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319:, he emphasizes the close observation of nature: "the imperative duty of the landscape painter to descend to the lowest details with undiminished attention. Every class of rock, every kind of earth, every form of cloud, must be studied with equal industry, and rendered with equal precision." This attention to detail must be combined with the artist's interpretation, impressions, and imagination to achieve great art. While Church's paintings were widely praised in the 1850s and 1860s, some critics found his detailed panoramas lacking in the imaginative or poetic. In his 1879
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269:. Artists of the Romantic period often depicted nature in idealized scenes that depicted the richness and beauty of nature, sometimes with emphasis on its grand scale. This tradition carried on in the works of Church, who idealizes an uninterrupted nature, highlighted by his excruciatingly detailed art. The emphasis on nature is encouraged by low horizontal lines and a preponderance of sky. Church usually "hid" his brushstrokes so that the painting surface was smooth and the painter's "personality" seemingly absent.
323:, George W. Sheldon wrote of Church's canvases, "It is scarcely necessary to ... explain what their principal defect is, because, by this time, that defect must have been recognized by almost every intelligent American lover of art. It consists in the elaboration of details at the expense of the unity and force of sentiment.... They are faithful and beautiful, but they are not so rich as they might be in the poetry, the aroma, of art. The higher and spiritual verities of Nature are the true home of landscape art."
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559:. They soon started a family, but their two-year-old son Herbert and five-month-old daughter Emma both died of diphtheria in March 1865. Still grief stricken, Church, his wife, and a young artist they befriended traveled to Jamaica. Church sketched while Isabel made a collection of pressed Jamaican ferns. He and his wife started a new family with the birth of Frederic Joseph in 1866, followed by Theodore Winthrop in 1869, Louis Palmer in 1870 and Isabel Charlotte ("Downie") in 1871.
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753:. Huntington recognized Church's estate as his greatest artwork and spearheaded the effort to preserve Olana when the property, which had been preserved largely as Church created it by later generations of the family, was threatened with destruction. He spearheaded a two-year campaign to save Frederic Church's Olana, resulting in a public-private partnership that created Olana State Historic Site.
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experience the
Western artistic heritage. Leaving his expanded family in Rome with friends, Frederic made a two-week visit to stay in Athens ended the journey in April 1869. At Athens the Parthenon impressed him, and he sketched and painted it energetically. The Churches left Rome in May 1869, and made their way home via Paris and England, arriving home by the end of June.
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276:, a movement in American landscape art founded by his teacher Thomas Cole. Both Cole and Church were devout Protestants, and the latter's beliefs played a role in his paintings, especially his early canvases. Hudson River School paintings were characterized by their focus on traditional pastoral settings, especially the
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and other friends who were also living in Rome. While in Rome, Church learned fresco painting, and made a collection of "Old
Masters" paintings. However, apparently Europe on the whole did not seem to interest Church as it did most American artists of the 19th century, many of whom traveled there to
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qualities. They attempted to capture the wild realism of an unsettled
America that was quickly disappearing, and the appreciation of natural beauty. His American frontier landscapes show the "expansionist and optimistic outlook of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century." Church differed from
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was hired to complete the project. Church was deeply involved in the process, even completing his own architectural sketches for its design. This highly personal and eclectic building incorporated many of the design ideas that he had acquired during his travels. In one letter of the period, he wrote
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Church quickly earned a reputation as a traveler-artist, with early domestic painting and sketching trips to the White
Mountains, western Massachusetts, the Catskills, Hartford, Conn, Niagara, Virginia, Kentucky, and Maine. He made two trips to South America in 1853 and 1857 and stayed predominantly
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of
American landscape painters, best known for painting large landscapes, often depicting mountains, waterfalls, and sunsets. Church's paintings put an emphasis on realistic detail, dramatic light, and panoramic views. He debuted some of his major works in single-painting exhibitions to a paying and
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In the last decades of his life Church's fame dwindled, and by his death in 1900 there was little interest in his work. His paintings were seen as part of an "old-fashioned and discredited" school that was too devoted to details. His reputation improved with a 1945 exhibition devoted to the Hudson
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in a single-painting exhibition in New York City in 1859. Thousands of people paid to see the painting, with the painting's huge floor-based frame playing the part of a window looking out on the Andes. The audience sat on benches to view the piece, sometimes using opera glasses to get close, and
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by a sunset featuring red, white, and blue that he believed was a symbol that "the heavens indicated their support for the United States by reflecting the nation's colors in the setting sun". A lithograph was made from it and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers.
472:, Church's most famous painting, pictures several elements of topography combined into an idealistic, broad portrait of nature. The painting was very large, yet highly detailed; every species of plant and animal is identifiable and numerous climate zones appear at once.
672:"I have made about 1 3/4 miles of road this season, opening entirely new and beautiful views. I can make more and better landscapes in this way than by tampering with canvas and paint in the studio." He devoted much of his energy during his last twenty years to Olana.
