Juan Manuel de Rosas - Knowledge (XXG)

1053: 1464:. He employed a housekeeper and two to four labourers, to whom he paid above-average wages. Despite constant concern over his shortage of funds, Rosas found joy in farm life, once remarking: "I now consider myself happy on this farm, living in modest circumstances as you see, earning a living the hard way by the sweat of my brow". A contemporary described him in final years: "He was then eighty, a man still handsome and imposing; his manners were most refined, and the modest environment did nothing to lessen his air of a great lord, inherited from his family." After a walk on a cold day, Rosas caught pneumonia and died at 07:00 on the morning of 14 March 1877. Following a private mass attended by his family and a few friends, he was buried in the 298: 545: 776: 469: 1407: 709:

friends and clients, and joined the Federalist Party. He remained a strong advocate of his native province of Buenos Aires, with little concern for political ideology. In 1820, Rosas fought alongside the Unitarians because he saw the Federalist invasion as a menace to Buenos Aires. When the Unitarians sought to appease the Federalists by proposing to grant the other provinces a share in the customs revenues flowing through Buenos Aires, Rosas saw this as a threat to his province's interests. In 1827, four provinces led by Federalist caudillos rebelled against the Unitarian government. Rosas was the driving force behind the Federalist takeover of Buenos Aires and the election of

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said in 1930: "Among the enigmatical personages of the 'Age of Dictators' in South America none played a more spectacular role than the Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, whose gigantic and ominous figure bestrode the Plata River for more than twenty years. So despotic was his power that Argentine writers have themselves styled this age of their history as 'The Tyranny of Rosas'." In 1961, William Dusenberry said: "Rosas is a negative memory in Argentina. He left behind him the black legend of Argentine history—a legend which Argentines in general wish to forget. There is no monument to him in the entire nation; no park, plaza, or street bears his name."

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service in the army, imprisonment, or execution. The exercise of state terror as a tool of intimidation was restricted to Rosas himself; his subordinates had no control over it. It was used against specific targets, rather than randomly. Terrorism was orchestrated rather than a product of popular zeal, was targeted for effect rather than indiscriminate. Anarchic demonstrations, vigilantism and disorderliness were antithetical to a regime touting a law and order agenda. Foreigners were exempted from abuses, as were people too poor or inconsequential to serve as effective examples. Victims were selected for their usefulness as tools of intimidation.

1168: 1346: 1212:, or simply, Argentina. Rosas's victory over the other Argentine provinces in the early 1840s turned them into satellites of Buenos Aires. He gradually put in place provincial governors who were either allied or too weak to have real independence, which allowed him to exercise dominance over all the provinces. By 1848, Rosas began calling his government the "government of the confederacy" and the "general government", which would have been inconceivable a few years before. The next year, with acquiescence of the provinces, he named himself "Supreme Head of the Confederacy" and became the indisputable ruler of Argentina. 808:

expansion. During his governorship he granted lands in the south to war veterans and to ranchers seeking alternative pasture lands during the drought. Although the south was regarded as a virtual desert at the time, it had great potential and resources for agricultural development, particularly for ranching operations. The government gave Rosas command of an army with orders to subdue the Indian tribes in the coveted territory. Rosas was generous to those Indians who surrendered, rewarding them with animals and goods. Although he personally disliked killing Indians, he relentlessly hunted those who refused to yield. The

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powerful officeholders with administrative and judicial functions who were also charged with tax collection, leading militia and presiding over elections. Through the exclusion of voters and intimidation of the opposition, the justices of the peace delivered any result Rosas favored. Half of the members of the House of Representatives faced reelection each year, and the opposition to Rosas had quickly been eliminated through rigged elections, allowing him to control the legislature. Control over finances had been stripped from the legislature, and its approval of legislation turned into a

1248: 1491: 944:, in which the government sought to dictate every aspect of public and private life. It was mandated that the slogan "Death to the Savage Unitarians" be inscribed at the head of all official documents. Anyone on the state payroll—from military officers, priests, to civil servants and teachers—was obliged to wear a red badge with the inscription "Federation or Death". Every male was required to have a "federal look", i.e., to sport a large moustache and sideburns, leading many to wear false moustaches. The red colour—symbol of both the Federalist Party and of 990: 761:, saying: "For me the ideal of good government would be paternal autocracy, intelligent, disinterested and indefatigable ... I have always admired the autocratic dictators who have been the first servants of their people. That is my great title: I have always sought to serve the country." He used his power to censor his critics and banish his enemies. He later justified these measures, stating: "When I took over the government I found the government in anarchy, divided into warring factions, reduced to pure chaos, a hell in miniature ..." 1001:. Terror was a tool used to intimidate dissident voices, to shore up support among his own partisans and to exterminate his foes. His targets were denounced, sometimes inaccurately, as having ties to Unitarians. Those victimised included members of his government and party who were suspected of being insufficiently loyal. If actual opponents were not at hand, the regime found other targets that were punished to make an example. A climate of fear was used to create unquestioning conformity to Rosas' dictates. 967:, the only ones who refused to do so, were expelled from the country. The lower social strata in Buenos Aires, which formed the vast majority of its populace, experienced no improvement in the conditions under which they lived. When Rosas slashed expenditures, he cut resources from education, social services, general welfare and public works. None of the lands confiscated from Indians and Unitarians were turned over to rural workers, including gauchos. 5307: 804:

Dorrego, and which had subsequently been dissolved by Lavalle. A liberal Federalist faction, which accepted dictatorship as a temporary necessity, called for the adoption of a constitution. Rosas was unwilling to govern constrained by a constitutional framework and only grudgingly relinquished his dictatorial powers. His term of office ended soon after, on 5 December 1832.

5137: 576:'s social establishment. In the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, owners of large landholdings (including the Rosas family) provided food, equipment and protection for families living in areas under their control. Their private defence forces consisted primarily of labourers who were drafted as soldiers. Most of these 608:(rancher) in his own right, accumulating land while establishing a successful partnership with second cousins from the politically powerful Anchorena clan. His hard work and organisational skills in deploying labour were key to his success, rather than creating new or applying nontraditional approaches to production. 1380:, a caudillo in Entre Ríos who rebelled against Rosas. Once one of Rosas' most trusted lieutenants, Urquiza now claimed to fight for a constitutional government, although his ambition to become head of state was barely disguised. In retaliation, Rosas declared war on Brazil on 18 August 1851, beginning the 874:(Rosism) had become a powerful faction within the Federalist Party, and pressured other factions to accept a return of Rosas, endowed with dictatorial powers, as the only way to restore stability. The House of Representatives yielded, and on 7 March 1835, Rosas was reelected governor and invested with the 451:

of his regime. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote national unity, seeking to rehabilitate Rosas and pardon military personnel convicted of human rights abuses. Rosas remains a controversial figure in Argentina in the 21st century; he is represented on the 20

1220:. Rosas established a hereditary dictatorship, naming the children from his marriage as his successors, stating that "hey are both worthy children of my beloved Encarnación, and if, God willing, I die, then you will find that they are capable of succeeding me." It is unknown whether Rosas was a closet 1704:

wrote in his journal in 1833: "He is a man of extraordinary character, and has a most predominant influence in the country, which it seems that he will use to its prosperity and advancement." Later, in 1845, he greatly revised his assertion, saying "This prophecy has turned out entirely and miserably

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said that in "appearance Rosas resembles an English gentleman farmer—his manners are courteous without being refined. He is affable and agreeable in conversation, which however nearly always turns on himself, but his tone is pleasant and agreeable enough. His memory is stupendous: and his accuracy in

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defended provincial autonomy. A decade of strife over the issue destroyed the ties between capital and provinces, with new republics being declared throughout the country. Efforts by the Buenos Aires government to quash these independent states were met with determined local resistance. In 1820 Rosas

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An anecdote circulated in which Rosas supposedly related how he left his childhood home with no belongings, determined to start a new life, never to return. The story says that he went so far as to change the spelling of his surname at that point. Rosas denied the version of events contained in this

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failed to be taken seriously. According to Michael Goebel, the revisionists had a "lack of interest in scholarly standards" and were known for "their institutional marginality in the intellectual field". They also never succeeded in changing mainstream views regarding Rosas. William Spence Robertson

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Although his prestige was on the rise, Rosas made no serious attempts to further liberalise his regime. Every year he presented his resignation and the pliant House of Representatives predictably declined, claiming that maintaining him in office was vital for the nation's welfare. Rosas also allowed

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caused more economic harm to France and Britain than to Argentina. The British faced increasing pressure at home once they realised that the access gained to the other ports within the Platine region did not compensate for the loss of trade with Buenos Aires. Britain ended all hostilities and lifted

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was no longer a mere faction within the Federalist ranks; it had become a political movement. As early as 1829, Rosas had confided to an Uruguayan diplomatic envoy: "I tell you I am not a Federalist, and I have never belonged to that party." During his governorship, he still claimed to have favoured

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Rosas's authority and influence spread far beyond the House of Representatives. He exercised tight control over the bureaucracy as well as his cabinet, stating: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are anything but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more." His

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formed the power base on which Rosas relied. Lynch said that there "was a great deal of group cohesion and solidarity among the landed class. Rosas was the center of a vast kinship group based on land. He was surrounded by a closely knit economic and political network linking deputies, law officers,

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having acquired prestige for his military service. He was promoted to cavalry colonel and was awarded further landholdings by the government. These additions, together with his successful business and fresh property acquisitions, greatly boosted his wealth. By 1830, he was the 10th largest landowner

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available, but were treated with contempt by the landowners. Rosas got along well with the gauchos in his service, despite his harsh, authoritarian temperament. He was known to dress like them, joke with them, take part in their horse-play, and pay them well, but he never allowed them to forget that

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and battled a major rebellion that lasted for years and spread to five northern Argentine provinces. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising effective control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos

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Uncharacteristically, Rosas remained passive throughout the conflict. The Argentine ruler lost heart once he realized that he had fallen into a trap. Even if he defeated Urquiza, his forces would probably be weakened enough to prevent him from challenging the Brazilian army that was ready to invade

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replaced his wife at his right hand and became the link between Rosas and the outside world. The reason for Rosas's increasing isolation was given by a member of his secretariat: "The dictator is not stupid: he knows the people hate him; he goes in constant fear and always has one eye on the chance

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As Rosas aged and his health declined, the question of who would succeed him became a growing concern among his supporters. His wife Encarnación had died in October 1838 after a long illness. Although devastated by his loss, Rosas exploited her death to raise support for his regime. Not long after,

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While the government in Buenos Aires was distracted with political infighting, ranchers began moving into territories in the south inhabited by indigenous peoples. The resulting conflict with native peoples necessitated a government response. Rosas steadfastly endorsed policies which supported this

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in April 1829. When Rosas entered the city of Buenos Aires in November of that year, he was hailed both as a victorious military leader and as the head of the Federalists. Rosas was considered a handsome man, standing 1.77 meters (5 ft 10 in) tall with blond hair and "piercing blue eyes".

