994:
978:
1010:
2846:
966:
1130:
1142:
868:, the pterygoid bones were flat, wing-like bones forming the major part of the roof of the mouth. Above the pterygoids were the epipterygoid bones, which formed part of a flexible joint between the braincase and the palatal region, as well as extending a vertical bar of bone towards the roof of the skull. Between the pterygoids lay an elongated, narrow parasphenoid bone, which also spread over some of the lower surface of the braincase, and connected, at its forward end, with a
1106:
36:
48:
1022:
1034:
1094:
1070:
1046:
1058:
1118:
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1424:
186:
683:
202:
899:, these various bones are often (though not always) fused into a single structure; the sphenoid. The basisphenoid forms the posterior part of the base, while the pterygoid processes represent the pterygoid bones. The epipterygoids have extended into the wall of the cranium; they are referred to as
739:
The sphenoidal conchae are each developed from a center that makes its appearance about the fifth month; at birth they consist of small triangular laminae, and it is not until the third year that they become hollowed out and coneshaped; about the fourth year they fuse with the labyrinths of the
2866:
903:
when separate in mammals, and form the greater wings of the sphenoid when fused into a larger structure. The sphenethmoid bone forms as three bones: the lesser wings and the anterior part of the base. These two parts of the sphenethmoid may be distinguished as
795:
In the first year after birth the great wings and body unite, and the small wings extend inward above the anterior part of the body, and, meeting with each other in the middle line, form an elevated smooth surface, termed the jugum sphenoidale.
791:
is united to the postsphenoid about the eighth month, and at birth the sphenoid is in three pieces : a central, consisting of the body and small wings, and two lateral, each comprising a great wing and pterygoid process.
1105:
1231:, meaning "bone resembling a wasp", and that the word was later written 'sphenoidale' by a transcription error. An anterior view of the bone resembles more the body of a wasp or a bat with wings than a wedge.
891:
have a relatively simplified skull in this region; a broad parasphenoid forms the floor of the braincase, the pterygoids are relatively small, and all other related bones except the sphenethmoid are absent.
307:, though the incidence of ligamentous ossification (both partial and complete) varies according to the ligament type, with the interclinoid ligament being most commonly identified as having ossified and the
778:(except its hamulus) is ossified in membrane, and its center probably appears about the ninth or tenth week; the hamulus becomes chondrified during the third month, and almost at once ossifies (Fawcett).
802:
Between the pre- and postsphenoid there are occasionally seen the remains of a canal, the canalis cranio-pharyngeus, through which, in early fetal life, the hypophyseal diverticulum of the buccal
1357:
Touska, P., Hasso, S., Oztek, A. et al. Skull base ligamentous mineralisation: evaluation using computed tomography and a review of the clinical relevance. Insights
Imaging 10, 55 (2019).
764:
about the eighth week. The orbital plate and that part of the sphenoid, which is found in the temporal fossa, as well as the lateral pterygoid plate, are ossified in membrane (Fawcett).
817:
This bone assists with the formation of the base and the sides of the skull, and the floors and walls of the orbits. It is the site of attachment for most of the muscles of
993:
121:
977:
965:
919:
the sphenoid is represented by 8 bones: basisphenoid, alisphenoids, presphenoid, orbitosphenoids, pterygoids. These bones remain separate and are the:
2527:
712:
The greater part of the bone is ossified in cartilage. There are fourteen centers in all, six for the presphenoid and eight for the postsphenoid.
1480:
1452:
1379:
1342:
1317:
97:
1111:
The skull from the front. The sphenoid is labeled with yellow to the left of the picture, both in the orbit and behind the zygomatic process
1033:
809:
The sphenoidal sinuses are present as minute cavities at the time of birth (Onodi), but do not attain their full size until after puberty.
1009:
2871:
2653:
2403:
2287:
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242:
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2006:
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1409:
1129:
543:
2801:
2427:
1603:
1581:
1527:
1093:
912:, respectively, although there is often some degree of fusion. Only the parasphenoid appears to be entirely absent in mammals.
821:. Many foramina and fissures are located in the sphenoid that carry nerves and blood vessels of the head and neck, such as the
2818:
2422:
1655:
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162:
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2204:
2050:
232:
116:
2876:
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725:
236:
876:. Finally, the basisphenoid bone formed part of the floor of the braincase and lay immediately above the parasphenoid.