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A newspaper reported: "New York Artist Leaves Stocks Valued at $ 474,447.72. The largest estate that has come under the jurisdiction of the
Probate Court of this district for some months has lately been admitted." Unidentified newspaper clipping quoted in Huntington,
199:, introduced the two. Church studied with him for two years; by this time his talent was evident. Cole wrote that Church had "the finest eye for drawing in the world". During his time with Cole he travelled around New England and New York to make sketches, visiting
175:. Church was the son of Eliza (1796–1883) and Joseph Church (1793–1876). Frederic had two sisters and no surviving brothers. His father was successful in business as a silversmith and jeweler and was a director at several financial firms. His mother's brother was
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Church strategically arranged the room to illuminate the painting with the light from overhead skylights. The work was an instant success. Church eventually sold it for $ 10,000, at that time the highest price ever paid for a work by a living
American artist.
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749:. In 1960 art historian David C. Huntington completed a dissertation on Church that explored his influences and milieu. By 1966 he had written a monograph on Church and organized the first exhibition devoted to Church since his death, for the
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landscape style as well. Luminist art tends to emphasize horizontals, use non-diffuse light, and hide brushstrokes such that the painter's presence, or "personality", is less apparent to the viewer. An exhibition book considers Church's
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By 1860, Church was the most renowned
American artist. In his prime, Church was a commercial as well as an artistic success. Church's art was very lucrative; he was reported to be worth half a million dollars at his death in 1900.
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Cole in the topics of his paintings: he preferred natural and often majestic scenes over Cole's propensity towards allegory—though Church's work has increasingly been re-examined in terms of themes and meanings.
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302:, which Church owned, dedicated a chapter to landscape painting; Humboldt gave an important role to the visual artist in "scientifically" portraying the diversity of nature, especially in the New World. As
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Church's paintings, more confident and on a grander scale than those of his contemporaries, uniquely captured the spirit of an optimistic
American people who associated the landscape of the New World with
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679:, making painting difficult. He eventually painted with his left hand and continued to produce works, although at a much slower pace. He still taught painting as Cole had before him. Two students were
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Before departing the United States for that trip, Church purchased the 18 acres (7.3 ha) on the hilltop above his Hudson farmland, which he had long wanted for its magnificent views of the
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306:'s theory of evolution began to overturn Humboldt's ideas of unity in the 1860s, art historians have examined how Church's painting responded to this disruption in Church's world view.
412:. His method consisted of creating paintings in his studio based on sketches in nature. In the earlier years of his career, Church's style was reminiscent of that of his teacher,
261:(1851) was Church's "first true composite landscape"—it used sketches from various locations to develop a more detailed and spatially complex landscape than found in Cole's work.
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in New York. Less than a year later, on April 7, 1900, at the age of 73, Church also died at the home of Osborn's widow. Frederic and Isabel were buried in the family plot at
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wrote that Church was "a paradigm of the artist who becomes the public voice of a culture, summarizing its beliefs, embodying its ideas, and confirming its assumptions."
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Church began his career by painting classic Hudson River School scenes of New York and New
England, but by 1850, he had settled in New York. He exhibited his art at the
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In late 1867, Church began the longest period of travel of his career. That fall he and his family went to Europe, moving through London and Paris fairly quickly. From
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Spending time at Olana and in Mexico, Church was less exposed to trends in New York City. He kept a studio there into the 1880s, but it was usually sublet to
513:(1861) both oil and lithograph by Frederick Edwin Church – a colorful sunset interpreted to reflect divine support for the Union during the American Civil War
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was published in 1852, Church jumped at the chance to travel and study in Humboldt's footsteps. When Church returned to South America in 1857 with painter
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Church had been enormously successful as an artist. In his last decades, illness limited Church's ability to paint. By 1876, Church was stricken with
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440:'s exploration of the continent in the early 1800s; Humboldt had challenged artists to portray the "physiognomy" of the Andes. After Humboldt's
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1830:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Church (see index)
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was consulted early on in the plans for the mansion at Olana, but after the Churches' trip, the English-born American architect
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355:"exemplify the style ... in their panoramic structure". Nevertheless, Church is not considered a primarily luminist artist.
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often enthralled audience in New York City. In his prime, he was one of the most famous painters in the United States.
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Gerald L. Carr. Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonne of works of art at Olana State Historic Site. (1994) p. 277
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and married Isabel Mortimer Carnes (born 1836, of Dayton, Ohio), whom he had met during the New York exhibition of
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Romanticism was prominent in Britain and France in the early 1800s as a counter-movement to the rationalism of the
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1273:. Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent.English. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, AMS Press.