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As was common practice at the time, Rosas was schooled at home until the age of eight, and then enrolled in what was regarded the best private school in Buenos Aires. Though befitting the son of a wealthy landowner, his education was unremarkable. According to historian John Lynch, Rosas' education

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until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered an enduring public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. Since the 1930s, an authoritarian, anti-Semitic, and racist political movement in Argentina called Revisionism tried to improve Rosas's reputation and establish a new dictatorship in the model

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Although a judicial system still existed in Buenos Aires, Rosas removed any independence the courts might have exercised, either by controlling appointments to the judiciary, or by circumventing their authority entirely. He would sit in judgement over cases, issuing sentences which included fines,

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Rosas' early administration was preoccupied with the severe deficits, large public debts and the impact of currency devaluation which his government inherited. A great drought that began in December 1828, which would last until April 1832, greatly impacted the economy. The Unitarians were still at

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decided to repatriate Rosas's remains and take advantage of the occasion to unite the Argentines. Menem believed that if the Argentines could forgive Rosas and his regime, they might do the same regarding the more recent and vividly remembered past. On 30 September 1989, an elaborate and enormous

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formed the Coalition of the North and also rebelled against Buenos Aires. Great Britain intervened on behalf of Rosas, and France lifted the blockade on 29 October 1840. The struggle with his internal enemies was hard-fought. By December 1842, Lavalle had been killed and the rebellious provinces

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vanished overnight. "The landed class, supporters and beneficiaries of Rosas, now had to make their peace—and their profits—with his successors. Survival, not allegiance, was their politics", argued Lynch. Urquiza, a one-time ally and later an enemy, reconciled with Rosas and sent him financial

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for protection and asylum in the event of his defeat. Both his children by Encarnación followed him into exile, although Juan Bautista soon returned with his family to Argentina. His daughter Manuela married the son of an old associate of Rosas, an act which the former dictator never forgave. A

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By the end of his first term, Rosas was generally credited with having staved off political and financial instability, but he faced increased opposition in the House of Representatives. All members of the House were Federalists, as Rosas had restored the legislature that had been in place under

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National unity crumbled under the weight of a continuous round of civil wars, rebellions and coups. The Unitarian–Federalist struggle brought perennial instability while caudillos fought for power and laid waste to the countryside. By 1826, Rosas had built a power base, consisting of relatives,

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in the northern portion of the Viceroyalty, while its southern territories coalesced into the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. Rosas planned to restore, if not all, at least a considerable part of the former borders of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He never recognized the

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daubed with mud to make its weathertight often without another neighbour nearer than a league away. His wife and children and possibly two or three other herdsmen, usually unmarried, to help him in the management of the cattle, made up his society. Generally he had some cattle of his own, and

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A plebiscite was held to determine whether the citizens of Buenos Aires supported Rosas's reelection and resumption of dictatorial powers. During his governorship from 1829 to 1832, Rosas had reduced the election process to a farce. He had installed loyal associates as justices of the peace,

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territory. He exercised complete control over all aspects of society with the solid backing of the army. Rosas was raised from colonel to brigadier general (the highest army rank) on 18 December 1829. On 12 November 1840 he declined the newly created and higher rank of grand marshal

512:"was supplemented by his own efforts in the years that followed. Rosas was not entirely unread, though the time, the place, and his own bias limited the choice of authors. He appears to have had a sympathetic, if superficial, acquaintance with minor political thinkers of French 1030:

included neighborhood sweeps in which houses would be searched and occupants intimidated. Others who fell into their power were arrested, tortured and killed. Killings were generally by shooting, lance-thrusting or throat-slitting. Many were castrated, or had their beards

688:(in which the city of the same name was located), owning 300,000 cattle and 420,000 acres (170,000 ha) of land. With his newly gained influence, military background, vast landholdings and a private army of gauchos loyal only to him, Rosas became the quintessential 1392:

against Urquiza on 3 February 1852, Rosas fled to Buenos Aires. Once there, he disguised himself and boarded a ship that took him to Britain to live in exile. Embittered, he remarked: "It is not the people who have overthrown me. It is the monkeys, the Brazilians."

1195:), which had been bestowed on him by the House of Representatives. The army was led by officers who had backgrounds and values similar to his. Confident of his power, Rosas made some concessions by returning confiscated properties to their owners, disbanding the 1444:

assistance, hoping for political support in return—although Rosas had scant political capital left. Rosas followed Argentina's developments while in exile, always hoping for an opportunity to return, but he never again insinuated himself into Argentine affairs.

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The new Argentine government confiscated all of Rosas' properties and tried him as a criminal, later sentencing him to death. Rosas was appalled that most of his friends, supporters and allies abandoned him and became either silent or openly critical of him.

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severed all remaining ties with Spain in July 1816, Rosas and his peers accepted independence as an accomplished fact. Independence resulted in a breakup of the territories that had formed the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The province of Buenos Aires

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returned after ten years in exile. He allied with the governor of Corrientes, which revolted once again, and invaded Buenos Aires province at the head of Unitarian troops armed and supplied by the French. Emboldened by Lavalle's actions, the provinces of

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When Rosas was elected governor for the first time in 1829, he held no power outside the province of Buenos Aires. There was no national government or national parliament. The former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata had been succeeded by the

604:, daughter of a wealthy family from Buenos Aires. Soon afterwards, he sought to establish a career for himself, leaving his parents' estate. He produced salted meat and acquired landholdings in the process. As the years passed he became an 893:

Rosas believed that the manipulation of elections were necessary for political stability, because most of the country's population was illiterate. He acquired absolute power over the province with the assent and support of most

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The landed aristocracy of Spanish descent considered the illiterate, mixed-race gauchos, who comprised the majority of the population, to be ungovernable and untrustworthy. The gauchos were tolerated because there was no other

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and ending torture and political assassinations. The inhabitants of Buenos Aires still dressed and behaved according to the set of rules Rosas had imposed, but the climate of constant and widespread fear greatly diminished.

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tale. Although he was left a portion of his father's estate, he assigned this to his mother. He did not reclaim the inheritance upon his mother's death, and instead split it between her maid, his siblings and charities.

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at the age of 47, he began an affair with his fifteen-year-old maid, María Eugenia Castro, with whom he had five illegitimate children. From his marriage to Encarnación, Rosas had two children: Juan Bautista Pedro and

1627:, postage stamps and monuments, causing mixed reactions among the public. Rosas remains a controversial figure among Argentines, who "have long been fascinated and outraged" by him, as historian John Lynch noted. 647:. Rosas, like many landowners in the countryside, was suspicious of a movement advanced primarily by merchants and bureaucrats in the city of Buenos Aires. Rosas was specially outraged by the execution of Viceroy 1426:, "General Rosas was no common refugee, but one who had shown great distinction and kindness to the British merchants who had traded with his country". Months before his fall, Rosas had arranged with the British 5318: 1676:

described them as "herdsmen, who lived on horseback ... In their great plains, roamed over by enormous herds of cattle, and countless horses in semi-feral state, each Gaucho lived in his own reed-built

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was a political movement that appeared in Argentina in the 1920s and reached its apex in the 1930s. It was the Argentine equivalent of the authoritarian ideologies that arose during the same period, such as

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he was their master rather than their equal. Shaped by the colonial society in which he lived, Rosas was conservative, an advocate of hierarchy and authority, like the other great landowners in the region.

956:. Civilians were also required to wear the colour. A red waistcoat, red badge and red hat band were required for men, while women wore ribbons in that colour and children donned school uniforms based upon 720:, the Unitarian governor of Buenos Aires had Dorrego seized and executed without trial. With Dorrego gone, Rosas filled the vacant Federalist leadership and rebelled against the Unitarians. He allied with 1361:, some miles away from Buenos Aires. There he ruled and lived under heavy protection provided by guards and patrols. He declined to meet with his ministers and relied solely on secretaries. His daughter 1447:

In exile Rosas was not destitute, but he lived modestly amid financial constraints during the remainder of his life. A very few loyal friends sent him money, but it was never enough. He sold one of his

6399: 1296:. To reinforce his claims over Uruguay and Paraguay, and maintain his dominance over the Argentine provinces, Rosas blockaded the port of Montevideo and closed the interior rivers to foreign trade. 1079:

army played a minor role in the conflict, which resulted in the overthrow of Santa Cruz and the dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation. On 28 March 1838, France declared a blockade of the

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Argentina. With no other alternative, Rosas remarked: "There is no other way; we have to play for the high stakes and go for everything. Here we are, and from here there is no retreat." After an

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as provincial governor that year. Rosas was awarded with the post of general commander of the rural militias of the province of Buenos Aires on 14 July, which increased his influence and power.

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The full title was "Restorer of the Laws and Institutions of the Province of Buenos Aires". It was given to Rosas by the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires on 18 December 1829. After the

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exiled Argentines to return to their homeland, but only because he was so confident of his control and that no one was willing to risk defying him. The execution in August 1848 of the pregnant

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Around 1845, Rosas managed to establish absolute dominance over the region. His subordinates dominated all of Uruguay, with the exception of Montevideo. He offered help to the separatists of

297: 1384:. The army under Oribe in Uruguay surrendered to Urquiza in October. With arms and financial aid given by Brazil, Urquiza then marched through Argentine territory heading to Buenos Aires. 1331:, charged with a forbidden romance with a priest, caused a backlash throughout the continent. Nonetheless, it served as a clear warning that Rosas had no intention of loosening his grip. 504:

family. The young Juan Manuel de Rosas's character was heavily influenced by his mother Agustina, a strong-willed and domineering woman who derived these character traits from her father

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Shumway, Jeffrey M. (2004). ""Sometimes Knowing How to Forget Is Also Having Memory": The Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas and the Healing of Argentina". In Johnson, Lyman L. (ed.).

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the blockade on 15 July 1847, followed by France on 12 June 1848. Rosas had successfully resisted the two most powerful nations on Earth; his standing, and Argentina's, increased among

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lasted from 1833 to 1834, with Rosas subjugating the entire region. His conquest of the south opened many possibilities for further territorial expansion, which led him to state: "The

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domineering father, Rosas wanted his daughter to remain devoted to him alone. Although he forbade her from writing or visiting, Manuela remained loyal to him and maintained contact.

928:, presenting himself as an almighty and fatherlike figure who protected the people. His portraits were carried in street demonstrations and placed on church altars to be venerated. 5038: 643:

of 1810 marked the early stage of a process which later led to the disintegration of Spain's Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, independence and the eventual formation of

5242: 1083:, eager to extend its influence over the region. Unable to confront the French, Rosas increased internal repression to forestall potential uprisings against his regime. 344:. Although born into a wealthy family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune, acquiring large tracts of land in the process. Rosas enlisted his workers in a 975:. Despite doing little to promote their interests, he remained popular among blacks and gauchos. He employed blacks, patronized their festivities and attended their 1300: 1242: 432: 19: 1739: 1481: 1357:

Rosas failed to realize that discontent was steadily growing throughout the country. Throughout the 1840s he became increasingly secluded in his country house in

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In addition to purges, banishments and censorship, Rosas took measures against the opposition and anyone else he deemed a threat that historians have considered

5952: 676:" ("Reds of the Mount"), enlisted in the army of Buenos Aires as the Fifth Regiment of Militia. They repulsed invading provincial armies, saving Buenos Aires. 6369: 858:(Rosas's supporters) laid siege to Buenos Aires. Inside the city, Rosas's wife, Encarnación, assembled a contingent of associates to aid the besiegers. The 6349: 1507: 1485: 1086:

The blockade caused severe damage to the economy across all the provinces, as they exported their goods through the port of Buenos Aires. Despite the 1831

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According to his birth certificate, his given name was "Juan Manuel José Domingo". His surname, as seen on his marriage certificate, was "Ortiz de Rosas".

