477:
904:
925:
2970:
891:
33:
953:
391:, determining that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that the pair committed crimes against humanity. Prosecutors appealed the decision, and Gbagbo was prohibited from returning to CÎte d'Ivoire pending the appeal proceedings. The ICC ultimately upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and in April 2021, Ouattara stated he and Blé Goudé were free to return to the country.
569:, and including nine ministers from the rebels, and one year later, UN peacekeeping forces arrived in the country. In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan; government soldiers responded by killing some 120 people. A subsequent UN report concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.
939:
813:
called the acquittal of Gbagbo and BlĂ© GoudĂ© "a crushing disappointment to victims of post-election violence in Cote dâIvoire" but noted that the Office of the
Prosecutor was likely to appeal. The proceedings against Gbagbo were the first against a head of state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure
681:
Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks on northerners living in
Abidjan with his army made up partly of Liberian mercenaries, and rumours (unconfirmed because of restrictions on the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads and mass graves have been reported to representatives
504:
to run, leaving Gbagbo as the only significant opposition candidate. Guéï claimed victory in the election, held on 22 October 2000. However, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by a significant margin, street protests forced Guéï to flee the capital. Gbagbo installed himself as president on
822:
The ICC (International
Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate release, but the ICC Appeals Chamber ordered that Gbagbo remain in custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal. On 1 February 2019, he was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo
703:
On 10 April 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the presidential residence. French special forces assisted forces loyal to
Ouattara, the internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the bunker below the compound and placed under arrest
694:
of between a half-million to a million other people. On 11 April 2011, forces loyal to
Ouattara supported by the French and UN forces moved to seize Gbagbo at his residence in Abidjan after failed negotiations to end the presidential succession crisis. According to Ouattara, his forces established a
658:
On 28 November 2010, the second round of the presidential election was held. Four days later the
Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner with 54.1% of the vote. Gbagbo's party complained of fraud and ordered that votes from nine regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN
3022:
and (*) indicate that a person was convicted by the ICC and that the conviction remains valid; a name in (parentheses) indicates that charges were dropped or a conviction was overturned; â indicates a person deceased before or during trial; (x) after a name indicates that the case was closed by the
585:
With the late
October deadline approaching in 2006, it was regarded as very unlikely that the election would in fact be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo. The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of
662:
The
Constitutional Council concluded that without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the remaining vote. The constitutional restriction on Presidents serving more than ten years was not addressed. With a significant portion of the country's vote nullified, especially in areas where Ouattara polled
608:
Gbagbo visited the north for the first time since the outbreak of the war for a disarmament ceremony, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007. This ceremony involved burning weapons to symbolize the end of the conflict. At the ceremony, Gbagbo declared the war over and said that the country should move
577:
The peace agreement effectively collapsed in early
November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were undemocratic and the rebels' subsequent refusal to disarm. During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 November 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian government has claimed the
686:
assets, Gbagbo demanded that UN peacekeepers and French troops leave the country. Leaders of the Forces
Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of state and could not make such a request and also asserted that the demand was a part of a plan to commit genocide against
673:
Gbagbo declared that "I will continue to work with all the countries of the world, but I will never give up our sovereignty." On 4 December 2010, one day after military leadership pledged their continuing loyalty to him, Gbagbo again took the oath of office in a ceremony broadcast on state
863:
Six of Gbagbo's former allies also returned after spending years in exile after being encouraged by the current president Ouattara. In October 2021, Gbagbo launched a new political party called the African People's Party â Cote d'Ivoire (PPA-CI). In December 2021, he spent four days in
695:
security perimeter at the residence, where Gbagbo had sought refuge in a subterranean level, and were waiting for him to run out of food and water. The UN had insisted that he be arrested, judged and tried for crimes against humanity during his term and since the election of Ouattara.
659:
after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but the claims were disputed by the Ivorian Electoral Commission and international election observers. The Constitutional Council nullified the CEI's declaration based on alleged voting fraud, and excluded votes from nine northern areas.
468:
Gbagbo was elected to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department and was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 to 1995. In 1992 he was sentenced to two years in prison and charged with inciting violence, but was released later in the year. The FPI boycotted the
787:. Due to presenting a flight risk and maintaining a network of supporters, judges ordered him to remain in detention during his trial. From January 2016 to January 2018, ICC prosecutors presented the testimony of 82 witnesses and thousands of pieces of evidence. Gbagbo filed a "
457:. Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on the source), was not likely to survive a seventh five-year term. This failed to resonate with voters, and Gbagbo officially received 18.3% of the vote against Houphouët-Boigny. In the
860:, where he had been living for the previous three years after being released from detention. Ouattara arranged him a diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are typically given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.
