 - 200 A.D., ca. 3,3 cm

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Fibules preromaines, romaines, et merovingiennes du musee du Louvre.

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The La Tène I era also saw the introduction of the first animal, or

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The third Bronze Age design of fibula consisted of horizontal wire

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fibulae are variations on the ring or annular design (see below).

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23.-26. November 1999 Berlin. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 2001, 485–496,

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A Late Antique Crossbow Fibula in The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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Disc fibula, enamelled bronze, 180 -220 A.D., found in Tongres

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There are numerous types of post-Roman fibulae. The so-called

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One of the first fibula designs of the Roman-era began in the

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Band 16: Studien zu den figürlichen Fibeln der Frühlatenzeit.

1589:"Gold crossbow fibula (brooch), A.D. 286–305 or 306/7–308/9" 764:("in the round") with a long bilateral spring at the head. 247:. In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners by 1794:

British Museum Guide to Early Iron Age Antiquities: 1925.

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A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches.

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versions or more complex shapes. These included animal (

1959:

heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families

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Excavations on Nor'Nour in the Isles of Scilly, 1962-6

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allies. Despite their small size, their appearance in

1006:, has a single knob. The Black Sea type, found in the 2976:

Knowledge:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals

717:

fibulae but were not the latter's direct precursor.

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is the accepted criterion for official distinctions

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Presses de l'ecole normale superieure, Paris, 1999.

