493:
501:
442:
470:
403:
76:
50:
69:
1188:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1098:
1179:
1161:
1125:
1107:
1197:
1143:
687:, the legendary predecessor of the Achaemenid dynasty". It appears that in the early Sasanian period, or perhaps a bit before that, the Zoroastrian iconoclastic movement had resulted in the cult-image of Anahid being replaced by a sacred fire. Al-Masudi identified this sacred fire as "one of the most venerated of Zoroastrian fires". The identification of this temple at Istakhr with Anahid persisted, and the historian
1726:
1812:
682:
224–242). Boyce states that the temple, which had been destroyed by the
Macedonians centuries earlier, was restored under the Sasanians. She adds that according to Al-Masudi, who in turn based his writings on tradition, the temple had "originally been an 'idol-temple', which was subsequently turned
602:
began to reassert their independence. The center of resistance appears to have been
Istakhr, which with its surrounding hills provided better protection than the nearby former Achaemenid ceremonial capital of Persepolis. Furthermore, an important road, known as the "winter road", extended across
1020:, the renowned vizier of the Seljuq Empire, subsequently besieged the fortress. Fadluya was captured and imprisoned in the fortress and executed a year later when he tried to escape. In later periods, the castle was often used "as a state prison for high officials and princes".
832:
periods. Istakhr remained "a fairly important place" in the early
Islamic period. It was the site of an important fortress, which in Islamic times, "as no doubt earlier", often functioned as the treasury of the rulers of the city. The fortress is variously known as
962:
1024–1048) found enormous quantities of silver and costly gems stored in the castle when he ascended it with his son and a valuer. The gold medal of Adud al-Dawla, dated 969/70, which depicts him wearing a
Sasanian-style crown, may have been created at Istakhr.
1008:
engaged in a dispute with a local landowner of
Istakhr. Abu Kalijar, in turn, sent an army to Istakhr under Qutulmish who destroyed and pillaged the city. Istakhr never recovered and became a village with "no more than a hundred inhabitants".
929:, archaeological evidence shows that the mosque was built in the 7th century during Arab overlordship, and was, therefore, not a converted Sasanian temple. Al-Maqdisi also noted it was assumed that the mosque had originally been a
1001:, the city's armory. Though the locations of these fortresses appear to be relatively distant from Istakhr's inner core, in the Medieval era they were "regarded as within the greater city" of Istakhr.
492:
970:
prince of Fars. However, Bivar notes that some coins attributed to other areas of Fars may in fact be coins from
Istakhr. According to Bivar, who bases his arguments on the writings of
809:
to undertake yet another campaign against
Istakhr, in 649. This final campaign once again resulted in the death of many of its inhabitants. Istakhr's Sasanian fortress, located on the
801:, governor of Basra, conducted another campaign which once again forced Istakhr to surrender after heavy fighting. The suppression of subsequent revolts resulted in the death of many
966:
The last numismatic evidence of
Istakhr, denoting its castle rather than the city itself, dates to 1063. The coin in question was minted on the order of Rasultegin, an obscure
2908:
898:
in the first half of the 10th century. At the turn of the millennium, numerous travel writers and geographers wrote about
Istakhr. In the mid-10th century, the travel writer
240:. Istakhr briefly served as the first capital of the Sasanian Empire from 224 to 226 AD and then as principal city, region, and religious centre of the Sasanian province of
2964:
717:
274–293). Boyce notes that given the high-ranking status of Kartir, the appointment of these posts signify that the sacred fires at
Istakhr were held in very high regard.