360:, a body dominated by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled the results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming fraud, and declared Gbagbo the winner with 51% of the vote. In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the presidency, triggering a
476:
3074:
747:
on 29 November 2011. An adviser to Gbagbo described the arrest as "victors' justice". Conversely, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating that pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.
305:
from 2000 until his arrest in April 2011. A historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned in the early 1970s and again in the early 1990s, and he lived in exile in France during much of the 1980s as a result of his union activism. Gbagbo founded the
767:
The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give his defense team more time to prepare. The hearing was then postponed indefinitely, citing concerns over Gbagbo's health.
759:, on charges of robbery arising from looting of banks in Ivory Coast. The following year, a Ghanaian magistrate rejected the extradition request, determining that the warrant issued by the Ivorian government was politically motivated.
704:
by the Ouattara forces. Gbagbo's lawyer stated that the government forces were able to storm the residence after French troops blasted a wall, opening up a "getaway" tunnel that had been dug on the orders of Gbagbo's predecessor,
823:
conditional release from detention; he was allowed to live in Belgium, but had to be available to return to court, and could not leave Belgium. Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC for Gbagbo's unconditional release.
735:
for Gbagbo, charging him with four counts of crimes against humanity â murder, rape and other forms of sexual violence, persecution and other inhuman acts allegedly committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.
682:
of the UN. Gbagbo is mainly supported by the largely Christian south; his opponents are mostly concentrated in the Muslim north. When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down and the EU began imposing sanctions and
638:
In 2010, CĂŽte d'Ivoire had a presidential election. Gbagbo, whose mandate had expired in 2005, had delayed the election several times. In the first round, Gbagbo faced 14 challengers; the two main ones were
711:
Gbagbo was held in the Golf Hotel in Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, and requested protection from UN peacekeepers. Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies to stop fighting. U.S. President
473:. In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in the National Assembly from Ouragahio, following a delay in the holding of the election there, and in the same year he was elected as President of the FPI.
1795:
3526:
876:. Laurent Gbagbo also visited the Ivorian exiles, whose return he wanted to the country since the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis to seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.
2744:
3531:
586:
Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; to not forget, many of the rebels held their guns and were prepared to advance again, however, the resolution provided for the strengthening of Prime Minister
3010:
1083:
837:
spells "disaster" for the country, in his first public comments since being toppled in 2011. He gave the interview in Belgium, where he was awaiting the outcome of proceedings against him.
2726:
2495:
720:
quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as saying that Gbagbo's capture "sends a strong signal to dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the voice of their own people".
3521:
674:
television. Gbagbo's claim to continue in office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the France, the U.S., the United Nations, the African Union, and the regional bloc
3486:
3417:
3182:
3511:
3373:
3131:
2562:
2621:
439:(FPI). He returned to CĂŽte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at the FPI's constitutive congress, held on 19â20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.
3297:
3236:
2919:
1543:
3339:
663:
well, tensions mounted in the country. Gbagbo ordered the army to close the borders and foreign news organizations were banned from broadcasting from within the country.
2342:
2798:
3001:
558:. They failed to take Abidjan, but were successful in the other two cities, as Gbagbo loyalists, with French military assistance, repulsed the attack. Rebels of the
3551:
2112:
1101:
1799:
655:
between the top two vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had received 38% of the vote in the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of the vote in the first round).
2224:
2780:
2094:
1201:
3536:
1252:
3496:
2762:
1658:
427:. He participated in a 1982 teachers' strike as a member of the National Trade Union of Research and Higher Education. Gbagbo went into exile in France.
2470:
1148:
814:
of the ICC to convict Gbagbo for the mass atrocities was said by analysts to significantly impair the credibility of the ICC as a court of last resort.
559:
349:
3501:
462:
315:
2912:
2816:
2014:
1593:
1561:
594:
1681:
605:, leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. Those events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position.
2928:
2879:
2175:
3491:
2994:
357:
387:
to be taken into the court's custody. In January 2019, an ICC panel dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his former ministers,
356:(IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race with 54% of the vote, a tally that the United Nations concluded was credible; however, the
2452:
458:
2429:
3546:
2905:
2403:
834:
625:
613:
485:
470:
454:
337:
330:
879:
On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo said that he would run again for president as leader of the PPA-CI in elections to be held in October 2025.
1624:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1389:
1350:
1323:
908:
2359:
1731:
2701:
1540:
3506:
2969:
664:
590:'s powers. Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied.
353:
302:
48:
2257:
579:
519:
Following the contested election of 2000, there were violent clashes between supporters of the FPI and supporters of the RDR. A
3481:
3476:
2987:
2596:
751:
In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget minister Justin Kone Katinan, a close Gbagbo ally, was arrested on an international warrant in
966:
840:
In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's acquittal. Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated he was free to return to CĂŽte d'Ivoire.