944:near the rear of the bow is often interpreted as a 348:inscription on the pinholder of the 3rd-century AD 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1647: 1188:. Claims that this was the standard fibula of the 709:springs appeared on some of these variants in the 1562: 1560: 2844:International Commission for Orders of Chivalry 1264:continued until the end of the 3rd century AD. 516:The second major design of fibulae has a high, 1949:and their national/public/official authorities 464:The first fibulae design, violin bow fibulae ( 3009: 1865: 897:fibula. From the side it resembles a leaping 806:Legionnaire's fibulae. 1st – 2nd centuries AD 181:Lombardic gilded silver brooch from Tuscany, 8: 398:The body and pin meet at either a spring or 169:eagle-shaped fibulae, 6th century, found at 3040:origin primarily identified as speakers of 1341:Post-Roman fibulae. 5th – 10th centuries AD 1333:fibula brooch made of copper, c. 600-650 AD 1215:, flies, etc.), letters or words, abstract 16:Ancient pin or brooch for securing clothing 3016: 3002: 2994: 2478: 2467: 2291: 2242: 2071: 2049: 2009: 1931: 1924: 1872: 1858: 1850: 592:, where it appears to have originated, to 239:that were used to fasten clothing in the 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 2966:Category:Orders, decorations, and medals 1301:Crossbow fibulae. 3rd – 5th centuries AD 1145: 439:, different fibula designs had specific 271: 4081:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 1516: 1294:one at each end of the transverse bar. 1112:, or occasionally a ring, at the head. 1045: 796: 634: 576:Villanovan Etruscan fibula 7th-8th BCE 1814:BAR 1167, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2003. 1349:High status Frankish brooches in the 7: 2952:* = Direct or indirect reference to 2671:Prizes known as the Nobel of a field 1396:Ring fibulae and penannular brooches 297:, or both. Some fibulae are made of 220:for both sexes, such as dresses and 54:adding citations to reliable sources 2971: 201: 1655:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 188:, one of the largest of its kind ( 14: 1796:Anglia Publishing, Ipswich, 1994. 1692:The Encyclopedia of World Costume 1223:designs (including the so-called 956:at the head giving the fibula an 4104: 4103: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2702: 2695: 2688: 1090: 1076: 1062: 1048: 839: 825: 811: 799: 663: 651: 637: 30: 4086:Christianization of Scandinavia 1762:Buxton Press, Derbyshire, 2000. 1165:design was found in and around 1085:4th century BC – 3rd century AD 784:shape that covered the spring. 41:needs additional citations for 4076:Christianization of the Franks 3149:Continental Germanic mythology 1169:but was exported as widely as 449:fibulas to fasten the foreskin 1: 4130:Archaeological artefact types 182: 2981:Knowledge:WikiProject Awards 1890:Auxiliary science of history 846:Kraftig Profilierte fibulae. 832:Early Roman era bow fibulae. 615:, known variously as Greek, 489:. The fibula soon spread to 468:in German), appeared in the 4091:Christianization of Iceland 2788:Fraternities and sororities 1839:, accessed January 5, 2013. 1760:Celtic and Roman Artefacts. 1465:There is a huge variety of 1273:Gallo-Roman museum, Tongres 1253:The 3rd to 4th centuries AD 1152:Gallo-Roman museum, Tongres 989:Gallo-Roman museum, Tongres 4176: 1748:Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000. 1724:Rudolf Habelt, Bonn, 1993. 1627:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1593:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1495:Clothing in ancient Greece 1459:National Museum of Denmark 1411: 752:, designs. These included 18: 4099: 3031: 2947: 2686: 1887: 1846:, accessed March 30, 2019 1618:Barbara Deppert-Lippitz. 1553:British Museum Collection 818:Romano-Britannic fibulae. 285:Most fibulae are made of 3329:North Germanic languages 3314:Germanic parent language 1842:Barbara Deppert-Lippitz 1646:Ostoia, Vera K. (1969). 