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provinces. Rosas counterattacked and defeated the rebels, killing their leader, the governor of Corrientes. In June, Rosas uncovered a plot by dissident

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that killed thousands of citizens. Elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a

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in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive

379:, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier 6379: 4994:. Nueva Historia de la Nación Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. V. Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta Argentina/Academia Nacional de la Historia. 1477: 5235: 5118: 5071: 4860: 4787: 4637: 4618: 4588: 4538: 4491: 4420: 4356: 487: 163: 1423: 1225: 520: 313: 1255:

The breakup of the old Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the 1810s eventually resulted in the emergence of independent nations of

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supporters were rewarded with positions within the state apparatus, and anyone he deemed a threat was purged. Opposition newspapers

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cortege organized by the government was held, after which the remains of the Argentine ruler were interred in his family vault at

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to rob and abuse them and the other on making a getaway. He has a horse ready saddled at the door of his office day and night".

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independence of Paraguay and regarded it a rebel Argentine province that would inevitably be reconquered. He sent an army under

1068: 757:(extraordinary powers). This marked the beginning of his regime, described by historians as a dictatorship. He saw himself as a 446:. This short conflict ended with Rosas being defeated and absconding to Britain. His last years were spent in exile living as a 411: 317: 6313: 6003: 5805: 5354: 1106:

to oust him from power in what became known as the Maza conspiracy. Rosas imprisoned some of the plotters and executed others.

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Throughout the late 1830s and early 1840s, Rosas faced a series of major threats to his power. The Unitarians found an ally in

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at the hands of the revolutionaries. Rosas felt nostalgic about colonial times, seeing them as stable, orderly and prosperous.

336:(30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled 6076: 5359: 4797: 1052: 6359: 6323: 5296: 5141: 527:

to counter the invasion. The British were defeated in August 1806, but returned a year later. Rosas was then assigned to the

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to resign. In quick succession, Balcarce was followed by two others who presided over weak and ineffective governments. The

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for most of the late 1840s, but were unable to halt Rosas, whose prestige was greatly enhanced by his string of successes.

356:, as provincial warlords in the region were known. He eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the 6354: 6344: 6257: 6106: 5291: 5267: 1118:

agents within the halls of the parliament on the pretext that his son was involved in the conspiracy. In the countryside,

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possibly a flock of sheep; but the great herds belonged to some proprietor who perhaps lived two or three leagues away."

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subdued, except for Corrientes, which was only defeated in 1847. Terrorism was also employed on the battlefield, as the

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would be the ideal ruler for his country. Nonetheless, in public he stated that his regime was republican in nature.

729: 352:. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and a loyal private army, Rosas became a 596:

Rosas acquired a working knowledge of administering ranch lands and, beginning in 1811, took charge of his family's

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The Argentine Folklore Movement: Sugar Elites, Criollo Workers, and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism, 1900–1955

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In the Shadow of the State: Intellectuals and the Quest for National Identity in Twentieth-century Spanish America

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to preserve a semblance of democracy. The result of the 1835 election was a predictable 99.9 per cent "yes" vote.

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with the other provinces over the degree of autonomy which the provincial governments were supposed to have. The

92: 1345: 1208:, which by 1831, following the Federal Pact and officially from 22 May 1835, had increasingly been known as the 544: 1465: 1072: 407: 6252: 6201: 6038: 5988: 5612: 5547: 5532: 5446: 5272: 5212: 1501:

Serious attempts to reassess Rosas's reputation began in the 1880s with the publication of scholarly works by

1377: 1376:, provided support to the Uruguayan government that still held out in Montevideo, as well as to the ambitious 1323:, summarizing the prevailing opinion, considered Rosas among "the leading ranks of the great men of America". 1304: 971:

did not experience any improvement in their conditions either. Rosas was a slave-owner, and helped revive the

573: 6298: 6191: 6181: 6166: 6136: 5784: 5407: 1427: 1299:

The loss of trade was unacceptable to Britain and France. On 17 September 1845 both nations established the

1209: 1064: 887: 758: 341: 6206: 4917:

Robertson, William Spence (May 1930). "Foreign Estimates of the Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas".

1167: 6156: 6101: 5914: 5753: 5706: 5653: 5622: 5617: 5456: 5426: 5306: 5180: 4749: 4727: 1099: 867: 655: 627: 601: 556: 491: 240: 127: 6247: 5727: 5552: 933:

Federalism against Unitarianism, although in practice Federalism had by that time been subsumed into the

6318: 6161: 5980: 5909: 5820: 5758: 5557: 1652: 1358: 1350: 1035:

or their tongues cut out. Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were killed from 1829 until 1852.

753:

On 6 December 1829, the House of Representatives of Buenos Aires elected Rosas governor and granted him

685: 668: 442:

began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851, starting the

361: 337: 6176: 6171: 6141: 5856: 5527: 5489: 5431: 5339: 5158: 534:(a militia cavalry), although he was probably barred from active duty during this time due to illness. 115: 1418:

in England on 26 April 1852. The British gave him asylum, paid for his travel and welcomed him with a

1280:

starting in 1843. When pressed by the British, Rosas declined to guarantee Uruguayan independence. In

6394: 6389: 6308: 6232: 6096: 6086: 6008: 5961: 5886: 5743: 5732: 5593: 5583: 5574: 5537: 5512: 5499: 5388: 1755: 1753: 1604: 1495: 1123: 1080: 972: 793: 660: 622: 562:

After the British invasions had been repelled, Rosas and his family moved from Buenos Aires to their

419: 349: 194: 4599: 6303: 6146: 5998: 5815: 5569: 5436: 5190: 1187: 1135: 1107: 1095: 925: 879: 721: 423:

Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina. Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of

396: 80: 5846: 1159:

refused to take prisoners. The defeated men had their throats cut and their heads put on display.

523:. A 13-year-old Rosas served in distributing ammunition to troops in a force organised by Viceroy 41: 5369: 1612: 1373: 1147: 821: 530: 495: 6196: 6028: 5871: 5479: 1616: 1556:

movement, Rosas and his regime were idealized and portrayed as paragons of governmental virtue.

1328: 775: 482:

Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his family's town house in

6227: 6186: 6023: 5825: 5627: 5522: 5114: 5086: 5067: 5023: 4995: 4976: 4954: 4935: 4903: 4884: 4856: 4837: 4818: 4783: 4761: 4735: 4713: 4694: 4675: 4652: 4633: 4614: 4584: 4565: 4534: 4515: 4487: 4439: 4416: 4394: 4371: 4352: 4333: 4314: 4273: 1502: 1406: 1389: 1057: 903:

officials, and military who were also landowners and related among themselves or with Rosas."

725: 513: 321: 981:. The gauchos admired his leadership and willingness to fraternize with them to some extent. 6293: 6237: 5904: 5830: 5046: 4468: 1431: 1313: 1293: 964: 911: 789: 439: 1307:(or Platine region). Argentina resisted the pressure and fought back to a standstill. This 1247: 1071:. Rosas declared war against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on 19 March 1837, joining the 700: 498:. A military officer with an undistinguished career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy 6283: 6222: 6063: 6018: 5866: 5722: 5701: 5603: 5542: 5451: 998: 941: 664: 400: 372: 367:

In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires and established a

348:, as was common for rural proprietors, and took part in the disputes that led to numerous 218: 6081: 5794: 5364: 5344: 1320: 46:

Posthumous portrait of Juan Manuel de Rosas wearing the full dress of a brigadier general

494:

and Agustina López de Osornio. León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish

6111: 6013: 5881: 5416: 5263: 4754: 4408: 4307: 4265: 1715: 1701: 1624: 1591: 1505:

and Ernesto Quesada. Later, a more blatant "Revisionist" movement would flourish under

1308: 1183: 1151: 1139: 968: 734: 710: 640: 500: 452: 357: 167: 4630:

Beyond Civilization and Barbarism: Culture and Politics in Postrevolutionary Argentina

3407: 1759: 1536:

political movement with support for racially based pseudo-scientific theories such as

6338: 6048: 5789: 5680: 5648: 5403: 5281: 5050: 4968: 4668: 4432: 4387: 1740:"Pedro, el hijo secreto de Manuel Belgrano que fue adoptado por Juan Manuel de Rosas" 1595: 1453: 1419: 1362: 1285: 1281: 1217: 447: 280: 4811: 6278: 6242: 6091: 5993: 5891: 5851: 5286: 5011:

Rasgos de la vida publica de S. E. el sr. brigadier general d. Juan Manuel de Rosas

4775: 1599: 1529: 1269: 1130: 1087: 921: 797: 717: 589: 483: 376: 368: 345: 159: 1284:, all potential foreign threats to Rosas's plans of conquest collapsed, including 1026:

were creations of Rosas, who retained tight control over both. The tactics of the

977: 5930: 1422:. These honours were granted because, according to the British Foreign Secretary 1525: 1461: 1381: 1370: 1340: 989: 632: 443: 406:

Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. He

183: 843: 5220: 5083:

Revolution and Restoration: The Rearrangement of Power in Argentina, 1776–1860

4473: 4454: 4434:

The Argentine Right: Its History and Intellectual Origins, 1910 to the Present

4370:(2 ed.). Belmont, California: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center. 1457: 1273: 1272:

who invaded Uruguay and conquered most of the country, except for its capital

1221: 1009: 953: 431:. France and Great Britain jointly retaliated against Argentine expansionism, 392: 4951:

Authoritarian Argentina: The Nationalist Movement, Its History and Its Impact

1586:

In the 1980s, Argentina was a fractured, deeply divided nation, having faced

5470: 5255: 1608: 1587: 1560:

served as a useful tool, as the main purpose of the revisionists within the

1186:

in order to seize the situation and possibly obtain control over the former

1094:

primacy that Buenos Aires province held over them. On 28 February 1839, the

952:(blankets worn as trousers), caps and jackets, and their horses sported red 813: 644: 205: 508:, a landowner who died defending his estate from an Indian attack in 1783. 5136: 1490: 572:). His work there further shaped his character and outlook as part of the 5670: 4512:

National Symbols, Fractured Identities: Contesting The National Narrative

1537: 1533: 1415: 1317: 1256: 1172: 1032: 963:

Most Catholic clergy in Buenos Aires willingly backed Rosas' regime. The

689: 564: 428: 353: 4632:. Lanham, Maryland: Bucknell University Press/Rowman & Littlefield. 960:

paradigms. Building exteriors and interiors were also decorated in red.