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591:, Egypt, but Church did not visit the pyramids, perhaps being afraid to leave his family alone. Passing through
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Frederic Edwin Church was a direct descendant of Richard Church, a Puritan pioneer from England who accompanied
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1838:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (full PDF), which contains material on Church
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Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of the New Continent, during the years 1799–1804
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to honor individuals and organizations who make extraordinary contributions to American art and culture.
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223:. His first recorded sale was in 1846 to the Wadsworth Athenaeum for $ 130; it was a pastoral painting
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Lyrics to the song "Olana" by Marc Cohn, about Church and the Olana estate, from Church's perspective.
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792:, Taconic Region, and with its curatorial work, visitor services, and external relations managed by
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Gardner, Albert Ten Eyck (October 1945). "Scientific Sources of the Full-Length Landscape: 1850".
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Church's legacy was rekindled; American museums began to acquire his works, and by 1979 Church's
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sold for $ 2.5 million, then the third-highest auction for any work of art. The next year the
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732:(1861) was sold at auction for a record-setting amount in 1979, following its rediscovery.
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on the original journey through the wilderness from Massachusetts to what would become
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503:(1861), published shortly before Church's painting "The Icebergs" went on display.
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Rosenbaum, Julia B. (June 2015). "Frederic Edwin Church in an Era of Expedition".
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traveled to Newfoundland and Labrador. The journey was chronicled in Noble's book
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to highlight the style's "meticulous draftsmanship and intense colors", while
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1576:"Must this mansion be destroyed?" Life Magazine, May 13, 1966. page 64.
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In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, Church was inspired to paint
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New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
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tomb, which became the subject of one of his important later works,
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Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America
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The Landscapes of Frederic Edwin Church: Vision of an American Era
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Frederic Edwin Church and the North American Landscape, 1845–1860
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The Voyage of the Icebergs: Frederic Church's Arctic Masterpiece
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was another important and big influence on Church. In Ruskin's
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603:. In February 1868 Church travelled with Dodge to the city of
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after Daniel Wadsworth, a family neighbor and founder of the
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American Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Vol. 3
1182:"Master, Mentor, Master: Thomas Cole & Frederic Church"
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Frederic Church's Olana: Architecture and Landscape as Art
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Some of Church's paintings relate to, and influenced, the
1384:. Washington: National Gallery of Art. pp. 126–128.
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Howat 2005 p. 92 – whole section on trip -> pp. 91–96
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American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School
1412:. Hensonville, New York: Black Dome Press. p. 90.
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Church was the product of the second generation of the
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Frederic Edwin Church works at National Gallery of Art
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Harvey, Eleanor Jones; Church, Frederic Edwin (2002).
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In 1848, he was elected the youngest Associate of the
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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529:In 1863, he was elected an Associate Fellow of the
126:
106:
96:
80:
58:
30:
424:, visiting the volcanoes and cities of modern day
1467:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 174, 284.
408:, and (most impressively for a young artist) the
179:, who owned an iron foundry that constructed the
1859:Frederic Edwin Church Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
1773:American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1850–1875
1734:Frederic Edwin Church and the National Landscape
768:American Light: The Luminist Movement, 1825–1875
1679:Howat, John K.; Church, Frederic Edwin (2005).
607:by camel from Jerusalem. There he sketched the
1642:Church's Great Picture: The Heart of the Andes
619:(1874). Later that spring the family visited
141:(May 4, 1826 – April 7, 1900) was an American
2707:
2094:
1886:
8:
1835:Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861
19:For other people named Frederic Church, see
2673:A Storm in the Rocky Mountains, Mt. Rosalie
3917:
3050:
2714:
2700:
2692:
2101:
2087:
2079:
1893:
1879:
1871:
1519:
1517:
1305:. New York D. Appleton and company. 1861.
1158:
1156:
655:. In 1870, he began the construction of a
38:
27:
561:
292:was a major influence on Church. In his
1776:. Washington: National Gallery of Art.
1535:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
1508:"A Tidy Resting Place For Famed Artist"
1102:
992:, 1870, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
813:
1009:, 1871, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
810:List of works by Frederic Edwin Church
16:American landscape painter (1826–1900)
5061:Romanticism and the French Revolution
1978:Niagara Falls, from the American Side
1358:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1131:Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum
974:Niagara Falls, from the American Side
830:Reynolda House Museum of American Art
531:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
1432:Carr "Catalogue Raisonne' . … p. 304
1184:. Thomas Cole National Historic Site
1117:
1115:
745:revisited the original reception of
288:The Prussian explorer and scientist
743:Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
551:In 1860, Church bought a farm near
5200:19th-century American male artists
5185:National Academy of Design members
5155:Artists from Hartford, Connecticut
2666:The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak
2588:Thomas Cole National Historic Site
990:Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives
959:Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
225:depicting Hooker's journey in 1636
14:
1736:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
1044:, 1874, Olana State Historic Site
788:is now owned and operated by the
149:. He was a central figure in the
5114:
5113:
1796:
1588:"Saving Frederic Church's Olana"
1506:McEnroe, Colin (July 12, 1995).
