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1036:), which depicts various animals (the nightingale, the cuckoo, the cat) in a humoristic manner. However, a distinction may be drawn between "representational" music and program music properly speaking, as well as between "imitation" and "representation. Finally, there is the question of whether a deliberate expressive character is sufficient to rank as a "program".
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is program music, too, with titled movements and instrumental depictions of bird calls, country dances, and a storm. His fifteenth string quartet, Opus 132, contains a middle movement titled "Heiliger
Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der lydischen Tonart" ('A Convalescent's Holy Song of
305:. For the latter work, the composer provided this written description of the sections: "Souldiers sommons, marche of footemen, marche of horsmen, trumpetts, Irishe marche, bagpipe and the drone, flute and the droome, marche to the fighte, the battels be joyned, retreat, galliarde for the victorie."
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More traditional listeners often reject these views sharply, asserting that music can be meaningful, as well as deeply emotional, while being essentially about itself (notes, themes, keys, and so on), and without any connection to the political and societal conflicts of our own day, but consciously
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describing Wagner's Operas as a fusion of many arts (set design, choreography, poetry and so on), although it relies solely on musical aspects to illustrate a multi-faceted artistic concept such as a poem or a painting. Composers believed that the dynamics of sound that were newly possible in the
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A good deal of program music falls in between the realm of purely programmatic and purely absolute, with titles that clearly suggest an extramusical association, but no detailed story that can be followed and no musical passages that can be unequivocally identified with specific images. Examples
473:) that the "whole work can be perceived without description – it is more an expression of feelings rather than tone-painting".. Yet the work clearly contains depictions of bird calls, a babbling brook, a storm, and so on. Beethoven later returned to program music with his
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period of the 19th century, during which the concept was popular, but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music. The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works (pieces without singers and lyrics), and not used, for example for
1056:, which is a musical description of ascending and descending a mountain, with 22 section titles such as "Night", "Sunrise", "By the Waterfall", "In Thicket and Underbrush on the Wrong Path", "Summit", "Mists Rise" and "Storm and Descent".
344:'s earlier symphonies may be program music; for example, the composer once said that one of his earlier symphonies represents "a dialogue between God and the Sinner". It is not known which of his symphonies Haydn was referring to. His
802:. Instrumental pieces in popular music often have a descriptive title which suggests that they could be categorized as program music, and several instrumental albums are completely devoted to some programmatic idea (for example,
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During the late-nineteenth and twentieth century, the increased influence of modernism and other anti-Romantic trends contributed to a decline in esteem for program music, but audiences continued to enjoy such pieces as
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redefined the symphonic movie score) have followed the programmatic model and solidified motion picture soundtrack as its own programmatic genre. Music's power for pictorial suggestion may be said to have culminated in
265:, argue that so-called "abstract" techniques and structures are actually highly politically and socially charged, specifically, even gendered. This may be linked to a more general argument against abstraction, such as
649:
269:'s argument that it is, "necessary...for abstract meaning...to have a bodily basis". However, a more specific definition of absolute music is: music which was composed without programmatic intent, or narrative.
619:", Op. 35, after the Arabian Nights entertainments (where the heroine is depicted by a violin and whose stories include "Sinbad the Sailor") and any number of orchestral suites from his operas, including
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608:(which portrays episodes in the composer's own married life, including putting the baby to bed). Strauss is reported to have said that music can describe anything, even a teaspoon.
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Indeed, an entire genre sprang up in the 1920s, particularly in the Soviet Union, of picturesque music depicting machines and factories. Well-known examples include
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era. As it can invoke in the listener a specific experience other than sitting in front of a musician or musicians, it is related to the purely
Romantic idea of the
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Thanksgiving to the
Divinity, in the Lydian Mode'), suggesting to some auditors that the entire work can be heard as a tonal evocation of sickness and recovery.
615:, whose colorful "musical pictures" include "Sadko", Op. 5, after the Russian Bylina, about the minstrel who sings to the Tsar of the Sea, the very famous "'
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One of the most famous programs, because it has never been definitively identified, is the secret non-musical idea or theme – the "Enigma" – that underlies
199:. Following Strauss, the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare. Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on
794:, although some popular music does have aspects in common with program music. The tradition of purely orchestral program music is continued in pieces for
1222:, and others, motion picture soundtrack took up the banner of programmatic music following the advent of "talkies". Many film composers, including
257:) music" and that music always at least conveys or evokes emotions. While non-professional listeners often claim that music has meaning (to them),
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Some composers of the
Baroque era used to design titles for their music in a fashion resembling that of Romantic program music, called the
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was a musical narration of a hyperbolically emotional love story, the main subject being an actress with whom he was in love at the time.