906:, writing some thirty years later, in 985, lauded the bridge over the river at Istakhr and its "fine park". He also noted the town's chief mosque was decorated with bull
2939:
1740:
1581:
334:("the Fortress of Parsa"), which in turn may be the equivalent of the aforementioned Old Persian words. The abbreviation "ST", denoting Istakhr, also appears on
2944:
500:
441:
1777:
1586:
989:
1063-1072) conquered the castle of Istakhr in 1066/7, its governor handed him a valuable cup inscribed with the name of the mythical Iranian king
536:
and a temple near what would become Istakhr. This temple may be identified with the ruins of the temple mentioned by the 10th-century geographer
255:
long after the conquests, and remained relatively important in the early Islamic era. It went into gradual decline after the founding of nearby
2969:
1595:
469:
720:
Istakhr would reach its apex during the Sasanian era, serving as principal city, region, and religious centre of the Sasanian province of
615:. The core of Istakhr as a city was located on the south and east side of the Polvar River. It flourished as the capital of the Persian
556:, the ruins of this temple probably belonged to the original Achaemenid building, which had been destroyed and pillaged by the invading
251:, Istakhr was noted for its stiff resistance, which resulted in the death of many of its inhabitants. Istakhr remained a stronghold of
1642:
1621:
2949:
2979:
2864:
107:
1748:
2874:
1075:
936:
The region's cold climate created accumulations of snow at the top of the castle of Istakhr, which in turn melted into a
2974:
951:
949-983) to create a proper water reservoir for the castle's garrison. According to a contemporaneous source, the Buyid
402:
2850:
1770:
1078:. The most detailed account of the ruins of Istakhr predating the 20th century excavations was made by the French duo
724:. A center of major economic activity, Istakhr hosted an important Sasanian mint, abbreviated with the initials "ST" (
1669:
2934:
863:. This contributed heavily to the decline of Istakhr. However, the city is still mentioned in the wars between the
636:
68:
2954:
1685:
465:: Ardakhshir standing in front of a fire temple of Ahura Mazda, standard located on the other side of the temple
2959:
1681:
1652:
721:
375:
241:
1535:
879:
770:
200:
910:. According to Boyce and Streck & Miles, this mosque was originally the same Sasanian temple where the
1944:
1825:
1763:
907:
786:
782:
841:("Friend of Estakhr"). Under the Umayyad Caliphate, governors often resided at the castle; for instance,
2530:
1071:
821:
774:
656:
268:
248:
1035:, the castle of Istakhr was reportedly still in good condition and inhabited. Some time later, a rebel
571:
336–323). Istakhr's foundation as a separate city took place very shortly after the decline of nearby
2781:
790:
761:, probably one of the very same copies from which the modern-day extant Avestan manuscript derives.
2681:
1701:
813:'s "easternmost outcrop", became the location of the last resistance to the Arab conquest of Pars.
793:
which forced Istakhr to surrender. The people of Istakhr, however, quickly revolted and killed the
561:
557:
513:
In all likelihood, what became Istakhr was originally part of the settlements which surrounded the
167:
383:
2802:
1689:
1055:
2776:
974:, the treasury of Istakhr held the treasures of earlier dynasties. Ibn al-Athir wrote that when
575:
by Alexander. It appears that much of Persepolis' rubble was used for the building of Istakhr.
2807:
2750:
2291:
2064:
2049:
1638:
1617:
1591:
1079:
941:
878:
879-901) defeated the Caliphal governor Musa Muflehi at Istakhr. According to the Iranologist
829:
825:
798:
514:
347:
1632:
1016:
had gained control over the province of Fars and had entrenched himself in Istakhr's castle.
2929:
2840:
2742:
2594:
2576:
2418:
2125:
1872:
1820:
1741:"Estakhr late-sasanid and proto-islamic (Sapienza's Archaeological Mission di Roma in Iran)"
1677:
971:
925:
632–651) the last Sasanian King was crowned. However, according to the modern art historian
868:
729:
632:
335:
327:
284:
237:
191:
171:
859:
Following the ascension of the Abbasids, the political center of Fars shifted gradually to
2689:
2512:
2395:
2352:
2255:
2133:
2008:
1890:
1054:
1588–1629), resulting in the destruction of the castle. According to the Italian traveler
1044:
1036:
883:
668:
644:
622:
339:
312:
299:
233:
229:
521:
center was signified as early as the 4th century BC during the reign of Achaemenid King
2859:
2832:
2797:
2722:
2612:
2217:
1926:
1609:
1605:
1067:
967:
926:
842:
817:
781:. The citizens of Istakhr firmly resisted the Arabs. The first attempt, in 640, led by
684:
595:
518:
387:
302:
288:
264:
252:
183:
30:
476:, as King Artaxerxes (Ardaxsir) V of Persis. Circa CE 205/6-223/4, minted in Istakhr.
