221:
48:
213:
117:
233:
55:
388:
Smeerenburg's decline began in the early to mid-1640s, as whales became scarce in the bays and sounds off
Spitsbergen. We hear of it still in use by the Hoorn chamber as late as 1657. Around 1660, with the transition to processing blubber into oil on return to port and expansion into pelagic whaling,
327:
station here with tents made of canvas and crude, temporary ovens. In 1615, 1616, and 1618 the Dutch again occupied the site. In 1619, a 500-ton ship with timber and other materials was sent to
Spitsbergen. The tents and temporary ovens were replaced with wooden structures and copper kettles "set in
340:
ships employed by the Danes arrived at
Smeerenburg and began taking whaling gear from the Danish huts before they were driven away by the Dutch. In 1625, when the Danish-employed Basque ships arrived at their place in Smeerenburg they found that their station had been damaged, the work of the Dutch
384:
by Danish-employed Basque ships in 1632, the Dutch sent seven men, led by Jacob
Segerszoon van der Brugge, to over-winter at Smeerenburg in 1633–34. All seven men survived, prompting another wintering by another group of seven sailors in 1634–35. All of them died, and the experiment was abandoned.
360:
at its centre, built in or before 1631 to ward off the Danish and other interlopers. The alleys between the buildings were cobbled with drainage gullies, allowing the men to walk dry-shod. There were seven double (and one single) ovens situated in front of the buildings. Amsterdam had three of the
309:
on shore, rather than on ships at sea, so the whalers needed a shore station for the try works. The image at right shows the concretised remnants of whale oil that built up around the large (ca. 2-3m diameter) copper kettles in which the blubber was rendered. Leftover blubber was used as fuel for
427:
Such claims have no basis in reality, as noted above. No more than fifteen ships and 400 men would have visited
Smeerenburg during its peak in the 1630s. There were no shops, churches or brothels, though there was a single fort with two guns. Despite the results of archaeological excavations that
457:
B. A. McLeod, M. W. Brown, M. J. Moore, W. Stevens, S. H. Barkham, M. Barkham and B. N. White, Bowhead Whales, and Not Right Whales, Were the
Primary Target of 16th-to 17th-Century Basque Whalers in the Western North Atlantic, Arctic, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Mar., 2008), pp. 61-75
720:
Prestvold, Kristin. 2001. Smeerenburg
Gravneset: Europe's First Oil Adventure. Translated by Richard Wooley. . Longyearbyen, NO: Governor of Svalbard, Environmental Section. (24 pp., no ISBN, available from the gift shop of the Svalbard Museum, Longyearbyen,
331:
In its first year only
Amsterdam and the Danes occupied Smeerenburg, the former to the east and the latter to the west. In 1619 and 1620 the Danish ships that went to Smeerenburg were sent by merchants from
624:
It is said that two hundred men slept or worked ashore at one time, but given the continual sunlight the men would have worked in shifts. So 200 men would have slept while a correspondent number would have
412:(1920) made similar claims, stating that hundreds of ships anchored along the flat of Smeerenburg where ten thousand people visited a complete town with stalls and streets. Besides the tryworks,
2310:
2315:
2305:
2285:
2295:
2226:
1454:
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chambers. By 1626 there were five big "huts" at
Smeerenburg, and by 1633 all the chambers of the Northern Company were represented at the settlement.
777:
1984:
2300:
2280:
1403:
1168:
2046:
220:
236:
Map of the original
Smeerenburg, with trade huts (red) and oil boilers (green). The names denote which city owned the relevant facilities.
79:
47:
2270:
2025:
1729:
942:
437:
takes place in the town of "Smeerensburg", on a distant northern Scandinavian island, an intentional misspelling, according to producer
2160:
1979:
1969:
711:
408:(1820) claimed 200 to 300 ships and 12,000 to 18,000 men visited Smeerenburg during the short summer season. The Norwegian explorer
2056:
1989:
1964:
1951:
840:
681:
No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country
2290:
2212:
2155:
337:
2265:
2137:
2076:
1974:
1745:
1615:
1557:
1039:
566:
Ross, W. G. (1993). "Commercial Whaling in the North Atlantic Sector". In Burns, J. J.; Montague, J. J.; and Cowles, C. J.