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Romantic orchestra of the era allowed them to focus on emotions and other intangible aspects of life much more than during the
Baroque or
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composed a number of tone poems in the 1910s and 1920s, notably three works on different aspects of the city of Rome. Gustav Holst's "
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era. At that time, perhaps more than any other, music achieved drama from its own internal resources, notably in works written in
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has poetic inscriptions in the score referring to each of the seasons, evoking spring, summer, autumn, and winter. While many
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Music that is composed to accompany a ballet is often program music, even when presented separately as a concert piece.
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886:", "La Villa Strangiato" "Red Barchetta", and "YYZ" also show their experimentalism with program music, as do parts of "
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composed for piano a series of pieces describing seeing a gallery of ten of his friend's paintings and drawings in his
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Progressive rock groups and musicians during the 1970s in particular experimented with program music, among which was
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employs the same function. This music for large orchestra depicts a train moving in the mountains of Italy.
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from 1784–1785 is another 18th century example, anticipating
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was thought for years to be abstract music, but in 1977 it was discovered that it was in fact dedicated to
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also includes a movement named "La tempesta" that represents a storm. A minor
Classical-era composer,
1416:, edited by Friedrich Kerst. London: Gay and Bird. (archive from 5 March 2016; accessed 11 May 2020).
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of 1899. The composer disclosed it to certain friends, but at his request they never made it public.
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150:. The narrative itself might be offered to the audience through the piece's title, or in the form of
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did provide explicit programs for many of his piano pieces and he was also the inventor of the term
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Le portrait musical de la nature, ou Grande sinfonie (Musical
Portrait of Nature or Grand Symphony)
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and the orchestration in operas are very often program music, and some film scores, such as
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Spring", the title having been a last-minute thought, but it is certainly program music.
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Composers and some theorists argue that there is indeed no such thing as true "absolute (
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Possibly the most adept at musical depiction in his program music was German composer
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Cleveland
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associated with non-musical ideas, images, or events (poems, art works, etc.)
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207:. Similar compositional forms also exist within popular music, including the
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980:(representative) style. Some of the most notable examples were composed by
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contain programmatic elements, an example of outright program music is his
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music. Bluegrass has at least one outstanding bit of program music called
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felt a certain reluctance in writing program music, and said of his 1808
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1127:(The Steel Step, 1926). An example from outside of the Soviet Union is
928: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
762: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
418: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
203:, especially where this draws upon the techniques of 19th-century late
235:. Single-movement orchestral pieces of program music are often called
855:
1008:– the shepherdess) or, most notably, aspects of nature and meteors (
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481:, which depicts the departure and return of his close friend the
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The Arts
Entwined: Music and Painting in the Nineteenth Century
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Beethoven, the Man and the Artist, as Revealed in His own Words
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The term "program music" is not generally used with regard to
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29:
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1526:: Paradoxes and Contradictions of Pictorial Musicalism", in
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was amused when a listener said that when she listened to
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Part of the music from the Baroque and Classical eras is
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wrote many short pieces of program music which he called
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wrote a fair amount of program music, especially for the
1448:, p. 24. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
882:("My Homeland") (1874–1879). In addition, Rush's songs "
1475:. California: University of California Press. pp.
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The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the
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Programmatic programmatic works by American composers
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Program music was perhaps less often composed in the
1530:, eds. M. L. Morton and P. L. Schmunk, p. 28–29
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or recorder concertos bear titles inspired by human
564:(portraying a dying man and his entry into heaven),
362:(not to be confused with twentieth-century composer
372:), which falls into this category. German composer
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
967:Concerto for two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060
146:that attempts to musically render an extramusical
1098:similarly depicted a rural steam-driven train in
515:, later orchestrated by many composers including
1024:– the sea storm). Another well-known example is
660:legend in several tone poems, most famously in
326:Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother
167:The genre culminates in the symphonic works of
1446:Feminine Endings: Music, Gender, and Sexuality
724:, suppressed by the composer for publication.
446:Program music particularly flourished in the
171:that include narrations of the adventures of
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1044:Program music was quite popular during the
340:. It is thought, however, that a number of
1472:The Operas of Alban Berg: Volume Two, Lulu
873:" (1980), which shows clear influences of
650:The Legend of The Invisible City of Kitezh
611:Another composer of programmatic music is
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944:Learn how and when to remove this message
778:Learn how and when to remove this message
434:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1210:Influenced by the late Romantic work of
676:Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma)
541:is perhaps best known for his tone poem
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926:adding citations to reliable sources
760:adding citations to reliable sources
588:(portraying episodes in the life of
416:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
527:. His most famous are probably the
1088:'s incomplete orchestral fragment
712:are based on the melodic series A–
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1252:. Disney gave us, too, the term
973:are examples of absolute music.