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2227:
2146:
1591:
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879:
Aside from the loss of the flexible joint at the rear of the palate, this primitive pattern is broadly retained in
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2013:
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appear, one on either side of the sella turcica, and become blended together about the middle of fetal life.
642:
These are two triangular wings projecting laterally from anterosuperior part of the body. Each consists of:
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with a number of bones that are often separate in other animals, and have a somewhat complex arrangement.
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214:
1227:, "wedgelike". Thieme Atlas of Anatomy disagrees and says that the sphenoid bone was originally called
1057:
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1802:
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About the fourth month, a center appears for each lingula and speedily joins the rest of the bone.
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701:, the presphenoid, with which the small wings are continuous; the other, consisting of the
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1948:
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325:
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222:
190:
166:
2678:
709:, the postsphenoid, with which are associated the great wings, and pterygoid processes.
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2867:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
2763:
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2371:
2001:
1753:
1564:
1542:
1489:
741:
415:
394:
370:
362:
304:
154:
1455:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Lateral view of skull."
85:
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2277:
1493:
943:
924:
909:
900:
818:
788:
753:
733:
887:, the epipterygoids are absent and the pterygoids considerably reduced. Living
2813:
1807:
386:
281:
744:, and between the ninth and twelfth years they unite with the sphenoid bone.
2541:
1694:
1458:
1358:
888:
277:, superiorly attached to the root of the lateral pterygoid plate anteriorly;
170:
109:
185:
799:
By the twenty-fifth year the sphenoid and occipital are completely fused.
165:. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the
2074:
1790:
984:
865:
803:
245:, directed downwards from the junction of the body and the greater wings.
2789:
2784:
2693:
2683:
2565:
2505:
880:
608:
487:
697:, the body of the sphenoid consists of two parts: one in front of the
2645:
1689:
896:
781:
The medial joins the lateral pterygoid plate about the sixth month.
530:
are asymmetrical air sinuses in the body of the sphenoid, closed by
134:
1404:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 220–244.
682:
201:
1523:
1270:
200:
184:
158:
68:
884:
150:
2509:
1462:
1039:
Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position.
1252:
1212:
1206:
916:
174:
486:
Sphenoidal crest articulates with the perpendicular plate of
193:. The sphenoid bone is in red (directly in the middle of the
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
253:
are situated at the anterior and inferior part of the body.
732:; this is followed by the appearance of two nuclei in the
752:
The first ossific nuclei are those for the great wings (
971:
Position of sphenoid bone (shown in green). Animation.
490:
leading to formation of a part of the septum of nose.
2834:
1312:. CBS Publishers & Distributors. pp. 43–45.
1209:
1203:
1200:
756:). One makes its appearance in each wing between the
673:
Medially, terminates in the anterior clinoid process.
1215:
295:
the caroticoclinoid, connecting the anterior to the
2777:
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2379:
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1987:
1934:
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1845:
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1752:
1709:
1677:
1654:
1602:
1509:
1500:
1400:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
1283:
Thieme Atlas of
Anatomy, Head and Neuroanatomy 2011
1197:
1099:
Roof, floor, and lateral wall of left nasal cavity.
115:
103:
91:
79:
67:
62:
57:
28:
1075:Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities.
883:, albeit with some individual modifications. In
2077:in petrous part, but not part of temporal bone)
2521:
1474:
225:as well as the paired paranasal sinuses, the
8:
659:Inferior surface forming upper boundary of
2528:
2514:
2506:
2376:
2113:
1893:
1758:
1506:
1481:
1467:
1459:
724:an ossific center appears for each of the
557:. It presents (starting from the front):
1359:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0740-8
1187:According to most dictionaries, the word
689:Sphenoid bone at birth, posterior aspect.
205:Wedge-shaped sphenoid bone seen laterally
169:. Its shape somewhat resembles that of a
1372:Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck
681:
649:Tip forming the lateral end of the wing.
235:on the lateral side of the body and two
209:It is divided into the following parts:
2841:
1244:
1180:
961:
728:(orbito-sphenoids) just lateral to the
1428:This article incorporates text in the
646:A base forming medial end of the wing.
