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539:. Many of these crafts, and also agricultural production, feature prominently in the proto-cuneiform tablets – indicating that much of the economy was centrally controlled and administered. In the texts from Jemdet Nasr, the term "SANGA AB" appears, which may denote a high official. The building was probably destroyed by fire. There is no evidence for far-reaching trade-contacts; no precious stones or other exotic materials were found. However, the homogeneity of the pottery that is typical for the Jemdet Nasr period suggests that there must have been intensive regional contacts. This idea is strengthened by the finding of sealings on the tablets of Jemdet Nasr that list a number of cities in southern Mesopotamia, including
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1926, between 150 and 180 tablets were found in Mound B; the error margin resulting from gaps in the administration kept by the excavators. Some of these tablets may actually have come from the 1928 excavations under
Watelin. The tablets from the regular excavations are stored in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad. Two Uruk V period (c. 3500-3350 BC) clay tablets, called "numerical tablets" or "impressed tablets", were found at the site.
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animals, buildings, containers and more abstract designs. None of the sealings on the tablets was made by the seals that were found at the site, indicating that sealing either occurred outside Jemdet Nasr or that seals could also be made of perishable materials. One sealing, found on thirteen tablets, lists the names of a number of cities surrounding Jemdet Nasr, including Larsa, Nippur, Ur and Uruk.
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excavations have resulted in considerable quantities of Middle Uruk period (mid-4th millennium BC) pottery. It seems that during this period, both Mounds A and B were occupied. During the Late Uruk period (late 4th millennium BC), an extensive settlement must have existed at Mound B, but its nature is again hard to ascertain due to a lack of well-excavated archaeological contexts.
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grain, the counting of herds of cattle, the distribution of secondary products like beer, fish, fruit and textiles, as well as various objects of undefinable nature. Six tablets deal with the calculation of agricultural field areas from surface measurements, which is the earliest attested occurrence of such calculations.
661:, by the time of the Jemdet Nasr period, there was already a trend toward more abstract and simpler designs. It is also during this period that the script acquired its iconic wedge-shaped appearance. While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty, it is thought to have been
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distribution of Early
Dynastic pottery on the surface, the settlement seems to have been smaller than during the Jemdet Nasr period. A single Early Dynastic I grave was found on Mound A, but no further evidence for occupation during this period. The building that was visible on the surface of the mound was probably a
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The tablets from Jemdet Nasr are primarily administrative accounts; long lists of various objects, foodstuffs and animals that were probably distributed among the population from a centralized authority. Thus, these texts document, among other things, the cultivation, processing and redistribution of
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Apart from the proto-cuneiform tablets, Jemdet Nasr gained fame for its painted polychrome and monochrome pottery. Painted pots display both geometric motifs and depictions of animals, including birds, fish, goats, scorpions, snakes and trees. However, the majority of the pottery was undecorated, and
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in
Chicago. Another group of tablets was purchased in Kish in the 1930s and of these it was asserted that they came from Jemdet Nasr, although this is unlikely due to stylistic differences between these tablets and those excavated at Jemdet Nasr in 1926. During the first regular excavation season in
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and occupied until the Early
Dynastic I period. The Ubaid occupation of the site has not been explored through excavation but is inferred from pottery dating to that period, and clay sickles and a fragment of a clay cone, that were found on the surface of Mound A. Both the 1920s as well as the 1980s
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in
Chicago; the latter two co-sponsors of the excavations in Kish and Jemdet Nasr. A second season was organized in 1928, lasting between 13 and 22 March and directed by L.Ch. Watelin, the then-field director at Kish, accompanied by Henry Field. This time, some 120 workmen were employed. Excavation
407:, his record-keeping was very poor. He contracted a fever at Jemdet Nasr from which he never fully recovered, which ended the excavation season. As a result, much information on the exact find spots of artefacts, including the tablets, was lost. A large, 4500 square meter (92 meters by 48 meters),
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objects were found in Jemdet Nasr. These included an adze, a fish-hook and a small pendant in the shape of a goose. A particular type of stone vessel with ledge handles and a rim decorated by incised rectangles has so far not been found at any other site. The function of a number of flat polished