863:The rapid spread of the 857:Roman era plate fibulae. 138:Kunsthistorisches Museum 4140:Ancient Roman metalwork 3334:West Germanic languages 3324:East Germanic languages 3319:Proto-Germanic language 3139:Proto-Germanic folklore 3076:Romano-Germanic culture 1711:Beck, Heinrich, et al. 1376:, and the non-Germanic 1353:, France 5th Century AD 1127:thought it resembled a 1069:Late Roman bow fibulae. 952:Anchor type has a wide 646:10th – 8th centuries BC 1755:BAR 674, Oxford, 1997. 1529:The Walters Art Museum 1525:"Pair of Eagle Fibula" 1462: 1409: 1404:The pseudo-penannular 1354: 1342: 1334: 1302: 1275: 1249: 1248:3rd – 5th centuries AD 1227:Trumpet designs), and 1154: 1099:2nd – 3rd centuries AD 1097:Tutulus plate fibulae. 1071:2nd – 3rd centuries AD 991: 860: 848:1st – 2nd centuries AD 697: 696:4th – 1st centuries BC 687: 672:7th – 5th centuries BC 577: 538: 537:8th – 6th centuries BC 455:Historical development 357: 277: 193: 174: 159: 141: 19:For the leg bone, see 3144:Anglo-Saxon mythology 3034:Ethnolinguistic group 1714:Fibel und Fibeltracht 1456: 1403: 1348: 1340: 1329: 1300: 1270: 1245: 1149: 986: 856: 693: 685: 575: 534: 340: 275: 180: 165: 147: 136:, early 5th century, 131: 2849:Magical organization 2309:Intellectual freedom 2117:Master of ceremonies 1810:Soupault, Vanessa. 1751:MacGregor, Arthur. 1737:Fauduet, Isabelle. 1505:Hook-and-eye closure 1483:Dunstable Swan Jewel 694:La Tène era fibulae. 315:semi-precious stones 65:"Fibula" brooch 50:improve this article 4071:Gothic Christianity 2914:Order of precedence 1744:Hattatt, Richard. 1038:- or moon-shaped). 670:More early fibulae. 4155:Villanovan culture 4135:Roman-era clothing 3454:Germani cisrhenani 3162:Funerary practices 3066:Pre-Roman Iron Age 3042:Germanic languages 2827:Hereditary society 2044:Royal family order 1831:2014-11-08 at the 1463: 1430:, in Iron Age and 1410: 1355: 1343: 1335: 1322:Post-Roman fibulae 1303: 1276: 1250: 1155: 1055:Roman era fibulae. 1042:The 2nd century AD 992: 861: 793:The 1st century AD 698: 688: 578: 558:Villanovan culture 539: 535:Early bow fibulae. 460:Bronze Age fibulae 358: 278: 194: 175: 160: 142: 4117: 4116: 3289:Gothic and Vandal 3081:Germanic Iron Age 3056:Nordic Bronze Age 3038:Northern European 2991: 2990: 2957: 2902:Campaign streamer 2684: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2629: 2628: 2464: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2400: 2399: 2230: 2229: 2125: 2124: 2068: 2022:Order of chivalry 2001: 2000: 1994: 1991:Self-styled order 1730:Dudley, Dorothy. 1720:Binding, Ulrike. 1694:. Bonanza Books. 1449:Medieval brooches 1424:penannular brooch 1414:Penannular brooch 1246:P-shaped fibulae. 927:Roman auxiliaries 788:Roman-era fibulae 762:three-dimensional 501:trading posts in 441:symbolic meanings 208:/ˈfɪbjʊli/) is a 149:Hellenistic Greek 126: 125: 118: 100: 4167: 4160:Textile closures 4145:Migration Period 4107: 4106: 4063:Christianization 3653:Ripuarian Franks 3025:Germanic peoples 3018: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2974: 2973: 2964: 2963: 2951: 2929:Awareness ribbon 2924:Devotional medal 2837:Gentlemen's club 2706: 2699: 2692: 2479: 2468: 2456: 2410:Religion-related 2292: 2243: 2072: 2057: 2050: 2010: 1988: 1936:Founts of honour 1932: 1925: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1851: 1766:Pedde, Friedhelm 1675: 1674: 1654: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1600: 1599: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1570:. fashionhistory 1564: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1531:. Archived from 1521: 1178:Germanic peoples 1094: 1083:Diverse fibulae. 