1441:[quoted in NGA catalogue, p. 147
1076:
1049:
1032:
1014:
997:
982:
965:
947:
932:
912:
890:
866:
851:
836:
816:
751:National Collection of Fine Arts
537:Family, later travels, and Olana
21:Frederic Church (disambiguation)
1303:"After icebergs with a painter"
1090:Smithsonian American Art Museum
1026:Princeton University Art Museum
5190:19th-century American painters
1645:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1:
5180:American Orientalist painters
5175:Luminism (American art style)
5084:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
1698:Huntington, David C. (1966).
1461:Burke, Doreen Bolger (1980).
1062:
1022:Passing Shower in the Tropics
570:
501:After Icebergs with a Painter
44:
5195:Natural history illustrators
5170:Hudson River School painters
2497:Newington-Cropsey Foundation
1625:Quoted in Kelly (1988), viii
1408:Ryan, James Anthony (2001).
5150:American landscape painters
2487:New-York Historical Society
1755:. National Gallery of Art.
1586:Morrow, Ann (August 2018).
1496:Huntington, 111; Howat, 184
955:Rainy Season in the Tropics
5216:
5001:Coleridge's theory of life
2680:Twilight in the Wilderness
2472:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1946:Twilight in the Wilderness
1817:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1070:Metropolitan Museum of Art
921:Twilight in the Wilderness
807:
683:, son of his close friend
410:National Academy of Design
340:Twilight in the Wilderness
232:National Academy of Design
18:
5093:
5056:Romanticism and economics
3071:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
2416:William Louis Sonntag Sr.
2316:Ransome Gillett Holdridge
2296:William Stanley Haseltine
2206:Johann Hermann Carmiencke
2047:Olana State Historic Site
1770:Wilmerding, John (1980).
1683:. Yale University Press.
1315:Richardson, Heather Cox,
786:Olana State Historic Site
766:held a major exhibition,
661:Olana State Historic Site
491:Church's friendship with
201:East Hampton, Connecticut
37:
2836:German historical school
2502:Tuscaloosa Museum of Art
2406:Thomas Prichard Rossiter
2266:Sanford Robinson Gifford
1864:August 28, 2021, at the
1751:Kelly, Franklin (1989).
1732:Kelly, Franklin (1988).
1715:Kelly, Franklin (1985).
1664:. Dallas Museum of Art.
1639:Avery, Kevin J. (1993).
1380:Kelly, Franklin (1989).
1317:Letters from an American
739:Art Institute of Chicago
637:Sanford Robinson Gifford
3483:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
2610:Among the Sierra Nevada
2523:Catskill Mountain House
2482:National Gallery of Art
2196:Alfred Thompson Bricher
2021:Collaboration paintings
1815:Timeline of Art History
1123:"Frederic Edwin Church"
926:Cleveland Museum of Art
880:National Gallery of Art
859:Cross in the Wilderness
764:National Gallery of Art
481:before, Church debuted
309:The English art critic
209:Catskill Mountain House
5165:American male painters
5066:Romanticism in science
5021:Middle Ages in history
5016:List of Romantic poets
3728:Josiah Gilbert Holland
2631:The Heart of the Andes
2456:Alexander Helwig Wyant
2451:Worthington Whittredge
2436:Mary Josephine Walters
2411:Francis Augustus Silva
2396:William Trost Richards
2331:John Frederick Kensett
2306:Hermann Ottomar Herzog
2271:Régis François Gignoux
2231:Jasper Francis Cropsey
2191:James Renwick Brevoort
1938:The Heart of the Andes
1847:July 25, 2021, at the
902:The Walters Art Museum
898:Morning in the Tropics
747:The Heart of the Andes
733:
580:
557:The Heart of the Andes
548:
514:
484:The Heart of the Andes
470:The Heart of the Andes
461:The Heart of the Andes
438:Alexander von Humboldt
397:
386:
373:
369:The Heart of the Andes
334:Morning in the Tropics
290:Alexander von Humboldt
262:
240:William James Stillman
217:New Haven, Connecticut
120:The Heart of the Andes
5036:Romantic epistemology
5026:Opium and Romanticism
3595:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
2821:Counter-Enlightenment
2578:Rip Van Winkle Bridge
2553:Kaaterskill High Peak
2421:James Augustus Suydam
2371:Charles Herbert Moore
2276:Eliza Pratt Greatorex
2216:Frederic Edwin Church
2211:John William Casilear
1902:Frederic Edwin Church
1821:The Olana Partnership
1805:at Wikimedia Commons
1803:Frederic Edwin Church
1753:Frederic Edwin Church
1382:Frederic Edwin Church
1334:The Olana Partnership
1162:Kelly (1989), 158–159
798:Frederic Church Award
794:The Olana Partnership
725:
712:Hartford, Connecticut
708:Spring Grove Cemetery
689:Howard Russell Butler
565:
544:
523:Our Banner in the Sky
511:Our Banner In The Sky
509:
392:
379:
366:
257:
197:Hartford, Connecticut
173:Hartford, Connecticut
147:Hartford, Connecticut
139:Frederic Edwin Church
73:Hartford, Connecticut
32:Frederic Edwin Church
5100:Age of Enlightenment
2742:England (literature)
2624:The Course of Empire
2386:William Sidney Mount
2336:Robert G. L. Leonori
2301:Martin Johnson Heade
2281:Daniel Charles Grose
2181:Albert Fitch Bellows
2124:Age of Enlightenment
1922:The Andes of Ecuador
1702:. George Braziller.