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575:Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
568:(based on the ancient legend of
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1408:Beethoven, Ludwig van (1905). “
1101:The Little Train of the Caipira
971:Piano Sonata in C major, K. 545
913:needs additional citations for
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403:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
1533:PĂ©rez-Sobrino, Paula B. 2014.
1000:– the pleasure), occupations (
728:Popular music as program music
558:. His symphonic poems include
313:In the Baroque era, Vivaldi's
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1423:"Richard Strauss: Biography"
369:Six Metamorphoses after Ovid
350:Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
183:the composer's domestic life
1497:(2001). "Programme music".
534:the Carnival of the Animals
531:and several movements from
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1522:Junod, Philippe. "The New
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561:Death and Transfiguration
544:The Sorcerer's Apprentice
512:Pictures at an Exhibition
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220:European classical music
19:Not to be confused with
1421:Gifford, Katya (2012).
1295:List of symphonic poems
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627:Flight of the Bumblebee
622:The Tale of Tsar Saltan
613:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
547:, based on a tale from
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196:Also Sprach Zarathustra
860:Orange Blossom Special
854:and various genres of
625:(which also contains "
519:. The French composer
374:Justin Heinrich Knecht
321:cantatas by J. S. Bach
1562:, Essentials of Music
1540:Journal of Pragmatics
1305:Representation (arts)
1290:List of program music
1159:the Appalachians and
1030:Sonata representativa
494:Symphonie fantastique
295:The Fall of the Leafe
189:'s philosophy of the
1577:, for string quartet
1026:Heinrich Ignaz Biber
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894:In the Western canon
756:improve this article
706:Hanna Fuchs-Robettin
475:Piano Sonata Op. 81a
463:Ludwig van Beethoven
412:improve this article
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1654:Musical terminology
1605:, Art of the States
1021:La tempesta di mare
663:The Swan of Tuonela
632:The Golden Cockerel
605:Symphonia Domestica
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259:"new" musicologists
187:Friedrich Nietzsche
137:programmatic music
21:Programming (music)
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1556:, Encyclopedia.com
1500:Grove Music Online
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1659:Musical form
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1430:. Retrieved
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1393:Scruton 2001
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1369:Gifford 2012
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1345:McClary 1991
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1333:McClary 1999
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931:
920:Please help
915:verification
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803:
789:
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754:Please help
749:verification
746:
708:. Important
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683:20th century
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47:verification
44:
1597:Dawn Upshaw
1588:Lyric Suite
1575:Lyric Suite
1258:Max Steiner
1244:Walt Disney
1165:Film scores
1155:she "could
1137:(1923–24).
1091:Train Music
1081:Pacific 231
844:jazz fusion
840:black metal
832:space music
701:Lyric Suite
692:The Planets
594:Don Quixote
585:Don Quixote
505:. In 1874,
499:Franz Liszt
338:sonata form
329:, BWV 992.
303:The Battell
287:harpsichord
283:Renaissance
173:Don Quixote
1648:Categories
1381:Perle 1985
1321:References
1280:Film music
1239:soundtrack
1224:Paul Smith
998:Il piacere
710:leitmotifs
696:Alban Berg
539:Paul Dukas
525:Tone Poems
479:Les Adieux
261:, such as
247:Definition
213:rock opera
201:film music
191:Ăśbermensch
80:newspapers
1237:Star Wars
1169:Prokofiev
1058:Beethoven
1002:La caccia
875:Smetana's
836:surf rock
457:Classical
334:Classical
148:narrative
144:art music
110:July 2017
1618:Ensemble
1581:AllMusic
1524:Paragone
1469:(1985).
1444:(1991).
1432:28 April
1264:See also
1249:Fantasia
1104:(1930).
1034:continuo
1016:La notte
963:absolute
934:May 2020
879:Má vlast
852:art rock
810:Vangelis
658:Kalevala
570:Don Juan
566:Don Juan
471:Pastoral
448:Romantic
1616:Kitsune
1402:Sources
994:affects
828:new-age
824:ambient
94:scholar
1624:Portal
1483:
1452:
1412:”. In
1230:, and
1199:Eroica
1186:Dvořák
986:violin
884:Xanadu
867:Rush's
856:techno
647:, and
549:Goethe
459:eras.
233:lieder
96:
89:
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1595:with
1477:18–29
1383:, 18.
990:flute
805:China
229:opera
101:JSTOR
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1481:ISBN
1450:ISBN
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297:and
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