2086:
2051:
1447:
2117:
770:
341:
and English in the previous season. After 1625 the Danes were expelled by the Dutch, their place being occupied by the
2275:
2091:
1820:
1524:
248:
1363:
1097:
2127:
2081:
2061:
1399:
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819:
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took place in the period 1979–81, modern authors still sometimes repeat the fabulous legends told of Smeerenburg.
2071:
1851:
1440:
1063:
800:
373:, and Hoorn chambers. During this time there were as many as 200 men working ashore, boiling blubber into oil,
2320:
1608:
1959:
1711:
1572:
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1477:
763:
255:. It was founded by the Danish and Dutch in 1619 as one of Europe's northernmost outposts. With the local
1368:
1127:
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228:(1639), based on a painting of a "Dansk hvalfangststation" (Danish whaling station) by ABR Speeck (1634).
2175:
2147:
1529:
1519:
1502:
786:
691:
Dansk-Norsk Hvalfangst 1615–1660: En Studie over Danmark-Norges Stilling i Europæisk Merkantil Expansion
328:
a permanent fashion on a brick foundation, with a brick fireplace beneath and a chimney for the smoke."
189:
2041:
1921:
1886:
1755:
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1544:
1487:
1411:
1137:
985:
835:
224:"The train oil cookery of the Amsterdam chamber of the Northern Company at Smeerenburg". Painting by
199:
597:
Comments made on location by Oceanwide expedition guide, 3 August 2005; confirmed by Prestvold, p. 2
2196:
2020:
2005:
1800:
1719:
1534:
1514:
1497:
1492:
1217:
1193:
1163:
362:
319:
2165:
1187:
1107:
727:
An Account of the Arctic Regions with a History and a Description of the Northern Whale-Fishery
1931:
1724:
1347:
1173:
1117:
1024:
845:
749:
707:
336:, while those that went there in 1621 and 1622 were sent by a royal undertaking. In 1623 two
2170:
1770:
1701:
1384:
1331:
1289:
1158:
860:
405:
1641:
1866:
1775:
1567:
1019:
409:
244:
225:
212:
1911:
679:
469:
2132:
2015:
1856:
1825:
1795:
1112:
970:
875:
290:
2259:
2112:
1936:
1901:
1881:
1846:
1750:
1676:
1666:
1603:
1299:
1294:
950:
927:
922:
906:
870:
865:
850:
438:
357:
313:
The site of Smeerenburg was first occupied by the Dutch in 1614, when ships from the
298:
285:
whale fishery, Smeerenburg served as the centre of operations in the north. The name
256:
2180:
1891:
1876:
1861:
1760:
1671:
1598:
1552:
1507:
1284:
1087:
901:
896:
855:
433:
276:
1815:
1790:
361:
buildings and two of the double ovens, while to the west were the stations of the
2107:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1810:
1805:
1780:
1651:
1636:
1593:
1588:
1122:
980:
955:
302:
282:
144:
356:
In its heyday (1630s), Smeerenburg was made up of 16–17 buildings, including a
2010:
1941:
1785:
1765:
1696:
1661:
1029:
995:
700:
350:
333:
232:
34:
2241:
2228:
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town". The whalers were taking the "Greenland right whale", now known as the
94:
81:
1871:
1686:
1681:
1620:
1236:
1009:
975:
381:
346:
314:
180:
264:
1646:
1463:
1407:
1102:
880:
671:
Early Dutch and English Voyages to Spitsbergen in the Seventeenth Century
417:
374:
252:
134:
755:
1656:
1082:
1004:
965:
421:
324:
306:
294:
260:
404:
The size of Smeerenburg has been greatly exaggerated by many authors.
2066:
1315:
1153:
1132:
1034:
1014:
932:
393:
185:
129:
122:
413:
370:
366:
342:
231:
219:
211:
1436:
1262:
1214:
1060:
797:
759:
2122:
570:. Special Publication No. 2: The Society for Marine Mammalogy.
