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Sarah W. Whitman

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31: 365: 596: 389:. The window was a gift from Whitman and her Trinity Church Bible class. The work was begun in 1895 and installed in March, 1896. The window, which overlooks the small cloister garden that separates the church and parish house, was not just a decoration according to Whitman. It was to be "used for practical purposes" and meant to be viewed thru to the garden. She designed the window with square panes of clear glass for that purpose. Whitman's combination of function and decoration in her stained glass work was a modern innovation and would be used later by such artists as 490: 161: 561:"You have got to think how to apply elements of design to these cheaply sold books; to put the touch of art on this thing that is going to be produced at a level price, which allows for no handwork, the decoration to be cut with a die, the books to go out by the thousand and to be sold at a low price. . . What I feel is that under these conditions, the more necessary it is to design covers well because they are really like aesthetic tracts. They go everywhere." 405:, Massachusetts. Its composition features a trio of contemplative young angels. Created to honor three members of the Lowell family who had died young, the Lowell Window is compositionally similar to the Honor and Peace Window she designed a few years later for Memorial Hall at Harvard University. She deliberately left the faces of the three angels undifferentiated in order to transcend individuality. It is considered one of her finest works in stained glass. 239: 309:, and her later independent work shows his influence. But she moved beyond his formalism, bringing a more personal spiritual dimension to her own work. By the 1890s, she had become one of the leading designers of stained glass windows in the Northeast and she had set up her own studio, the Lily Glass Works, at 184 Boylston Street in Boston. She worked in colored, transparent, and the new 349:
significant plants. Transparent glass in the church is exemplified by a round window with a floral design in lead tracery. (This simplified, highly linear approach to design is also a hallmark of Whitman's book design work.) The divider windows in the church, which are inset into a wooden wall between the front doors and the main church hall, are made of opalescent glass and feature
345:, including the rose window, floral windows, transparent windows with decorative leading, and divider windows. Her studio, Lily Glass Works, assembled the designs. Elements such as faces were executed in vitreous paint after her watercolor designs, as was standard practice at the time. Some final details may have been painted by Whitman herself after the windows were installed. 1211: 577:
Whitman was very active in arts organizations. She inaugurated the Boston Water Color Club for women in response to the fact that the Boston Society of Water Color Artists admitted only men. She was also a charter member and vice-president of the Boston Arts and Crafts Society (1897–1904), which she
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in 1892, she stated that "American glassmakers (herself included), preferred to create their motifs by exploiting modulations in the colors and thickness of the stained glass itself rather than applying paint to the surface of the glass or depending upon the dark outlines of the leading, as did many
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Whitman's involvement with Trinity Church early in her career extended beyond her work with stained glass. For thirty years (1874-1904), she taught an adult Bible class at the church during the winter. In the summers, she organized a Bible class at a Baptist church near her vacation home in Beverly
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The church's rose window is mainly executed in red cathedral glass of varying hues. Its center includes faceted orange 'jewels' that lend an extra sense of dimension to the window. The floral-motif windows are designed in colored glass against a plain translucent background and represent biblically
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Whitman was an innovator in American modern stained glass. At a time when opalescent glass was sometimes criticized by traditionalists, Whitman argued for its adoption. She described the material as "a new form of stained glass, in which it is possible to attain an infinite variety of tones in the
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Whitman focused on painting early in her career. She worked in both oil and pastel, primarily painting rural landscapes and floral studies. She began to exhibit her work in the 1870s. She painted landscapes in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and southern Maine. "She often explored the
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than was typical. Her spare designs featured elegant linear drawings or silhouettes (usually of plants) and sometimes an asymmetrical composition. Colors tended towards a muted palette of greens, golds, and deep reds. Her designs helped to spark a trend towards a more minimal aesthetic for book
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artist, painter, and book cover designer. Successful at a time when few women had professional art careers, she founded her own firm, Lily Glass Works. Her stained glass windows are found in churches and colleges throughout the northeastern United States. As a member of the board of the
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mysterious effects created by fog, twilight, mist, or moonlight, using broad sweeps of color that favor atmospheric effects over specific detail." She also painted many portraits. She liked to paint hers subjects against dark backgrounds, a style she learned in art studies in France.