854:

While Rosas was away on the Desert Campaign in October 1833, a group of

4691:

Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America: Dictators, Despots, And Tyrants

1521: 1264: 1260: 948:—became omnipresent in the province of Buenos Aires. Soldiers wore red 745:, assessed him as "a man of extraordinary character". British diplomat 424: 4562:

Embodying Argentina: Body, Space and Nation in 19th Century Narrative

1517: 788:

large, controlling several provinces that had banded together in the

779:

Rosas (mounted on dark horse) leading the war against Indians in the

581: 552: 548: 4611:

I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870

3259: 3257: 5716:

Fragile Civilian Governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966)

4455:"Juan Manuel de Rosas as Viewed by Contemporary American Diplomats" 4531:

Argentina's Partisan Past: Nationalism and the Politics of History

1574: 1489: 1405: 1344: 1246: 1166: 1051: 988: 910: 842: 817: 774: 699: 626: 569: 543: 467: 5020:

Death, Dismemberment, and Memory: Body Politics in Latin America

4853:

Transformations and Crisis of Liberalism in Argentina, 1930–1955

1122:, including a younger brother of Rosas, revolted, beginning the 577: 5934: 5224: 5009:

Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (1842).

4836:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia. 4649:

To the bitter end: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance

4309:

The Afro-Argentine in Argentine Culture: El Negro Del Acordeón

1611:. Closely allied with neorevisionists, Menem (and his fellow 993:

An anti-Rosas drawing published in a newspaper in 1841 or 1842

4710:

For la Patria: Politics and the Armed Forces in Latin America

4467:(4). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 495–514. 5305: 4953:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4782:(2 ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons. 3442: 3440: 4932:

Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsín

4874:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente. 4514:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. 4393:(3 ed.). Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3408:

Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842

1760:

Sala de Representantes de la Provincia de Buenos Aires 1842

403:

in nature, with all aspects of society rigidly controlled.

1544:(Revisionism) was the historiographical wing of Argentine 5104:(in Spanish). Montevideo: Ediciones de la Banda Oriental. 4992:

La Configuración de la República Independiente, 1810–1914

4760:(2 ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 4693:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 1579:

Sculpture with the image of Rosas at the Monument to the

1110:, president of both the House of Representatives and the 3963: 3961: 3912: 3910: 3601: 3599: 827:

Further information on the letter written in 1834:

5113:. Vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4780:

A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present

4564:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. 3232: 3230: 3109: 3107: 2582: 2580: 2531: 2529: 2101: 2099: 2097: 1904: 1902: 866:

coup came to be known, forced the provincial governor

1833: 1831: 667:

supported the preeminence of Buenos Aires, while the

4883:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. 4300:(in Spanish). La Plata: Instituto Cardenal Cisneros. 1818: 1816: 847:

Profile view of Rosas at age 42, 1835; miniature by

6266: 6215: 6129: 6062: 5979: 5968: 5839: 5803: 5772: 5741: 5715: 5689: 5667: 5636: 5602: 5566: 5498: 5465: 5402: 5378: 5317: 5262: 5081:Szuchman, Mark D.; Brown, Jonathan Charles (1994). 4925:(2). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 4732:

Argentine dictator: Juan Manuel De Rosas, 1829–1852

1292:, or were troubled by internal turmoil, as was the 692:, as provincial warlords in the region were known. 672:

and his gauchos, all dressed in red and nicknamed "