1432:
416:
and workshops, there were shops, churches, fortifications,
305:. At that time, oil was rendered from whale blubber using
1410:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
2205:
2189:
2146:
2100:
2034:
1998:
1950:
1834:
1738:
1710:
1629:
1581:
1543:
1470:
1377:
1356:
1340:
1324:
1308:
1277:
1229:
1146:
1075:
994:
941:
915:
889:
828:
812:
196:
179:
171:
166:
158:
150:
140:
128:
110:
23:
699:
377:whales, and coopering casks to pour the oil into.
267:industry, Smeerenburg was abandoned around 1660.
392:In 1973 the ruins of Smeerenburg became part of
380:Following the destruction of a Dutch station in
1448:
771:
8:
645:Whalehunters: Dundee and the Arctic Whalers
323:(Northern Company) established a temporary
1455:
1441:
1433:
1274:
1259:
1226:
1211:
1072:
1057:
809:
794:
778:
764:
756:
20:
1414:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
752:- Svalbard Museum, Longyearbyen, Svalbard
396:'s North-West Spitsbergen National Park.
2311:1610s establishments in the Dutch Empire
281:During the first intensive phase of the
32:Dutch-Danish whaling station (1619–1657)
471:A History of the American Whale Fishery
450:
216:Remains of blubber ovens at Smeerenburg
178:
165:
149:
109:
74:
40:
2316:Maritime history of the Dutch Republic
2306:Economic history of the Dutch Republic
389:the settlement was finally abandoned.
684:. Cambridge, At the University Press.
195:
170:
157:
139:
127:
7:
2286:Populated places established in 1619
2047:Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower
2296:Former populated places in Svalbard
1402:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
54:
1062:Colonies and trading posts of the
799:Colonies and trading posts of the
14:
67:Location in northwestern Svalbard
2057:Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station
115:
53:
46:
2213:2011 Svalbard polar bear attack
2161:Ny-Ă…lesund Airport, Hamnerabben
2156:Barentsburg Heliport, Heerodden
1123:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
678:Conway, William Martin (1906).
669:Conway, William Martin (1904).
301:, which were then prevalent in
1558:Longyearbyen Community Council
494:DalgĂĄrd (1962), p. 146-47, 253
259:population soon decimated and
1:
2301:1619 establishments in Europe
2281:Whaling in the Dutch Republic
655:, 2005), p. 44; among others.
474:. University of Philadelphia.
2118:Kongsfjord Telemetry Station
651:, 1990), p. 39-40; Roberts (
2052:Arctic Yellow River Station
2337:
2271:Whaling stations in Norway
1266:Kingdom of the Netherlands
725:Scoresby, William (1820).
649:A History of World Whaling
274:
2072:Norwegian Polar Institute
1393:
1273:
1258:
1225:
1210:
1182:
1071:
1056:
808:
793:
734:Vaughan, Richard (2007).
369:, Vlissingen, Enkhuizen,
75:
41:
30:
18:Place in Svalbard, Norway
1364:Curaçao and Dependencies
1098:Curaçao and Dependencies
1076:Colonies in the Americas
1064:Dutch West India Company
801:Dutch East India Company
647:, 2004), p. 9; Francis (
606:Scoresby (1820), p. 143.
557:Conway (1906), p. 186-87
548:Conway (1904), p. 169-72
539:Conway (1904), p. 79-168
503:Conway (1906), p. 135-37
293:word literally meaning "
1960:Forlandet National Park
1147:Trading posts in Africa
881:Northeast coast of Java
698:Ellis, Richard (1991).
653:Four Against the Arctic
615:Prestvold (2001), p. 12
512:Prestvold (2001), p. 10
431:The 2019 animated film
2291:1660 disestablishments
689:DalgĂĄrd, Sune (1962).
634:Vaughan (2007), p. 87.
