758:
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974:, in order to confuse the German pilots, the towers were repainted with different colors and covered with wooden tents. Every roof was painted rusty brown so as to make them indistinguishable from typical roofs in the city. The grounds, paved with cobblestone, were covered up with sand. Tents painted to look like roofs were stretched over the gardens, and the facades of the buildings were also painted.
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were built by
Italian masters from 1485 to 1495. The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of 275,000 square metres (2,960,000 sq ft). Its overall length is 2,235 metres (2,444 yards), but the height ranges from 5 to 19 metres (16 to 62 ft), depending on the terrain.
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to build and more than one billion dollars to renovate in the 1990s. It contains dazzling reception halls, a ceremonial red staircase, private apartments of the tsars, and the lower story of the
Resurrection of Lazarus church (1393), which is the oldest extant structure in the Kremlin and the whole
1034:
as a modern arena for
Communist Party meetings and was built within the Kremlin walls 1959–1961. Externally the palace is faced with white marble and the windows are tinted and reflective. The construction replaced several heritage buildings, including the old neo-classical building of the State
1229:
on the north-east corner of the square, which is said to mark the exact center of Moscow and resemble a burning candle. Completed in 1600, it is 81 metres (266 feet) high. Until the
Russian Revolution, it was the tallest structure in the city, as construction of buildings taller than that was
777:
design on a heroic scale, which involved the demolition of several churches and palaces, as well as a portion of the
Kremlin wall. After the preparations were over, construction was delayed due to lack of funds. Several years later the architect
1004:'s daughter), advocates a full-scale restoration of the destroyed cloisters, recent developments have been confined to expensive restoration of the original interiors of the Grand Kremlin Palace, which were altered during Stalin's rule.
1064:
613:
After construction of the new kremlin walls and churches was complete, the monarch decreed that no structures should be built in the immediate vicinity of the citadel. The
Kremlin was separated from the walled merchant town
3262:
824:, several ancient structures were renovated in a fanciful neo-Gothic style, but many others, including all the buildings of the Trinity metochion, were condemned as "disused" or "dilapidated" and were torn down.
3035:
1141:, which was built to its present height of 80 metres (260 ft) in 1495. Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents. The extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles date to the 1680s.
1230:
forbidden. Its 21 bells would sound the alarm if any enemy was approaching. The upper part of the structure was destroyed by the French during the
Napoleonic Invasion in 1812 and has been rebuilt. The
701:
escaped with much difficulty from the
Kremlin and as a result developed a dislike for it. Three decades later in 1703, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital,
1249:. The original Terem Palace was also commissioned by Ivan III, but most of the existing palace was built in the 17th century. The Terem Palace and the Palace of Facets are linked by the
1007:
Overall, during the Soviet rule (1917–1991), 28 out of 54 historic buildings in the
Kremlin were destroyed (among them 17 out of 31 churches and cathedrals), most of them centuries-old.
2856:
940:
also had his personal rooms in the
Kremlin. He was eager to remove all the "relics of the tsarist regime" from his headquarters. Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining
2527:
1326:
helicopter. Careful consideration was taken in choosing the location of the helipad. The location chosen is said to be of no threat to the architecture of the Kremlin helipad.
1322:
authorized the construction of a helipad in the Kremlin. The helipad was completed in May 2013. The Russian President will now commute back and forth to the Kremlin using a
989:
that the Kremlin was reopened to foreign visitors. The Kremlin Museums were established in 1961, and the complex was among the first Soviet patrimonies inscribed on the
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1949:
197:
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During the Imperial period, from the early 18th and until the late 19th century, the Kremlin walls were traditionally painted white, in accordance with fashion.
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383:
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1869:
Doronina NV; Li TsD; Ivanova EG; Trotsenko IuA. (2005). "Methylophaga murata sp. nov.: a haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylotroph from deteriorating marble".