616:
at a party congress; he was the only candidate for the FPI nomination. The presidential election was again postponed to 2010.
3450:
1577:
1233:
799:
400:
489:
2138:
678:, all of which recognized Ouattara as the duly elected president and called for Gbagbo to respect the will of the people.
527:, Abidjan, in November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed by FPI-aligned militias. The RDR launched an
1605:
727:
opened an investigation into acts of violence committed during the conflict after the election, and ICC chief prosecutor
629:
361:
3161:
3054:
2855:
1161:
724:
380:
2939:
2745:"Ouattara afirma que Gbagbo y Blé Goudé pueden volver a Costa de Marfil "cuando quieran" tras ser absueltos por el TPI"
2190:
705:
416:
311:
3541:
2535:
1880:
1050:
691:
648:
2072:
578:
attack on the French soldiers was accidental, French governmental sources claimed it was deliberate and responded by
565:
In March 2003, a new cross-party agreement was made for the formation of a new government led by a consensus figure,
1950:
794:
On 15 January 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC panel and their release was ordered. Presiding Judge
480:
The President of CĂŽte d'Ivoire, Laurent Gbagbo and Vahid Halilhodzic, Sol Beni, Abidjan, CĂŽte d'Ivoire in May 2008
1895:
1128:
543:
532:
3361:
2979:
2496:
Cote d'Ivoire: Acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé a crushing disappointment to victims of post-election violence
976:
903:
830:
if certain conditions were met. At the time, it was unclear if he would be allowed to return to CĂŽte d'Ivoire.
633:
420:
216:
1655:
79:
1084:"El expresidente marfileño Laurent Gbagbo vuelve a la escena polĂtica en la presentaciĂłn de su nuevo partido"
3216:
3064:
2944:
2297:
2275:
971:
784:
772:
640:
535:
against Gbagbo occurred. The government then intensified a crackdown on northerners and those thought to be
514:
497:
388:
376:
248:
2033:
3516:
3353:
344:
defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner by election observers, the international community, the
1910:
3311:
3140:
3112:
3099:
1365:
810:
436:
424:
307:
184:
1525:
484:
At the FPI's 3rd Ordinary Congress on 9â11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen as the FPI's candidate for the
3471:
3245:
3105:
3091:
453:
Following the introduction of multiparty politics in 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny in the
368:
1701:
3328:
1732:"Alassane Ouattara has been declared winner of the Ivory Coast presidential election by the French"
1678:
587:
259:
87:
2166:
1178:
1038:
3435:
2540:
2415:
2050:
803:
728:
412:
333:. The Ivorian people took to the streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.
163:
1268:
443:
1213:
3036:
2959:
2949:
2889:
2872:
2232:
2198:
1474:
1468:
1447:
1441:
1420:
1414:
1385:
1346:
1340:
1319:
996:
849:
788:
644:
536:
528:
501:
493:
423:. In 1980, he became Director of the Institute of History, Art, and African Archeology at the
419:. He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973. In 1979, he obtained his doctorate at
404:
341:
322:
283:
124:
112:
1313:
771:
Gbagbo's trial at the ICC began on 28 January 2016, where he denied all charges against him;
651:
official. In the first round, no candidate secured a majority of more than 50%, triggering a
546:
by northerners against Gbagbo's government partly failed. The rebels, calling themselves the
3425:
3316:
3266:
3200:
3195:
2098:
1011:
944:
1817:
3430:
3305:
3083:
3042:
1685:
1662:
1581:
1547:
1132:
958:
868:. According to a statement from his party, he went there to attend the funeral of Captain
667:
652:
297:
1342:
From Lumumba to Gbagbo: Africa in the Eddy of the Euro-American Quest for Exceptionalism
3440:
3399:
3252:
3190:
3151:
3146:
3119:
3059:
873:
795:
732:
683:
602:
326:
97:
92:
2583:
1574:
1293:
999:
from 4 December 2010 to 11 April 2011, at which time Gbagbo was arrested by UN forces.