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After the destruction of the Jemdet Nasr building, occupation of the site seems to have continued uninterrupted, as pottery forms show a gradual transition from Jemdet Nasr forms into the Early
Dynastic I repertoire. At least one building of this period has been excavated at Mound B. Based on the
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The Jemdet Nasr period settlement (3100–2900 BC) extended over an area of 4–6 hectares (9.9–14.8 acres) of Mound B. Some 0.4 hectares (0.99 acres) was occupied by the single, large mudbrick building that was excavated by
Langdon, and where the clay tablets were found. In and around this building,
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consists of three mounds, A, B, and C, that are located adjacent to each other. Mound A is 160 by 140 metres (520 by 460 ft), 2.9 metres (9 ft 6 in) high and has a total area of 1.5 hectares (3.7 acres). Mound B, located immediately to the northeast of A, measures 350 by 300 metres
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and it was decided that an excavation was necessary after several pictographic tablets were found. Some burnt grain were recovered and later determined to be cone wheat (Triticum turgidum) the earliest exemplar of that in the region. The first season at Jemdet Nasr took place in 1926, directed by
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and cylinder seal impressions on the clay tablets have been found at Jemdet Nasr. Stylistically, these seals are a continuation of the preceding Uruk period. The cylinder seals display humans as well as animals in a very crude style. Over 80 of the clay tablets bore a sealing, showing humans,
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of the site, to revisit the large building on Mound B that had been excavated by
Langdon but very poorly published, and to explore a Neo-Babylonian or later baked brick building that was visible on the surface of Mound A. During the 1989 season, again directed by Matthews, a dig-house was
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was found. The bricks used were of the
Riemchen (20 X 8 5 x 8 cm) and Flachziegel (23 x 9 x 6 5 cm) types, with some of the former baked and all of the latter. All baked bricks were pierced with three one centimeter holes before baking. The finds from this season were divided between the
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The exact findspots of many objects retrieved during the 1920s excavations could no longer be reconstructed due to the poor publication standards, so that many can only be dated by comparing them with what has been found at other sites that do have a good
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constructed on the site. Research focused on Mound B with the aim to further explore the ancient occupation in that area. No work was carried out on Mound A. Further excavation seasons, although planned, were prevented by the outbreak of the
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The clay tablets that were reported to the excavators of Kish in 1925 may not have been the first to come from Jemdet Nasr. Already before 1915, a French antiquities dealer had bought tablets that reportedly came from the site through
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ended after 11 days (of the 20 planned) due to a plague of locusts. Watelin kept almost no records of his excavations at the site but from the few notes that survive he seems to have been digging in the same area as
Langdon.
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building thought to be the ancient administrative centre of the site. A second season took place in 1928, but this season was very poorly recorded. Subsequent excavations in the 1980s under British archaeologist
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A five-day ration list. Each line of proto-cuneiform text mentions rations for one day. The sign for "day" and the numbers 1-5 are easily identifiable. Probably from Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. Circa 3000 BCE. British
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and director of the excavations at Kish. The excavation lasted over a month and employed between 12 and 60 workmen. Langdon was not an archaeologist, and even by the standards of his time, as exemplified by
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Roger J. Matthews, Cities, Seals and Writing: Archaic Seal Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur, Materialien zu den frühen Schriftzeugnissen des Vorderen Orients, vol. 2, Berlin: Gebr, Mann Verlag, 1993,
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513:. Before the implementation of the Musaiyib irrigation project in the 1950s, the site lay in a semi-desert area. Today, the site is located in an area that is heavily irrigated for agriculture. The
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the fact that most painted pottery seems to have come from the large central building suggests that it had a special function. Pottery forms included large jars, bowls, spouted vessels and cups.
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periods. Based on texts found there mentioning an ensi of NI.RU that is thought to be its ancient name. During ancient times the city was on a canal linking it to other major Sumerian centers.
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as a raw material is widely available around Jemdet Nasr, clay objects are very common. Clay objects included baked clay bricks, clay sickles, fragments of drain pipes, spatulas,
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in 1990 and no fieldwork has been carried out at the site since then. The excavation archives for this dig are still in Baghdad but field photographs have now been digitized.