825:The Andes of Ecuador
741:, and that year the
737:River School at the
696:Martin Johnson Heade
677:rheumatoid arthritis
451:The Andes of Ecuador
267:Age of Enlightenment
250:Style and influences
5051:Romantic psychology
2846:Hudson River School
2790:Sweden (literature)
2775:Russia (literature)
2583:Storm King Mountain
2286:James McDougal Hart
2251:Robert S. Duncanson
2236:William Moore Davis
2201:William Mason Brown
2166:John Dodgson Barrow
2161:William Bliss Baker
2110:Hudson River School
2063:Hudson River School
1523:Kelly (1989), 12–14
1510:. Hartford Courant.
681:Walter Launt Palmer
665:Richard Morris Hunt
497:Louis Legrand Noble
274:Hudson River School
259:New England Scenery
236:Walter Launt Palmer
193:Wadsworth Athenaeum
151:Hudson River School
131:Hudson River School
91:New York City, U.S.
3036:White Mountain art
2977:Historical fiction
2785:Spain (literature)
2477:Wadsworth Atheneum
2446:Robert Walter Weir
2401:Ferdinand Richardt
2391:Harriet Cany Peale
2346:Homer Dodge Martin
2341:Edmund Darch Lewis
2256:Asher Brown Durand
2241:Lockwood de Forest
1598:on January 7, 2022
734:
685:Erastus Dow Palmer
627:, then sailed the
601:David Stuart Dodge
595:, they arrived at
581:
549:
515:
493:Isaac Israel Hayes
402:American Art Union
398:
387:
374:
278:Catskill Mountains
263:
189:Catskill, New York
101:Landscape painting
5127:
5126:
5041:Romantic medicine
5011:List of romantics
4450:
4449:
4101:Felix Mendelssohn
4096:Fanny Mendelssohn
3907:
3906:
3621:Rosalía de Castro
3559:Soares dos Passos
2907:Transcendentalism
2871:Nazarene movement
2831:Düsseldorf School
2689:
2688:
2548:Kaaterskill Falls
2543:Kaaterskill Clove
2533:Croton Point Park
2366:Louis Rémy Mignot
2361:Mary Blood Mellen
2076:
2075:
1801:Media related to
1743:978-0-87474-592-4
700:William H. Osborn
446:Louis Rémy Mignot
321:American Painters
181:U.S. Capitol Dome
143:landscape painter
136:
135:
5207:
5117:
5116:
5076:Evolution theory
3918:
3051:
2912:Ukrainian school
2716:
2709:
2702:
2693:
2563:North–South Lake
2431:William Guy Wall
2261:Hermann Fuechsel
2186:Albert Bierstadt
2176:Julie Hart Beers
2171:Susie M. Barstow
2103:
2096:
2089:
2080:
1994:El Khasné, Petra
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1594:. Archived from
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1041:El Khasné, Petra
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936:
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894:
870:
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820:
778:. Art historian
776:manifest destiny
616:El Khasné, Petra
575:
572:
553:Hudson, New York
434:Cyrus West Field
394:Tropical Scenery
109:
87:
68:
66:
49:
46:
42:
28:
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5111:
5103:
5089:
5046:Romantic poetry
5031:Romantic ballet
5006:German idealism
4989:
4955:Lacoue-Labarthe
4881:
4628:
4446:
4395:
4364:
4345:Rimsky-Korsakov
4288:
4237:
4186:
4145:
4054:
3998:
3962:
3903:
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3696:
3645:
3604:
3563:
3517:
3459:
3400:Maria Edgeworth
3336:
3329:
3208:
3130:
3040:
3019:Romantic genius
2949:Gesamtkunstwerk
2926:
2887:Sturm und Drang
2794:
2725:
2720:
2690:
2685:
2645:Kindred Spirits
2597:
2511:
2507:Brooklyn Museum
2460:
2142:
2112:
2107:
2077:
2072:
2051:
2035:
2016:
1970:Aurora Borealis
1904:
1899:
1866:Wayback Machine
1854:Art Renewal.org
1849:Wayback Machine
1794:
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1681:Frederic Church
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1150:Kelly (1988), 2
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1085:Aurora Borealis
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884:Washington, DC.