309: 304: 292: 270: 234: 211: 201: 190: 173: 142: 137: 121: 109: 86: 74: 55: 32: 6400:People from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 4810: 4753: 4667: 4431: 4430:Deutsch, Sandra McGee; Dolkart, Ronald H. (1993). 4386: 4366:Clayton, Lawrence A.; Conniff, Michael L. (2005). 4306: 1552:was to establish a national dictatorship. For the 1090:, all provinces had long been discontent with the 679:At the end of the conflict, Rosas returned to his 1714:This comment was a racial nod to the presence of 5013:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Imprenta del Estado. 1655:, then located outside the town of Buenos Aires. 521:British expeditionary force invaded Buenos Aires 5066:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 5022:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 4973:Captive Women: Oblivion and Memory in Argentina 4934:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. 4260:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Claridad. 1369:Meanwhile, Brazil, now ascendant under Emperor 20:Juan Manuel de Rosas (Buenos Aires Underground) 4975:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 4900:Politics and Education in Argentina: 1946–1962 4855:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. 4604:. London and Toronto: J.M. Dent and Sons, Ltd. 4091: 2304: 1528:. Argentine Nationalism was an authoritarian, 1224:. Later during his exile, Rosas declared that 1056:Rosas in gaucho attire, 1842. Oil painting by 5946: 5236: 4881:La Argentina: Historia del país y de su gente 4712:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 4438:. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. 2028: 2012: 1647:he was called the "Conqueror of the desert" ( 8: 5111:The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct 3502: 3395: 3359: 2406: 2340: 1301:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1243:Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata 1098:revolted and attacked both Buenos Aires and 25:Argentine politician and general (1793–1877) 5382:– First Presidential Government (1826–1827) 1486:Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement) 1482:Repatriation of Juan Manuel de Rosas's body 898:and businessmen, who shared his views. The 5976: 5953: 5939: 5931: 5243: 5229: 5221: 5147: 4651:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 4313:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. 4155: 1564:agenda was to rehabilitate Rosas's image. 360:, and became the undisputed leader of the 105:6 December 1829 – 5 December 1832 29: 5319:Supreme directors of the United Provinces 5085:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4533:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 4472: 4291:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Casa Vaccaro. 4272:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4143: 3809: 3741: 2316: 2292: 4756:Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas 4609:Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004). 2346: 1303:and enforced the free navigation in the 6274:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 4919:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4505:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Corregidor. 4460:The Hispanic American Historical Review 4351:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 4231: 4227: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4191: 4179: 4167: 4107: 4103: 4067: 4023: 3999: 3817: 3805: 3765: 3737: 3725: 3685: 3669: 3578: 3486: 3371: 3355: 3323: 3307: 3287: 3279: 3263: 3217: 3201: 3129: 3094: 3082: 3074: 3066: 3054: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2914: 2862: 2810: 2802: 2790: 2758: 2722: 2678: 2662: 2456: 2436: 2418: 2412: 2382: 2310: 2298: 2280: 2265: 2253: 2213: 2201: 2169: 2165: 2117: 2084: 2068: 2044: 1980: 1956: 1928: 1807: 1730: 1636: 1206:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1004:State terrorism was carried out by the 915:Argentine slaves paying homage to Rosas 334:Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas 260: 147:Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas 70:7 March 1835 – 3 February 1852 5037:Shumway, Jeffrey (30 September 2013). 4990:Sagastizábal, Leandro de, ed. (2000). 4207: 4131: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4087: 4071: 4063: 4019: 4003: 3995: 3058: 2400: 2376: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2286: 2225: 2193: 1865: 1795: 1478:Historiography of Juan Manuel de Rosas 4453:Dusenberry, William (November 1961). 4239: 4235: 3979: 3967: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3901: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3813: 3793: 3781: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3745: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3681: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3590: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3498: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3431: 3419: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3351: 3347: 3335: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3283: 3267: 3248: 3236: 3221: 3205: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3161: 3157: 3145: 3133: 3125: 3113: 3098: 3070: 3062: 3050: 3038: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2942: 2934: 2918: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2882: 2866: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2822: 2806: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2746: 2734: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2666: 2650: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2520: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2448: 2432: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2257: 2249: 2237: 2209: 2205: 2181: 2153: 2137: 2121: 2105: 2088: 2072: 2056: 2040: 2024: 2004: 2000: 1984: 1968: 1952: 1940: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1893: 1881: 1877: 1853: 1849: 1837: 1822: 1783: 1771: 1452:before the confiscation and became a 824:are now wide open for our children." 750:all points of detail never failing." 635:. They served in Rosas’ private army. 381:to wage war on the indigenous peoples 256: 7: 5962:Argentine Civil Wars (1814–76) 5809:– Military Dictatorships (1976–1983) 5747:– Military Dictatorships (1966–1973) 5695:– Military Dictatorships (1955–1958) 5642:– Military Dictatorships (1943–1946) 4872:Juan Manuel de Rosas, su iconografía 4484:Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook 4083: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4015: 3991: 3078: 2946: 2922: 2870: 2638: 2508: 2452: 2394: 2388: 2261: 2197: 2141: 2125: 2008: 1988: 1424:James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury 1226:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom 1075:between Chile and Peru–Bolivia. The 580:, as such workers were called, were 314:British invasions of the River Plate 285:Pedro de Rosas y Belgrano (adoptive) 6370:Argentine people of Spanish descent 5920:List of heads of state of Argentina 4734:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4613:. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. 4332:(in Spanish). Los Angeles: Dunken. 728:, and they defeated Lavalle at the 6350:Governors of Buenos Aires Province 5840:Return to Democracy (1983–present) 4804:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Emecé. 4549:Graham, Robert Bontine Cunninghame 829:Letter of the hacienda of Figueroa 488:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 383:. After his supporters launched a 164:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 14: 6258:Pact of San José de Flores (1859) 5198:Governor of Buenos Aires Province 5166:Governor of Buenos Aires Province 4368:A History of Modern Latin America 1674:Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham 1567:Despite a decades-long struggle, 1410:An elderly Rosas during his exile 58:Governor of Buenos Aires Province 5135: 4832:Moreno, Isidoro J. Ruiz (1999). 4674:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 296: 40: 6385:Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery 6314:Revolution of 11 September 1852 5806:National Reorganization Process 252: 6324:Argentine Constitution of 1853 5877:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 5051:10.1093/OBO/9780199766581-0069 4598:Hudson, William Henry (1918). 4328:Cevasco, Aníbal César (2006). 1738:Claudia Peiró (20 June 2020). 1621:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 1: 6380:Politicians from Buenos Aires 4879:Quesada, María Sáenz (2001). 4583:. Nottingham: Foundry Books. 4385:Crow, John Armstrong (1980). 1548:. The main goal of Argentine 1048:Rebellions and foreign threat 1020:Sociedad Popular Restauradora 1015:Sociedad Popular Restauradora 924:. Rosas created an elaborate 922:were burned in public squares 820:to the coast and down to the 473: 5355:Antonio González de Balcarce 4555:. London: William Heinemann. 4510:Geisler, Michael E. (2005). 4501:Fernandez, Fernando (1983). 4296:Calabrese, Humberto (1975). 4270:Argentina since independence 3955:, pp. 343–344, 346–347. 2562:, pp. 49, 159–160, 300. 1716:soldiers of African ancestry 1581:Battle of Vuelta de Obligado 1018:political organization. The 490:. He was the first child of 277:Juan Bautista Ortiz de Rosas 6289:Revolution of the Restorers 5773:Return of Perón (1973–1976) 5330:Gervasio Antonio de Posadas 5109:Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). 5045:. Oxford University Press. 4486:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 2059:, pp. 1, 8, 13, 43–44. 1290:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1069:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 860:Revolution of the Restorers 412:Peru–Bolivian Confederation 318:Desert Campaign (1833–1834) 6416: 6279:League of the Free Peoples 6248:Protocol of Palermo (1852) 6117:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 6107:Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid 5589:Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear 5485:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 5303: 5202:Head of State of Argentina 5170:Head of State of Argentina 5064:The Invention of Argentina 4902:. New York: M. E. Sharpe. 4898:Rein, Mónica Esti (1998). 4305:Castro, Donald S. (2001). 4092:Deutsch & Dolkart 1993 2305:Clayton & Conniff 2005 2252:, pp. 158, 184, 247; 1475: 1338: 1240: 1171:Rosas (seated, left) at a 1114:, was murdered by Rosas's 849:Fernando García del Molino 826: 768: 755:facultades extraordinarias 620: 420:revolt in his own province 17: 6365:Argentine Roman Catholics 6077:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 5900: 5764:Alejandro Agustín Lanusse 5360:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 5209: 5195: 5187: 5177: 5163: 5155: 5150: 5062:Shumway, Nicolas (1993). 4870:Pradère, Juan A. (1970). 4666:Lewis, Daniel K. (2003). 4628:Lanctot, Brendan (2014). 4579:Hooker, Terry D. (2008). 4482:Edwards, Todd L. (2008). 4474:10.1215/00182168-41.4.495 4389:The Epic of Latin America 4210:, pp. 217–218, 220; 4018:, pp. 104–105, 119; 3684:, pp. 115–116, 124; 3073:, pp. 96, 108, 164; 2029:Szuchman & Brown 1994 2013:Szuchman & Brown 1994 1649:Conquistador del desierto 1645:Desert Campaign (1833–34) 1623:) have honoured Rosas on 771:Desert Campaign (1833–34) 506:Clemente López de Osornio 375:. In 1831, he signed the 350:civil wars in his country 327: 133: 98: 63: 51: 39: 6375:People from Buenos Aires 4670:The History of Argentina 4647:Leuchars, Chris (2002). 4560:Hanway, Nancy . (2003). 4529:Goebel, Michael (2011). 4413:The Voyage of the Beagle 4256:Bassi, Angel C. (1942). 3410:, pp. 169, 179–180. 2341:Kraay & Whigham 2004 1615:presidential successors 1316:nations. The Venezuelan 1073:War of the Confederation 816:, which extend from the 730:Battle of Márquez Bridge 724:, caudillo and ruler of 696:Governor of Buenos Aires 686:province of Buenos Aires 281:Manuela Robustiana Rosas 6299:Argentine Confederation 5659:Edelmiro Julián Farrell 5408:Argentine Confederation 5268:Independence War Period 4809:Miller, Nicola (1999). 4798:Mejía, José María Ramos 4708:Loveman, Brian (1999). 4689:Lewis, Paul H. (2006). 4347:Chamosa, Oscar (2010). 4287:Bilbao, Manuel (1919). 4134:, pp. 56, 115–116. 2011:, pp. 93–94, 104; 1718:within Brazilian ranks. 1494:Rosas' family vault at 1210:Argentine Confederation 433:blockading Buenos Aires 342:Argentine Confederation 6102:Juan Esteban Pedernera 6072:Carlos María de Alvear 5915:President of Argentina 5707:Pedro Eugenio Aramburu 5692:Revolución Libertadora 5457:Juan Esteban Pedernera 5394:Vicente López y Planes 5350:Ignacio Álvarez Thomas 5335:Carlos María de Alvear 5321:of the Río de la Plata 5311: 5100:Trias, Vivian (1970). 5039:"Juan Manuel de Rosas" 4851:Nállim, Jorge (2012). 