1080: 1066: 1052: 919:Germanic peoples 843: 829: 815: 803: 741:and used by the 678:Iron Age fibulae 667: 655: 641: 289:(more properly " 203: 187: 184: 171:Tierra de Barros 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4095: 4057: 3338: 3300: 3262:Gothic alphabet 3154:Norse mythology 3090: 3044: 3027: 3022: 2992: 2987: 2954:fount of honour 2943: 2934:Code of conduct 2919:Honorary degree 2864: 2858: 2854:Religious order 2810:Learned society 2783:Fraternal order 2765: 2759: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2676: 2625: 2533: 2472: 2460: 2455: 2438: 2396: 2338: 2324:Humanitarianism 2283: 2275: 2271:Law enforcement 2261:List of highest 2249: 2237: 2226: 2178: 2121: 2063: 2056: 2048: 1997: 1964: 1916: 1908: 1883: 1878: 1833:Wayback Machine 1821: 1783:Riha, Emilie. 1758:Mills, Nigel. 1708: 1706:Further reading 1688:Yarwood, Doreen 1684: 1679: 1678: 1663: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1597: 1595: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1491: 1451: 1416: 1398: 1324: 1255: 1247: 1192:are unfounded. 1100: 1098: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1044: 858: 849: 847: 844: 835: 833: 830: 821: 819: 816: 807: 804: 795: 790: 725:10–15 cm. 695: 680: 673: 671: 668: 659: 658:10th century BC 656: 647: 645: 642: 584:bow fibulae in 536: 470:late Bronze Age 462: 457: 429: 408: 396: 387: 366: 335: 299:precious metals 283: 267:metal detectors 243:period and the 185: 152:Braganza Brooch 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4018: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 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2898: 2897:Battle honour 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2822:Honor society 2820: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2778:Confraternity 2776: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766:organisations 2762: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2621:Shoulder mark 2619: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2499:/Grand Cordon 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474:(decorations) 2469: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2449: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2184:Jurisdictions 2181: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2133:/Grand Cordon 2131: 2128: 2127: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1981:Organisations 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1824:Rebecca Mir, 1823: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787:August, 1979. 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778:3-7749-3068-6 1775: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:0-517-61943-1 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662:0-87587-036-8 1658: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1535:on 2013-11-03 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479:livery badges 1476: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1432:Roman Britain 1429: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1347: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1307:archeologists 1299: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125:archeologists 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106:Roman Britain 1093: 1088: 1079: 1074: 1065: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1010:north of the 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 990: 985: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 948:'s head. The 947: 943: 938: 936: 930: 928: 925:, serving as 924: 920: 916: 910: 908: 902: 900: 896: 892: 891:Roman Britain 887: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 855: 842: 837: 828: 823: 814: 809: 802: 797: 792: 787: 785: 783: 778: 774: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 731: 726: 723: 718: 716: 712: 707: 703: 692: 684: 677: 666: 661: 654: 649: 640: 635: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 574: 570: 568: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 514: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 485:on the Greek 484: 479: 475: 471: 467: 459: 454: 452: 450: 446: 445:Roman legions 442: 438: 434: 426: 424: 420: 418: 414: 405: 403: 401: 393: 391: 384: 382: 380: 376: 372: 363: 361: 355: 351: 347: 344: 343:Elder Futhark 339: 332: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 