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in St. Petersburg in its dimensions and in the opulence of its interiors. The palace was constructed in 1839–1849, followed by the re-building of the
1821:
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with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366–1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls; this fortification withstood a siege by Khan
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was completed next in 1489, only to be reconstructed to a nine-domed design a century later. On the south-east of the square is the much larger
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as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area. The
2304:
1755:
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967:, were demolished to make room for the military school. The Little Nicholas Palace and the old Saviour Cathedral were pulled down as well.
741:
The Golden Hall, a throne room with murals painted probably after 1547, was destroyed to make place for the Kremlin Palace, commissioned by
594:
who designed the new palace for the prince. It was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and
246:
2423:
2319:
1359:
1215:
626:. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfather's palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity
606:, built in 1505–1508 and augmented to its present height in 1600. The Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495.
3237:
2513:
1596:
650:
274:
1188:
464:
Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the "grad of Moscow". The word "Kremlin" was first recorded in 1331 (though etymologist
2020:
1137:, but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century. All but three of the towers are square in plan. The highest tower is the
80:
1975:
1654:
1497:
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and other churches were damaged by fire. Explosions continued for three days, from 21 to 23 October 1812. However, rain damaged the
761:
The Kremlin in 1910; many of the buildings were later destroyed by the Soviet government, especially those of religious importance.
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forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlin's liberation by the volunteer army of prince
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1537:
Paul, Michael C. (January 2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682". The Journal of Military History. 68 (1): 31.
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means 'fortress within a city' in Russian, and is often also used metonymically in international politics to refer to the
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was not satisfied with the Grand Palace (alias Winter Palace), which had been erected in the 1750s to the design of
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816:, and the damage was less severe than intended. Restoration works were undertaken in 1816–1819, supervised by
2009:
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Although still used for coronation ceremonies, the Kremlin was abandoned and neglected until 1773, when
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1245:(1491), which holds the imperial thrones. The next oldest is the first home of the royal family, the
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gates of the wall still bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design.
508:
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336:
808:, several portions of the Kremlin Wall and several wall towers were destroyed by explosions and the
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2901:
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1957:
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supervised the reconstruction of the dismantled sections of the wall and of some structures of the
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2125:
1943:
1785:
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1961:
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The residence of the Soviet government was closed to tourists until 1955. It was not until the
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1971:
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organised the reconstruction of the Kremlin, inviting a number of skilled architects from
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artisans from 1484 to 1488 and featuring superb icons and frescoes from 1627 and 1644.
1179:. Several important metropolitans and patriarchs are buried there, including Peter and
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structure was demolished, as was the nearby church of St. John the Precursor, built by
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French forces occupied the Kremlin from 2 September to 11 October 1812, following the
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There are two domestic churches of the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, the
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319:. Located in the centre of the country's capital city, it is the best known of the
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Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 19th century
722:
Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 18th century
397:
Largely open to the public, the Kremlin offers supervised tours; the accompanying
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mentions an earlier appearance in 1320). The grad was greatly extended by Prince
3080:
2939:
2710:
2433:
2058:
1709:
Paul, Michael C. (January 2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682".
1155:
is the heart of the Kremlin. It is surrounded by six buildings, including three
658:
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790:, since adapted for use as the principal workplace of the President of Russia.
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resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin. The newly built
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1039:. The Palace was constructed and integrated into the larger complex of the
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in 1508 in place of the first church constructed in Moscow. The architect
3155:
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2685:
2069:
1901:
1747:
God, Tsar, and people : the political culture of early modern Russia
1323:
1234:, the largest bell in the world, stands on a pedestal next to the tower.
801:
642:, which was described by foreigners as one of the finest in the country.
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446:
391:
375:
1843:
1619:"The Moscow Kremlin Museums welcomed more than 1 million guests in 2023"
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was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the
1130:
The wall's thickness is between 3.5 and 6.5 metres (11 and 21 ft).