157:. It is situated in the middle of the
132:
25:
693:Until the seventh or eighth month of
631:This forms the posterior wall of the
280:the interclinoid ligament, a band of
243:Pterygoid processes of the sphenoides
7:
1395:
1393:
1391:
666:Posterior surface projects into the
2654:Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
257:Intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid
189:Seven bones articulate to form the
161:towards the front, in front of the
652:Superior surface forming floor of
361:The sphenoid articulates with the
261:The more important of these are:
163:basilar part of the occipital bone
14:
1271:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
544:Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
2844:
1422:
1193:
1147:Sphenoid bone and temporal bones
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1051:Base of skull. Inferior surface.
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
992:
976:
964:
767:Soon after, the centers for the
46:
34:
1582:Internal occipital protuberance
1528:External occipital protuberance
853:The sphenoid bone of humans is
418:anteriorly and basilar part of
393:bones and helps to connect the
213:a median portion, known as the
2819:Suspensory ligament of eyeball
499:Basilar part of occipital bone
269:, which stretches between the
52:Animation of the sphenoid bone
1:
1308:Chaurasia (31 January 2013).
769:postsphenoid part of the body
303:These ligaments occasionally
40:Position of the sphenoid bone
2629:Trochlea of superior oblique
1370:Fehrenbach; Herring (2012).
872:bone helping to protect the
553:This forms the floor of the
549:Superior or cerebral surface
410:Superior or cerebral surface
2147:Posterior clinoid processes
1592:Groove for transverse sinus
1436:of the 20th edition of
1135:Sphenoid bone superior view
720:By about the ninth week of
572:Sphenoidal emissary foramen
311:least commonly identified.
2893:
2872:Bones of the head and neck
1310:Human Anatomy Volume Three
1063:Lateral view of the skull.
541:
18:
2732:Accessory lacrimal glands
2664:Medial palpebral ligament
1337:. Elsevier. p. 211.
587:This is divided into (by
290:posterior clinoid process
177:with its wings extended.
127:
45:
33:
2273:Anterior clinoid process
2268:Superior orbital fissure
2014:Internal auditory meatus
1860:Fossa for lacrimal gland
1587:Internal occipital crest
1538:External occipital crest
1453:Anatomy figure: 22:01-06
1374:. Elsevier. p. 52.
953:: medial pterygoid plate
823:superior orbital fissure
661:superior orbital fissure
286:anterior clinoid process
129:Anatomical terms of bone
16:Bone of the neurocranium
2636:Inferior oblique muscle
2624:Superior oblique muscle
2250:Sulcus of auditory tube
1015:Shape of sphenoid bone.
517:internal carotid artery
422:posteriorly. It shows:
275:lateral pterygoid plate
239:from the anterior side.
2609:Inferior rectus muscle
2604:Superior rectus muscle
2164:Middle clinoid process
1169:Basilar skull fracture
1164:Pterygospinal ligament
776:medial pterygoid plate
690:
654:anterior cranial fossa
476:medial pterygoid plate
346:pterygospinous process
297:middle clinoid process
206:
198:
21:anatomical terminology
2614:Lateral rectus muscle
2441:Superior nasal concha
1921:Petrotympanic fissure
1223:) derives from Greek
685:
603:infratemporal surface
474:Vaginal processes of
292:of the sphenoid bone;
215:body of sphenoid bone
204:
188:
2619:Medial rectus muscle
2436:Supreme nasal concha
2068:Petrosquamous suture
2024:Stylomastoid foramen
1911:Suprameatal triangle
1803:Supraorbital foramen
946:: front part of body
555:middle cranial fossa
309:pterygoalar ligament
2877:Otorhinolaryngology
2717:Lacrimal canaliculi
2451:Middle nasal concha
2404:Perpendicular plate
2245:Infratemporal crest
1786:Superciliary arches
1664:Pharyngeal tubercle
1402:The Vertebrate Body
1087:Floor of the skull.
940:: back part of body
927:: each greater wing
589:infratemporal crest
432:Sulcus chiasmaticus
221:, which houses the
2709:Lacrimal apparatus
2479:ethmoidal foramina
2397:Olfactory foramina
2358:Sphenoidal conchae
2195:Sphenoidal sinuses
2187:Sphenoidal lingula
1906:Articular tubercle
1577:Cruciform eminence
1256:2nd edition, 1989.