952:
32:
3465:
3445:
3392:
3386:
3347:
3322:
3226:
1951:"Federal Council orders freezing of any assets held by Laurent Gbagbo in Switzerland"
1183:
930:
566:
384:
352:. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite mounting international pressure. The
345:
204:
74:
1656:"CĂŽte d'Ivoire: Gbagbo en zone rebelle pour prĂŽner la paix et des Ă©lections rapides"
1179:
Freedom in the World 2013: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties
531:
of the December 2000 elections to the parliament. The following month, an attempted
3406:
3286:
3273:
3259:
3156:
3048:
1975:
1928:
1777:
1756:
1202:
International Criminal Court Drops War Crimes Charges Against Ex-Ivory Coast Leader
869:
713:
447:
1102:"CĂŽte d'Ivoire: Premier congrĂšs pour le FPI depuis la rupture avec Laurent Gbagbo"
690:
The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the death of 3,000 people, and the
2672:
2646:
2536:"Laurent Gbagbo, Former Ivory Coast Leader, Acquitted of Crimes Against Humanity"
2509:
2377:
1876:
1717:
1496:
826:
On 28 May 2020, the International Criminal Court gave Gbagbo permission to leave
383:(ICC) in connection with the post-election violence. Gbagbo was the first former
3381:
3280:
3172:
3166:
1640:
1366:"Gbagbo acknowledges receiving underground support from Compaoré against Boigny"
896:
780:
598:
190:
920:
520:
211:
2510:"Laurent Gbagbo case: Ivory Coast leader's acquittal rattles ICC foundations"
2236:
2202:
1380:
Robert J. Mundt, "CĂŽte d'Ivoire: Continuity and Change in a Semi-Democracy",
743:, where he had been placed under house arrest, and was placed on a flight to
2897:
2799:"Laurent Gbagbo eulogizes Kojo Tsikata and Rawlings during a visit to Ghana"
2781:"CÎte d'Ivoire: Laurent Gbagbo veut le retour des exilés ivoiriens au Ghana"
2324:
1309:
744:
372:
2850:
2430:"ICC: Former Ivory Coast president Gbagbo to remain in detention for trial"
551:
415:. He became a history professor and an opponent of the regime of President
2563:"Ex-Ivory Coast President Gbagbo conditionally released to Belgium: court"
1253:
ICC grants prosecution request to keep Ivorian ex-leader Gbagbo in custody
2763:"Gbagbo takes new step to I.Coast presidency as new party holds congress"
1058:
857:
524:
2010:
1994:
1859:
1845:
1575:"Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President"
853:
827:
740:
555:
450:, while he was part of the underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.
1995:"Attaque des mosquées d'Abobo et de Bassam par des hommes en uniforme"
1125:
2471:"Crowds react to Ivory Coast's ex-President Laurent Gbagbo's release"
731:
visited the country. The following month, the ICC formally issued an
687:
northerners, as stated by Gbagbo's Minister of Youth and Employment.
675:
612:
On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was designated the FPI's candidate for the
408:
159:
2673:"Ivory Coast's ex-President Gbagbo returns home after ICC acquittal"
2647:"Ivory Coast's ex-President Gbagbo returns home after ICC acquittal"
2727:"Three key factors behind Laurent Gbagbo's return to CĂŽte d'Ivoire"
2034:
The ICC Acquittal of Gbagbo: What Next for Crimes against Humanity?
852:, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back to CĂŽte d'Ivoire. He arrived in
442:
Gbagbo said in July 2008 that he had received crucial support from
435:
During the 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo formed what would become the
314:
at the start of multi-party politics in 1990. He won a seat in the
2622:"Ex-I.Coast president Gbagbo warns of 'disaster' in upcoming vote"
1679:"I Coast President Gbagbo wins party nomination for November poll"
865:
756:
752:
475:
2702:"Ex-President Laurent Gbagbo back in Ivory Coast after acquittal"
1162:
Ivory Coast president has limited time to step down with impunity
2817:"Former Ivorian president Gbagbo agrees to run in 2025 election"
1877:"CĂŽte d'Ivoire : la pression s'accentue sur Laurent Gbagbo"
1606:"Former rebel leader takes over as Ivory Coast's prime minister"
791:" motion in July 2018, and hearings were held in November 2018.
776:
496:
took power. Guéï refused to allow his predecessor as president,
2983:
2901:
2051:"Source: Ouattara forces enter Gbagbo's Ivory Coast stronghold"
1846:"Jean Ping a remis Ă Gbagbo une lettre lui demandant de partir"
2113:"Ivory Coast strongman arrested after French forces intervene"
1562:"UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate"
798:
and Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled in favor of release; Judge
717:
609:
quickly to elections, which were then planned for early 2008.
2597:"ICC allows former I.Coast president Gbagbo to leave Belgium"
848:
After his acquittal was confirmed, current Ivorian President
367:
Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were
3011:
People publicly indicted in the International Criminal Court
1515:(ed. Alexander Mikaberidze: Vol. 1: ABC-CLIO, 2013), p. 329.
2364:
Ivory Coast: Cocoa, Justice, and the Road to Reconciliation
1029:
809:
Many within the Ivory Coast celebrated Gbagbo's acquittal.