2923:
2869:
2792:
2658:
2635:
2620:
2558:
2484:
2403:
2314:
2230:
2171:
2148:
1834:
1786:
1017:
975:
915:
522:
371:
271:
in the first half of the 20th century, much of Sasanian Istakhr remains unexcavated.
232:
from the third century BC to the early 3rd century AD. It reached its apex under the
211:
95:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
845:
resided at Istakhr's castle for a lengthy period during his struggle against Caliph
49:
2892:
2887:
2845:
2709:
2671:
2520:
2365:
2332:
2273:
2240:
2199:
2105:
1985:
1975:
1962:
1908:
1880:
1847:
1673:
1656:
1568:
1196:
1142:
1083:
446:
1705:
1539:
805:. However, the restive people of Istakhr revolted once again, which prompted the
2854:
2827:
2812:
2766:
2699:
2451:
2092:
2036:
1731:
1231:
952:
930:
743:
420-438) until the fall of the dynasty, as well as the Sasanian royal treasury (
434:
316:
1552:
382:(Greek), whence Persia. It lies in the valley of the Polvar River, between the
2882:
2822:
2817:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2408:
2380:
2370:
2161:
2115:
2072:
1852:
1721:
1564:
1235:
979:
903:
846:
672:
608:
584:
572:
553:
473:
323:
322:("stronghold of Pars"), owing to the city's close connections with the nearby
215:
156:
122:
109:
2625:
2602:
2426:
2360:
2342:
2304:
2299:
864:
810:
707:
688:
617:
537:
411:
391:
307:
224:
1039:
general took refuge in the castle. It was subsequently besieged by Safavid
635:, hailed from Istakhr and originally served as the warden of the important
1811:
785:
was a complete failure. In 643, the Arabs conducted a new campaign led by
330:
characters "PR BR" inscribed on these coins as an abbreviation of Aramaic
2758:
2717:
2694:
2502:
2441:
2431:
2337:
2263:
2189:
2110:
2021:
2016:
1952:
1898:
1210:
1066:
In the first half of the 20th century, Istakhr was cursorily explored by
899:
882:, the last coin attributed to Istakhr is a coin supposedly minted by the
802:
733:
640:
548:
425:
902:(himself a native), described it as a medium-sized town. The geographer
2497:
2436:
2225:
2138:
2054:
1013:
990:
937:
749:
652:
604:
533:
532:
404-358). During his reign, he ordered the construction of a statue of
1755:
639:
within the city. According to tradition, Sasan married a woman of the
2666:
2648:
2584:
2566:
2548:
2492:
2474:
2385:
2322:
2245:
2235:
2179:
2156:
2077:
1934:
1862:
1857:
1842:
1801:
1239:
1005:
895:
860:
758:
695:
691:(died 923) stated that it was known as "the house of Anahid's fire".
612:
599:
423:: Baydad with short beard, mustache, earring and satrapal headdress (
416:
406:
379:
355:
260:
256:
54:
867:
and the caliphal governors in Fars. On 11 April 890, Saffarid ruler
2643:
2543:
2375:
2281:
2207:
2184:
2082:
2026:
1998:
1993:
1970:
1916:
806:
778:
648:
628:
499:
491:
485:
468:
440:
401:
1634:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
702:) of "fire(s) at Stakhr of Anahid-Ardashir and Anahid the Lady" (
2327:
2100:
2044:
1040:
794:
480:: Bearded facing head, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara.
