Johannes Vermeer - Knowledge (XXG)

1442: 753: 1639: 1597: 1488: 766: 1530: 1421: 458: 1576: 868: 447: 1509: 1555: 1618: 40: 519:, a street with many resident painters at the time. In 1615, Reijnier married Digna. The couple moved to Delft and had a daughter named Gertruy who was baptized in 1620. In 1625, Reijnier was involved in a fight with a soldier named Willem van Bylandt who died from his wounds five months later. Around this time, Reijnier began dealing in paintings. In 1631, he leased an inn, which he called "The Flying Fox". In 1635, he lived on Voldersgracht 25 or 26. In 1641, he bought a larger inn on the market square, named after the Flemish town " 1467: 1255: 598: 859:

body of work. Vermeer never had any pupils, though one scholar has suggested that Vermeer taught his eldest daughter Maria to paint. Additionally, his family obligations with so many children may have taken up much of his time, as would acting as both an art dealer and inn-keeper in running the family businesses. His time spent serving as head of the guild and his extraordinary precision as a painter may have also limited his output.

683: 4918: 515:. Digna's father, Balthasar Geerts, or Gerrits, (born in Antwerp in or around 1573) led an enterprising life in metalworking, and was arrested for counterfeiting. Vermeer's father, named Reijnier Janszoon, was a middle-class worker of silk or caffa (a mixture of silk and cotton or wool). He was the son of Jan Reyersz and Cornelia (Neeltge) Goris. As an apprentice in Amsterdam, Reijnier lived on fashionable 163: 622: 4316: 820:...during the ruinous war with France he not only was unable to sell any of his art but also, to his great detriment, was left sitting with the paintings of other masters that he was dealing in. As a result and owing to the great burden of his children having no means of his own, he lapsed into such decay and decadence, which he had so taken to heart that, as if he had fallen into a 1209:, which was uncommon in Dutch art at the time. Practically all of his surviving works belong to this period, usually domestic interiors with one or two figures lit by a window on the left. They are characterized by a sense of compositional balance and spatial order, unified by a pearly light. Mundane domestic or recreational activities are imbued with a poetic timelessness (e.g., 1203:(or a copy of it), which appears in the background of two of Vermeer's paintings. The same subject was also painted by Vermeer. Almost all of Vermeer's paintings are of contemporary subjects in a smaller format, with a cooler palette dominated by blues, yellows, and grays. Vermeer painted multiple artworks portraying a pure profile like the painting 1682:

is unlikely that his parents were Catholics "at this time ," seeing that they "baptized him in the established church." Throughout his life, Vermeer never used the name Jan. Nevertheless, "most Dutch authors, in the century since his rediscovery, have dubbed him Jan, perhaps unconsciously to bring him closer to the mainstream of Calvinist culture."

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was a 20th-century Dutch painter who worked in the classical tradition. He became a master forger, motivated by a blend of aesthetic and financial reasons, creating and selling many new "Vermeers" before turning himself in for forgery to avoid being charged with capital treason for collaboration with

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Vermeer was baptized as Joannis. Jan was the most popular version of the name among Calvinists. Joannis was a Latinazied form of Jan, which was preferred by Roman Catholics and upper-middle class Protestants. However, Vermeer was born into a lower-middle class family. Still, according to Montias, it

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Vermeer had been a respected artist in Delft, but he was almost unknown outside his hometown. A local patron named Pieter van Ruijven had purchased much of his output, which kept Vermeer afloat financially but reduced the possibility of his fame spreading. Several factors contributed to his limited

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may have been his teacher, based upon a controversial interpretation of a text written in 1668 by printer Arnold Bon. Art historians have found no hard evidence to support this. Local authority Leonaert Bramer acted as a friend, but their style of painting is rather different. Liedtke suggests that

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Relatively little was known about Vermeer's life until recently. He seems to have been devoted exclusively to his art, living out his life in the city of Delft. Until the 19th century, the only sources of information were a few registers, official documents, and comments by other artists; for this

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church. Here Vermeer lived for the rest of his life, producing paintings in the front room on the second floor. His wife gave birth to 15 children, four of whom were buried before being baptized, but were registered as "child of Johan Vermeer". The names of 10 of Vermeer's children are known from