804:
retreated from Moscow, he ordered the whole Kremlin to be blown up. The
3131:
2977:
2634:
1318:
To stop disruptions to traffic caused by motorcades, Russian President
854:
473:
430:
324:
2004:
1681:[Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary] (in Russian). p. 321.
2808:
1172:
316:
312:
187:
67:
733:
721:
1678:
1309:
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in 1838. The largest structure in the Kremlin, it cost 11 million
1219:
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were built. Following the death of Alexis's son, Feodor, and the
1164:
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to build her new residence there. Bazhenov produced a bombastic
327:) and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing
2838:
2509:
2073:
1302:) was first isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin.
3263:
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow
2031:
2027:
Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum Sanctuary
838:, constructed 1839–1849, today the official residence of the
1477:
1273:
in 1701. The southwestern section of the Kremlin holds the
928:(present-day Saint Petersburg) to Moscow on 12 March 1918.
630:
inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the
1030:(alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses), was commissioned by
884:. The only new features added during this period were the
1486:
2330:
Patriarch's Palace and the Church of the Twelve Apostles
1898:"Vladimir Putin gets Kremlin helipad to ease congestion"
845:
On visiting Moscow for his coronation festivities, Tsar
590:, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and
394:
and refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics.
2978:
Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent
1281:
design, it is currently a museum housing Russian state
598:
were constructed. The highest building of the city and
2026:
1814:"How the Russians made the Kremlin 'disappear' during"
1402:, sometimes mistaken for the Kremlin, also located on
996:
Although the current director of the Kremlin Museums,
3175:
1498:
1489:
1471:
1441:
1191:(1508), where almost all the Muscovite monarchs from
1022:(alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses), built 1959–1961
3036:
Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings
1991:
Art treasures from the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin
1483:
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1082:
Two of the Kremlin's numerous historical buildings:
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1480:
1468:
710:
193:
183:
168:
160:
152:
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131:
119:
111:
74:
63:
34:
1265:The northern corner of the Kremlin is occupied by
382:, which operated out of the city in the erstwhile
1963:Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin
1203:was originally buried there but was moved to the
888:and a stone cross marking the spot where in 1905
401:reportedly attracted 1,024,610 visitors in 2023.
880:After 1851 the Kremlin changed little until the
3127:Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Sviyazhsk
3026:Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
1783:[Why the Kremlin walls painted white].
1781:"Почему кремлевские стены красили в белый цвет"
1237:The oldest secular structure still standing is
2335:Verkhospassky Cathedral and the Terem Churches
2005:tour-planet.com – Sights of the Moscow Kremlin
1292:The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium
669:as the new tsar. During his reign and that of
3031:Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture
2850:
2521:
2085:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1429:
1216:Church of the Deposition of the Virgin's Robe
339:, which served as the royal residence of the
38:
8:
3142:Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University
677:, the eleven-domed Upper Saviour Cathedral,
425:The site had been continuously inhabited by
3016:Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea
2419:Monument to Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich
1035:Armoury, and some of the rear parts of the
2857:
2843:
2835:
2528:
2514:
2506:
2092:
2078:
2070:
1948:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1844:"Константин Михайлов: Уничтоженный Кремль"
865:was commissioned to replace them with the
573:, two of the Kremlin's visitor attractions
343:. It is now the official residence of the
31:
2015:Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide
890:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia
1987:Государственные музеи Московского Кремля
1214:(1653–1656) and the exquisite one-domed
896:. These monuments were destroyed by the
756:
3182:
2886:Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
2536:Russian imperial palaces and residences
1530:
1421:
820:. During the remainder of the reign of
2912:White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal
1993:] (in Russian). Moscow: Iskusstvo.
1941:
1643:Agrawal, Premendra (4 February 2012).