934:: each lesser wing
862:lobe-finned fishes
736:part of the body.
691:
532:sphenoidal conchae
522:Sphenoidal sinuses
470:Sphenoidal conchae
284:that connects the
251:sphenoidal conchae
227:sphenoidal sinuses
207:
199:
19:This article uses
2832:
2831:
2802:Plica semilunaris
2769:Nasolacrimal duct
2722:Lacrimal caruncle
2689:Palpebral fissure
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2366:
2365:
2192:Anterior surface:
2159:Chiasmatic groove
2142:Hypophysial fossa
2137:Tuberculum sellae
2124:Superior surface:
2103:
2102:
2095:Suprameatal spine
2051:Inferior tympanic
2019:Cochlear aqueduct
1926:Zygomatic process
1883:
1882:
1820:Zygomatic process
1719:Parietal eminence
1705:
1704:
1629:Hypoglossal canal
1381:978-1-4377-2419-6
1344:978-0-443-10373-5
1319:978-81-239-2332-1
999:Seen from above (
983:Seen from below (
958:Additional images
722:fetal development
699:tuberculum sellae
695:fetal development
494:Posterior surface
437:Tuberculum sellae
427:Jugum sphenoidale
414:Articulates with
336:pterygoid hamulus
217:, containing the
143:
142:
138:
2884:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2759:Lacrimal punctum
2754:Lacrimal papilla
2742:Ciaccio's glands
2530:
2523:
2516:
2507:
2428:Uncinate process
2387:Cribriform plate
2377:
2315:pterygoid plates
2179:Lateral surface:
2169:Petrosal process
2114:
2034:Subarcuate fossa
1964:Occipital groove
1916:Mandibular fossa
1894:
1875:Frontonasal duct
1776:Frontal eminence
1759:
1729:Parietal foramen
1644:Jugular tubercle
1548:Suprainiac fossa
1507:
1483:
1476:
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1415:
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1275:
1266:Entry "sphenoid"
1263:
1257:
1249:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1185:
1159:Sphenoidal sinus
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
996:
980:
968:
874:olfactory nerves
843:mandibular nerve
831:foramen rotundum
827:ophthalmic nerve
806:is transmitted.
758:foramen rotundum
621:Foramen spinosum
597:temporal surface
577:foramen spinosum
562:foramen rotundum
528:sphenoid sinuses
482:Anterior surface
458:Inferior surface
405:Body of sphenoid
135:edit on Wikidata
50:
38:
26:
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2881:
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2855:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2824:Tenon's capsule
2773:
2737:Krause's glands
2703:
2674:Meibomian gland
2669:Epicanthic fold
2640:
2590:
2544:
2534:
2504:
2495:
2460:
2446:Superior meatus
2420:Lateral surface
2408:
2362:
2341:
2332:Pterygoid canal
2289:
2282:
2254:
2199:
2154:Ethmoidal spine
2099:
2081:
2063:Styloid process
1983:
1949:Mastoid process
1944:Mastoid foramen
1930:
1879:
1865:Trochlear fovea
1855:Ethmoidal notch
1841:
1830:Sagittal sulcus
1748:
1734:Sagittal sulcus
1701:
1673:
1650:
1639:Jugular process
1617:Condyloid fossa
1598:
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960:
932:Orbitosphenoids
906:orbitosphenoids
851:
835:maxillary nerve
815:
750:
718:
687:Figure 4 :
680:
640:
629:
627:Orbital surface
585:
583:Lateral surface
551:
546:
540:
524:
513:cavernous sinus
506:
504:Lateral surface
496:
484:
460:
412:
407:
399:facial skeleton
359:
341:pterygoid canal
326:pterygoid fossa
321:pterygoid notch
317:
271:spina angularis
259:
223:pituitary gland
183:
149:is an unpaired
139:
53:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2809:Orbital septum
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2727:Lacrimal gland
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Ciliary glands
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Maxillary bone
2563:
2561:Zygomatic bone
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:Medial surface
2430:
2425:
2423:Orbital lamina
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2182:Carotid groove
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:Mastoid antrum
1971:
1969:Sigmoid sulcus
1966:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1771:Frontal suture
1767:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1744:Sagittal crest
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1685:Foramen magnum
1681:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1622:Condylar canal
1619:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:External links
1445:
1439:Gray's Anatomy
1418:
1417:
1410:
1387:
1380:
1362:
1350:
1343:
1333:Jacob (2008).