280: 274: 270: 268: 263: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 232: 230: 229:British Isles 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 200:(/ˈfɪbjʊlə/, 199: 191: 186: AD 600 179: 172: 168: 164: 157: 153: 150: 146: 139: 135: 130: 120: 117: 109: 106:November 2009 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: – 66: 62: 61:Find sources: 55: 51: 45: 44: 39:This article 37: 33: 28: 27: 22: 3389:Anglo-Saxons 3379:Adrabaecampi 3362:Bucinobantes 3104:Architecture 2892:Service flag 2669: 2527:Medal ribbon 2498: 2473: 2459:Named after 2352:Architecture 2314:Human rights 2210: 2132: 2082:Grand master 2065:Post-nominal 1914:Distinctions 1913: 1881:Phaleristics 1837:Smarthistory 1811: 1793: 1791:Smith, R. A. 1784: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1721: 1712: 1691: 1649: 1641: 1630:. Retrieved 1613: 1603: 1602: 1596:. Retrieved 1583: 1572:. Retrieved 1548: 1537:. Retrieved 1533:the original 1519: 1464: 1421: 1417: 1356: 1304: 1288: 1277: 1256: 1229:skeuomorphic 1221:asymmetrical 1194: 1182: 1175: 1156: 1133:Roman Empire 1114: 1103: 1024: 993: 939: 931: 915:Roman Empire 911: 903: 888: 877: 865:Roman Empire 862: 770: 766: 747: 727: 719: 699: 610: 579: 555: 540: 521: 515: 507: 487:Peloponnesus 465: 463: 430: 421: 409: 397: 388: 367: 359: 291:copper alloy 284: 281:Construction 264: 256:ancient Rome 253: 233: 226: 205: 197: 195: 133: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 3829:Nahanarvali 3752:Hilleviones 3665:Frisiavones 3533:Cananefates 3523:Burgundians 3434:Banochaemae 3284:Anglo-Saxon 3235:Anglo-Saxon 3201:Anglo-Saxon 3184:Anglo-Saxon 3167:Anglo-Saxon 2887:Vexillology 2877:Numismatics 2738:Passage fee 2714:Ceremonies 2496:Grand Cross 2471:For wearing 2218:Grand Lodge 2148:Hospitaller 2130:Grand Cross 2075:By function 1928:By conferee 1902:decorations 1894:numismatics 1442:Tara Brooch 1406:Tara Brooch 1386:Anglo-Saxon 1257:The use of 1217:symmetrical 884:Legionnaire 276:A cloak pin 4124:Categories 4048:Vinoviloth 3836:Marcomanni 3819:Helveconae 3797:Heaðobards 3767:Istvaeones 3757:Ingaevones 3742:Hermunduri 3710:Ostrogoths 3700:Greuthungi 3578:Chattuarii 3404:Angrivarii 3399:Ampsivarii 3367:Lentienses 3196:Literature 3086:Viking Age 2815:Fellowship 2773:Fraternity 2755:Collar day 2716:and events 2560:Collar pin 2382:Philosophy 2372:Literature 2206:Commandery 2087:Chancellor 1985:Commercial 1632:2019-03-30 1598:2019-03-30 1574:2019-03-30 1539:2012-09-18 1511:References 1428:base metal 1370:Ostrogoths 1203:) shapes ( 1201:zoomorphic 1190:Roman navy 1028:decorative 923:Marcomanni 921:, notably 750:zoomorphic 617:Macedonian 606:triangular 586:Asia Minor 567:serpentine 547:spectacles 518:round arch 474:safety pin 466:drahtbugel 417:Asia Minor 333:Components 245:Bronze Age 214:safety-pin 167:Visigothic 76:newspapers 4043:Vidivarii 4038:Victohali 4028:Vangiones 3961:Thuringii 3866:Nuithones 3762:Irminones 3725:Visigoths 3715:Thervingi 3675:Gambrivii 3628:Dulgubnii 3623:Dauciones 3573:Chasuarii 3513:Brondings 3439:Bastarnae 3429:Baiuvarii 3409:Armalausi 3372:Raetovari 3306:Languages 3274:Symbology 3134:Folklore 3129:Festivals 2805:Syndicate 2733:Feoffment 2655:Plaquette 2589:Epaulette 2555:Lapel pin 2550:Award pin 2522:Medal bar 2334:Volunteer 2212:Obedience 2196:Bailiwick 2162:Postulant 2138:Commander 2092:Treasurer 1955:Dynasties 1671:715279367 1437:vestments 1366:Visigoths 1316:curlicues 1286:culture. 1259:enamelled 1231:designs ( 1197:enamelled 1022:culture. 1016:Przeworsk 1012:Black Sea 873:Near East 782:arrowhead 711:Hallstatt 706:geometric 626:geometric 483:Myceneans 241:Neolithic 132:Germanic 4150:Brooches 4109:Category 4016:Hasdingi 4001:Usipetes 3981:Tubantes 3966:Toxandri 3946:Tencteri 3921:Suarines 3906:Sicambri 3901:Semnones 3881:Reudigni 3851:Mattiaci 3841:Marsacii 3792:Lombards 3782:Lacringi 3777:Juthungi 3608:Corconti 3593:Cherusci 3568:Charudes 3548:Chaedini 3518:Bructeri 3503:Bateinoi 3474:Eburones 3469:Condrusi 3464:Caeroesi 3459:Atuatuci 3394:Ambrones 3357:Brisgavi 3352:Alemanni 3230:Paganism 3119:Clothing 3114:Calendar 3061:Germania 2909:Nobility 2882:Heraldry 2872:Chivalry 2865:concepts 2863:Related 2764:Related 2745:Festival 2723:Accolade 2609:Campaign 2577:Heraldic 2453:insignia 2427:Scouting 2329:Politics 2281:Civilian 2247:Military 2238:by field 2112:Chaplain 2097:Assessor 1829:Archived 1690:(1986). 