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An unusual work is the church's Jerusalem Window, which has a text in black letters against a golden ground. The letters are in a font of Whitman's own devising, one that she used also in some of her book designs. Above the text hovers the silhouette of a
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Over the course of two decades beginning around 1884, she designed the illustrations and covers of over 200 books, occasionally including some version of her own 'flaming heart' logo. She was the first professional woman artist to work regularly for
176:. She had one brother, Charles (1845-1911), who suffered from mental illness and was institutionalized in about 1882. By her third birthday, in the aftermath of her father's involvement in a bank scandal, the family had moved her to 282: 644:
The Boston Arts and Crafts Society organized a memorial exhibition of her book covers and stained glass windows in 1905. The following year, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts hosted an exhibit of her pastel and oil works.
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same sheet," noting that when both opal and color are mingled "there is a magnificence of effect never seen before". She was also well known for using clear panels in her work. Prominent stained glass artist
230:'s. Despite the fact that she never completed the French course of training, within a decade she had established herself as a successful stained glass window designer, painter, and book cover designer. 1303: 557:
Whitman considered that the designer's challenge was to create an aesthetically satisfying experience within the constraints imposed by the economics of book publishing. As she put it:
539:. She designed almost all of the covers for Jewett's novels. The cover for which she is best known showed ornamental poppies, and was designed for a book for a friend, Celia Thaxter's 341:
In 1884, Whitman got her first important commission on the recommendation of La Farge. She was commissioned to design several windows for the Central Congregational Church in
511:. "Whitman helped to establish the medium, long the domain of die-cutters and binders, as a suitable specialty for artists, thus ushering in a new era in American design." 603:
Whitman was diagnosed with heart disease in 1901 but continued many of her activities up to her last illness. In her final years, she lived with her sister Mary Rice in
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Whitman was an influential spokesperson for American stained glass, believing American glass to be superior to British stained glass. In an article, she wrote for
180:, where she spent most of her childhood with her wealthy Wyman relatives. When she turned 11, in 1853, she moved back to Lowell, where she was educated by tutors. 1288: 1323: 1313: 1333: 1328: 1343: 286: 183:
At the age of 24, she married Henry Whitman, a well-to-do wool and dry goods merchant. They hosted a literary club in their townhouse on Boston's
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Publishers' Bindings Online Exhibition, The Artistic Collaboration between Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909) & Sarah Wyman Whitman (1842–1904)
1070: 226:. Along with her trips to France, Whitman traveled to Spain, Italy and England several times to study architecture and the paintings of the 634:
in Kentucky, which had been founded by abolitionists. During her lifetime, she actively promoted Howard University and Tuskegee University.
1308: 626:, which each received bequests of $ 100,000. Whitman's commitment to ameliorating racial inequality is attested by bequest of $ 50,000 to 1298: 923: 414: 1131: 30: 325:, noted that Whitman was one of the early American stained glass artists to use designs more closely associated with architecture. 1318: 678: 290: 204: 452:
in Maine (1894): 100 windows, including a Memorial Window commemorating the Civil War in transparent glass with lead tracery
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Whitman became the first president of the Women's Auxiliary for the troops in Boston, most of which she organized herself.
428:. Whitman designed the windows to include historical figures of soldiers and poets. The Brimmer Window (1896), showing the 364: 1102: 578:
co-founded in 1897. She organized the annual fancy-dress ball for the city's Arts Festival. She also published one book,
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glass, an American invention of the 1880s that was becoming increasingly popular due to La Farge's innovative work in
251: 192: 258:. She received honorable mentions at the Paris Expositions of 1889 and 1900, and she won a bronze medal at the 1901 619: 504: 255: 218:(1869–1871), one of their earliest women students. In 1877 she made the first of two trips to France to study with 739: 659:
painted a posthumous portrait of Whitman that now hangs in the Radcliffe College Room of the Schlesinger Library.
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Whitman's artistic training was rather short. She began her artistic training at the age of 26 in Boston with
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in 1842 to banker William Wyman and Sarah Amanda (Treat) Wyman, who were visiting the city from their home in
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Farms. In both places, she raised funds for church-related projects such as a library and a reading room.
36: 883:"Stained Glass Pragmatism: Sarah Wyman Whitman's Lowell Window at First Parish, Brookline, Massachusetts" 1222: 608: 580: 528: 495: 385:
Memorial window for the room in Trinity Church parish house, dedicated to the recently deceased rector,
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described her as one of Boston's two "leading ladies" in the early 20th century, with the other being
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wrote, "She leaves a dreadful vacuum in Boston. I have often wondered whether I should survive her."