4553:Portrait of a dictator 2721:, pp. 38–40, 78; 1588:military dictatorships 1583: 1498: 1411: 1354: 1252: 1179: 1124:Rebellion of the South 1096:province of Corrientes 1060: 1043:Struggle for dominance 994: 916: 876:suma del poder público 851: 784: 705: 636: 600:. In 1813, he married 559: 557:Johann Moritz Rugendas 479: 399:and his regime became 93:Vicente López y Planes 6360:Federales (Argentina) 6319:State of Buenos Aires 6202:Pozo de Vargas (1867) 6152:Márquez Bridge (1829) 6039:Justo José de Urquiza 5989:José Gervasio Artigas 5910:Politics of Argentina 5821:Roberto Eduardo Viola 5759:Roberto M. Levingston 5558:Victorino de la Plaza 5548:José Figueroa Alcorta 5533:José Evaristo Uriburu 5467:National Organization 5447:Justo José de Urquiza 5309: 5273:Asamblea del Año XIII 5213:Justo José de Urquiza 5043:Oxford Bibliographies 4601:Far Away and Long Ago 4214:, pp. 108, 133; 4086:, pp. 108, 119; 3760:, pp. 343, 351; 3668:, pp. 128, 130; 2809:, pp. 165, 183; 1927:, pp. 2, 8, 26; 1578: 1493: 1409: 1378:Justo José de Urquiza 1351:Palermo, Buenos Aires 1348: 1305:Río de la Plata Basin 1251:Rosas at age 52, 1845 1250: 1237:Anglo-French blockade 1170: 1055: 992: 914: 846: 778: 704:Rosas at age 36, 1829 703: 630: 547: 486:, the capital of the 472:Rosas around age 10, 471: 338:Buenos Aires Province 18:For the station, see 6355:Argentine brigadiers 6345:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6309:Freemen of the South 6238:Cañuelas Pact (1829) 6233:Quadrilateral (1822) 6182:Laguna Limpia (1846) 6087:Bernardino Rivadavia 6044:Ricardo López Jordán 6034:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6009:Juan Bautista Bustos 5862:Adolfo Rodríguez Saá 5785:Raúl Alberto Lastiri 5744:Revolución Argentina 5733:Arturo Umberto Illia 5538:Julio Argentino Roca 5518:Miguel Juárez Celman 5513:Julio Argentino Roca 5442:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5422:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5389:Bernardino Rivadavia 5144:at Wikimedia Commons 5142:Juan Manuel de Rosas 5102:Juan Manuel de Rosas 4949:Rock, David (1995). 4930:Rock, David (1987). 4834:Alianza contra Rosas 4415:. New York: Cosimo. 4298:Juan Manuel de Rosas 4038:, pp. 103, 106. 4002:, pp. 40, 118; 3816:, pp. 319–331; 3780:, pp. 350–351; 3764:, pp. 319–321; 3700:, pp. 177, 209. 3620:, pp. 270, 273. 3394:, pp. 207–208; 3390:, pp. 300–301; 3350:, pp. 293–297; 3306:, pp. 203–204; 3176:, pp. 265–266; 3160:, pp. 265–266; 2777:, pp. 180, 184. 2601:, pp. 6, 18–20. 2435:, pp. 75, 163; 1605:La Recoleta Cemetery 1594:and a defeat in the 1496:La Recoleta Cemetery 1349:Rosas' residence in 1278:endured a long siege 1081:Port of Buenos Aires 1065:Andrés de Santa Cruz 940:Rosas established a 623:Argentine Civil Wars 259:; died 195:La Recoleta Cemetery 34:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6304:Uruguayan Civil War 6243:Federal Pact (1831) 6167:Sauce Grande (1840) 5816:Jorge Rafael Videla 5780:Héctor José Cámpora 5754:Juan Carlos Onganía 5654:Pedro Pablo Ramírez 5623:Roberto María Ortiz 5618:Agustín Pedro Justo 5570:Radical Civic Union 5504:Oligarchic Republic 5437:Manuel Vicente Maza 5427:Juan Ramón Balcarce 5191:Manuel Vicente Maza 5181:Juan Ramón Balcarce 5057:on 2 February 2017. 4182:, pp. 125–128. 4170:, pp. 118–125. 4026:, pp. 40, 118. 3931:, pp. 344–345. 3892:, pp. 340–341. 3880:, pp. 339–340. 3868:, pp. 337–338. 3784:, pp. 318–327. 3768:, pp. 335–336. 3656:, pp. 294–295. 3644:, pp. 284–288. 3593:, pp. 273–275. 3461:, pp. 82, 130. 3449:, pp. 123–124. 3378:, pp. 267–268. 3338:, pp. 205–207. 3290:, pp. 314–315. 3251:, pp. 201–202. 2793:, pp. 118–120. 2625:, pp. 160–162. 2087:, pp. 20, 22; 2031:, pp. 214–215. 1931:, pp. 16, 106. 1868:, pp. 121–122. 1798:, pp. 107–108. 1390:unsuccessful battle 1232:Apogee and downfall 1188:Misiones Orientales 1129:In September 1839, 1108:Manuel Vicente Maza 1067:, the ruler of the 942:totalitarian regime 926:cult of personality 907:Totalitarian regime 880:sum of public power 868:Juan Ramón Balcarce 834:Second governorship 759:benevolent dictator 674:Colorados del Monte 656:Congress of Tucumán 649:Santiago de Liniers 602:Encarnación Ezcurra 492:León Ortiz de Rosas 397:cult of personality 241:Encarnación Ezcurra 128:Juan Ramón Balcarce 81:Manuel Vicente Maza 6253:San Nicolás (1852) 6207:Don Gonzalo (1873) 5857:Fernando de la Rúa 5790:Juan Domingo Perón 5681:Juan Domingo Perón 5613:José Félix Uriburu 5490:Nicolás Avellaneda 5471:Argentine Republic 5432:Juan José Viamonte 5380:Unitarian Republic 5370:Juan Pedro Aguirre 5340:Juan José Viamonte 5312: 5297:Second Triumvirate 5159:Juan José Viamonte 5151:Political offices 4581:The Paraguayan War 4330:Argentina violenta 4066:, pp. 7, 48; 3998:, pp. 43–44; 3672:, p. 318–319. 3374:, pp. 31–33; 3208:, pp. 81, 97. 3204:, pp. 26–27; 2981:, pp. 22, 91. 2523:, pp. 16, 22. 2319:, pp. 51, 59, 2071:, pp. 19–20; 2043:, pp. 26–27; 2003:, pp. 43–45; 1923:, pp. 39–40; 1880:, pp. 45–46; 1584: 1499: 1412: 1355: 1253: 1218:Manuela Robustiana 1180: 1163:Ruler of Argentina 1061: 995: 917: 852: 785: 706: 661:fought a civil war 637: 560: 555:. Oil painting by 529:Caballería de los 496:Province of Burgos 480: 416:blockade by France 116:Juan José Viamonte 56:13th and 17th 6332: 6331: 6157:La Tablada (1829) 6125: 6124: 6024:Alejandro Heredia 6004:Francisco Ramírez 5928: 5927: 5887:Alberto Fernández 5826:Leopoldo Galtieri 5674:terms (1946–1955) 5639:Revolution of '43 5594:Hipólito Yrigoyen 5584:Hipólito Yrigoyen 5523:Carlos Pellegrini 5500:Generation of '80 5310:Flag of Argentina 5292:First Triumvirate 5219: 5218: 5210:Succeeded by 5178:Succeeded by 5140:Media related to 5120:978-0-8032-4786-4 5073:978-0-520-08284-7 4862:978-0-8229-6203-8 4817:. London: Verso. 4802:Rosas y su tiempo 4789:978-1-118-77248-5 4639:978-1-61148-545-5 4620:978-0-8032-2762-0 4590:978-1-901543-15-5 4540:978-1-84631-238-0 4493:978-1-85109-986-3 4422:978-1-60520-565-6 4358:978-0-8165-2847-9 4289:Historia de Rosas 3503:Sagastizábal 2000 3422:, pp. 87–88. 3396:Sagastizábal 2000 3360:Sagastizábal 2000 3041:, pp. 45–46. 3029:, pp. 55–56. 3017:, pp. 76–77. 3005:, pp. 53–54. 2669:, pp. 49–50. 2550:, pp. 42–43. 2407:Sagastizábal 2000 1896:, pp. 38–40. 1884:, pp. 39–41. 1856:, pp. 38–39. 1810:, pp. 17–19. 1428:chargé d'affaires 1414:Rosas arrived in 1314:Hispanic American 1178:performance, 1845 1058:Raymond Monvoisin 792:. The capture of 743:survey expedition 726:Santa Fe Province 716:In December 1828 331: 330: 322:Battle of Caseros 6407: 6294:Unitarian League 6147:San Roque (1829) 5999:Estanislao López 5977: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5932: 5905:Portal:Argentina 5831:Reynaldo Bignone 5728:José María Guido 5553:Roque Sáenz Peña 5245: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5188:Preceded by 5156:Preceded by 5148: 5139: 5124: 5105: 5096: 5077: 5058: 5053:. Archived from 5033: 5014: 5005: 4986: 4964: 4945: 4926: 4913: 4894: 4875: 4866: 4847: 4828: 4816: 4805: 4793: 4776:Meade, Teresa A. 4771: 4759: 4745: 4723: 4704: 4685: 4673: 4662: 4643: 4624: 4605: 4594: 4575: 4556: 4544: 4525: 4506: 4497: 4478: 4476: 4449: 4437: 4426: 4404: 4392: 4381: 4362: 4343: 4324: 4312: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4261: 4243: 4225: 4219: 4218:, pp. 1, 4. 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4101: 4095: 4081: 4075: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4013: 4007: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3769: 3755: 3749: 3735: 3729: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3679: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3496: 3490: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 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2016: 1998: 1992: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1918: 1912: 1906: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1826: 1820: 1811: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1735: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1641: 1468:of Southampton. 1294:Empire of Brazil 822:Magellan Straits 814:fine territories 790:Unitarian League 737:, who met Rosas 722:Estanislao López 669:Federalist Party 631:Gauchos hunting 525:Santiago Liniers 478: 475: 440:Empire of Brazil 362:Federalist Party 340:and briefly the 305:Military service 300: 264: 262: 258: 254: 225:Federalist Party 186:, United Kingdom 180: 156: 154: 138:Personal details 124: 112: 103: 89: 77: 68: 44: 30: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6284:Arequito Revolt 6262: 6211: 6177:Caaguazú (1841) 6172:Famaillá (1841) 6162:Oncativo (1830) 6121: 6058: 6054:Chacho Peñaloza 6029:Pascual Echagüe 6019:Facundo Quiroga 5972: 5970: 5964: 5959: 5929: 5924: 5896: 5872:Néstor Kirchner 5867:Eduardo Duhalde 5835: 5799: 5768: 5737: 5723:Arturo Frondizi 5711: 5702:Eduardo Lonardi 5685: 5663: 5632: 5604:Infamous Decade 5598: 5562: 5543:Manuel Quintana 5528:Luis Sáenz Peña 5494: 5480:Bartolomé Mitre 5461: 5452:Santiago Derqui 5398: 5374: 5320: 5313: 5301: 5270: 5258: 5249: 5215: 5206: 5193: 5183: 5174: 5161: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5108: 5099: 5093: 5080: 5074: 5061: 5036: 5030: 5017: 5008: 5002: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4961: 4948: 4942: 4929: 4916: 4910: 4897: 4891: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4850: 4844: 4831: 4825: 4808: 4796: 4790: 4774: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4726: 4720: 4707: 4701: 4688: 4682: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4640: 4627: 4621: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4578: 4572: 4559: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4500: 4494: 4481: 4452: 4446: 4429: 4423: 4409:Darwin, Charles 4407: 4401: 4384: 4378: 4365: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4327: 4321: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4280: 4266:Bethell, Leslie 4264: 4258:El Tirano Rosas 4255: 4251: 4246: 4238:, p. 207; 4234:, p. 108; 4230:, p. 107; 4226: 4222: 4206:, p. 107; 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4156:Dusenberry 1961 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118:, p. 224; 4110:, p. 114; 4102: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4062:, p. 120; 4058: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4014: 4010: 3994:, p. 102; 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3812:, p. 362; 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3776: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3744:, p. 182; 3736: 3732: 3724:, p. 177; 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3680: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632:, pp. 280. 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577:, p. 140; 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3501:, p. 131; 3497: 3493: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3386: 3382: 3370: 3366: 3358:, p. 315; 3354:, p. 207; 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322:, p. 206; 3318: 3314: 3302:, p. 293; 3298: 3294: 3286:, p. 202; 3278: 3274: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3128:, p. 261; 3124: 3120: 3112: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3081:, p. 106; 3077:, p. 316; 3069:, p. 289; 3053:, p. 248; 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2961: 2957: 2949:, p. 106; 2937:, p. 167; 2933: 2929: 2921:, p. 180; 2913:, p. 166; 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885:, p. 179; 2881: 2877: 2869:, p. 178; 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825:, p. 150; 2821: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637:, p. 162; 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2455:, p. 105; 2447: 2443: 2431: 2427: 2276: 2272: 2264:, p. 104; 2248: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2208:, p. 121; 2204:, p. 155; 2200:, p. 580; 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168:, p. 155; 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2136: 2132: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2095: 2083: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2023: 2019: 1999: 1995: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1959:, pp. 119. 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1900: 1892: 1888: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1844: 1836: 1829: 1821: 1814: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1751: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1617:Néstor Kirchner 1592:economic crises 1511:(Nationalism). 