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This theory remains disputed. There is no historical evidence regarding Vermeer's interest in optics, and the detailed inventory of the artist's belongings drawn up after his death includes no camera obscura or any similar device. However, Vermeer was in close connection with pioneer lens maker

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in 2001 which specifically claimed that Vermeer had used a camera obscura to create his paintings. Steadman noted that many of Vermeer's paintings had been painted in the same room, and he found six of his paintings that are precisely the right size if they had been painted from inside a camera

851:, there were two chairs, two painter's easels, three palettes, 10 canvases, a desk, an oak pull table, a small wooden cupboard with drawers, and "rummage not worthy being itemized". Nineteen of Vermeer's paintings were bequeathed to Catharina and her mother. The widow sold two more paintings to 547:

was initially opposed to the marriage as she was significantly wealthier than he, and it was probably she who insisted that Vermeer convert to Catholicism before the marriage on 5 April. The fact that Vermeer's father was in considerable debt also did not help in discussions on the marriage.

888:") or a limited palette of browns and greys ("dead coloring"), over which he would apply more saturated colors (reds, yellows and blues) in the form of transparent glazes. No drawings have been positively attributed to Vermeer, and his paintings offer few clues to preparatory methods. 704:

in a similar style. In 1662, Vermeer was elected head of the guild and was reelected in 1663, 1670, and 1671, evidence that he (like Bramer) was considered an established craftsman among his peers. Vermeer worked slowly, probably producing three paintings a year on order.

1740:). Catholics were restrained in their careers, unable to get high-rank jobs in city administration or civic guard. It was impossible to be elected as a member of the city council; therefore, the Catholics were not represented in the provincial and national assembly. 1264:

Originally, Vermeer's works were largely overlooked by art historians for two centuries after his death. A select number of connoisseurs in the Netherlands did appreciate his work, yet even so, many of his works were attributed to then better-known artists such as

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Vermeer and the Delft school: [catalogue ... in conjunction with the exhibition "Vermeer and the Delft School" held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from 8 March to 27 May 2001, and at The National Gallery, London, from 20 June to 16 September

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Vermeer was largely unknown to the general public, but his reputation was not totally eclipsed after his death: "While it is true that he did not achieve widespread fame until the 19th century, his work had always been valued and admired by well-informed

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A 2023 exhibition at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam featured 28 of his works, the most ever shown together. Over 650,000 people visited the exhibition, making it the museum's most visited exhibition. Coinciding with the 2023 exhibition the documentary film

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Supporters of these theories have pointed to evidence in some of Vermeer's paintings, such as the often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings, which they argue are the result of the primitive lens of a camera obscura producing

1596: 1840:. Gold, silver, jewellery, or musical instruments are not mentioned; it has been suggested that Catharina Bolnes might have removed any valuables from the house to conceal them from her creditors, or pawned the jewels and gold and silver. 1529: 1031:

In Vermeer's oeuvre, only about 20 pigments have been detected. Of these, seven principal pigments that Vermeer commonly employed are lead white, yellow ochre, vermilion, madder lake, green earth, raw umber, and ivory or bone black.

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The influence of Johannes Vermeer on Metsu is unmistakable: the light from the left, the marble floor. (A. Waiboer, however, suggests that Metsu requires more emotional involvement of the viewer.) Vermeer probably competed also with

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as they sought loans of Vermeer's artwork from museums around the world. Also released in 2023 was another movie about the exhibition at the Rijkmuseum: "Vermeer: The Greatest Exhibition". (External links to both movies are below.)

1420: 1138:, in an interview with Jenison, notes that human vision cannot process information about the absolute brightness of a scene. Another was the addition of several highlights and outlines consistent with matching the effects of 1487: 1638: 1120:

but much simpler and makes it easy to match colour values. He later modified the theory to simply involve a concave mirror and a comparator mirror. He spent the next five years testing his theory by re-creating

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His mother was born in Antwerp. When she married Vermeer's father in 1615, she claimed to be twenty years old, but she may have "exaggerated her age by a year or so." Digna's parents were married in Antwerp in

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The painter is recorded as: Child=Joannis; Father=Reijnier Jansz; Mother=Dingnum Balthasars; Witnesses=Pieter Brammer, Jan Heijndricxsz, Maertge Jans; Place=Delft; Date of baptism=31 October 1632.