707:
618:) by a 30-meter-wide moat, over which
441:occupied the south-western portion of
19:For the type of Russian fortress, see
3253:15th-century establishments in Russia
1506:
1450:
786:and built the spacious and luxurious
192:
182:
167:
159:
151:
139:
130:
7:
2320:Church of the Deposition of the Robe
1824:from the original on 16 January 2022
1750:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1685:from the original on 27 October 2017
1599:from the original on 24 October 2022
1569:from the original on 4 December 2022
1171:façade, capped with its five golden
622:was constructed during the reign of
372:Government of the Russian Federation
54:View of the Kremlin from across the
1850:from the original on 21 August 2023
1779:Semenko, Xenia (25 November 2013).
1225:The other notable structure is the
345:President of the Russian Federation
16:Fortified complex in Moscow, Russia
2814:Summer Palace of Empress Elisabeth
1908:from the original on 13 March 2017
1589:"Moscow Kremlin Museums: VISIT US"
1189:Cathedral of the Archangel Michael
981:Kremlin in bird's-eye view in 1987
665:paved the way for the election of
453:(or "grad") on the hill where the
14:
1966:. New York: Henry Holt. pp.
1679:"Этимологический Словарь Фасмера"
1649:. Agrawal Overseas. p. 184.
1388:Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line
3185:
3166:Shared with nine other countries
2819:Summer Palace of Peter the Great
1896:Rosenberg, Steve (27 May 2013).
1793:from the original on 18 May 2017
1464:
1117:(80 m or 260 ft), 2012
1072:
1063:
1043:with walkways linking it to the
728:
716:
556:
547:
280:
273:
252:
245:
224:
217:
48:
2495:Kremlin Presidium (Building 14)
2414:Monument to Minin and Pozharsky
2010:Kremlin.ru – Map of the Kremlin
1711:The Journal of Military History
1133:Originally there were eighteen
523:was founded by Dmitri's tutor,
281:
253:
225:
3228:World Heritage Sites in Russia
2866:World Heritage Sites in Russia
2679:Outside the Russian Federation
2037:Rare access inside the Kremlin
1985:Nenakormova, Irina S. (1987).
1646:Silent Assassins. Jan 11, 1966
1452:[mɐˈskofskʲɪjˈkrʲemlʲ]
747:Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli
649:, the Kremlin was held by the
476:in 1237 and rebuilt in oak by
380:Government of the Soviet Union
1:
3248:1495 establishments in Europe
3233:Tourist attractions in Moscow
3213:Official residences in Russia
2305:Cathedral of the Annunciation
1812:MANAEV, GEORGY (9 May 2019).
1338:stations to the Kremlin are:
1212:Church of the Twelve Apostles
1185:Cathedral of the Annunciation
505:Cathedral of the Annunciation
2917:Historic Centre of Yaroslavl
2630:Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace
1930:Ivanov, Vladimir N. (1971).
1330:Stations of the Moscow Metro
1314:Helipad at the Kremlin, 2014
834:, commissioned 1838 by Czar
347:. The Kremlin overlooks the
335:. Within the complex is the
115:27.7 ha (0.277 km)
2424:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
2383:Grand Kremlin Public Garden
2300:Cathedral of the Assumption
1938:] (in Russian). Moscow.
1744:Rowland, Daniel B. (2020).