219:
1759:
457:: Ardakhshir wearing mustache, earring and satrapal headdress (
2538:
933:, in which "pieces of carving from Persepolis had been used".
824:
and Reformed Umayyad coins were minted at Istakhr during the
453:
of Persis, early-mid 3rd century BC. Coin minted in Istakhr.
1086:
in late 1840. Sasanian Istakhr remains largely unexcavated.
298:), and is believed to mean "strong(hold)". According to the
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
757:. The treasury also held one of the limited copies of the
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
997:, which functioned as the city's textile store, and the
647:
vassals in the early 3rd century. In 205/6, Sasan's son
394:. This plain stretches near the platform of Persepolis.
390:, where the Polvar River valley opens into the plain of
659:
and Ardashir V, ruled as the last two Kings of Persis.
504:
A drawing from the ruins of Istakhr in the 19th century
496:
A drawing from the ruins of Istakhr in the 19th century
1406:
1404:
940:
contained by a dam. This dam was founded by the Buyid
370:
Istakhr is located in Iran's southwestern province of
625:
from the 3rd century BC to the early 3rd century AD.
205:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
2909:
List of cities, towns and villages in Fars Province
2901:
2735:
2708:
2680:
2657:
2634:
2611:
2593:
2575:
2557:
2529:
2511:
2483:
2450:
2417:
2394:
2351:
2313:
2290:
2272:
2254:
2216:
2198:
2170:
2147:
2124:
2091:
2063:
2035:
2007:
1984:
1961:
1943:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1871:
1833:
1819:
1794:
1421:
1419:
163:
151:
146:
138:
101:
91:
914:("fire of Anahid-Ardashir") was located and where
437:, standard located on the other side of the temple
433:: Baydad standing to the left of a fire temple of
305:, who based his arguments on coins of the Persian
1004:In the closing years of the Buyid Abu Kalijar, a
777:, the invaders first established headquarters at
259:, before being destroyed and abandoned under the
1058:, who visited Istakhr in 1621, it was in ruins.
747:). This treasury is frequently mentioned in the
517:royal residences. Its religious importance as a
419:, early 3rd century BC. Coin minted in Istakhr.
698:was, amongst other posts, appointed as warden (
655:, the ruler of Istakhr. In turn, Papak's sons,
315:, the Middle Persian word in turn derives from
1569:"Eṣṭaḵr ii. As a Zoroastrian Religious Center"
222:. It flourished as the capital of the Persian
1771:
1551:Boyce, M.; Chaumont, M. L.; Bier, C. (1989).
374:, historically known as Parsa (Old Persian),
8:
1608:(2012). "The Sasanian Empire (224–651)". In
797:governor installed there. In 648/9, General
19:
1395:
1012:In 1074, during Seljuq rule, a rebel named
820:long after the fall of the Sasanians. Many
552:from Istakhr. According to the Iranologist
1830:
1778:
1764:
1756:
1519:
488:, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara.
236:(224-651 AD), and was the hometown of the
48:
18:
16:Ancient city in Fars Province, modern Iran
2965:Buildings and structures in Fars province
1694:The Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition
1573:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6
1544:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6
667:In 224, Ardashir V of Persis founded the
214:, five kilometres (three miles) north of
2940:Former populated places in Fars province
1410:
704:ādur ī anāhīd ardaxšīr ud anāhīd ī bānūg
1710:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
1587:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1507:
1258:
1223:
1093:
1614:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
1582:"Staxr (Istakhr) and Marv Dasht Plain"
1557:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 9
1495:
631:, the eponymous ancestor of the later
1468:
1328:
7:
2945:Populated places along the Silk Road
1590:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1540:"Eṣṭaḵr i. History and Archaeology"
1425:
694:The influential Zoroastrian priest
594:305–280) died in 280 BC, the local
326:platform. Herzfeld interpreted the
195:
159:(second half of the 4th century BC)
155:Very shortly after the decline of
14:
816:Istakhr remained a stronghold of
643:dynasty, who ruled in Istakhr as
1810:
1724:
1668:Streck, M.; Miles, G.C. (2012).
