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The magnitude of Sergei and Rafail
Levitsky’s catalogue raisonné remains unknown. Their influence on photographers, artists, their history, and their life’s artistic achievements were erased during the Soviet era; an era where aristocratic origins and ties to the Romanov family were cause for violent
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During the Soviet era the official government point of view on the development of photography in Russia in the pre-revolutionary period was: "In our country, before the Great
October Socialist Revolution there was no photographic industry. Photographic products were found in only a few semi-artisan
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It is Sergei
Levitsky who first proposed the idea to artificially light subjects in a studio setting using electric lighting along with daylight saying of its use, "as far as I know this application of electric light has never been tried; it is something new, which will be accepted by photographers
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Today, the largest collection of paintings by Rafail
Sergeevich Levitsky are found in The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection (DRWC), Toronto, Canada. The collection, which is dedicated to preserving the memory, legacy and works of both Rafail Sergeevitch Levitsky and Sergei Lvovich Levitsky; has
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Levitsky's use of the 1840 Charles
Chevalier-designed lens, known as the "Photographe à Verres Combinés" as it combined two cemented achromats; reduced the time needed to capture an image as it improved the camera's focusing ability. The lens brought speeds down to about f/5.6 for portrait work,
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at
Krasnogorsk (RGAKFD) were opened to reveal photographic documentation of events from over a century ago to the present in Russia. Many early photos are arranged in large albums according to subject. Among these are 300 personal albums of the Tsars. Although mostly documentary in nature, the
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It is in Paris, that
Levitsky would make a series of portraits of his cousin Alexander Herzen; most notable was his portrait of Herzen leaning in a chair which did not simply capture Herzen in his natural state and attitude but conveyed the essence of him as a thoughtful writer, full of mental
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Confusion as to
Levitsky's studio in Paris has arisen from the reference to 'Levitsky', 'M. Levitsky' and 'Maison Levitsky' on Lejeune's cartes de visites and cabinet cards with his ownership and authorship printed usually on the lower right hand side, as 'Le Jeune Succ'.
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and soon after served in the
Russian civil service with the Ministry of the Interior, St. Petersburg. His ability to speak several languages allowed him to participate in a government commission to study the composition and therapeutic properties of mineral waters in the
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In 1845, Levitsky travelled to Rome and Venice in Italy before undertaking a course in physics and chemistry at the
Sorbonne in Paris but is not listed as working as a professional photographer. He had returned to Russia by 1849 when he opened a studio in St Petersburg.
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factories. Although our compatriots were associated with many of the crucial inventions in photography. .., the ruling circles of autocracy hampered the development of domestic photography as cameras, plates, and photographic paper were mainly imported from abroad".
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In 1864 Levitsky wrote about his Paris career in The Russian Magazine "Photograph" (1864, No. 3-4) in which he described his great success and artistic triumph which "brought to his Paris studio daily orders of some 1500 requests; many of which could not be filled".
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It is in Paris in the 1840s that Sergei Levitsky would study photography and distinguish himself in the technical sphere of photographic development. Daguerre had heard about the talented Russian photographer and received him cordially and with great interest.
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Levitsky sold his studio to Augustin Aimé Joseph Le Jeune, whose cards carried the Levitsky name and noted that he was the new owner/successor i.e. 'Lejeune succ' until at least 1867. Lejeune reused negatives made by Levitsky as well as making his own images.
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Creating images that captured the sentiment of each sitter was in keeping with beliefs found in Russian art of the mid nineteenth century, such as literature, music and theatre where artists believed it was possible to penetrate into the soul of a person.
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One of the first major photographic studios in Russia was owned and operated by Sergei Levitsky, who on his return from Paris in autumn 1849, opened a daguerreotype photo studio called "Light painting" in St. Petersburg on October 22, 1849.
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While running the St. Petersburg studio, Rafail began the tradition of taking photos of everyday Russian actors and everyday Russian people while continuing the Studio's resume of taking photos of widely known Russians including
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It is the first time photography became the main starting point for the solution to a central character of a painting and speaks to the deep influences that photography would have later on in art and movements like
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By 1872 Le Jeune was operating at 350 Rue St Honore after the Le Jeunes sold the Rue de Rivoli studio to Auguste La Planquais in 1873, and the next year the Rue St Honore studio to Léon Abraham Marius Joliot.
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Considered the best of Russia's portrait photographers, the Levitsky studio photographed four generations of the Romanov dynasty. In 1877, it was awarded the title Photographer of their Royal Majesty.
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Sergei Levitsky was also a writer of articles for the Russian magazine "Photograph" and was actively involved in organizing national and international photographic exhibitions throughout his lifetime.
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In 1847, Levitsky designed a bellows camera which significantly improved focusing. This adaptation influenced the design of cameras for decades and is still in use today in some professional cameras.