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had been found by locals at a site called Jemdet Nasr, some 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Kish. The site was subsequently visited on January 6 1926 by Langdon and
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Apprentice scribes learned the writing system through lists of related signs, like this one dealing with place names. From Jemdet-Nasr, Iraq. 3000-2900 BCE. British Museum
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Mónica Palmero Fernández, "Using DSLR to 'Scan' Colour Slides: learning from the Digitising Jemdet Nasr 1988–1989 Project", Internet Archaeology, vol. 55, 2020
321:(3100–2900 BC), and was one of the oldest Sumerian cities. It is adjacent to the much larger site of Tell Barguthiat. The site was first excavated in 1926 by
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is thought to have arisen in the second half of the 4th millennium BC. While at first it was characterized by a small set of symbols that were predominantly
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were, among other things, undertaken to relocate the building excavated by Langdon. These excavations have shown that the site was also occupied during the
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The importance of the findings at Jemdet Nasr were immediately recognized after the 1920s excavations. During a large conference in Baghdad in 1930, the
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The Herbert Weld Collection in the Ashmolean Museum: Pictographic Inscriptions from Jemdet Nasr Excavated by the Oxford and Field Museum Expedition
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Ernest Mackay, Report on the Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq, Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropology, Memoirs, vol. I, no. 3, Chicago, 1931
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and chronological control. Many of the objects found during the 1920s could be dated from the Uruk period to the Early Dynastic I period. Very few
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518:(1,150 by 980 ft) for a total area of 7.5 hectares (19 acres), reaching up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) above the modern level of the plain.
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Pollock, Susan (1990), "Political Economy as Viewed from the Garbage Dump: Jemdet Nasr Occupation at the Uruk Mound, Abu Salabikh",
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Harden, D. B., "A Typological Examination of Sumerian Pottery from Jamdat Nasr and Kish", Iraq, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 30–44, 1934
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Matthews, Roger J., "Jemdet Nasr: The Site and the Period", The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 196–203, 1992
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Moorey, P. R. S., "The Late Prehistoric Administrative Building at Jamdat Nasr", Iraq, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 95–106, 1976
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Matthews, R., "After the archive: Early Dynastic I occupation at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq", Al-Rāfidān 18, pp. 109–17, 1997
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In 1988 and 1989, two further excavation seasons were carried out under the direction of British archaeologist
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Englund, Robert K., "Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Diverse Collections", MSVO 4, Berlin:Gebr.MannVerlag, 1996
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stones incised with lines forming a cross is uncertain, but it has been suggested that they were used as
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1330:, Oriental Institute Museum Publications, vol. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50,
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fortress, but due to a lack of well-dated pottery from this area this dating could not be ascertained.
1149:, Materialien zu den frühen Schriftzeugnissen des Vorderen Orients, vol. 1, Berlin: Gebr. Mann,
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Stephen Langdon, New Texts from Jemdet Nasr, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 837-844, 1931
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Matthews, Roger, and Monica Palmero Fernandez, "Jemdet Nasr field diapositives, 1988-1989", 2021
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Langdon, S., "Ausgrabungen in Babylonian seit 1918", Der Alte Orient 26, pp. 3–75, 1927
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The Proto-Cuneiform Texts from Jemdet Nasr. I: Copies, Transliterations and Glossary
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and miniature wagon wheels. Beads, small pendants and figurines were made of bone,
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The name Jemdet Nasr translates as "Small mound of Nasr", named after a prominent
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Matthews, Roger (1992), "Defining the Style of the Period: Jemdet Nasr 1926-28",
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Visible Language. Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond
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kilns for firing pottery and baking bread were found, and other crafts like
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1305:, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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McGuire Gibson, The city and area of Kish, Field Research Projects, 1972
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in the early twentieth century. Jemdet Nasr is located in modern-day
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Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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The Jemdet Nasr tablets are written in proto-cuneiform script.