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
603:Istakhr, leading from Persis to
74:
67:
1049:
984:
957:
946:
920:
873:
851:
738:
712:
677:
589:
566:
527:
75:
2865:Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz
1584:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1:
2875:Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn
1029:
671:and became regnally known as
579:Frataraka and Kings of Persis
541:
354:. It probably appears in the
2970:Archaeological sites in Iran
1070:followed by a team from the
894:The area became part of the
765:Arab conquest and caliphates
2851:Colossal Statue of Shapur I
1745:Sapienza Università di Roma
1616:. Oxford University Press.
206:
2996:
2841:Sarvestan Sassanian palace
1808:
837:("Castle of Estakhr") or
338:. Istakhr is attested in
210:) was an ancient city in
62:
47:
24:
2950:History of Fars province
1580:Canepa, Matthew (2018).
993:. Istakhr also held the
755:Madayān i hazar dadestan
279:"Istakhr" (also spelled
263:. Cursorily explored by
1396:Streck & Miles 2012
1213:, geographer and writer
880:Adrian David Hugh Bivar
771:Muslim conquest of Pars
2980:National works of Iran
1945:Chenar Shahijan County
1706:"Ardašīr I i. History"
912:ādur ī anāhīd ardaxšīr
683:into a fire temple by
505:
497:
489:
466:
438:
2531:Qir and Karzin County
1661:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1631:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1559:. pp. 1003–1011.
1072:University of Chicago
775:Arab conquest of Iran
503:
495:
472:
444:
409:, the first recorded
405:
378:(Middle Persian) and
269:University of Chicago
249:Arab conquest of Iran
123:29.98083°N 52.90944°E
791:Uthman ibn Abu al-As
267:and a team from the
2975:Places in Shahnameh
2786:Kazerun fire temple
2682:Zarrin Dasht County
1712:. pp. 371–376.
1653:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1575:. pp. 643–646.
1546:. pp. 643–646.
1522:, pp. 371–376.
1471:, pp. 643–646.
1331:, pp. 643–646.
822:Arab-Sasanian coins
787:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
783:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
562:Alexander the Great
168:Classical antiquity
119: /
21:
2803:Palace of Ardashir
1702:Wiesehöfer, Joseph
1056:Pietro della Valle
999:Qal-e ye Oshkonvan
890:Buyids and Seljuqs
732:from the reign of
637:Anahid fire-temple
506:
498:
490:
484:: Bearded head of
467:
439:
128:29.98083; 52.90944
2935:Achaemenid cities
2917:
2916:
2837:Saadi's mausoleum
2808:Sangtarashan cave
2782:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2751:Arg of Karim Khan
2731:
2730:
2292:Khorrambid County
2065:Farashband County
1597:978-0-19-866277-8
1024:Period thereafter
995:Qal-e ye Shekaste
799:Abdallah ibn Amir
773:, as part of the
728:) which produced
540:as being located
204:
177:
176:
83:Shown within Iran
2987:
2955:Marvdasht County
2902:Populated places
2755:Barmdelak lagoon
2743:Afif-Abad Garden
2595:Sarvestan County
2577:Sarchehan County
2419:Marvdasht County
2126:Firuzabad County
1873:Bakhtegan County
1831:
1814:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1757:
1752:
1747:. Archived from
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1713:
1697:
1664:
1648:
1627:
1601:
1576:
1560:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1472:
1466:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1332:
1326:
1247:
1228:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1053:
1051:
1034:
1031:
988:
986:
961:
959:
950:
948:
924:
922:
877:
875:
869:Amr ibn al-Layth
855:
853:
835:Qal-e-ye Estakhr
742:
740:
716:
714:
681:
679:
633:Sasanian dynasty
593:
591:
570:
568:
546:
543:
531:
529:
238:Sasanian dynasty
218:in southwestern
209:
199:
197:
172:Late Middle Ages
134:
133:
131:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
78:
77:
71:
52:
39:
22:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2960:Sasanian cities
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2897:
2777:Ghal'eh Dokhtar
2763:Delgosha Garden
2727:
2704:
2676:
2653:
2630:
2607:
2589:
2571:
2553:
2525:
2513:Pasargad County
2507:
2479:
2446:
2413:
2396:Mamasani County
2390:
2353:Larestan County
2347:
2309:
2286:
2268:
2256:Kharameh County
2250:
2212:
2194:
2166:
2143:
2120:
2087:
2059:
2031:
2009:Estahban County
2003:
1980:
1957:
1939:
1921:
1903:
1891:Arsanjan County
1885:
1867:
1823:
1815:
1806:
1790:
1784:
1739:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1700:
1696:. Brill Online.