588:Prestvold (2001), p. 8
579:DalgĂĄrd (1962), p. 258
521:DalgĂĄrd (1962), p. 164
237:
229:
217:
2266:Former Dutch colonies
2242:79.73167°N 10.99500°E
2176:Svalbard Rocket Range
1980:Northwest Spitsbergen
1975:Nordre Isfjorden Land
1400:constituent countries
933:West coast of Sumatra
787:Dutch colonial empire
750:Whaling in the Arctic
736:The Arctic: A History
235:
223:
215:
198: • Summer (
95:79.73167°N 10.99500°E
2077:Polish Polar Station
2042:Arctic World Archive
1922:Wedel Jarlsberg Land
1412:Netherlands Antilles
693:. G.E.C Gads Forlag.
468:Tower, W.S. (1907).
2238: /
2197:Longyearbyen School
2006:Arctic Coal Company
1801:Prins Karls Forland
1218:Noordsche Compagnie
1216:Settlements of the
1194:Society of Suriname
1040:Vietnam (1637–1643)
813:Governorate General
706:. Alfred A. Knopf.
530:Ellis (1991), p. 64
485:Ellis (1991), p. 62
476:. Cf. pp.26-27, 95.
320:Noordsche Compagnie
91: /
2276:Whaling in Denmark
2247:79.73167; 10.99500
2166:Pyramiden Heliport
2101:Telecommunications
1985:Sassen–Bünsow Land
1965:Indre Wijdefjorden
1630:Former settlements
1188:Society of Berbice
245:whaling settlement
238:
230:
218:
172: • Total
100:79.73167; 10.99500
2221:
2220:
2128:Satellite Station
2087:University Centre
1970:Nordenskiöld Land
1932:Gustav Adolf Land
1887:Nordenskiöld Land
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1408:full independence
1348:Dutch East Indies
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
738:. Stroud, Sutton.
568:The Bowhead Whale
263:developed into a
210:
209:
2328:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2171:Svalbard Airport
2092:Zeppelin Station
1928:
1843:
1821:Thousand Islands
1746:Amsterdam Island
1457:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1415:
1275:
1264:Colonies of the
1260:
1227:
1212:
1192:Governed by the
1186:Governed by the
1073:
1058:
810:
795:
780:
773:
766:
757:
739:
730:
717:
705:
702:Men & Whales
694:
685:
674:
656:
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635:
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406:William Scoresby
249:Amsterdam Island
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119:
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88:
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57:
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21:
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2240:
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2227:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2201:
2185:
2142:
2096:
2062:Himadri Station
2030:
1994:
1990:Sør-Spitsbergen
1946:
1926:
1867:Haakon VII Land
1841:
1830:
1776:Kong Karls Land
1734:
1730:Protected areas
1706:
1625:
1577:
1539:
1466:
1461:
1431:
1418:
1397:
1389:
1373:
1352:
1336:
1320:
1304:
1269:
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1221:
1198:
1178:
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410:Fridtjof Nansen
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317:chamber of the
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226:Cornelis de Man
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116:
114:
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2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2138:Undersea Cable
2135:
2133:Svalbard Radio
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:IndARC Station
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2044:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
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1952:National parks
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1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Nordaustlandet
1924:
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1904:
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1889:
1884:
1879:
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1869:
1864:
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1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1826:Wilhelm Island
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Nordaustlandet
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
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1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1138:Virgin Islands
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:New Netherland
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1053:
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1037:
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983:
978:
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945:
939:
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76:Coordinates:
49:
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2321:Amsterdamøya
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2181:Svea Airport
2026:Store Norske
1912:Sørkapp Land
1892:Ny-Friesland
1877:James I Land
1862:Dickson Land
1761:Danes Island
1691:
1672:Kobbefjorden
1616:Isbjørnhamna
1599:Longyearbyen
1508:Newtontoppen
1241:
916:Commandments
890:Directorates
829:Governorates
735:
729:. Edinburgh.