633:. He sold them in lots to the French dealer Dumani Frères, the
1267:, Iraq Archaeological Reports, vol. 6, Warminster: BSAI,
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Matthews, Roger (1990), "Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1989",
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Matthews, Roger (1989), "Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, 1988",
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Populated places disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
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Field, H., "The Track of Man", New York: Doubleday, 1953
1354:(1932), "Human Remains from Jemdet Nasr, Mesopotamia",
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Occupation is thought to have started at least in the
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building was excavated in which a large collection of
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Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
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A Pottery jar from Jemdet Nasr period (3100-2900)B.C
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301:) (also Jamdat Nasr) is a
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573:Erbil Civilization Museum
143:32.7177806°N 44.7794389°E
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990:
989:Matthews 1989
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978:
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961:
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953:Matthews 2002
949:
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943:, p. 247
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941:Matthews 1989
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134:44°46′45.98″E
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40:
30:
23:
1514:Clay tablets
1436:
1398:
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1391:Field, Henry
1359:
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1352:Field, Henry
1327:
1302:
1289:(1): 57–75,
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948:
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917:Pollock 1999
912:
907:, p. 58
905:Pollock 1990
900:
886:
881:, p. ix
874:
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593:stratigraphy
589:
578:A number of
577:
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549:
533:
528:Ubaid period
525:
496:
494:
473:Abu Salabikh
459:between the
450:
434:
429:Field Museum
416:clay tablets
377:and painted
375:clay tablets
368:
330:clay tablets
325:, who found
290:
289:
234:Ubaid period
131:32°43′4.01″N
1171:: 225–248,
1071:, p. 3
919:, p. 2
837:, p. 6
816:, p. 4
795:, p. 2
659:pictographs
584:stamp seals
511:Mesopotamia
505:in central
461:Uruk period
403:'s work at
392:Assyriology
383:Henry Field
357:Archaeology
332:in a large
291:Jemdet Nasr
244:Uruk period
194:7.5 hectare
190:1.5 hectare
146: /
122:Coordinates
20:Jemdet Nasr
1478:Categories
1283:Paléorient
1139:References
1105:Woods 2010
1093:Woods 2010
1081:Woods 2010
545:Tell Uqair
252:Site notes
1445:251013706
1423:192958282
1384:162544460
1229:134945808
1207:: 25–39,
1193:249897812
483:, Ur and
469:type site
315:type site
210:3.5 metre
206:2.9 metre
177:type site
1435:(1928),
1376:25194618
1243:: 1–34,
704:See also
667:Khafajah
663:Sumerian
645:for the
637:and the
553:Parthian
463:and the
446:Gulf War
409:mudbrick
334:mudbrick
317:for the
299:جمدة نصر
94:Location
1257:4200350
1221:4200315
1185:4200306
631:looting
537:weaving
379:pottery
222:Periods
217:History
26:{{{1}}}
1443:
1421:
1415:498618
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1219:
1191:
1183:
1153:
1017:
686:Museum
635:Louvre
597:copper
498:sheikh
481:Nippur
295:Arabic
201:Height
108:Region
1419:S2CID
1411:JSTOR
1380:S2CID
1372:JSTOR
1324:(PDF)
1253:JSTOR
1225:S2CID
1217:JSTOR
1189:S2CID
1181:JSTOR
716:Notes
614:shell
602:bolas
541:Larsa
343:Ubaid
1441:OCLC
1332:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1237:Iraq
1201:Iraq
1165:Iraq
1151:ISBN
1015:ISBN
618:frit
606:clay
515:tell
507:Iraq
485:Uruk
477:Fara
371:Kish
349:and
347:Uruk
311:Iraq
303:tell
185:Area
165:tell
159:Type
100:Iraq
1403:doi
1364:doi
1291:doi
1245:doi
1209:doi
1173:doi
394:at
1480::
1417:,
1409:,
1399:39
1397:,
1378:,
1370:,
1360:64
1358:,
1287:16
1285:,
1251:,
1241:54
1239:,
1223:,
1215:,
1205:52
1203:,
1187:,
1179:,
1169:51
1167:,
1049:^
762:^
669:.
620:.
582:,
547:.
479:,
475:,
405:Ur
345:,
297::
278:,
274:,
241:,
237:,
231:,
208:,
192:,
174:,
168:,
1405::
1366::
1293::
1247::
1211::
1175::
309:(
293:(
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