1488: 1474: 1404: 1402:Exile and death 1399: 1343: 1337: 1329:Camila O'Gorman 1245: 1239: 1234: 1165: 1050: 1045: 999:state terrorism 987: 985:State terrorism 909: 841: 836: 831: 810:Desert Campaign 781:Desert Campaign 773: 767: 765:Desert Campaign 698: 665:Unitarian Party 625: 619: 614: 551:resting in the 542: 476: 466: 461: 373:state terrorism 346:private militia 320: 316: 288: 266: 250: 246: 243: 230: 219:Unitarian Party 212:Political party 182: 178: 158: 152: 150: 149: 148: 122: 110: 104: 99: 87: 75: 69: 64: 47: 35: 26: 23: 12: 11: 5: 6413: 6411: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6337: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Benegas (1820) 6225: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6187:Caseros (1852) 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6142:Navarro (1828) 6139: 6133: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6097:José María Paz 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6014:Manuel Dorrego 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5935: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5882:Mauricio Macri 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5628:Ramón Castillo 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5509: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5417:Manuel Dorrego 5413: 5411: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5264:May Revolution 5260: 5259: 5252:Heads of state 5250: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5176: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5131: 5130:External links 5128: 5126: 5125: 5119: 5106: 5097: 5091: 5078: 5072: 5059: 5034: 5028: 5015: 5006: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4969:Rotker, Susana 4965: 4959: 4946: 4940: 4927: 4914: 4908: 4895: 4889: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4848: 4842: 4829: 4823: 4806: 4794: 4788: 4772: 4766: 4746: 4740: 4724: 4718: 4705: 4699: 4686: 4680: 4663: 4657: 4644: 4638: 4625: 4619: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4576: 4570: 4557: 4545: 4539: 4526: 4520: 4507: 4498: 4492: 4479: 4450: 4444: 4427: 4421: 4405: 4399: 4382: 4376: 4363: 4357: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4319: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4220: 4196: 4194:, p. 131. 4184: 4172: 4160: 4158:, p. 514. 4148: 4146:, p. 125. 4144:Robertson 1930 4136: 4124: 4114:, p. 50; 4106:, p. 44; 4096: 4090:, p. 39; 4076: 4070:, p. 44; 4052: 4050:, p. 103. 4040: 4028: 4022:, p. 43; 4008: 3984: 3982:, p. 357. 3972: 3970:, p. 358. 3957: 3945: 3943:, p. 344. 3933: 3921: 3919:, p. 342. 3906: 3904:, p. 341. 3894: 3882: 3870: 3858: 3856:, p. 337. 3846: 3844:, p. 336. 3834: 3832:, p. 333. 3822: 3820:, p. 336. 3810:Fernandez 1983 3808:, p. 34; 3798: 3796:, p. 330. 3786: 3770: 3750: 3748:, p. 144. 3742:Calabrese 1975 3740:, p. 34; 3730: 3728:, p. 327. 3714: 3712:, p. 297. 3702: 3690: 3688:, p. 328. 3674: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3608:, p. 288. 3595: 3583: 3581:, p. 334. 3567: 3565:, p. 164. 3555: 3553:, p. 262. 3543: 3541:, p. 169. 3531: 3529:, p. 339. 3519: 3517:, p. 373. 3507: 3505:, p. 100. 3491: 3489:, p. 319. 3485:, p. 83; 3475: 3473:, p. 120. 3463: 3451: 3436: 3434:, p. 123. 3424: 3412: 3400: 3398:, p. 245. 3380: 3364: 3362:, p. 245. 3340: 3328: 3326:, p. 314. 3312: 3310:, p. 314. 3292: 3282:, p. 31; 3272: 3270:, p. 202. 3266:, p. 31; 3253: 3241: 3226: 3220:, p. 30; 3210: 3194: 3192:, p. 118. 3182: 3180:, p. 214. 3166: 3150: 3148:, p. 101. 3138: 3136:, p. 102. 3132:, p. 29; 3118: 3103: 3097:, p. 29; 3087: 3085:, p. 120. 3065:, p. 57; 3061:, p. 15; 3057:, p. 29; 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2965:, p. 27; 2955: 2953:, p. 119. 2945:, p. 84; 2941:, p. 27; 2927: 2925:, p. 106. 2917:, p. 27; 2903: 2901:, p. 179. 2891: 2889:, p. 168. 2875: 2873:, p. 106. 2865:, p. 27; 2855: 2843: 2831: 2815: 2813:, p. 120. 2805:, p. 27; 2795: 2789:, p. 77; 2779: 2767: 2761:, p. 27; 2751: 2749:, p. 175. 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 118. 2711: 2699: 2687: 2681:, p. 26; 2671: 2665:, p. 26; 2655: 2643: 2641:, p. 106. 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2525: 2513: 2511:, p. 105. 2507:, p. 16; 2497: 2485: 2473: 2471:, p. 164. 2461: 2459:, p. 117. 2451:, p. 16; 2441: 2439:, p. 119. 2425: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2415:, p. 113, 2410: 2404: 2398: 2397:, p. 106, 2392: 2386: 2385:, p. 319, 2380: 2374: 2373:, p. 145, 2368: 2367:, p. 164, 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2343:, p. 188, 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2317:Fernandez 1983 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2293:Calabrese 1975 2290: 2284: 2270: 2268:, p. 117. 2260:, p. 12; 2256:, p. 20; 2242: 2230: 2218: 2216:, p. 117. 2212:, p. 62; 2196:, p. 69; 2186: 2184:, p. 125. 2174: 2172:, p. 117. 2158: 2146: 2144:, p. 103. 2140:, p. 12; 2130: 2128:, p. 103. 2124:, p. 11; 2120:, p. 20; 2110: 2093: 2077: 2061: 2049: 2033: 2017: 2015:, p. 214. 1993: 1983:, p. 18; 1973: 1961: 1945: 1933: 1913: 1898: 1886: 1870: 1858: 1842: 1827: 1812: 1800: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1749: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1707: 1702:Charles Darwin 1694: 1684: 1666: 1657: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1503:Adolfo Saldías 1473: 1470: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1339:Main article: 1336: 1333: 1309:undeclared war 1241:Main article: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1184:Ragamuffin War 1164: 1161: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 986: 983: 908: 905: 840: 839:Absolute power 837: 835: 832: 794:José María Paz 769:Main article: 766: 763: 747:Henry Southern 735:Charles Darwin 711:Manuel Dorrego 697: 694: 641:May Revolution 618: 615: 613: 610: 574:Platine region 541: 536: 465: 462: 460: 457: 453:Argentine peso 358:Argentine Army 329: 328: 325: 324: 311: 307: 306: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 287: 286: 283: 278: 274: 272: 268: 267: 248: 244: 239: 238: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 222: 215: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 197:, Buenos Aires 192: 188: 187: 181:(aged 83) 175: 171: 170: 168:Spanish Empire 146: 144: 140: 139: 135: 134: 131: 130: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 61: 60: 53: 52: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 33: 24: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6412: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192:Cepeda (1859) 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137:Cepeda (1820) 6135: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Felipe Varela 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5847:Raúl Alfonsín 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5649:Arturo Rawson 5647: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575:secret ballot 5573:terms, after 5572: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5404:Pacto Federal 5401: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5316: 5308: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Primera Junta 5280: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5092:0-8032-4228-X 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5031: 5029:0-8263-3200-5 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 5001:950-49-0249-9 4997: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4982:0-8166-4029-7 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4960:0-520-20352-6 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4941:0-520-06178-0 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4909:0-7656-0209-1 4905: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4890:950-07-1877-4 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4843:950-9843-52-0 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4824:1-85984-738-2 4820: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4767:0-8420-2897-8 4763: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4741:0-19-821129-5 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4719:0-8420-2772-6 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4700:0-7425-3739-0 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4681:1-4039-6254-5 4677: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4660: 4658:0-313-32365-8 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4571:0-7864-1457-X 4567: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4521:1-58465-436-8 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4445:0-8420-2418-2 4441: 4436: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4400:0-520-03776-6 4396: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4377:0-534-62158-9 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4339:987-02-1922-5 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4320:0-7734-7389-0 4316: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4279:0-521-43376-2 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4242:, p. ix. 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4122:, p. 39. 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4094:, p. 15. 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4074:, p. 39. 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4009: 4006:, p. 38. 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239:, p. 96. 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3224:, p. 96. 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3164:, p. 99. 3163: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3116:, p. 97. 3115: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3101:, p. 96. 3100: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2993:, p. 49. 2992: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2969:, p. 85. 2968: 2964: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2853:, p. 83. 2852: 2847: 2844: 2841:, p. 77. 2840: 2835: 2832: 2829:, p. 15. 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2765:, p. 82. 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2737:, p. 38. 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709:, p. 50. 2708: 2703: 2700: 2697:, p. 90. 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685:, p. 81. 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2653:, p. 51. 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2616: 2613:, p. 20. 2612: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2589:, p. 18. 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2574:, p. 17. 2573: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2538:, p. 16. 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2495:, p. 15. 2494: 2489: 2486: 2483:, p. 22. 2482: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2421:, p. 53. 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2409:, p. 99, 2408: 2405: 2403:, p. 57, 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391:, p. 73, 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2379:, p. 17, 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2361:, p. 84, 2360: 2357: 2355:, p. 47, 2354: 2351: 2349:, p. 16, 2348: 2347:Leuchars 2002 2345: 2342: 2339: 2337:, p. 15, 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2325:, p. 24, 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2313:, p. 28, 2312: 2309: 2307:, p. 72, 2306: 2303: 2301:, p. 29, 2300: 2297: 2295:, p. 21, 2294: 2291: 2289:, p. 14, 2288: 2285: 2283:, p. 20, 2282: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2243: 2240:, p. 86. 2239: 2234: 2231: 2228:, p. 79. 2227: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2156:, p. 12. 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2108:, p. 10. 2107: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2091:, p. 10. 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2075:, p. 10. 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047:, p. 24. 2046: 2042: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2027:, p. 9; 2026: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007:, p. 9; 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1991:, p. 93. 1990: 1987:, p. 9; 1986: 1982: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955:, p. 3; 1954: 1949: 1946: 1943:, p. 28. 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1911:, p. 14. 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1852:, p. 2; 1851: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1774:, p. 19. 1773: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746:(in Spanish). 