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Whitman is considered one of the most prominent book-cover designers of her day, often ranked with
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In 1912, the third residence hall at Radcliffe College was named the Whitman Dorm in her honor.
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on June, 24th, 1904, at the age of 61. Of her death, her close friend the philosopher
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Whitman won numerous awards and exhibited her work widely at venues ranging from the
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The Boston Public Library's collection of Sarah Wyman Whitman bindings on Flickr.com
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has been located at Whitman's former home at 77 Mt. Vernon Street in Beacon Hill.
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and was one of their principal designers. She designed books by authors such as
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Phillips Brooks Memorial window, Trinity Church, Parish House, Boston c 1895
350: 262:. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts holds a number of her paintings, including 1210: 954:"Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893" 1103:"Library Acquires Sarah Whitman Bookbindings | Bowdoin News Archive" 102: 1014:"Stained Glass by Sarah Wyman Whitman at Central Congregational Church" 776: 401:
In 1896, Whitman designed a large window in opalescent glass for the
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At the end of the century, Whitman designed two large windows for
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77 Mount Vernon St. in Boston, Whitman's home from 1880 to 1904.
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Hirshler, Erica E.; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, eds. (2001).
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In the early 1880s, Whitman apprenticed herself to the noted
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Women in graphic design 1890–2012 = Frauen und Grafik-Design
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Sarah Wyman Whitman works at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts
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A studio of her own: women artists in Boston; 1870 - 1940;
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A large collection of books she designed was donated to
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The major beneficiaries of Whitman's will included the
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Boston Women's Heritage Trail website. 337:Central Congregational Church, Worcester 191:, then an exclusive section of Boston's 988: 986: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 839: 837: 835: 833: 831: 829: 821:"Sarah Wyman Whitman: The Life She Led" 690: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 499:(Boston: Interstate Publishing, 1886). 242:Thomas F. Bayard portrait, before 1893 1114: 1112: 1056: 1054: 918:. University of Massachusetts Press. 630:in Alabama. She also left $ 2,000 to 7: 1243:Houghton Library, Harvard University 1016:. College of the Holy Cross website. 823:. College of the Holy Cross website. 353:, symbolic of renewal after winter. 168:Sarah de St. Prix Wyman was born in 1289:19th-century American women writers 1241:Guide to Sarah Wyman Whitman papers 1324:Artists from Lowell, Massachusetts 1314:19th-century American illustrators 1092:College of the Holy Cross website. 1065:(1st ed.). Boston: MFA Publ. 1038:The Sarah Orne Jewett Text Project 14: 409:Memorial Hall, Harvard University 164:Niagara Falls pastel drawing 1898 35:Sarah Wyman Whitman, painting by 1334:American women graphic designers 1329:People from South Berwick, Maine 1209: 648:A volume of her correspondence, 403:First Parish Church in Brookline 264:Roses—Souvenir de Villier le Bel 1344:People from Beacon Hill, Boston 677:Whitman is commemorated on the 137:Sarah de St. Prix Wyman Whitman 1233:Letters of Sarah Wyman Whitman 1126:. Berlin: Jovis. p. 590. 1034:"LETTERS: Sarah Wyman Whitman" 650:Letters of Sarah Wyman Whitman 397:First Parish Church, Brookline 1: 1294:19th-century American writers 679:Boston Women's Heritage Trail 477:, originally created for the 148:"Annex," she helped to found 86:Mount Auburn Cemetery, Boston 1247:Sarah Wyman Whitman Bindings 1122:; Meer, Julia (2012-01-01). 