1568:"fibula" 1489:See also 1467:medieval 1363:Germanic 1312:chevrons 1291:crossbow 1281:Wielbark 1233:symbolic 1167:Pannonia 1163:Germanic 1137:Germanic 1119:(modern 1117:Pannonia 1036:crescent 1000:Pannonia 962:Pannonia 954:crescent 950:Thracian 935:workshop 895:crossbow 871:and the 715:crossbow 702:Iron Age 621:Thracian 582:Phrygian 569:fibulae. 499:Mycenean 437:cultures 423:spring. 413:crossbow 354:swastika 301:such as 218:clothing 158:, London 140:, Vienna 4033:Varisci 4021:Silingi 4011:Vandals 3986:Tulingi 3976:Triboci 3971:Treveri 3951:Teutons 3941:Taifals 3916:Sitones 3856:Nemetes 3814:Helisii 3787:Lemovii 3705:Gutones 3638:Firaesi 3633:Favonae 3613:Cugerni 3603:Cobandi 3558:Chamavi 3553:Chaemae 3543:Casuari 3538:Caritni 3508:Betasii 3479:Paemani 3414:Auiones 3279:Warfare 3257:Scripts 3225:Numbers 3049:History 2660:Rosette 2614:Service 2582:Pilgrim 2565:Tie pin 2545:Rosette 2517:Necklet 2405:Science 2392:Theatre 2367:History 2344:Culture 2296:Society 2236:Others, 2201:Chapter 2191:Charter 2143:Officer 2102:Bailiff 2006:By type 1969:Private 1826:Fibulae 1682:Sources 1213:rabbits 1186:trident 1171:Britain 1159:trumpet 1121:Hungary 1008:steppes 1004:Balkans 974:Romania 966:Hungary 942:chevron 899:dolphin 880:La Tène 777:welding 773:casting 739:Balkans 730:La Tène 728:In the 613:Balkans 598:Assyria 551:glasses 549:or eye 543:spirals 510:zig-zag 379:culture 249:buttons 206:fibulae 90:scholar 4053:Warini 4006:Vagoth 3991:Tungri 3956:Thelir 3936:Swedes 3931:Sunici 3896:Saxons 3891:Rugini 3824:Manimi 3809:Diduni 3747:Heruli 3685:Gepids 3670:Frisii 3648:Franks 3598:Cimbri 3588:Chauci 3583:Chatti 3496:Nervii 3491:Morini 3449:Belgae 3444:Batavi 3419:Avarpi 3384:Angles 3344:Groups 3294:Viking 3240:Gothic 3218:Gothic 3124:Family 2643:Trophy 2635:Prizes 2604:Button 2594:Ribbon 2491:Collar 2483:Formal 2461:people 2434:Beauty 2422:Sports 2387:Poetry 2167:Squire 2153:Knight 2060:Styles 2054:Titles 2014:Orders 1945:States 1906:medals 1904:, and 1898:orders 1896:about 1803: 1776: 1698: 1669: 1659: 1471:badges 1390:Viking 1374:Gepids 1372:, and 1359:Gothic 1331:Slavic 1284:Gothic 1225:Celtic 1209:horses 1032:graves 1020:Gothic 1018:proto- 978:Serbia 976:) and 958:anchor 869:Europe 758:horses 630:moulds 602:Persia 590:Cyprus 503:Sicily 495:Cyprus 478:violin 394:Spring 371:spring 311:enamel 303:silver 293:") or 287:bronze 260:fibula 222:cloaks 210:brooch 198:fibula 134:fibulæ 92: 85: 78: 71: 63: 21:Fibula 3926:Suebi 3911:Sciri 3886:Rugii 3876:Quadi 3861:Njars 3846:Marsi 3804:Lugii 3772:Jutes 3737:Harii 3732:Gutes 3690:Goths 3680:Geats 3618:Danes 3563:Chali 3484:Segni 3424:Baemi 3267:Runes 3252:Rings 3245:Norse 3213:Names 3206:Norse 3189:Norse 3172:Norse 2800:Guild 2728:Vigil 2665:Money 2572:Badge 2538:Other 2512:Medal 2503:with 2377:Music 2304:Peace 2223:Lodge 2107:Prior 1919:Lists 1623:(PDF) 1500:Cloak 1382:Avars 1378:Slavs 1314:, or 1262:inlay 1205:birds 970:Dacia 754:birds 743:Getae 722:Leech 619:, or 594:Syria 562:Italy 522:bogen 491:Crete 406:Hinge 400:hinge 375:hinge 346:runic 323:coral 319:glass 97:JSTOR 83:books 3996:Ubii 3643:Fosi 3528:Buri 2832:Club 2599:Ring 2505:sash 2362:Film 2286:List 2252:List 2172:Page 2157:Dame 1892:and 1801:ISBN 1774:ISBN 1696:ISBN 1667:OCLC 1657:ISBN 1651:1970 1422:The 1380:and 1237:cone 1129:knee 1110:stud 996:bell 946:wolf 907:lugs 756:and 735:bead 700:The 600:and 556:The 526:wire 497:and 364:Body 327:bone 307:gold 295:iron 237:pins 69:news 3871:Osi 3179:Law 3109:Art 3036:of 2750:Vow 2648:War 2451:By 2357:Art 2319:Law 1477:or 1219:or 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