1667:
1651:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1610:Daryaee, Touraj
1606:Daryaee, Touraj
1604:
1598:
1579:
1563:
1550:
1536:Bivar, A. D. H.
1534:
1531:
1526:
1520:Wiesehöfer 1986
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1475:
1467:
1432:
1424:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1335:
1327:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1064:
1048:
1045:Abbas the Great
1032:
1026:
983:
956:
945:
919:
892:
872:
850:
767:
737:
711:
676:
669:Sasanian Empire
665:
663:Sasanian Empire
623:Kings of Persis
588:
581:
565:
544:
526:
511:
400:
368:
313:Kings of Persis
277:
234:Sasanian Empire
230:Kings of Persis
127:
125:
121:
118:
113:
110:
108:
106:
105:
87:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
58:
43:
42:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2860:Tangeh Bolaghi
2857:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:Naqsh-e Rustam
2795:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2613:Sepidan County
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2218:Kazerun County
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1927:Bavanat County
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:on 2011-07-27.
1736:
1735:
1719:
1718:External links
1716:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1690:W.P. Heinrichs
1665:
1649:
1644:978-1610693912
1643:
1628:
1623:978-0199732159
1622:
1602:
1596:
1577:
1561:
1548:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1512:
1510:, p. 187.
1500:
1473:
1430:
1415:
1400:
1333:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:Notable people
1203:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1080:Eugène Flandin
1068:Ernst Herzfeld
1063:
1060:
1025:
1022:
942:'Adud al-Dawla
927:Matthew Canepa
891:
888:
843:Ziyad ibn Abih
818:Zoroastrianism
766:
763:
745:ganj ī šāhīgān
664:
661:
621:governors and
580:
577:
510:
507:
449:(Artaxerxes),
399:
396:
388:Naqsh-e Rostam
367:
364:
336:Sasanian coins
311:governors and
303:Ernst Herzfeld
294:(also spelled
289:Middle Persian
276:
273:
265:Ernst Herzfeld
253:Zoroastrianism
228:governors and
184:Middle Persian
175:
174:
165:
161:
160:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
82:
73:
72:
66:
65:
64:
63:
60:
59:
53:
45:
44:
41:
40:
34:
31:Middle Persian
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2992:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Naqsh-e Rajab
2791:
2789:Lake Parishan
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2659:Shiraz County
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2636:Zarqan County
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2559:Rostam County
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2485:Neyriz County
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2315:Lamerd County
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2172:Jahrom County
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2149:Gerash County
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1835:Abadeh County
1832:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1787:Fars province
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:E. van Donzel
1683:
1682:C.E. Bosworth
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:, p. 83.