643:, who had been deposed in a coup eleven years earlier, and
375:
in November 2011, where he was charged with four counts of
310:(FPI) in 1982 and ran unsuccessfully for president against
2453:"Ex-Ivory Coast president Laurent Gbagbo acquitted at ICC"
1911:"Ivory Coast: death squads on the rise as civil war looms"
1234:
Laurent Gbagbo appears before international criminal court
1149:
Fear of violence in Abidjan as Gbagbo refuses to step down
670:
urged the government to "act responsibly and peacefully."
2584:
Lawyers to ICC: Free Ivory Coastâs Gbagbo unconditionally
2378:"Laurent Gbagbo: Ivory Coast ex-leader denies war crimes"
2344:
Ghana court rejects request to extradite Ivorian fugitive
1023:
1020:
301:; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the
2095:"Ivory Coast's Gbagbo Captured at Presidential Compound"
1860:"Le camp Gbagbo veut livrer le "combat" contre Ouattara"
1757:"UN urges recognition of Ouattara as Ivory Coast leader"
1526:"Ivory Coast Violence Flares; 9 French and 1 U.S. Death"
228:
2839:
2404:"Ex-Ivory Coast Leader Pleads Not Guilty to Atrocities"
1929:"Ivory Coast: General strike called to pressure Gbagbo"
1818:"Ivory Coast's Gbagbo sworn in, faces rejection abroad"
699:
Arrest and transfer to the International Criminal Court
593:
A peace deal between the government and the rebels, or
329:, barred other leading politicians from running in the
2851:
The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé
2164:
Katrina Manson & Peggy Hollinger (11 April 2011).
1513:
Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia
1816:
Cocks, Tim; Coulibaly, Loucoumane (5 December 2010).
1778:"Ivory Coast poll overturned: Gbagbo declared winner"
1541:"French foreign minister's visit is first since 2003"
620:
2010 presidential election and post-election violence
3527:
People acquitted by the International Criminal Court
3023:
ICC because of a national-level trial of the accused
1416:
Grammars of Identity/alterity: A Structural Approach
1026:
1017:
3532:
People detained by the International Criminal Court
3416:
3372:
3338:
3296:
3235:
3209:
3181:
3130:
3073:
3028:
2325:"Ivory Coast's Laurent Gbagbo arrives in The Hague"
2073:"Gbagbo's pal: He'll choose death over humiliation"
2011:"Activités des forces impartiales en CÎte d'Ivoire"
1997:(Press release). COSIM Conseil supérieur des imams,
1702:
After Delays, a Vote for a President in Ivory Coast
1413:Baumann, Gerd; Gingrich, André (15 November 2005).
1014:
255:
244:
222:
210:
200:
177:
169:
139:
134:
118:
106:
65:
46:
23:
2534:Searcey, Dionne; Karasz, Palko (15 January 2019).
2165:
1772:
1770:
562:took control of the northern part of the country.
1976:"Gbagbo orders peacekeepers to leave Ivory Coast"
1796:"US urges Ivory Coast leaders to act responsibly"
1718:Ivory Coast awaits Gbagbo-Ouattara run-off result
287:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2258:"Gbagbo, wife in Ouattara's custody in I.Coast"
1511:Tim J. Watts, "Ivory Coast (CĂŽte d'Ivoire)" in
995:The presidency was disputed between Gbagbo and
872:, a man close to the former president of Ghana
3522:Members of the National Assembly (Ivory Coast)
2276:"Gbagbo tells his supporters to stop fighting"
1840:
1838:
1248:
1246:
465:, along with eight other members of the FPI.
3487:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2995:
2913:
1473:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 288, 292.
1446:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 288, 292.
1384:(1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, pp. 191â192
856:on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight from
8:
1539:Navarro, N. and Gnanih, A-H. (14 June 2008)
1214:Leaderâs Arrest in Ivory Coast Ends Standoff
550:, attempted to seize the cities of Abidjan,
399:Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 May 1945 to a
16:President of CĂŽte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011
3512:Ivory Coast politicians convicted of crimes
1751:
1749:
1696:
1694:
1625:"New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'"
1492:
1490:
1315:African Leaders: Guiding the New Millennium
3002:
2988:
2980:
2920:
2906:
2898:
2861:
2498:, Amnesty International (15 January 2018).
2075:. Fox News. Associated Press. 8 April 2011
1400:
1339:Frindethie, K. Martial (25 January 2016).
31:
20:
2578:
2576:
2360:"Ivory Coast: Sympathizers Defend Gbagbo"
2298:"Obama, Clinton welcome new developments"
2167:"Gbagbo seized by Ivory Coast opposition"
2028:
2026:
2024:
1871:
1869:
1196:
1194:
1192:
580:destroying most Ivorian military aircraft
364:in which about 3,000 people were killed.