1745: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1637: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1596:Falklands War 1593: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532:, racist and 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1466:town cemetery 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:tenant farmer 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:21-gun salute 1417: 1408: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:Pedro II 1372: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Gran Colombia 1283: 1282:South America 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193:gran mariscal 1189: 1185: 1177: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:Supreme Court 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 991: 984: 982: 980: 979: 974: 970: 966: 961: 959: 955: 954:accoutrements 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 931: 927: 923: 913: 906: 904: 901: 897: 891: 889: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 850: 845: 838: 833: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 805: 801: 799: 795: 791: 782: 777: 772: 764: 762: 760: 756: 751: 748: 744: 742: 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 702: 695: 693: 691: 687: 682: 677: 675: 670: 666: 662: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 634: 629: 624: 616: 612:Rise to power 611: 609: 607: 603: 599: 594: 591: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566: 558: 554: 550: 546: 540: 537: 535: 533: 532: 526: 522: 517: 515: 509: 507: 503: 502: 497: 493: 489: 485: 470: 463: 458: 456: 454: 449: 448:tenant farmer 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 326: 323: 319: 315: 312: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 284: 282: 279: 276: 275: 273: 269: 242: 237: 233: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 214: 210: 207: 204: 200: 196: 193: 191:Resting place 189: 185: 177:14 March 1877 176: 172: 169: 165: 161: 157:30 March 1793 145: 141: 136: 132: 129: 126: 120: 117: 114: 108: 102: 97: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 73: 67: 62: 59: 54: 50: 43: 38: 31: 28: 21: 16: 6223:Pilar (1820) 6197:Pavón (1861) 6092:Juan Lavalle 6082:José Rondeau 6033: 5994:Mariano Vera 5892:Javier Milei 5852:Carlos Menem 5804: 5795:Isabel Perón 5742: 5690: 5669: 5637: 5568: 5503: 5466: 5441: 5421: 5379: 5365:José Rondeau 5345:José Rondeau 5287:Junta Grande 5196: 5164: 5110: 5101: 5082: 5063: 5055:the original 5042: 5019: 5010: 4991: 4972: 4950: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4899: 4880: 4871: 4852: 4833: 4812: 4801: 4779: 4755: 4731: 4709: 4690: 4669: 4648: 4629: 4610: 4600: 4580: 4561: 4552: 4530: 4511: 4502: 4483: 4464: 4458: 4433: 4412: 4388: 4367: 4348: 4329: 4308: 4297: 4288: 4269: 4257: 4232:Shumway 2004 4228:Chamosa 2010 4223: 4216:Lanctot 2014 4212:Shumway 2004 4204:Chamosa 2010 4199: 4192:Shumway 2004 4187: 4180:Shumway 2004 4175: 4168:Shumway 2004 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4108:Shumway 2004 4104:Chamosa 2010 4099: 4079: 4068:Chamosa 2010 4055: 4043: 4031: 4024:Chamosa 2010 4011: 4000:Chamosa 2010 3987: 3975: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3897: 3885: 3873: 3861: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3818:Quesada 2001 3806:Bethell 1993 3801: 3789: 3773: 3766:Quesada 2001 3753: 3738:Bethell 1993 3733: 3726:Quesada 2001 3717: 3705: 3693: 3686:Quesada 2001 3677: 3670:Quesada 2001 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3586: 3579:Quesada 2001 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3510: 3494: 3487:Quesada 2001 3478: 3466: 3454: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3383: 3372:Bethell 1993 3367: 3356:Quesada 2001 3343: 3331: 3324:Quesada 2001 3315: 3308:Quesada 2001 3295: 3288:Quesada 2001 3280:Bethell 1993 3275: 3264:Bethell 1993 3244: 3218:Bethell 1993 3213: 3202:Bethell 1993 3197: 3185: 3169: 3153: 3141: 3130:Bethell 1993 3121: 3095:Bethell 1993 3090: 3083:Shumway 1993 3075:Quesada 2001 3067:Loveman 1999 3055:Bethell 1993 3046: 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2963:Bethell 1993 2958: 2951:Shumway 1993 2939:Bethell 1993 2930: 2915:Bethell 1993 2906: 2894: 2878: 2863:Bethell 1993 2858: 2846: 2834: 2818: 2811:Shumway 1993 2803:Bethell 1993 2798: 2791:Shumway 1993 2782: 2770: 2759:Bethell 1993 2754: 2742: 2730: 2723:Shumway 1993 2714: 2702: 2690: 2679:Bethell 1993 2674: 2663:Bethell 1993 2658: 2646: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2516: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2464: 2457:Shumway 1993 2444: 2437:Shumway 1993 2428: 2419:Whigham 2002 2413:Shumway 1993 2383:Quesada 2001 2331:, p. 4, 2311:Edwards 2008 2299:Cevasco 2006 2281:Bethell 1993 2273: 2266:Shumway 1993 2254:Bethell 1993 2245: 2233: 2221: 2214:Shumway 1993 2202:Geisler 2005 2189: 2177: 2170:Shumway 1993 2166:Geisler 2005 2161: 2149: 2133: 2118:Bethell 1993 2113: 2085:Bethell 1993 2080: 2069:Bethell 1993 2064: 2052: 2045:Bethell 1993 2036: 2020: 1996: 1981:Bethell 1993 1976: 1971:, p. 3. 1964: 1957:Shumway 1993 1948: 1936: 1929:Shumway 2013 1916: 1889: 1873: 1861: 1845: 1840:, p. 1. 1825:, p. 2. 1808:Pradère 1970 1803: 1791: 1786:, p. 9. 1779: 1767: 1762:, p. 3. 1743: 1733: 1710: 1697: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1660: 1648: 1639: 1600:Carlos Menem 1598:. President 1585: 1569:Revisionismo 1568: 1566: 1562:Nacionalismo 1561: 1558:Revisionismo 1557: 1554:Nacionalismo 1553: 1550:Nacionalismo 1549: 1546:Nacionalismo 1545: 1542:Revisionismo 1541: 1534:misogynistic 1530:anti-Semitic 1513:Nacionalismo 1512: 1508:Nacionalismo 1506: 1500: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1413: 1386: 1368: 1356: 1325: 1321:Andrés Bello 1298: 1270:Manuel Oribe 1254: 1214: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1181: 1174: 1156: 1131:Juan Lavalle 1128: 1119: 1115: 1103: 1091: 1088:Federal Pact 1085: 1076: 1062: 1037: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1012:unit of the 1005: 1003: 996: 976: 969:Black people 962: 957: 949: 945: 939: 934: 929: 918: 899: 895: 892: 888:rubber stamp 884: 875: 871: 863: 855: 853: 806: 802: 798:Federal Pact 786: 754: 752: 740: 718:Juan Lavalle 715: 707: 680: 678: 673: 653: 638: 633:feral horses 605: 597: 595: 590:labour force 586: 563: 561: 538: 528: 518: 510: 499: 484:Buenos Aires 481: 437: 414:, endured a 410:against the 408:fought a war 405: 401:totalitarian 388: 384: 377:Federal Pact 369:dictatorship 366: 333: 332: 310:Battles/wars 179:(1877-03-14) 160:Buenos Aires 123:Succeeded by 100: 88:Succeeded by 65: 27: 15: 6395:1877 deaths 6390:1793 births 6112:Pedro Ferré 5981:Federalists 5606:(1930–1943) 5577:(1916–1930) 5506:(1880–1916) 5473:(1862–1880) 5410:(1827–1862) 5323:(1814–1820) 5275:(1810–1814) 4750:Lynch, John 4728:Lynch, John 4503:El Dictador 4208:Goebel 2011 4132:Goebel 2011 4120:Nállim 2012 4116:Miller 1999 4112:Goebel 2011 4088:Nállim 2012 4072:Nállim 2012 4064:Goebel 2011 4020:Goebel 2011 4004:Nállim 2012 3996:Goebel 2011 3059:Hooker 2008 2401:Rotker 2002 2377:Moreno 1999 2335:Hooker 2008 2329:Hanway 2003 2323:Goebel 2011 2287:Bilbao 1919 2226:Darwin 2008 2194:Castro 2001 1866:Graham 1933 1796:Hudson 1918 1526:Integralism 1462:Southampton 1432:Robert Gore 1397:Later years 1382:Platine War 1341:Platine War 1335:Platine War 1120:estancieros 1028:mazorqueros 1008:, an armed 973:slave trade 896:estancieros 739:during the 519:In 1806, a 477: 1803 444:Platine War 391:, an armed 202:Nationality 184:Southampton 111:Preceded by 76:Preceded by 6339:Categories 6064:Unitarians 5207:1835–1852 5175:1829–1832 4240:Lynch 2001 4236:Lewis 2003 3980:Lynch 1981 3968:Lynch 1981 3953:Lynch 1981 3941:Lynch 1981 3929:Lynch 1981 3917:Lynch 1981 3902:Lynch 1981 3890:Lynch 1981 3878:Lynch 1981 3866:Lynch 1981 3854:Lynch 1981 3842:Lynch 1981 3830:Lynch 1981 3814:Lynch 2001 3794:Lynch 1981 3782:Lynch 1981 3778:Bassi 1942 3762:Lynch 1981 3758:Bassi 1942 3746:Lynch 2001 3722:Lynch 1981 3710:Lynch 1981 3698:Lynch 1981 3682:Lynch 2001 3666:Lynch 2001 3654:Lynch 1981 3642:Lynch 1981 3630:Lynch 1981 3618:Lynch 1981 3606:Lynch 1981 3591:Lynch 1981 3575:Lynch 2001 3563:Lynch 1981 3551:Lynch 1981 3539:Lynch 1981 3527:Lynch 1981 3515:Lynch 1981 3499:Lynch 2001 3483:Lynch 2001 3471:Trias 1970 3459:Lynch 2001 3447:Lynch 2001 3432:Lynch 2001 3420:Lynch 2001 3392:Lynch 1981 3388:Bassi 1942 3376:Lynch 1981 3352:Lynch 1981 3348:Bassi 1942 3336:Lynch 1981 3320:Lynch 1981 3304:Lynch 1981 3300:Bassi 1942 3284:Lynch 1981 3268:Lynch 1981 3249:Lynch 1981 3237:Lynch 2001 3222:Lynch 2001 3206:Lynch 2001 3190:Lynch 2001 3178:Lynch 1981 3174:Bassi 1942 3162:Lynch 2001 3158:Bassi 1942 3146:Lynch 2001 3134:Lynch 2001 3126:Bassi 1942 3114:Lynch 2001 3099:Lynch 2001 3071:Lynch 2001 3063:Lewis 2003 3051:Bassi 1942 3039:Lynch 2001 3027:Lynch 2001 3015:Lynch 2001 3003:Lynch 2001 2991:Lynch 2001 2979:Lynch 2001 2967:Lynch 2001 2943:Lynch 2001 2935:Bassi 1942 2919:Lynch 1981 2911:Bassi 1942 2899:Lynch 1981 2887:Bassi 1942 2883:Lynch 1981 2867:Lynch 1981 2851:Lynch 2001 2839:Lynch 2001 2827:Lynch 2001 2823:Bassi 1942 2807:Lynch 1981 2787:Lynch 2001 2775:Lynch 1981 2763:Lynch 2001 2747:Lynch 1981 2735:Lynch 1981 2719:Lynch 2001 2707:Lynch 2001 2695:Lynch 2001 2683:Lynch 2001 2667:Lynch 2001 2651:Lynch 2001 2635:Lynch 1981 2623:Lynch 1981 2611:Lynch 2001 2599:Lynch 2001 2587:Lynch 2001 2572:Lynch 2001 2560:Lynch 1981 2548:Lynch 1981 2536:Lynch 2001 2521:Lynch 2001 2505:Lynch 2001 2493:Lynch 2001 2481:Lynch 2001 2469:Lynch 2001 2449:Lynch 2001 2433:Lynch 2001 2371:Meade 2016 2365:Lynch 2001 2359:Lewis 2006 2353:Lewis 2003 2258:Lynch 2001 2250:Bassi 1942 2238:Lynch 2001 2210:Mejía 2001 2206:Lynch 1981 2182:Lynch 2001 2154:Lynch 2001 2138:Lynch 2001 2122:Lynch 2001 2106:Lynch 2001 2089:Lynch 2001 2073:Lynch 2001 2057:Lynch 2001 2041:Lynch 2001 2025:Lynch 2001 2005:Lynch 2001 2001:Bassi 1942 1985:Lynch 2001 1969:Lynch 2001 1953:Lynch 2001 1941:Lynch 2001 1925:Lynch 2001 1921:Bassi 1942 1909:Lynch 1981 1894:Lynch 2001 1882:Bassi 1942 1878:Lynch 2001 1854:Bassi 1942 1850:Lynch 2001 1838:Lynch 2001 1823:Lynch 2001 1784:Lynch 1981 1772:Lynch 2001 1726:References 1476:See also: 1458:Swaythling 1274:Montevideo 1222:monarchist 1100:Entre Ríos 1010:parapolice 978:candombles 937:movement. 621:See also: 606:estanciero 539:Estanciero 531:Migueletes 514:absolutism 459:Early life 418:, faced a 393:parapolice 371:backed by 153:1793-03-30 5973:(leaders) 5256:Argentina 4084:Rock 1995 4060:Rock 1995 4048:Rock 1995 4036:Rock 1995 4016:Rock 1995 3992:Rock 1995 3079:Rock 1987 2947:Rock 1987 2923:Rock 1987 2871:Rock 1987 2639:Rock 1987 2509:Rock 1987 2453:Rock 1987 2395:Rock 1987 2389:Rein 1998 2262:Rock 1987 2198:Crow 1980 2142:Rock 1987 2126:Rock 1987 2009:Rock 1987 1989:Rock 1987 1625:banknotes 1609:Dirty War 1590:, severe 1450:estancias 1148:Catamarca 862:, as the 681:estancias 654:When the 645:Argentina 598:estancias 438:When the 293:Signature 227:(1826–52) 221:(1820–26) 206:Argentine 101:In office 66:In office 6267:See also 6216:Treaties 5971:involved 5671:Peronist 4971:(2002). 4800:(2001). 4778:(2016). 4752:(2001). 4730:(1981). 4551:(1933). 4411:(2008). 4268:(1993). 1613:Peronist 1538:eugenics 1430:Captain 1416:Plymouth 1318:humanist 1288:and the 1257:Paraguay 1157:Rosistas 1144:La Rioja 1104:Rosistas 1092:de facto 1022:and the 950:chiripás 900:estancia 856:Rosistas 690:caudillo 617:Caudillo 565:estancia 429:Paraguay 354:caudillo 271:Children 6130:Battles 5969:Parties 4249:Sources 1744:Infobae 1705:wrong." 1653:Palermo 1522:Fascism 1460:, near 1441:Rosismo 1363:Manuela 1359:Palermo 1265:Uruguay 1261:Bolivia 1197:Mazorca 1175:andombe 1136:Tucumán 1116:Mazorca 1077:Rosista 1033:scalped 1024:Mazorca 1006:Mazorca 965:Jesuits 958:Rosismo 946:Rosismo 935:Rosismo 930:Rosismo 872:Rosismo 864:Rosista 684:in the 582:gauchos 549:Gauchos 501:Criollo 425:Uruguay 389:Mazorca 265: 249: 245: 5668:First 5567:First 5271:up to 5117: 5089: 5070: 5026: 4998: 4979: 4957: 4938: 4906: 4887: 4859: 4840: 4821: 4786: 4764: 4738: 4716: 4697: 4678: 4655: 4636: 4617: 4587: 4568: 4537: 4518: 4490: 4442: 4419: 4397: 4374: 4355: 4336: 4317: 4276: 1679:rancho 1518:Nazism 1484:, and 1472:Legacy 1353:, 1876 783:, 1833 741:Beagle 553:pampas 455:bill. 255: 235:Spouse 2277:See: 1631:Notes 1276:that 1152:Jujuy 1140:Salta 818:Andes 578:peons 570:ranch 464:Birth 263:) 251:( 247: 5406:and 5266:and 5115:ISBN 5087:ISBN 5068:ISBN 5024:ISBN 4996:ISBN 4977:ISBN 4955:ISBN 4936:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4885:ISBN 4857:ISBN 4838:ISBN 4819:ISBN 4784:ISBN 4762:ISBN 4736:ISBN 4714:ISBN 4695:ISBN 4676:ISBN 4653:ISBN 4634:ISBN 4615:ISBN 4585:ISBN 4566:ISBN 4535:ISBN 4516:ISBN 4488:ISBN 4440:ISBN 4417:ISBN 4395:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4353:ISBN 4334:ISBN 4315:ISBN 4274:ISBN 1619:and 1524:and 1263:and 1150:and 639:The 427:and 385:coup 261:1838 257:1813 174:Died 143:Born 5254:of 5047:doi 4469:doi 1456:in 1371:Dom 882:). 516:." 6341:: 5502:– 5469:– 5204:) 5172:) 5041:. 4923:10 4921:. 4465:41 4463:. 4457:. 3960:^ 3909:^ 3598:^ 3439:^ 3256:^ 3229:^ 3106:^ 2579:^ 2528:^ 2096:^ 1901:^ 1830:^ 1815:^ 1752:^ 1742:. 1540:. 1520:, 1480:, 1259:, 1146:, 1142:, 1138:, 584:. 474:c. 364:. 253:m. 166:, 162:, 5954:e 5947:t 5940:v 5244:e 5237:t 5230:v 5200:( 5168:( 5123:. 5095:. 5076:. 5049:: 5032:. 5004:. 4985:. 4963:. 4944:. 4912:. 4893:. 4865:. 4846:. 4827:. 4792:. 4770:. 4744:. 4722:. 4703:. 4684:. 4661:. 4642:. 4623:. 4593:. 4574:. 4543:. 4524:. 4496:. 4477:. 4471:: 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