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:Shahbazi 2009
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:Erich Schmidt
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1018:Nizam al-Mulk
1015:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
954:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
917:
916:Yazdegerd III
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
887:
885:
881:
870:
866:
862:
857:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
674:
670:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
586:
578:
576:
574:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
539:
535:
524:
523:Artaxerxes II
520:
516:
509:Early history
508:
502:
494:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
397:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:*Parsa-staxra
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
212:Fars province
208:
202:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
132:
104:
100:
97:
96:Fars Province
94:
90:
70:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
32:
28:
27:
23:
2893:Vakil Mosque
2888:Vakil Bazaar
2846:Shah Cheragh
2771:
2710:Khafr County
2521:Saadat Shahr
2333:Alamarvdasht
2274:Khonj County
2241:Konartakhteh
2200:Kavar County
2106:Now Bandegan
1986:Eqlid County
1976:Jannat Shahr
1963:Darab County
1909:Beyza County
1881:Abadeh Tashk
1749:the original
1744:
1709:
1693:
1678:Th. Bianquis
1660:
1657:"Persepolis"
1637:. ABC-CLIO.
1633:
1613:
1585:
1572:
1556:
1543:
1515:
1508:Daryaee 2012
1503:
1243:
1226:
1084:Pascal Coste
1065:
1027:
1011:
1003:
998:
994:
972:Ibn al-Athir
965:
935:
911:
893:
858:
838:
834:
815:
768:
759:Great Avesta
754:
748:
744:
725:
719:
703:
699:
693:
666:
627:
616:
582:
547:
512:
481:
477:
462:
458:
454:
450:
430:
424:
420:
410:
384:Kuh-e Rahmat
369:
359:
351:
343:
331:
319:
306:
295:
291:
287:form of the
280:
278:
246:
223:
187:
179:
178:
38:(in Persian)
2855:Shapur cave
2833:Qur'an Gate
2828:Qavam House
2813:Pars Museum
2767:Eram Garden
2700:Shahr-e Pir
2452:Mohr County
2093:Fasa County
2037:Evaz County
1732:Iran portal
1670:"Iṣṭak̲h̲r"
1565:Boyce, Mary
1496:Canepa 2018
1232:Old Persian
1230:The native
1033: 1590
953:Abu Kalijar
931:fire temple
839:Estakhr-Yar
769:During the
558:Macedonians
519:Zoroastrian
435:Ahura Mazda
317:Old Persian
300:Iranologist
285:New Persian
247:During the
186:romanized:
126: /
102:Coordinates
2924:Categories
2883:Vakil Bath
2823:Persepolis
2818:Pasargadae
2747:Amir's dam
2470:Galleh Dar
2409:Khumeh Zar
2371:Banaruiyeh
2116:Zahedshahr
2073:Farashband
1853:Izadkhvast
1674:P. Bearman
1469:Boyce 1998
1329:Bivar 1998
1254:References
1236:Persepolis
1062:Excavation
980:Alp Arslan
904:Al-Maqdisi
886:in 895/6.
856:661–680).
847:Muawiyah I
673:Ardashir I
651:dethroned
609:Pasargadae
585:Seleucus I
573:Persepolis
554:Mary Boyce
545: one
515:Achaemenid
474:Ardashir I
447:Ardakhshir
332:prsʾ byrtʾ
324:Persepolis
216:Persepolis
157:Persepolis
142:Settlement
114:52°54′34″E
111:29°58′51″N
57:at Istakhr
2736:Landmarks
2690:Hajjiabad
2626:Hamashahr
2603:Sarvestan
2427:Marvdasht
2343:Chah Varz
2305:Qaderabad
2300:Safashahr
2134:Firuzabad
1234:name for
1043:("King")
865:Saffarids
811:Marvdasht
708:Bahram II
689:al-Tabari
618:Frataraka
538:al-Masudi
451:frataraka
412:frataraka
392:Marvdasht
366:Geography
308:Frataraka
283:) is the
275:Etymology
225:Frataraka
201:romanized
2879:Tounbbot
2870:Hāfezieh
2759:Bishapur
2723:Khavaran
2718:Bab Anar
2695:Dowbaran
2503:Qatruyeh
2442:Seyyedan
2432:Kamfiruz
2338:Eshkanan
2264:Kharameh
2190:Qotbabad
2111:Sheshdeh
2050:Bidshahr
2017:Estahban
1953:Qaemiyeh
1899:Arsanjan
1821:Counties
1704:(1986).