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720:
631:with a stop in
578:Napoleon Sarony
573:
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475:As he had with
406:Boston Art Club
361:
316:Modern Painters
252:
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107:
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4994:Related topics
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1792:External links
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2617:The Catskills
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2159:
2157:
2156:Charles Baker
2154:
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2029:Arch of Titus
2026:
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2023:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2010:El Rio de Luz
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
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1986:The Parthenon
1983:
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1948:
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1917:
1916:List of works
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1911:
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1783:9780691002804
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1671:9780300095364
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1474:9780870992445
1470:
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1457:
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1444:
1438:
1435:
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1426:
1421:
1419:1-883789-28-1
1415:
1411:
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1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:0-89468-136-2
1387:
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1376:
1373:
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1351:
1348:
1340:September 20,
1335:
1331:
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1199:
1196:
1188:September 19,
1183:
1177:
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1147:
1144:
1136:September 30,
1132:
1128:
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1103:
1096:
1091:
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1017:
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1008:
1007:
1006:The Parthenon
1000:
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968:
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827:
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819:
814:
811:
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799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
781:
780:Barbara Novak
777:
771:
769:
765:
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760:
754:
752:
748:
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731:
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724:
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638:
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612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:they went to
586:
579:
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354:
353:
352:The Parthenon
348:
347:
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336:
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329:
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186:
182:
178:
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170:
169:Thomas Hooker
162:
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116:
115:
111:
105:
102:
99:
95:
84:April 7, 1900
83:
79:
74:
61:
57:
53:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5082:
4802:Porto-Alegre
4671:
4456:Philosophers
4340:Rachmaninoff
3789:Chavchavadze
3779:Baratashvili
3539:João de Deus
3508:Wincenty Pol
3300:Küchelbecker
3028:
2994:Noble savage
2981:
2947:
2922:Wallenrodism
2899:
2885:
2816:Coppet group
2750:(literature)
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2638:The Icebergs
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2573:Platte Clove
2426:Jesse Talbot
2376:Thomas Moran
2291:William Hart
2215:
2134:Victorianism
2027:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1954:The Icebergs
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1901:
1834:
1826:
1795:
1772:
1752:
1733:
1716:
1699:
1680:
1661:
1641:
1621:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1541:(2): 59–65.
1538:
1534:
1528:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1409:
1381:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1357:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1269:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1223:(2): 26–34.
1220:
1217:American Art
1216:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1146:
1134:. Retrieved
1126:
1105:
1083:
1056:
1039:
1021:
1004:
989:
972:
954:
939:
919:
900:, ca. 1858,
897:
873:
858:
843:
823:
784:
772:
767:
759:The Icebergs
757:
755:
746:
742:
735:
729:The Icebergs
727:
693:
674:
669:Calvert Vaux
649:Hudson River
646:
614:
608:
582:
567:Cabinet card
556:
550:
528:
522:
520:
516:
510:
500:
490:
482:
476:
474:
469:
465:
464:(1859), and
459:
455:
449:
441:
418:
399:
393:
380:
367:
350:
344:
338:
332:
325:
320:
314:
308:
299:
293:
287:
280:, and their
271:
264:
258:
229:
177:Adrian Janes
166:
138:
137:
118:
112:
108:Notable work
86:(1900-04-07)
25:
5145:1900 deaths
5140:1826 births
4792:Michałowski
4624:Wackenroder
4589:F. Schlegel
4584:A. Schlegel
4360:Tchaikovsky
4249:Bortkiewicz
4121:R. Schumann
4116:C. Schumann
4081:Kalkbrenner
4050:Saint-Saëns
3355:Anne Brontë
3240:Eichendorff
3225:B. v. Arnim
3220:A. v. Arnim
3030:Weltschmerz
2989:Medievalism
2938:Blue flower
2866:Nationalist
2811:Bohemianism
2723:Romanticism
2558:Lake Mohonk
2311:Thomas Hill
2221:Thomas Cole
2129:Romanticism
1365:October 20,
1066: 1877
704:Park Avenue
574: 1868
414:Thomas Cole
311:John Ruskin
205:Long Island
185:Thomas Cole
69:May 4, 1826
48: 1868
5134:Categories
4667:Chassériau
4642:Aivazovsky
4350:Rubinstein
4335:Mussorgsky
4284:Wieniawski
4269:Paderewski
4111:Moszkowski
3894:Vörösmarty
3884:Shevchenko
3738:Longfellow
3662:Batyushkov
3657:Baratynsky
3626:Espronceda
3493:Mickiewicz
3488:Malczewski
3455:Wordsworth
3440:M. Shelley
3395:de Quincey
3260:Günderrode
3144:Baudelaire
3024:Wanderlust
2861:Lake Poets
2441:Paul Weber
1719:(Thesis).