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Levitsky was the first photographer to portray individuals in different poses and even in different clothes; e.g., the subject might appear to play the piano and stand aside to listen to himself.
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While in Paris, he would become the first to introduce interchangeable decorative backgrounds in his photos, as well as the retouching of negatives to reduce or eliminate technical deficiencies.
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240:; 17 August 1819 – 22 June 1898), is considered one of the patriarchs of Russian photography and one of Europe's most important early photographic pioneers, inventors and innovators.
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These photos were major successes for Levitsky and word spread quickly about a studio that had its employees traveling to the homes of customers with their daguerreotype apparatus.
331:(large Daguerreotype landscape views made on plates 30x40cm and 24x30cm in size) captured by Levitsky, were exhibited by the famous Parisian optician Charles Chevalier at the Paris
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Ivan Goncharov, Ivan Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Dimitri Vassilievich Grigorovich, Alexandre Vassilievich Drujinin, and Alexandr Nikolievich Ostrovsky, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky,1856
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The final painting's similarity between the Levitsky photo of Herzen and Christ led the press of the day to exclaim the painting as "a triumph of materialism and nihilism".
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In May 1878, Sergei Levitsky was one of the founders of Russia's first Photographic Societies, part of the Imperial Russian Technical Society; which saw him work alongside
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Maria Feodorovna, Princess Dagmar of Denmark Empress consort of Alexander III by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Between 1859 and 1864, Levitsky operated a studio at 22 rue de Choiseul in Paris, formerly the address of American daguerreotypist Warren Thompson and joined the
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Tsarevitch Alexander later Alexander III and Princess Dagmar of Denmark, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1865 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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The Levitsky Studio was located in Moika River Embankment, 30 (1860s), Nevsky Prospect, 28 (1890s), and Kazanskaya Street, 3 (1898, the house is not preserved).
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Sergei was born Lvov-Lvitsky in Moscow but later changed his name to Levitsky. At his parents request he attended and graduated (1839) from the Faculty of Law,
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Showing how skillful combination of natural and artificial light can create interesting effects, Levitsky's photographs became recognized throughout Europe.
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The artist Ge would recall, "I wanted to go to London to paint Herzen's portrait,... and he responded to my request with a large portrait by Mr. Levitsky".
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Upon his father’s death in 1898, Rafail Levitsky continued the operation and tradition of the Levitsky portrait studio taking the now famous photos of
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Levitsky is perhaps best known for a series of photographs of famous artists, writers and public figures (included among these notable figures were
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Levitsky and Warren-Thompson were associated 1847-49 both making large format daguerreotypes. Thompson opened a studio at 22 rue Choiseul in 1853.
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Archive does hold work by many famous Russian still photographers which includes those of Sergei Lvovich Levitsky and Rafail Sergeevich Levitsky.
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So popular were the photos of the Romanovs that they were reproduced individually for public consumption in an 'Edition A Bon Marche' by Rafail.
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Le Jeune was listed as a member of the SPF until 1885, as was Levitsky, but the latter is most likely a confusion with the exit date of Lejeune.
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Empress Consort of Alexander II Maria Alexandrovna. by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1855 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
1019:Русская фотография: Середина XIX - нач. XX в.: . СПб., 1996; Бархатова Е. В. Терновый венец фотографии // Мир дизайна. 1997. № 1/2. С. 30-33.
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Czarina Alexandra with Olga and Maria. by Rafail Sergeevich Levitsky .(1899) The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada
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Tsarevitch Alexander later Alexander III, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1865 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Tsarevitch Alexander later Alexander III, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1865 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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By the 1890s, the Levitsky St. Petersburg studio was a father son enterprise, with Rafail Levitsky working alongside his father.
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He wrote memoirs in two volumes entitled, Reminiscences of an Old Photographer (1892) and How I Became a Photographer (1896).
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Grand Duchess Alexandra Iosifovna, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1855 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1865 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Alexander II and his dog Milord 1870, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Frederick III as crown prince, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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In 1851, at an exhibition in Paris, Levitsky would win the first ever gold medal awarded for a portrait photograph.
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During this time Levitsky was thought to be the first photographer to create true psychological photo-portraits.
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Lejeune also operated a studio at 106 Rue de Rivoli with a relative, Denis Victor Adolphe Le Jeune, from 1867.
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Following his father's lead, Rafail Levitsky worked alongside his father in Paris placing his Russian monogram
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Buerger, Janet, French daguerreotypes, University of Chicago Press, 1980, pp. 108-10, and ns.34-35,p18585
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in 1839. One problem was that it required exposure times as long as thirty minutes to create a portrait.