1692:(eds.).
1655:(2009).
1567:(1998).
1553:"Anāhīd"
1538:(1998).
1426:Kia 2016
1211:Istakhri
908:capitals
900:Istakhri
884:Dulafids
803:Persians
753:and the
734:Bahram V
700:pādixšāy
645:Parthian
641:Bazrangi
607:through
596:Persians
549:parasang
459:kyrbasia
445:Coin of
426:kyrbasia
386:and the
348:Armenian
36:Estakhr
29:Stakhr (
2930:Istakhr
2772:Istakhr
2621:Ardakan
2498:Meshkan
2437:Ramjerd
2404:Nurabad
2231:Baladeh
2226:Kazerun
2139:Meymand
2055:Fishvar
1795:Capital
1612:(ed.).
1529:Sources
1090:Gallery
1074:led by
1052:
1037:Safavid
1014:Fadluya
991:Jamshid
987:
978:Sultan
960:
949:
938:cistern
923:
876:
854:
830:Abbasid
826:Umayyad
750:Denkard
741:
715:
680:
653:Gochihr
605:Isfahan
592:
569:
560:led by
530:
398:History
360:Istahar
346:and in
328:Aramaic
281:Estakhr
207:Estakhr
203::
192:Persian
180:Istakhr
164:Periods
152:Founded
147:History
55:Columns
20:Istakhr
2672:Darian
2667:Shiraz
2649:Zarqan
2585:Korehi
2567:Masiri
2549:Karzin
2493:Neyriz
2475:Varavi
2386:Latifi
2366:Beyram
2323:Lamerd
2246:Nowdan
2236:Khesht
2180:Jahrom
2157:Gerash
2078:Dehram
1935:Surian
1863:Surmaq
1858:Soghad
1848:Bahman
1843:Abadeh
1826:cities
1802:Shiraz
1789:, Iran
1641:
1620:
1594:
1240:Persis
1006:vizier
976:Seljuq
968:Seljuq
896:Buyids
861:Shiraz
696:Kartir
657:Shapur
600:Persis
534:Anahid
417:Persis
407:Baydad
380:Persis
356:Talmud
344:Istahr
340:Syriac
292:Stakhr
261:Buyids
257:Shiraz
188:Stakhr
92:Region
2644:Lapui
2544:Efzar
2376:Juyom
2282:Khonj
2208:Kavar
2185:Duzeh
2083:Nujin
2027:Runiz
1999:Sedeh
1994:Eqlid
1971:Darab
1917:Beyza
1672:. In
1244:Parsa
1218:Notes
807:Arabs
779:Beyza
730:coins
726:Staxr
706:) by
685:Homay
649:Papak
629:Sasan
613:Abada
583:When
486:Papak
352:Stahr
296:Staxr
196:استخر
2465:Asir
2460:Mohr
2381:Khur
2328:Ahel
2162:Arad
2101:Fasa
2045:Evaz
1824:and
1639:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1242:was
1238:and
1082:and
1041:Shah
828:and
795:Arab
789:and
722:Pars
611:and
376:Pars
372:Fars
242:Pars
220:Iran
139:Type
2853:in
2539:Qir
2361:Lar
1028:In
598:of
482:Rev
478:Obv
463:Rev
461:).
455:Obv
431:Rev
429:).
421:Obv
415:of
358:as
350:as
342:as
170:to
2926::
2022:Ij
1743:.
1708:.
1688:;
1684:;
1680:;
1676:;
1659:.
1571:.
1555:.
1542:.
1476:^
1433:^
1418:^
1403:^
1336:^
1261:^
1050:r.
1030:c.
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958:r.
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198:,
194::
190:,
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1772:t
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