1575: 899:) either so lavishly or so early in his career. Vermeer used this in not just elements that are naturally of this colour; he also used it early in a work, beneath subsequent earth colours such as 272:

wrote, "are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women."

4772: 1332: 752: 2183: 291:, who published an essay attributing 66 pictures to him, although only 34 paintings are universally attributed to him today. Since that time, Vermeer's reputation has grown enormously. 1617: 1508: 1466: 1044:

attention to detail, despite Vermeer's having had no formal training, and despite only limited evidence that Vermeer had created any preparatory sketches or traces for his paintings.

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were Vermeer's patrons for the better part of the artist's career. In 2023, his wife Maria de Knuijt was identified by the curators of the 2023 exhibition of Vermeer's works at the

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Catharina describes how the collapse of the art market had damaged Vermeer's business as both a painter and an art dealer. She had to raise 11 children and therefore asked the

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on 15 December 1675. In a petition to her creditors, Catharina Bolnes attributed her husband's death to the stress of financial pressures, and described his death as follows:

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Many artists are inspired by the famous painter, for example, culinary photographer Aimee Twigger draws on Vermeer's chiaroscuro for her gustatory journeys through recipes.

523:". The acquisition of the inn constituted a considerable financial burden. When Reijnier died in October 1652, Vermeer took over the operation of the family's art business. 562:, made between 1670 and 1672, placed less emphasis on the artists' usual naturalistic concerns and more on symbolic religious applications, including the sacrament of the 1767:

The number of children seems inconsistent, but 11 was stated by his widow in a document to get help from the city council. One child died after this document was written.

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Several points were brought out by Jenison in support of this technique: first was Vermeer's hyper-accurate rendition of light falloff along the wall. Neurobiologist

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wills written by relatives: Maertge, Elisabeth, Cornelia, Aleydis, Beatrix, Johannes, Gertruyd, Franciscus, Catharina, and Ignatius. Most of these names are those of

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The parish registers of the Delft Catholic church do not exist anymore, so it is impossible to prove but likely that his children were baptized in a hidden church.

576:, or "hidden church". At some point, the couple moved in with Catharina's mother, who lived in a rather spacious house at Oude Langendijk, almost next to a hidden 3409: 1823:

owned 21 paintings by Vermeer, listed in his heritage in 1695. These paintings were sold in Amsterdam the following year in a much-studied auction, published by

283:, published 1718) and, as a result, was omitted from subsequent surveys of Dutch art for nearly two centuries. In the 19th century, Vermeer was rediscovered by 1301:

in 1866. Thoré-Bürger's catalogue drew international attention to Vermeer and listed more than 70 works by him, including many that he regarded as uncertain.

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visited him in 1663 to see some of his work, but Vermeer had no paintings to show. The diplomat and the two French clergymen who accompanied him were sent to

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The inventory taken soon after Vermeer's death does not mention a camera obscura, although it does include easels, palettes, canvases, and a possible

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It is believed Vermeer produced a total of fewer than 50 paintings, of which 34 have survived. Only three Vermeer paintings were dated by the artist:

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invaded the country from the east, causing more destruction. Many people panicked; courts, theaters, shops and schools were closed. Vermeer's sale of

725: 4955: 261:. He produced relatively few paintings, primarily earning his living as an art dealer. He was not wealthy; at his death, his wife was left in debt. 1723:

In 1647 Geertruy, Vermeer's only sister, married a frame maker. She kept on working at the inn helping her parents, serving drinks and making beds.