1325:
1318:
1285:
1276:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:os sphecoidale
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1001:parietal bones
998:
991:
989:
982:
975:
973:
970:
963:
959:
956:
955:
954:
947:
941:
935:
928:
850:
847:
814:
811:
749:
746:
717:
714:
679:
676:
675:
674:
671:
664:
657:
650:
647:
639:
636:
628:
625:
624:
623:
618:
606:
605:
599:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
550:
547:
539:
536:
526:Sphenoidal or
523:
520:
509:Carotid sulcus
505:
502:
495:
492:
483:
480:
479:
478:
472:
467:
459:
456:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
420:occipital bone
411:
408:
406:
403:
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
331:scaphoid fossa
328:
323:
316:
313:
301:
300:
293:
278:
267:pterygospinous
258:
255:
247:
246:
240:
229:
195:orbital cavity
182:
179:
141:
140:
131:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
74:os sphenoidale
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2889:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:Lacrimal lake
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2699:Gland of Zeis
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:Lacrimal bone
2584:
2582:
2581:Palatine bone
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Sphenoid bone
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Ethmoid sinus
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2456:Middle meatus
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Dorsum sellae
2130:
2129:
2128:
2127:Sella turcica
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2087:Tympanic part
2084:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:Jugular fossa
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Carotid canal
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Mastoid notch
1957:
1954:
1953:Mastoid cells
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1898:Squamous part
1895:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Frontal sinus
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1835:Frontal crest
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:Foramen cecum
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1763:Squamous part
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Sagittal keel
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Temporal line
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1604:Lateral parts
1601:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Occipital bun
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1511:Squamous part
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:public domain
1413:
1411:0-03-910284-X
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1336:
1335:Human Anatomy
1329:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1123:Sphenoid bone
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1027:Facial bones.
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1002:
995:
990:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
957:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
929:
926:
922:
921:
920:
918:
913:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:In the early
858:
856:
849:Other animals
848:
846:
844:
840:
839:foramen ovale
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
812:
810:
807:
805:
800:
797:
793:
790:
785:
782:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
762:foramen ovale
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
737:
735:
731:
730:optic foramen
727:
723:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:dorsum sellae
704:
703:sella turcica
700:
696:
688:
684:
677:
672:
669:
668:Sylvian point
665:
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:
645:
644:
643:
637:
635:
634:
626:
622:
619:
617:
616:Foramen ovale
614:
613:
612:
610:
604:
600:
598:
594:
593:
592:
590:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
567:foramen ovale
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
556:
548:
545:
538:Greater wings
537:
535:
533:
529:
521:
519:
518:
514:
510:
503:
501:
500:
493:
491:
489:
481:
477:
473:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
457:
453:
450:
448:
447:Dorsum sellae
445:
443:
442:Sella turcica
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
417:
409:
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
357:Articulations
356:
352:
351:sella turcica
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
312:
310:
306:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
262:
256:
254:
252:
244:
241:
238:
234:
233:greater wings
230:
228:
224:
220:
219:sella turcica
216:
212:
211:
210:
203:
196:
192:
187:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:sphenoid bone
136:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
70:
66:
61:
56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
29:Sphenoid bone
27:
22:
2764:Lacrimal sac
2576:Ethmoid bone
2570:
2556:Frontal bone
2478:
2432:
2419:
2392:Crista galli
2314:
2297:
2212:
2191:
2178:
2123:
2108:
2072:
2045:
2028:
2002:Facial canal
1989:Petrous part
1936:Mastoid part
1847:Orbital part
1824:
1797:
1780:
1656:Basilar part
1633:
1571:
1554:
1543:Nuchal lines
1518:
1490:Neurocranium
1441:
1427:
1421:
1401:
1371:
1365:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1309:
1279:
1269:
1261:
1251:
1247:
1228:
1224:
1188:
1183:
1003:are removed)
938:Basisphenoid
925:Alisphenoids
914:
901:alisphenoids
894:
878:
870:sphenethmoid
859:
852:
816:
808:
801:
798:
794:
786:
783:
780:
773:
766:
754:alisphenoids
751:
748:Postsphenoid
742:ethmoid bone
738:
719:
711:
692:
686:
641:
638:Lesser wings
630:
607:
586:
552:
525:
507:
497:
485:
416:ethmoid bone
413:
395:neurocranium
360:
302:
260:
248:
237:lesser wings
208:
155:neurocranium
146:
144:
98:A02.1.05.001
73:
2797:Conjunctiva
2278:Optic canal
2260:Small wings
2205:Great wings
1225:sphenoeides
987:is removed)
944:Presphenoid
910:presphenoid
819:mastication
789:presphenoid
734:presphenoid
726:small wings
716:Presphenoid
678:Development
611:pierce it:
466:of sphenoid
63:Identifiers
2861:Categories
2814:Periorbita
2046:canaliculi
1808:Brow ridge
1239:References
951:Pterygoids
889:amphibians
855:homologous
542:See also:
282:dura mater
2484:Posterior
2466:Labyrinth
2303:Pterygoid
2290:processes
2288:Pterygoid
1695:Opisthion
1560:Occipital
1502:Occipital
866:tetrapods
601:Lower or
595:Upper or
391:occipital
379:zygomatic
181:Structure
171:butterfly
2489:Anterior
2413:Surfaces
2308:Scaphoid
2233:Spinosum
2218:Rotundum
2213:foramina
2117:Surfaces
2109:Sphenoid
2075:ossicles
1889:Temporal
1825:internal
1798:foramina
1791:Glabella
1781:external
1711:Parietal
1572:internal
1519:external
1434:page 147
1189:sphenoid
1153:See also
985:mandible
881:reptiles
813:Function
804:ectoderm
511:lodging
383:palatine
375:temporal
367:parietal
315:Features
273:and the
2851:Anatomy
2790:Unibrow
2785:Eyebrow
2694:Canthus
2684:Eyelash
2596:Muscles
2540:of the
2372:Ethmoid
2337:Hamulus
2320:Lateral
2228:Vesalii
2073:(note:
2056:Mastoid
1754:Frontal
1634:jugular
1612:Condyle
1492:of the
915:In the
897:mammals
609:Foramen
488:ethmoid
464:Rostrum
397:to the
371:ethmoid
363:frontal
153:of the
86:D013100
58:Details
2837:Portal
2659:Tarsus
2646:Eyelid
2380:Plates
2325:Medial
2298:fossae
2174:Clivus
2029:fossae
2007:Hiatus
1978:Aditus
1690:Basion
1669:Clivus
1565:Nuchal
1555:planes
1442:(1918)
1408:
1378:
1341:
1316:
841:(with
837:) and
833:(with
825:(with
452:Clivus
389:, and
305:ossify
2778:Other
2549:Bones
2538:orbit
2346:Other
2240:Spine
2223:Ovale
1678:Other
1524:Inion
1494:skull
1432:from
1175:Notes
885:birds
774:Each
633:orbit
387:vomer
191:orbit
167:orbit
159:skull
133:[
122:52736
69:Latin
2536:The
2353:Body
1406:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1314:ISBN
908:and
864:and
787:The
760:and
705:and
515:and
288:and
265:the
249:Two
231:two
151:bone
145:The
93:TA98
81:MeSH
2542:eye
1268:in
1253:OED
917:dog
895:In
845:).
829:),
591:):
175:bat
173:or
117:FMA
110:584
105:TA2
2863::
1390:^
1288:^
1213:ɔɪ
1207:iː
949:2
930:2
923:2
534:.
401:.
385:,
381:,
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
2839::
2529:e
2522:t
2515:v
1980:)
1976:(
1955:)
1951:(
1526:/
1482:e
1475:t
1468:v
1414:.
1384:.
1347:.
1322:.
1274:.
1219:/
1216:d
1210:n
1204:f
1201:s
1198:ˈ
1195:/
1191:(
670:.
663:.
656:.
299:.
197:)
137:]
23:.
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