1442:
1253:. This was commissioned by
634:and contained the graceful
3279:
3238:Royal residences in Russia
2310:Cathedral of the Archangel
1183:. The gilded, three-domed
1167:were crowned. The massive
1161:Cathedral of the Dormition
963:, with their 16th-century
882:Russian Revolution of 1917
745:and designed by architect
472:in 1156, destroyed by the
311:is a fortified complex in
236:Show map of Central Moscow
233:Location in Central Moscow
134:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
3150:
3076:Golden Mountains of Altai
2315:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
2039:, video news report from
1430:
1372:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line
1364:Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line
1227:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
1092:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
869:, which was to rival the
798:French invasion of Russia
727:
715:
604:Ivan the Great Bell Tower
211:
207:
203:
127:
47:
39:
2444:Alexander Garden Obelisk
2279:Tsarina's Golden Chamber
2063:University of Nottingham
1148:Map of Kremlin buildings
886:Monument to Alexander II
588:Petrus Antonius Solarius
433:) since the 2nd century
25:Kremlin (disambiguation)
3243:Presidential residences
2454:Iberian Gate and Chapel
2409:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
2340:Saint Basil's Cathedral
2284:State Historical Museum
2166:Konstantino-Eleninskaya
1563:Etymological dictionary
1400:Saint Basil's Cathedral
1344:Biblioteka Imeni Lenina
950:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
695:Moscow Uprising of 1682
620:Saint Basil's Cathedral
484:Seat of the grand dukes
420:House on the Embankment
374:. Likewise, during the
353:Saint Basil's Cathedral
21:Kremlin (fortification)
2955:Volcanoes of Kamchatka
2618:Grand ducal residences
2599:Saint Michael's Castle
2021:History of the Kremlin
1315:
1269:, which was built for
1149:
1118:
1107:
1023:
982:
944:, while the wall near
924:government moved from
912:
842:
762:
539:Residence of the tsars
422:
399:Moscow Kremlin Museums
23:. For other uses, see
2907:Trinity Sergius Lavra
2574:Kamenny Island Palace
2201:Srednyaya Arsenalnaya
1723:10.1353/jmh.2003.0401
1543:10.1353/jmh.2003.0401
1360:Ploshchad Revolyutsii
1356:Zamoskvoretskaya Line
1313:
1277:. Built in 1851 to a
1177:Aristotele Fioravanti
1147:
1113:
1102:
1018:
980:
906:
830:
788:Offices of the Senate
760:
580:Grand Prince Ivan III
417:
378:, it referred to the
96:55.75167°N 37.61778°E
3006:Ferapontov Monastery
2945:Landscapes of Dauria
2935:Central Sikhote-Alin
2569:Grand Kremlin Palace
2490:Robespierre Monument
2259:Grand Kremlin Palace
2254:State Kremlin Palace
2196:Uglovaya Arsenalnaya
2151:Vtoraya Bezymyannaya
2146:Pervaya Bezymyannaya
1958:Merridale, Catherine
1348:Sokolnicheskaya Line
1295:Methylophaga muralis
1251:Grand Kremlin Palace
1175:, was the design of
1045:Patriarchal Chambers
1041:Great Kremlin Palace
1037:Grand Kremlin Palace
1028:State Kremlin Palace
1020:State Kremlin Palace
1011:State Kremlin Palace
948:was turned into the
892:was assassinated by
867:Grand Kremlin Palace
832:Grand Kremlin Palace
596:the Palace of Facets
509:Theophanes the Greek
390:" is related to the
337:Grand Kremlin Palace
3053:Struve Geodetic Arc
3021:Virgin Komi Forests
2902:Novodevichy Convent
2799:Kolomenskoye Palace
2726:Skierniewice Palace
2650:Mikhailovsky Palace
2542:Imperial residences
1558:[Kremlin].
1300:Methylophaga murata
1279:Renaissance Revival
1199:are interred. Also
1104:Dormition Cathedral
991:World Heritage List
907:The Kremlin in the
851:Francesco Rastrelli
840:President of Russia
767:Catherine the Great
743:Elizabeth of Russia
527:; while his widow,
525:Metropolitan Alexis
451:fortified structure
92: /
3048:Solovetsky Islands
2655:New Michael Palace
2635:Constantine Palace
2368:Ivanovskaya Square
2055:Words of the World
1900:(Embedded video).
1786:Rossiyskaya Gazeta
1545:. S2CID 159954818.
1508:[ˈkrʲemlʲ]
1316:
1150:
1119:
1108:
1024:
983:
936:as his residence.
913:
843:
763:
689:and the palace of
531:, established the
478:Ivan I Kalita
423:
292:Show map of Europe
289:Location in Europe
264:Show map of Russia
261:Location in Russia
184:Reference no.