1616:Harvey, 24
1602:January 6,
1592:HistoryNet
1567:Harvey, 12
1127:Collection
629:Aegean Sea
610:Al Khazneh
589:Alexandria
569:of Church
163:Beginnings
65:1826-05-04
5107:Modernism
4767:Kiprensky
4727:Géricault
4712:Friedrich
4702:Delacroix
4677:Constable
4657:Bonington
4647:Bierstadt
4599:Senancour
4574:Schelling
4529:Lamennais
4524:Khomyakov
4489:Coleridge
4484:Chaadayev
4391:Stanković
4386:Mokranjac
4305:Balakirev
4264:Moniuszko
4213:Donizetti
4208:Cherubini
4106:Meyerbeer
4091:Marschner
4066:Beethoven
3979:Moscheles
3913:Musicians
3899:Wergeland
3864:Orbeliani
3819:Grundtvig
3723:Hawthorne
3692:Zhukovsky
3687:Vyazemsky
3672:Lermontov
3631:Gutiérrez
3590:Radičević
3554:Herculano
3478:Krasiński
3420:Radcliffe
3390:Coleridge
3365:E. Brontë
3360:C. Brontë
3290:Jean Paul
3285:Hölderlin
3174:Lamartine
3111:Magalhães
3101:Guimarães
3009:Pantheism
2999:Nostalgia
2851:Indianism
2799:Movements
2730:Countries
2659:The Oxbow
2593:Hyde Park
2538:Ever Rest
2516:Locations
2117:Movements
2005:(c. 1877)
1909:Paintings
1725:303390102
1237:192481515
1202:Avery, 12
1171:Avery, 17
906:Baltimore
726:Church's
653:Catskills
585:Marseille
158:Biography
5119:Category
4935:Dahlhaus
4920:Blanning
4887:Scholars
4857:Tropinin
4852:Tidemand
4842:Stattler
4837:Scheffer
4737:Głowacki
4707:Edelfelt
4662:Bryullov
4604:Snellman
4579:Schiller
4569:Rousseau
4549:Michelet
4494:Constant
4464:Belinsky
4437:Sibelius
4381:Konjović
4355:Scriabin
4325:Lyapunov
4259:Lipiński
4228:Spontini
4218:Paganini
4162:Goldmark
3953:Thalberg
3948:Schubert
3928:Bruckner
3889:Topelius
3879:Runeberg
3869:Prešeren
3839:Leopardi
3804:Frashëri
3794:Eminescu
3774:Andersen
3682:Tyutchev
3667:Karamzin
3641:Zorrilla
3636:Saavedra
3534:Castilho
3522:Portugal
3513:Słowacki
3415:Polidori
3345:Barbauld
3280:Hoffmann
3235:Brentano
3149:Bertrand
2970:Romantic
2806:Ancients
2780:Scotland
2068:Luminism
1962:Cotopaxi
1862:Archived
1845:Archived
1721:ProQuest
1708:66-16675
1109:Howat, 3
1088:, 1865,
1024:, 1872,
957:, 1866,
940:Oosisoak
924:, 1860,
878:, 1857,
844:Cotopaxi
828:, 1855,
651:and the
621:Damascus
468:(1862).
466:Cotopaxi
458:(1858),
454:(1855),
426:Colombia
382:Cotopaxi
346:Cotopaxi
328:luminist
282:Romantic
145:born in
127:Movement
4960:Lovejoy
4895:Abraham
4817:Richard
4807:Préault
4732:Girodet
4614:Thoreau
4559:Novalis
4544:Mazzini
4539:Maistre
4514:Hazlitt
4499:Emerson
4479:Carlyle
4469:Berchet
4412:Berwald
4407:Bennett
4376:Hristić
4330:Medtner
4310:Borodin
4300:Arensky
4223:Rossini
4198:Bellini
4177:Joachim
4150:Hungary
4131:Strauss
4059:Germany
4025:Berlioz
3994:Voříšek
3989:Smetana
3967:Czechia
3921:Austria
3854:Maturin
3849:Manzoni
3824:Heliade
3799:Foscolo
3769:Alfieri
3764:Abovian
3718:Emerson
3677:Pushkin
3616:Bécquer
3549:Garrett
3503:Potocki
3450:Southey
3410:Maturin
3380:Carlyle
3337:Britain
3310:Novalis
3265:Gutzkow
3213:Germany
3179:Mérimée
3164:Gautier
3091:Barreto
3086:Azevedo
3066:Alencar
3046:Writers
2965:Byronic
2901:Purismo
2755:Germany
2737:Denmark
2652:Niagara
2465:Museums
2148:Artists
2138:Realism
2056:Related
2040:Museums
1930:Niagara
1633:Sources
1555:3257164
875:Niagara
804:Gallery
657:Persian
625:Baalbek
478:Niagara
456:Cayambe
430:Ecuador
221:Vermont
114:Niagara
4985:Wellek
4965:de Man
4950:Janion
4940:Ferber
4915:Berlin
4910:Beiser
4905:Barzun
4900:Abrams
4877:Wiertz
4862:Turner
4812:Révoil