350:Economic Community of West African States
2191:"Embassy tunnel led to Gbagbo's capture"
1811:
1809:
1620:
1618:
1507:
1505:
1376:
1374:
1228:
1226:
708:, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.
539:supporters; many were jailed or killed.
61:26 October 2000 â 11 April 2011
2139:"Gbagbo captured after siege on bunker"
1798:. AFP. 30 November 2010. Archived from
1665:, AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), 30 July 2007
1651:
1649:
1470:Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts
1443:Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts
1075:
988:
3552:Prisoners and detainees of Ivory Coast
2178:from the original on 10 December 2022.
1993:Sylla, Iman SĂ©kou (18 December 2010).
1896:"UN hears of CĂŽte d'Ivoire atrocities"
1382:Political Reform in Francophone Africa
1057:
716:welcomed news of the developments and
2696:
2694:
2586:, Associated Press (6 February 2020).
2225:"Ivory Coast: as it happened April 5"
1862:. Abidjan.net. AFP. 18 December 2010.
1848:. Abidjan.net. AFP. 18 December 2010.
1368:, African Press Agency, 29 July 2008.
1263:
1261:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
296:
7:
2009:BAMBA, Affoussy (18 December 2010).
1730:Kamara, Ahmed M. (3 December 2010).
1594:"Partial rejection of UN peace plan"
833:On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the
763:Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal
459:November 1990 parliamentary election
2406:. Associated Press. 28 January 2016
1931:. BBC News Africa. 26 December 2010
1524:Sengupta, Somini (7 November 2004)
1419:. Berghahn Books. pp. 112â41.
1318:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 65â69.
614:November 2008 presidential election
560:Patriotic Movement of CĂŽte d'Ivoire
488:. That election took place after a
3537:People extradited from Ivory Coast
2508:Holligan, Anna (15 January 2019).
1641:"Ivory Coast leaders burn weapons"
1008:English pronunciations vary, with
835:2020 Ivorian presidential election
626:2010 Ivorian presidential election
486:October 2000 presidential election
455:October 1990 presidential election
331:October 2000 presidential election
316:National Assembly of CĂŽte d'Ivoire
14:
3497:Ivorian Popular Front politicians
2451:Maclean, Ruth (15 January 2019).
2366:. Pulitzer Center/Foreign Policy.
1909:Smith, David (22 December 2010).
1041:and other Ivorian languages, the
909:National Order of the Ivory Coast
601:, Burkina Faso, and subsequently
597:, was signed on 4 March 2007, in
3075:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2968:
1894:Clark, Dave (23 December 2010).
1298:, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020
1010:
951:
937:
923:
902:
889:
665:United States Secretary of State
354:Independent Electoral Commission
3502:Ivorian prisoners and detainees
1126:"Qui est Laurent Gbagbo ?"
2189:John Follain (17 April 2011).
1720:, BBC News (29 November 2010).
1497:Ivory Coast profile â Timeline
1467:Rudolph, Joseph R. Jr (2016).
1440:Rudolph, Joseph R. Jr (2016).
1345:. McFarland. pp. 86â126.
1151:, France24 (21 December 2010).
647:, a former prime minister and
395:Early life and academic career
362:short period of civil conflict
1:
2223:Chivers, Tom (5 April 2011).
1499:, BBC news (15 January 2019).
1255:, France24 (18 January 2019).
321:Gbagbo claimed victory after
2880:President of the Ivory Coast
2856:International Criminal Court
1610:International Herald Tribune
1551:France 24 International News
725:International Criminal Court
446:, formerly the President of
381:International Criminal Court
3492:Ivorian democracy activists
1584:, VOA News, 18 August 2006.
500:, or former prime minister
461:, Gbagbo won a seat in the
371:. Gbagbo was extradited to
3568:
2749:Europa Press International
1088:Europa Press Internacional
623:
523:of 57 bodies was found in
512:
471:1995 presidential election
369:supported by French troops
338:2010 presidential election
303:president of CĂŽte d'Ivoire
49:President of CĂŽte d'Ivoire
3547:Presidents of Ivory Coast
3055:Patrice-Edouard NgaĂŻssona
3017:
2966:
2935:
2929:Presidents of Ivory Coast
2886:
2877:
2869:
2864:
1661:30 September 2007 at the
1643:, BBC News, 30 July 2007.
1051:pronounced simultaneously
967:Politics of CĂŽte d'Ivoire
492:in which retired general
273:
269:
265:
240:
236:
130:
54:
42:
30:
3362:al-Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz
3029:Central African Republic
1596:, IRIN, 2 November 2006.