101:55.75167; 37.61778
3223:Castles in Russia
3218:Palaces in Moscow
3173:
3172:
2832:
2831:
2824:Tsaritsyno Palace
2716:Mariinskyi Palace
2503:
2502:
2475:Ascension Convent
2459:Lenin's Mausoleum
2393:Manezhnaya Square
2045:, 17 January 2013
1932:Московский Кремль
1757:978-1-5017-5211-7
1443:Moskovskij Kremlj
1440:
1431:Московский Кремль
1376:Alexandrovsky Sad
1205:Trinity Monastery
1032:Nikita Khrushchev
961:Ascension Convent
946:Lenin's Mausoleum
739:
738:
632:Trinity Monastery
624:Ivan the Terrible
584:Renaissance Italy
533:Ascension Convent
491:replaced the oak
359:to the east, and
341:Emperor of Russia
301:
300:
179:
40:Московский Кремль
3270:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3109:Western Caucasus
3086:Putorana Plateau
2895:
2870:federal district
2859:
2852:
2845:
2836:
2778:Catherine Palace
2757:Vorontsov Palace
2752:Massandra Palace
2645:Mariinsky Palace
2594:Petrovsky Palace
2559:Catherine Palace
2549:Alexander Palace
2530:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2480:Chudov Monastery
2388:Alexander Garden
2378:Taynitsky Garden
2373:Cathedral Square
2274:Palace of Facets
2249:Amusement Palace
2161:Beklemishevskaya
2136:Blagoveshenskaya
2094:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2066:
1994:
1981:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1936:Moscow's Kremlin
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1840:
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1476:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1380:Filyovskaya Line
1275:Armoury building
1243:Palace of Facets
1197:Ivan V of Russia
1153:Cathedral Square
1115:Troitskaya Tower
1090:on top, and the
1086:with one of the
1076:
1067:
972:Second World War
957:Chudov Monastery
853:. The elaborate
784:Chudov Monastery
732:
731:
720:
719:
708:
703:Saint Petersburg
687:Amusement Palace
655:Dmitry Pozharsky
647:Time of Troubles
600:Muscovite Russia
560:
551:
521:Chudov Monastery
457:flowed into the
455:Neglinnaya River
429:(especially the
361:Alexander Garden
293:
284:
283:
277:
265:
256:
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249:
237:
228:
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173:
107:
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97:
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52:
43:
42:
41:
32:
3278:
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3273:
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3267:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3146:
3113:
3095:
3062:
3041:Peterhof Palace
2987:
2970:North Caucasian
2964:
2921:
2893:
2872:
2863:
2833:
2828:
2783:Babolovo Palace
2761:
2730:
2674:
2670:Vladimir Palace
2660:Nicholas Palace
2613:
2589:Peterhof Palace
2584:Pavlovsk Palace
2564:Gatchina Palace
2554:Anichkov Palace
2537:
2534:
2504:
2499:
2463:
2397:
2355:
2349:
2345:Kazan Cathedral
2325:Nativity Church
2288:
2244:Kremlin Arsenal
2231:
2225:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2049:Cynthia Marsh.
2048:
2042:BBC News Online
2001:
1984:
1978:
1956:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1868:
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1698:
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1677:Фасмера, Макс.