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Vermeer taught himself using information from one of his father's connections. Some scholars think that Vermeer was trained under Catholic painter

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One aspect of his meticulous painting technique was Vermeer's choice of pigments. He is best known for his frequent use of the very expensive

552:, who was Catholic himself, put in a good word for Vermeer and it was this that led Maria to drop her oppositions. According to art historian 4860: 4683: 4398: 4184: 4097: 4069: 4033: 4012: 3954: 3928: 3903: 3833: 3790: 3500: 3478: 3393: 3366: 3269: 3167: 3098: 3077: 3030: 2771: 2134: 2106: 2075: 2030: 1163: 125: 647:, and economic crisis; Vermeer was not alone in experiencing difficult financial circumstances. In 1654, a terrible explosion, known as the 3971: 4272: 3621: 4763: 4651: 1603: 1387: 1234:

A few of his paintings show a certain hardening of manner and are generally thought to represent his late works. From this period come

4985: 3438: 1862: 639:, a trade association for painters. The guild's records make clear that Vermeer did not pay the usual admission fee. It was a year of 4780: 4201: 4161: 4116: 3864: 3767: 3548: 3523: 2544: 2005: 1398: 1199: 3053: 457: 3208: 1406:, present a fictional account of Vermeer's creation of the famous painting and his relationship with the equally fictional model. 1330:) and pitted large copies of the original against a rhinoceros in some surrealist experiments. Dali also celebrated the master in 924:. The shadows of the red satin dress are underpainted in natural ultramarine, and, owing to this underlying blue paint layer, the 867: 4796: 4788: 4539: 1403: 732:. Van Uylenburg then organized a counter-assessment, asking a total of 35 painters to pronounce on their authenticity, including 1116:

developed the theory that Vermeer had used a camera obscura along with a "comparator mirror", which is similar in concept to a

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Vermeer may have first executed his paintings tonally like most painters of his time, using either monochrome shades of grey ("

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Giants of Delft: Johannes Vermeer and the Natural Philosophers: the Parallel Search for Knowledge During the Age of Discovery

3564: 2066: 3697: 786: 446: 2263: 679:, too. Vermeer also charged higher than average prices for his work, most of which were purchased by an unknown collector. 4980: 4970: 4483: 1536: 1146:. This effect matched Jenison's technique precisely, caused by exactly duplicating the view as seen from a curved mirror. 4298: 3182: 5010: 4990: 4871: 4491: 4023: 2854: 2408: 1427: 920: 797:

that year was his last. Five years passed before circumstances improved. In 1674, Vermeer was listed as a member of the

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Blankert, Albert (2007). "Vermeer and his Public". In Blankert, Albert; Montias, John Michael; Aillaud, Gilles (eds.).

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Upon the rediscovery of Vermeer's work, several prominent Dutch artists modelled their style on his work, including

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The modest celebrity he enjoyed during his life gave way to obscurity after his death. He was barely mentioned in

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Vermeer, J.; Duparc, F. J.; Wheelock, A. K.; Mauritshuis (Hague, Netherlands); National Gallery of Art (1995).

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Sheldon, Libby; Costaros, Nicola (February 2006). "Johannes Vermeer's 'Young woman seated at a virginal".

1297: 978: 872: 331: 324: 1063:) used optics to achieve precise positioning in their compositions, and specifically some combination of 268:. He is particularly renowned for making masterful use of light in his work. "Almost all his paintings", 4659: 4547: 3715: 2938: 2820: 1781: 1624: 1236: 790: 717: 706: 644: 558: 532: 1346:

On the evening of 23 September 1971, a 21-year-old hotel waiter, Mario Pierre Roymans, stole Vermeer's

1292: 1254: 945:. This could suggest that Vermeer was supplied with materials by a collector, and would coincide with 4950: 4945: 4743: 3595: 1313: 1139: 946: 615: 481: 1701:

His name was Reijnier or Reynier Janszoon, always written in Dutch as Jansz. or Jansz; this was his

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from the Fine Arts Palace in Brussels where it was on loan from the Rijksmuseum for the exhibition

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in the Czernin gallery in Vienna and recognized the work as a Vermeer, though it was attributed to

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It is unclear where and with whom Vermeer apprenticed as a painter. There is some speculation that

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Roelofs, Pieter (2023). "Closer to Vermeer: A Look Inside the Family Home of the Delft Painter".