1564:, IRIN, 14 October 2005.
1204:, NPR (15 January 2019).
977:Second Ivorian Civil War
783:, as did his co-accused
634:Second Ivorian Civil War
630:2010â2011 Ivorian crisis
421:Paris Diderot University
217:Paris Diderot University
3507:Ivorian Roman Catholics
3065:Mahamat Said Abdel Kani
972:First Ivorian Civil War
844:Return to Cote d'Ivoire
773:crimes against humanity
739:Gbagbo was arrested in
542:On 19 September 2002 a
515:First Ivorian Civil War
377:crimes against humanity
288:
249:Crimes against humanity
3482:21st-century criminals
3477:20th-century criminals
3354:Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi
1688:, AFP, 30 August 2008.
1580:24 August 2006 at the
706:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
481:
417:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
358:Constitutional Council
312:Félix Houphouët-Boigny
3312:Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
3113:Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui
3100:Callixte Mbarushimana
1131:2 August 2008 at the
811:Amnesty International
723:In October 2011, the
479:
437:Ivorian Popular Front
425:University of Abidjan
308:Ivorian Popular Front
294:French pronunciation:
280:Koudou Laurent Gbagbo
144:Koudou Laurent Gbagbo
80:Pascal Affi N'Guessan
3106:Sylvestre Mudacumura
3092:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
2300:. CNN. 11 April 2011
2278:. CNN. 11 April 2011
1608:, Associated Press (
843:
298:[loÊÉÌbaÉĄbo]
3329:Mahmoud al-Werfalli
3162:Abdel Rahim Hussein
2805:. 16 December 2021.
2787:. 14 December 2021.
2331:. 30 November 2011.
2117:The Washington Post
2053:. CNN. 5 April 2011
1982:. 18 December 2010.
1883:. 17 December 2010.
1763:. 20 December 2010.
1684:20 May 2011 at the
1546:20 May 2011 at the
1104:. 14 November 2021.
588:Charles Konan Banny
260:Scheveningen prison
88:Charles Konan Banny
3542:People from Gagnoa
3436:Maria Lvova-Belova
2865:Political offices
2769:. 16 October 2021.
2569:. 5 February 2019.
2541:The New York Times
2416:The New York Times
2264:. 9 February 2009.
2040:(18 January 2019).
1802:on 3 January 2013.
1784:. 3 December 2010.
1708:(1 November 2010).
1529:The New York Times
1240:(5 December 2011).
1090:. 16 October 2021.
1059:[ÉĄÍĄbaÉĄÍĄbo]
804:dissenting opinion
775:including murder,
729:Luis Moreno Ocampo
490:December 1999 coup
482:
413:French West Africa
256:Imprisoned at
164:French West Africa
3459:
3458:
3217:Charles Blé Goudé
3037:Jean-Pierre Bemba
2977:
2976:
2896:
2895:
2890:Alassane Ouattara
2887:Succeeded by
2706:www.aljazeera.com
2477:. 15 January 2019
2384:. 28 January 2016
2358:Merrill, Austin.
2013:(Press release).
1734:. Newstime Africa
1631:), 12 April 2007.
1168:(1 January 2011).
997:Alassane Ouattara
850:Alassane Ouattara
789:no case to answer
785:Charles Blé Goudé
645:Alassane Ouattara
641:Henri Konan Bédié
537:Alassane Ouattara
529:electoral boycott
502:Alassane Ouattara
498:Henri Konan Bédié
463:National Assembly
389:Charles Blé Goudé
342:Alassane Ouattara
277:
276:
125:Alassane Ouattara
3559:
3426:Valery Gerasimov
3317:Abdullah Senussi
3267:Francis Muthaura
3201:Hamlet Guchmazov
3196:Mikhail Mindzaev
3004:
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2940:Houphouët-Boigny
2922:
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2899:
2870:Preceded by
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2840:Official website
2825:
2824:
2823:. 10 March 2024.