1676:
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1467:
1463:
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1447:
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1418:
1413:
1396:
1332:
1308:
1271:Peter the Great
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1084:Spasskaya Tower
1079:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1013:
987:Khrushchev Thaw
918:
875:Kremlin Armoury
863:Konstantin Thon
859:Aloisio the New
810:Faceted Chamber
806:Kremlin Arsenal
771:Vasili Bazhenov
755:
753:Imperial period
729:
717:
711:External images
691:Patriarch Nikon
667:Mikhail Romanov
663:Nizhny Novgorod
577:
576:
575:
574:
563:
562:
561:
553:
552:
541:
507:was painted by
499:. Dmitri's son
486:
470:Yuri Dolgorukiy
443:Borovitsky Hill
412:
407:
331:along with the
297:
296:
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268:
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59:
37:
36:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3276:
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3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:Moscow Kremlin
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3147:
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3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3091:Uvs Nuur Basin
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
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3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
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2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:Wrangel Island
2957:
2952:
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2937:
2931:
2929:
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2922:
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2919:
2914:
2909:
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2874:
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2864:
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2854:
2847:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2793:English Palace
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Livadia Palace
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:Tauride Palace
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2609:Yelagin Palace
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
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2551:
2545:
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2307:
2302:
2296:
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2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Kremlin Senate
2235:
2233:
2230:Administrative
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:Komendantskaya
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2046:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1999:External links
1997:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1954:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1888:
1871:Mikrobiologiia
1861:
1835:
1804:
1789:(in Russian).
1771:
1756:
1736:
1696:
1669:
1655:
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1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1392:
1331:
1328:
1320:Vladimir Putin
1307:
1304:
1298:(first called
1135:Kremlin towers
1081:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1012:
1009:
998:Elena Gagarina
934:Kremlin Senate
930:Vladimir Lenin
917:
914:
909:Russian Empire
780:Matvey Kazakov
754:
751:
737:
736:
725:
724:
713:
712:
671:his son Alexis
565:
564:
555:
554:
546:
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543:
542:
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537:
489:Dmitri Donskoi
485:
482:
427:Finnic peoples
418:View from the
411:
408:
406:
403:
351:to the south,
333:Kremlin towers
307:or simply the
305:Moscow Kremlin
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35:Moscow Kremlin
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3179:
3165:
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3159:
3157:
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3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Kazan Kremlin
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3106:
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3019:
3017:
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3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Curonian Spit
2999:
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2996:
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2745:
2743:
2742:Dulber Palace
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
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2709:
2707:
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2666:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Marble Palace
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2625:Alexis Palace
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Winter Palace
2602:
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2485:Armorial Gate
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2429:Lobnoye Mesto
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2131:Vodovzvodnaya
2129:
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1088:Kremlin stars
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939:
938:Joseph Stalin
935:
932:selected the
931:
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916:Soviet period
915:
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519:in 1406. The
518:
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3160:Shared with
3154:Shared with
3011:Kizhi Pogost
2993:Northwestern
2950:Lena Pillars
2890:
2804:Pella Palace
2788:Catherinehof
2721:Likani Villa
2264:Terem Palace
2126:Borovitskaya
2113:Kremlin Wall
2100:
2054:
2040:
2032:Open Kremlin
1990:
1986:
1962:
1935:
1931:
1924:Bibliography
1910:. Retrieved
1891:
1877:(4): 511–9.
1874:
1870:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1817:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1784:
1774:
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1739:
1714:
1710:
1687:. Retrieved
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1645:
1638:
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1623:www.kreml.ru
1622:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1592:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1533:
1459:
1424:
1384:Borovitskaya
1340:Okhotny Ryad
1336:Moscow Metro
1334:The nearest
1333:
1317:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1287:Diamond Fund
1264:
1247:Terem Palace
1236:
1224:
1209:
1151:
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1049:Terem Palace
1025:
1006:
1002:Yuri Gagarin
995:
984:
969:
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879:
844:
795:
792:
775:Neoclassical
764:
740:
683:Terem Palace
644:
636:tower church
612:
586:, including
578:
487:
463:
459:Moskva River
424:
396:
388:Kremlinology
386:. The term "
384:Russian SFSR
367:
365:
349:Moskva River
329:Kremlin Wall
308:
304:
302:
144:Kremlin and
56:Moskva River
29:
3081:Lake Baikal
2940:Lake Baikal
2927:Far Eastern
2795:in Peterhof
2711:Langinkoski
2696:Helsingfors
2579:Oranienbaum
2434:Tsar Cannon
2356:and gardens
2221:Oruzheynaya
2156:Petrovskaya
2141:Tainitskaya
2059:Brady Haran
1352:Teatralnaya
1267:the Arsenal
1262:of Moscow.