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277:Danes Island
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15:
2245: /
2108:Hopen Radio
1917:Torell Land
1907:Sabine Land
1897:Olav V Land
1857:BĂĽnsow Land
1852:Andrée Land
1842:Spitsbergen
1811:Spitsbergen
1756:Bear Island
1712:Environment
1692:Smeerenburg
1637:Advent City
1594:Hopen Radio
1589:Barentsburg
1582:Settlements
1573:Visa policy
1483:Archaeology
1478:Agriculture
1268:(1815–1975)
1242:Smeerenburg
1230:Settlements
1220:(1614–1642)
1174:Slave Coast
1066:(1621–1792)
998:settlements
956:Banjarmasin
943:Residencies
846:Cape Colony
803:(1602–1798)
643:Archibald (
310:the fires.
303:Fram Strait
287:Smeerenburg
283:Spitsbergen
241:Smeerenburg
145:Spitsbergen
98: /
61:Smeerenburg
25:Smeerenburg
2260:Categories
2233:10°59′42″E
2230:79°43′54″N
2082:Seed Vault
2011:Arktikugol
1942:Orvin Land
1835:Land areas
1751:Barentsøya
1697:Virgohamna
1677:Lægerneset
1662:Hiorthhamn
1642:Bölscheøya
1604:Ny-Ă…lesund
1535:In fiction
1385:New Guinea
1378:Until 1962
1357:Until 1954
1341:Until 1949
1332:Gold Coast
1325:Until 1872
1309:Until 1853
1290:Coromandel
1278:Until 1825
1169:Senegambia
1159:Gold Coast
996:Opperhoofd
861:Coromandel
663:References
363:Middelburg
351:Vlissingen
334:Copenhagen
275:See also:
167:Population
86:10°59′42″E
83:79°43′54″N
35:Ghost town
2190:Education
2148:Transport
2021:Kings Bay
1999:Companies
1872:Heer Land
1816:Svenskøya
1687:Pyramiden
1682:Ny-London
1621:Sveagruva
1530:Transport
1520:Languages
1503:Geography
1237:Jan Mayen
1108:Essequibo
1020:Mauritius
986:Pontianak
976:Palembang
673:. London.
420:and even
382:Jan Mayen
347:Enkhuizen
315:Amsterdam
181:Time zone
2035:Research
2016:Bjørnøen
1806:Sjuøyane
1781:Kongsøya
1652:GĂĄshamna
1647:Finneset
1563:Governor
1545:Politics
1488:Cannabis
1464:Svalbard
1404:Suriname
1118:Pomeroon
1103:Demerara
981:Preanger
966:Cheribon
876:Moluccas
422:brothels
414:smithies
375:flensing
307:try pots
253:Svalbard
135:Svalbard
2206:History
1786:Kvitøya
1766:Edgeøya
1739:Islands
1720:Climate
1657:Grumant
1609:history
1525:Museums
1515:History
1498:Economy
1493:Outline
1471:General
1406:gained
1398:Became
1369:Surinam
1300:Suratte
1295:Malacca
1128:Surinam
1093:Cayenne
1083:Berbice
1005:Myanmar
961:Batavia
928:Malabar
907:Suratte
871:Malacca
866:Formosa
851:Celebes
820:Batavia
625:worked.
325:whaling
295:blubber
271:History
265:pelagic
261:whaling
159:Closure
151:Settled
111:Country
1791:Lågøya
1568:Treaty
1316:Dejima
1285:Bengal
1154:Arguin
1133:Tobago
1088:Brazil
1035:Tonkin
1015:Dejima
1010:Canton
971:Malang
951:Bantam
923:Bantam
902:Persia
897:Bengal
856:Ceylon
710:
394:Norway
349:, and
338:Basque
243:was a
141:Island
130:Syssel
123:Norway
120:
1771:Hopen
1725:Flora
1030:Timor
836:Ambon
445:Notes
434:Klaus
371:Delft
367:Veere
343:Hoorn
291:Dutch
289:is a
186:UTC+1
1025:Siam
721:NO.)
708:ISBN
458:doi:
400:Myth
358:fort
162:1657
154:1619
2123:.sj
1553:Act
247:on
200:DST
190:CET
2262::
441:.
424:.
365:,
345:,
206:+2
1456:e
1449:t
1442:v
779:e
772:t
765:v
716:.
202:)
192:)
188:(
175:0
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