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2679:. 17 June 2021
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2653:. 17 June 2021
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3274:William Ruto
3260:Henry Kosgey
3246:Mohammed Ali
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3157:Ahmed Haroun
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3019:
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2709:. Retrieved
2705:
2681:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2655:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2616:
2604:. Retrieved
2600:
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2545:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:
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2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2457:The Guardian
2456:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2424:
2414:– via
2408:. Retrieved
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2381:
2372:
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2353:
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2328:
2302:. Retrieved
2292:
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2270:
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2206:. Retrieved
2194:
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2147:. Retrieved
2143:Toronto Star
2142:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2116:
2107:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2045:
2037:
2032:Ben Batros,
2004:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1955:www.admin.ch
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1923:
1915:The Guardian
1914:
1904:
1889:
1854:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1800:the original
1790:
1781:
1760:
1736:. Retrieved
1725:
1713:
1705:
1674:
1636:
1628:
1609:
1601:
1589:
1573:Joe Bavier,
1569:
1557:
1550:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1469:
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1415:
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1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1238:The Guardian
1237:
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1209:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1156:
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1096:
1087:
1078:
1046:
1042:
1004:
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870:Kojo Tsikata
862:
847:
839:
832:
825:
821:
808:
793:
770:
766:
750:
738:
722:
714:Barack Obama
710:
702:
692:displacement
689:
680:
672:
661:
657:
637:
611:
607:
592:
584:
576:
564:
547:
541:
518:
505:26 October.
483:
467:
452:
448:Burkina Faso
441:
434:
411:in the then
398:
366:
335:
325:, head of a
320:
279:
278:
193:(since 2021)
120:Succeeded by
56:
18:
3472:1945 births
3382:Joseph Kony
3281:Joshua Sang
3210:Ivory Coast
3173:Ali Kushayb
3167:Saleh Jerbo
2873:Robert Guéï
2845:(in French)
2626:www.msn.com
1999:Abidjan.net
1935:26 December
1667:(in French)
1160:Tim Cocks,
1137:(in French)
1037:common. In
897:Ivory Coast
781:persecution
599:Ouagadougou
533:coup d'etat
494:Robert Guéï
405:Bété people
323:Robert Guéï
284:Gagnoa Bété
251:(dismissed)
187:(1982â2021)
170:Nationality
154:31 May 1945
113:Robert Guéï
108:Preceded by
98:Gilbert Aké
3466:Categories
2884:2000â2011
2631:30 October
2547:15 January
2519:15 January
2481:15 January
2436:26 October
2410:30 January
2388:30 January
2242:17 January
2208:17 January
1960:13 October
1827:17 January
1738:11 January
1310:Rake, Alan
1070:References
595:New Forces
521:mass grave
212:Alma mater
150:1945-05-31
3403: (*)
3365: (*)
3357: (*)
3123: (*)
3095: (*)
3087: (*)
2821:France 24
2767:France 24
2432:. Reuters
2237:0307-1235
2203:0956-1382
1917:. London.
802:issued a
745:The Hague
509:Civil war
373:The Hague
318:in 1990.
57:In office
2960:Ouattara
2803:GhanaWeb
2677:BBC News
2651:BBC News
2514:BBC News
2475:BBC News
2382:BBC News
2329:BBC News
2304:12 April
2282:12 April
2176:Archived
2149:11 April
2123:11 April
1980:BBC News
1782:BBC News
1761:BBC News
1682:Archived
1659:Archived
1578:Archived
1544:Archived
1312:(2001).
1273:BBC News
1186:, 2013).
1129:Archived
917:See also
858:Brussels
854:Adbidjan
684:freezing
525:Yopougon
47:4th
3418:Ukraine
3183:Georgia
3020:Italics
2858:website
2711:18 June
2683:14 July
2657:18 June
2567:Reuters
2262:Reuters
2079:8 April
2057:5 April
1822:Reuters
1627:, AFP (
1278:7 April
883:Honours
828:Belgium
741:Korhogo
556:Korhogo
379:in the
336:In the
223:Website
173:Ivorian
3374:Uganda
2955:Gbagbo
2785:rfi.fr
2731:rfi.fr
2606:29 May
2235:
2201:
1898:. AFP.
1477:
1450:
1423:
1388:
1349:
1322:
894:
818:Appeal
676:ECOWAS
653:runoff
632:, and
554:, and
552:Bouaké
544:revolt
409:Gagnoa
289:Gbagbo
201:Spouse
191:PPAâCI
160:Gagnoa
3298:Libya
3237:Kenya
2945:Bédié
1053:, as
983:Notes
866:Ghana
757:Ghana
753:Accra
3340:Mali
2950:Guéï
2713:2021
2685:2021
2659:2021
2633:2020
2608:2020
2549:2019
2521:2019
2483:2019
2438:2017
2412:2016
2390:2016
2306:2011
2284:2011
2244:2019
2233:ISSN
2210:2019
2199:ISSN
2151:2011
2125:2011
2081:2011
2059:2011
1962:2023
1937:2010
1829:2019
1740:2011
1475:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1280:2021
1055:IPA:
1049:are
1045:and
1039:Bete
779:and
777:rape
140:Born
3319:(x)
1881:RFI
1629:IOL
718:CNN
649:IMF
407:in
185:FPI
3468::
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2801:.
2783:.
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