1218:, built by
1193:Ivan Kalita
970:During the
822:Alexander I
659:Kuzma Minin
645:During the
640:St. Sergius
616:Kitay-gorod
567:Tsar Cannon
99: /
75:Coordinates
3202:Categories
2983:Naryn-Kala
2897:Red Square
2766:Historical
2701:Kachanivka
2363:Red Square
2269:The Armory
2206:Troitskaya
2191:Nikolskaya
2186:Senatskaya
2105:Red Square
2023:(archived)
2017:(archived)
1854:8 February
1828:16 January
1766:1145926960
1689:12 October
1603:14 October
1411:References
1404:Red Square
1368:Arbatskaya
1255:Nicholas I
1157:cathedrals
1139:Troitskaya
965:cathedrals
898:Bolsheviks
847:Nicholas I
836:Nicholas I
699:Tsar Peter
497:Tokhtamysh
466:Max Vasmer
357:Red Square
169:Designated
146:Red Square
3162:Lithuania
2735:In Crimea
2691:Białowież
2449:Red Porch
2439:Tsar Bell
2402:Monuments
2232:buildings
2181:Spasskaya
2176:Tsarskaya
2171:Nabatnaya
2051:"Kremlin"
1944:cite book
1731:159954818
1717:(1): 31.
1662:13 August
1526:Citations
1437:romanized
1232:Tsar bell
1169:limestone
1055:Buildings
993:in 1990.
926:Petrograd
900:in 1918.
877:in 1851.
818:Osip Bove
749:in 1752.
628:metochion
571:Tsar Bell
535:in 1397.
480:in 1339.
366:The name
323:(Russian
123:1482–1495
87:37°37′4″E
84:55°45′6″N
3258:Kremlins
3156:Mongolia
3101:Southern
3068:Siberian
3058:Kenozero
2773:Annenhof
2706:Kadriorg
2686:Belweder
2293:Churches
1960:(2013).
1906:Archived
1902:BBC News
1883:16211855
1848:Archived
1822:Archived
1791:Archived
1683:Archived
1597:Archived
1593:kreml.ru
1567:Archived
1556:"Кремль"
1504:Russian:
1499:KREM-lin
1394:See also
1324:Mil Mi-8
1239:Ivan III
1047:and the
802:Napoleon
769:engaged
608:Spasskie
602:was the
501:Vasily I
493:palisade
449:built a
447:Vyatichi
376:Cold War
325:citadels
321:kremlins
161:Criteria
156:Cultural
148:, Moscow
70:, Russia
64:Location
3132:Bolghar
2891:Kremlin
2878:Central
2354:Squares
2211:Kutafya
2101:Kremlin
1382:), and
1306:Helipad
1283:Regalia
1181:Makarii
1173:cupolas
855:Baroque
800:. When
529:Eudoxia
517:Prokhor
474:Mongols
431:Meryans
405:History
392:metonym
368:kremlin
309:Kremlin
176:session
3192:Russia
3178:Portal
2809:Ropsha
2468:Former
2118:Towers
1974:
1912:18 May
1881:
1797:18 May
1764:
1754:
1729:
1653:
1628:14 May
1573:2 June
1561:Vasmer
1259:rubles
1159:. The
1127:towers
1106:, 2014
922:Soviet
911:, 1898
675:Feodor
651:Polish
515:, and
437:. The
410:Origin
317:Russia
313:Moscow
194:Region
174:(14th
68:Moscow
58:, 2012
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1727:S2CID
1416:Notes
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1165:Tsars
814:fuses
661:from
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172:1990
120:Built
2116:and
2103:and
1972:ISBN
1950:link
1914:2017
1879:PMID
1856:2023
1830:2022
1799:2017
1762:OCLC
1752:ISBN
1691:2012
1664:2015
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1342:and
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