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Alexander II, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Alexander II, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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In 1864 when his father closed the Levitsky studio in Paris, Rafail returned to Russia with his father.
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Alexander II by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Alexander II by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky 1870 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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views using his camera and the French-made Chevalier lens, which Fritzsche had brought with him from
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The Levitsky St. Petersburg Studio remained in operation until it was closed by the Soviets in 1918.
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On a trip to Rome, Sergei photographed a group of prominent Russian painters and writers including
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In Paris, the Levitsky studio took photos of legendary personalities that included U.S. President
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252:(1812–1870), the writer and outstanding public figure; husband to Anna Antonovna and father to
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would use the repose of Herzen for his Christ figure in his painting The Last Supper (1863).
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Czar Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra, and daughter Olga. by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky.(1896)
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Alexander Herzen, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky,1860 (Private Collection of Alexei Loginov)
1049:, ed. Jean-Claude Lemagny and André Rouillé. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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Prince Albert Edward Prince of Wales later King Edward VII, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky
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The studio was the first foreign studio to be given the title of court photographer to
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Loginov, Alexei, 'Levitsky, Sergey Lvovich (18-19-1898',pp 853–55 in John Hannavy,
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The Commissar Vanishes: The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin's Russia
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1849, Paris Exposition of the Second Republic received first ever gold medal for
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and other scientists experimenting with photography using artificial light.
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Exposition Nationale des produits de l’industrie agricole et manufacturière
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and, as a bonus, the lens could be converted for use as a landscape lens.
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Photo cards of this time have the distinctive Levitsky name 'and Son'
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On his mission there in 1843, accompanied by the chemist and botanist
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Zeepvat, Charlotte. ‘Royal Photographers, Sergei Levitsky, Russia’
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In 1978, the decision to set up a photographic section within the
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artist who was court photographer to the ill-fated family of Czar
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Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1856
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1864 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)
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Daguerreotype, the first form of photography, was invented by
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This image of Herzen was so strong that Peredvizhniki artist
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Advertisement of Chevalier's "PVC" Lens from the catalogue,
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The Photographic Experience: Images and Attitudes, 1839-1914
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A History of Photography: Social and Cultural Perspectives
632:, Russian General Aleksei Nikolaievitch Kouropatkine and
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many important early photos by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky.
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both written as a signature and printed on their backs.
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1045:Sartori, Rosalind. (1987). "The Soviet Union." In
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675:Russian State Documentary Film and Photo Archive
1009:(1994) The Pennsylvania State University Press.
700:Nikolai Gogol, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1849
1040:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
1005:Henisch, Heinz K. & Henisch, Bridget A.,
479:because of its simplicity and practicality".
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615:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
630:Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia
607:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia
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601:and Czarina Alexandra and their children
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
611:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia
416:fatigue, bitterness and disappointment.
29:This article includes a list of general
1063:. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 13 July 2010.
1042:(2007) Vol 1 Routledge, New York: 2008.
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619:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia
603:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia
344:Société Française de Photographie (SPF)
1114:Photographers from the Russian Empire
327:In 1849, his images of the Caucasus,
7:
666:, England followed soon after. The
408:The Last Supper, by Nikolai Ge,1863
248:Of noble birth, he was a cousin of
451:(1800–1874) and European Royalty.
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1109:Inventors from the Russian Empire
1002:(1992) London: Thames and Hudson.
664:National Portrait Gallery, London
590:He is buried in St. Petersburg's
333:Exposition of the Second Republic
269:Lomonosov Moscow State University
157:Lomonosov Moscow State University
1026:by Arthur Chevalier (Paris) 1863
1024:Instruments Pour La Photographie
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1061:Encyclopedia of Russian History
1016:. New York: Metropolitan Books.
1000:Photography in Russia 1840-1940
1056:. New York: Thames and Hudson.
1054:Pioneers of Soviet Photography
264:, the last emperor of Russia.
1:
1099:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
1059:Wolf, Erika "Photography."
673:In 1992, the vaults of the
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1052:Shudakov, Grigory (1983).
973:, 1870 ('Le Jeune Succ^r')
668:Metropolitan Museum of Art
571:Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
254:Rafail Sergeevich Levitsky
250:Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen
1094:Photographers from Moscow
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522:Alexander Strugovshchikov
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971:Victoria, Princess Royal
634:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1104:Pioneers of photography
230:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky
209:Alexander III of Russia
83:Sergei Lvovich Levitsky
50:more precise citations.
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998:Elliott, David (ed.),
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205:Alexander II of Russia
1032:French daguerreotypes
1012:King, David. (1997).
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281:Carl Julius Fritzsche
213:Nicholas II of Russia
188:landscape photography
592:Smolenskoye Cemetery
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439:French Impressionism
335:, also known as the
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177:Photography
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