4797:Palmer
4787:Martin
4782:Leutze
4757:Janmot
4717:Fuseli
4672:Church
4564:Quinet
4554:Müller
4509:Goethe
4504:Fichte
4427:Franck
4369:Serbia
4320:Glinka
4293:Russia
4279:Tausig
4274:Stolpe
4254:Chopin
4242:Poland
4203:Busoni
4167:Heller
4136:Wagner
4071:Brahms
4045:Onslow
4035:Halévy
4003:France
3984:Reicha
3974:Dvořák
3943:Mahler
3938:Hummel
3933:Czerny
3829:Isaacs
3809:Geijer
3743:Lowell
3733:Irving
3713:Cooper
3708:Bryant
3650:Russia
3585:Njegoš
3580:Kostić
3575:Jakšić
3568:Serbia
3498:Norwid
3473:Fredro
3465:Poland
3435:Seward
3325:Uhland
3315:Schwab
3305:Mörike
3295:Kleist
3250:Goethe
3245:Fouqué
3194:Nodier
3189:Nerval
3184:Musset
3136:France
3126:Varela
3121:Taunay
3106:Macedo
3054:Brazil
3004:Ossian
2931:Themes
2770:Poland
2765:Norway
2747:France
2032:(1871)
2013:(1877)
1997:(1874)
1989:(1871)
1981:(1867)
1973:(1865)
1965:(1862)
1957:(1861)
1949:(1860)
1941:(1859)
1933:(1857)
1925:(1855)
1780:
1759:
1740:
1723:
1706:
1687:
1668:
1649:
1553:
1471:
1416:
1388:
1336:. 2011
1235:
977:, 1867
942:, 1861
861:, 1857
846:, 1855
718:Legacy
687:, and
597:Beirut
404:, the
396:(1873)
385:(1862)
372:(1859)
359:Career
300:Kosmos
295:Kosmos
219:, and
75:, U.S.
5071:Bacon
4980:Rosen
4975:Ricks
4970:Nancy
4930:Blume
4925:Bloom
4847:Stroy
4832:Saleh
4827:Runge
4777:Lampi
4762:Jones
4752:Hayez
4687:Corot
4652:Blake
4619:Tieck
4609:Staël
4534:Larra
4519:Hegel
4474:Burke
4432:Grieg
4422:Field
4417:Elgar
4400:Other
4233:Verdi
4191:Italy
4182:Liszt
4172:Hubay
4157:Erkel
4141:Weber
4126:Spohr
4086:Loewe
4076:Bruch
4040:Méhul
4030:Fauré
4020:Auber
4015:Alkan
3874:Raffi
3844:Mácha
3834:Lenau
3784:Botev
3757:Other
3609:Spain
3544:Dinis
3430:Scott
3405:Keats
3385:Clare
3375:Byron
3370:Burns
3350:Blake
3335:Great
3320:Tieck
3275:Heine
3270:Hauff
3204:Vigny
3199:Staël
3159:Dumas
3081:Assis
3076:Alves
3061:Abreu
3014:Rhine
2917:Ultra
2760:Japan
2602:Works
2568:Olana
1551:JSTOR
1233:S2CID
1097:Notes
702:, on
605:Petra
593:Jaffa
546:Olana
422:Quito
4945:Frye
4872:Ward
4867:Veit
4822:Rude
4772:Koch
4747:Gude
4742:Goya
4692:Dahl
4682:Cole
4010:Adam
3958:Wolf
3701:U.S.
3600:Zmaj
3230:Beer
3169:Hugo
3116:Reis
3096:Dias
2960:Hero
2895:Post
2856:Jena
2826:Dark
1778:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1704:LCCN
1685:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1604:2022
1469:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1367:2023
1342:2018
1190:2014
1138:2012
623:and
428:and
349:and
337:and
242:and
81:Died
59:Born
4442:Sor
4315:Cui
3748:Poe
2881:Pre
2876:Neo
1543:doi
1225:doi
663:.
576:by
420:in
227:.
195:in
187:in
5136::
5097:←
2136:/
1590:.
1549:.
1537:.
1516:^
1451:21
1400:^
1332:.
1231:.
1221:29
1219:.
1207:^
1155:^
1129:.
1125:.
1114:^
1068:,
1063:c.
904:,
882:,
714:.
710:,
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571:c.
533:.
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238:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
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5110:→
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2701:v
2102:e
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1786:.
1765:.
1746:.
1727:.
1710:.
1693:.
1674:.
1655:.
1606:.
1557:.
1545::
1539:4
1477:.
1422:.
1394:.
1369:.
1360:"
1356:"
1344:.
1239:.
1227::
1192:.
1140:.
1060:,
67:)
63:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