535:, and especially her friend 485:Book design and illustration 291:World's Columbian Exposition 139:(1842–1904) was an American 1309:American women illustrators 910:O'Gorman, James F. (2004). 885:. Firstparishbrookline.org. 252:Society of American Artists 1360: 1299:American graphic designers 1258:The Peace and Honor window 620:Boston Museum of Fine Arts 505:Margaret Neilson Armstrong 256:National Academy of Design 938:"Art Awards at Buffalo". 851:, January–February, 2008. 746:. 26 June 1904. p. 5 479:1904 St. Louis Exposition 448:Fogg Memorial Library at 436:Other stained glass works 156:Early years and education 28: 1192:Petronella, May Melvin. 547:Arts and Crafts Movement 343:Worcester, Massachusetts 201:Isabella Stewart Gardner 113:Arts and Crafts Movement 1319:American women painters 706:Strangers and Wayfarers 424:students killed in the 260:Pan-American Exposition 67:June 24, 1904 (aged 61) 49:Sarah de St. Prix Wyman 1224:The Making of Pictures 657:Helen Bigelow Merriman 641:, Harvard University. 600: 581:The Making of Pictures 500: 496:The Making of Pictures 373:Trinity Church, Boston 369: 293:in Chicago, Illinois. 243: 165: 37:Helen Bigelow Merriman 1196:. UPNE, 2004, p. 110. 881:Hutchins, Francis G. 777:"Sarah Wyman Whitman" 609:Boston, Massachusetts 598: 529:Thomas Bailey Aldrich 521:Oliver Wendell Holmes 492: 367: 241: 174:Lowell, Massachusetts 163: 1260:(Harvard University) 1218:at Wikimedia Commons 775:Smith, Bonnie Hurd. 605:South Berwick, Maine 525:James Russell Lowell 509:Alice Cordelia Morse 420:to commemorate the 381:Whitman created the 333:English designers." 1237:. (via Archive.org) 1216:Sarah Wyman Whitman 664:Club of Odd Volumes 628:Tuskegee University 463:Schlesinger Library 287:Palace of Fine Arts 254:in New York to the 212:William Morris Hunt 178:Baltimore, Maryland 170:Baltimore, Maryland 56:Baltimore, Maryland 23:Sarah Wyman Whitman 1339:Writers from Maine 601: 591:Death and legacies 501: 426:American Civil War 418:Harvard University 391:Frank Lloyd Wright 370: 297:Stained glass work 244: 166: 146:Harvard University 1228:(via Archive.org) 1214:Media related to 1072:978-0-87846-482-1 942:, August 7, 1901. 714:Sarah Orne Jewett 624:Radcliffe College 541:An Island Garden. 537:Sarah Orne Jewett 150:Radcliffe College 134: 133: 95:Book Illustration 1351: 1221:Whitman, Sarah. 1213: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1116: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1093: 1088:Morris, Nicole. 1086: 1077: 1076: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1030: 1017: 1010: 965: 964: 962: 960: 949: 943: 936: 930: 929: 917: 907: 886: 879: 852: 849:Harvard Magazine 843:Smith, Betty S. 841: 824: 817: 780: 773: 756: 755: 753: 751: 744:The Boston Globe 736: 730: 729: 727: 726: 700: 662:Since 1936, the 639:Houghton Library 517:Houghton Mifflin 430:Chevalier Bayard 285:her work at the 266:(1877 or 1879), 197:George Santayana 187:and summered in 52:December 5, 1842 33: 19: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1269: 1268: 1206: 1201: 1200: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1134: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1080: 1073: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1043: 1041: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1011: 968: 958: 956: 952:Nichols, K. 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The writer 194: 190: 189:Beverly Farms 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 162: 155: 153: 151: 147: 142: 141:stained glass 138: 129: 125: 122:Henry Whitman 121: 117: 114: 111: 107: 104: 100: 99:Stained glass 96: 93: 89: 85: 83:Resting place 81: 76: 75:Massachusetts 72: 66: 62: 57: 47: 43: 38: 32: 27: 20: 1232: 1223: 1193: 1188: 1176: 1164:. Retrieved 1160:FamilySearch 1159: 1150: 1123: 1097: 1062: 1042:. Retrieved 1037: 1012:Moye, Lucy. 957:. Retrieved 947: 939: 934: 913: 848: 748:. Retrieved 743: 734: 723:. 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Index

Sarah Wyman Whitman, painting by Helen Bigelow Merriman, 1909–10
Helen Bigelow Merriman
Baltimore, Maryland
Boston
Massachusetts
Book Illustration
Stained glass
Painting
Arts and Crafts Movement
stained glass
Harvard University
Radcliffe College

Baltimore, Maryland
Lowell, Massachusetts
Baltimore, Maryland
Beacon Hill
Beverly Farms
North Shore
George Santayana
Isabella Stewart Gardner
a museum
William Morris Hunt
William Rimmer
Thomas Couture
Villiers-le-Bel
Old Master

Society of American Artists
National Academy of Design

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