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On 15 December 1675, Vermeer died after a short illness aged 43. He was buried in the Protestant

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the Nazis, specifically, in selling what had been believed to be original artwork to the Nazis.

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When Catharina Bolnes was buried in 1688, she was registered as the "widow of Johan Vermeer".

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observations that the surface of every object partakes of the colour of the adjacent object.

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Eye of the Beholder: Johannes Vermeer, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, and the Reinvention of Seeing

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Neeltge remarried three times, the second time shortly after Jan's death, in October 1597.

1393: 1284: 1135: 983: 829: 672: 656: 606: 549: 1055:, in which he argued that Vermeer (among other Renaissance and Baroque artists including 4239: 4865: 4738: 4627: 4499: 4256: 4146: 4079: 4055: 3985: 3817: 2850: 2580: 2525: 2238: 1733: 1582: 1374: 1186: 1068: 1041: 802: 640: 553: 319: 309: 300: 223: 88: 1273:. The Delft master's modern rediscovery began about 1860, when German museum director 891:

There is no other 17th-century artist who employed the exorbitantly expensive pigment

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Vermeer's painting techniques have long been a source of debate, given their almost

671:'s paintings, who sold his paintings for exorbitant prices. Dou may have influenced 570:

suggests that it was made for a learned and devout Catholic patron, perhaps for his

4321: 3946: 2821:"Curator in the spotlight: Adriaan E. Waiboer, National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin" 2434: 1392:

Vermeer's reputation and works have been featured in both literature and in films.

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harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGaskellJonkerNational_Gallery_of_Art_(U.S.)1998 (

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harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGaskellJonkerNational_Gallery_of_Art_(U.S.)1998 (

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To mark the 26th anniversary of the opening of an exhibition at Washington, DC's

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Artists and Artisans in Delft: A Socio-Economic Study of the Seventeenth Century

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mixture applied over it acquires a slightly purple, cool and crisp appearance.

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was released the same year. The film followed curators Gregor J. M. Weber and

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Vermeer worked slowly and with great care, and frequently used very expensive

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Broos, Ben; Blankert, Albert; Wadum, Jørgen; Wheelock Jr., Arthur K. (1995).

3055:"Never to be repeated Vermeer exhibition stuns with scientific revelations", 3040: 1980: 556:, Vermeer's conversion seems to have been made with conviction. His painting 3800:

Kuhn, H. (1968). "A Study of the Pigments and Grounds Used by Jan Vermeer".

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The age of Rembrandt and Vermeer: Dutch painting in the seventeenth century

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himself using these tools, a process captured in the 2013 documentary film

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Singh, Iona (2012). "Vermeer, Materialism and the Transcendental in Art".

2327:"Digital Family Tree of the Municipal Records Office of the City of Delft" 4337: 1924: 1702: 961: 936: 935:

Even after Vermeer's evident financial breakdown following the so-called

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Vermeer's family secrets: genius, discovery, and the unknown apprentice

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Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters

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to relieve her of debts owed to Vermeer's creditors. Pioneering Dutch

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Memorial (2007) of Johannes Vermeer in Oude Kerk. Delft, Netherlands

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added details on the family from the city archives of Delft in his

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Vermeer and the Masters of Genre Painting: Inspiration and Rivalry

4250: 4233: 3361:. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; Hannibal Books, Veurne. pp. 42–99. 1253: 904: 900: 866: 764: 751: 681: 648: 620: 596: 582: 539:(Bolenes). The blessing took place in the quiet nearby village of 456: 445: 254: 80: 4222: 249:. During his lifetime, he was a moderately successful provincial 4357: 4288:

Vermeer exhibition at the Rijkmuseum, 10 February – 4 June 2023

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Catholicism was not a forbidden religion, but tolerated in the

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Vermeer's Camera: Uncovering the Truth behind the Masterpieces

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Vermeer and the Problem of Painting Inside the Camera Obscura

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The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

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Identifiable works include compositions by Utrecht painters

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and portraits, with the exception of two cityscapes and two

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Replica of the St. Luke Guildhouse on Voldersgracht in Delft

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The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used as a Table

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Painting Light: Recent Observations on Vermeer's Technique

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The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table

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