221:
554:, but he escaped, swam the moat, and returned to Newbold Revel. Nellie Slayton Aurner points out that most of these crimes seem to have been targeted at the property and followers of the Duke of Buckingham; and that as Malory was a supporter of the family of Buckingham's former rival, the Duke of Warwick, there may have been a political motive behind either Malory's attacks or Buckingham and others bringing charges against him. Aurner suggests that Malory's enemies tried to slander him, giving evidence that the Duke of Buckingham was Malory's long-time enemy.
188:" (Caxton's VIII–XII): "Here endeth the second book of Sir Tristram de Lyones, which was drawn out of the French by Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, as Jesu be his help." Finally, at the conclusion of the whole book: "The Most Piteous Tale of the Morte Arthure Sanz Gwerdon par le shyvalere Sir Thomas Malleorre, knight, Jesu aide ly pur votre bon mercy.", a mix of English and French roughly meaning: "The most pitiable tale of the Death of Arthur, without reward for/by the knight Sir Thomas Malory; Jesus aid him by your good mercy."
510:. However, in 1443 he and accomplice Eustace Barnaby were accused of attacking, kidnapping, and stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods from Thomas Smythe, though nothing came of this charge. He married a woman named Elizabeth Walsh, with whom he had at least one son, named Robert, and possibly one or two other children. Despite the criminal charges against him, he seems to have remained in good standing with his peers because in that same year, Malory was elected by the men of Warwickshire to
2159:
541:, along with 26 other men sometime in 1450. The accusation was never proved. Later in 1451, he was accused of extorting 100 shillings from Margaret King and William Hales of Monks Kirby, and then of committing the same crime against John Mylner for 20 shillings. He was also accused of breaking into the house of Hugh Smyth of Monks Kirby in 1450, stealing 40 pounds' worth of goods and raping Smyth's wife, and with attacking her again in
574:
culminating in a maximum fine of 2000 lbs set by the King's Bench in June of 1455. As Malory aged through several subsequent imprisonments, fines for his escape decreased to 1000 lbs and then 450 lbs in
January and October of 1457, and then 100 lbs if not captured when he was somehow at large again despite no formal release in 1458. Malory was released as part of a general pardon at the accession of King Edward IV in 1461.
777:, all the while threatening his life and demanding that he either forfeit his church to Malory or give him 100 pounds. The outcome of this case is unknown, but it seems to indicate that this Malory was something other than an ordinary country gentleman. However, while this candidate's father and several other close family members were knights, no clear evidence survives showing that this Malory was ever actually knighted.
1067:
against the infighting taking place during the Wars of the Roses. The seemingly contradictory changes in King Arthur's character throughout the work have been argued to support the theory that Arthur represents different eras and reigns throughout the tales. This argument has also been used to attempt to reconcile Malory's doubtful reputation as a person who continually changed sides with the unexpected idealism of
260:. Both are much less attested in the documentary record than the candidate from Newbold Revel. As described in detail below: neither is clearly recorded as having been a knight, but both come from knightly families and could plausibly have been knighted. Both seem to have been of a more appropriate age at the time of writing, but neither is known to have been imprisoned at any time.
2178:
2411:
241:. The discovery of the Winchester Manuscript in 1934 revealed that the author was in some form of imprisonment at the time of writing; this has generally been taken to support the candidate from Newbold Revel, though the support is ambiguous because that candidate's extensive prison record does not actually include the time of writing.
436:
and therefore Thomas Malory of
Newbold Revel must have been commissioned into Henry V's Agincourt campaign around 1414 or 1415, confirming Kittredge's original timeline and making this Malory in his mid-70s to early 80s at the time the book was completed. Matthews asserts, "seventy-five is no age at all to be writing
613:. His interment there suggests that his misdeeds had been forgiven and that he possessed some wealth. However, it was certified at the granting of probate that he owned little wealth of his own, having settled his estate on his son in 1462. Malory's grandson Nicholas eventually inherited his lands and was appointed
406:, at an action in Calais in 1436 – a brief mobilization which was disbanded without combat and which Dugdale, in their view, erroneously called a siege. P.J.C. Field suggests that the first public record of this Malory in 1439 is an indication of when he reached the date of his majority (at the age of 21).
620:
Dugdale, writing in the early to mid-17th century, recorded that the following inscription had been engraved on Malory's tomb: "HIC JACET DOMINUS THOMAS MALLERE, VALENS MILES OB 14 MAR 1470 DE PAROCHIA DE MONKENKIRBY IN COM WARICINI," meaning: "Here lies Lord Thomas
Mallere, Valiant Soldier. Died 14
443:
Linton comes to
Dugdale's defense, disputing the need for an alternative timeline. She notes that scholars have accepted Dugdale's account of this Malory without question, except for the matter of his age. She agrees with other scholars that Dugdale knew the Malorys of Newbold Revel and suggests that
435:
Because this original French note perfectly matches the
English translation in Dugdale's published work, and because a number of the other knights listed on the same commission roster are known to have died long before 1436, Matthews concludes that these commissions cannot refer to the 1436 campaign;
128:
in 1485. Much of Malory's life history is obscure, but he identified himself as a "knight prisoner", apparently reflecting that he was either a criminal, a prisoner-of-war, or suffering some other type of confinement. Malory's identity has never been confirmed. Since modern scholars began researching
916:
Matthews's interpretation was not universally accepted, primarily because he could not find evidence that the
Yorkshireman was a knight. Linton, however, has removed that principal objection, providing extensive detail about the Malorys of Yorkshire and offering evidence that Thomas of Yorkshire was
764:
Little else is known of this Malory, apart from one peculiar incident discovered by
William Matthews. A collection of Chancery proceedings includes a petition brought against Malory by Richard Kyd, parson of Papworth, claiming that Malory ambushed him on a November evening and took him from Papworth
414:
was completed, as he must have been at least in his late teens or early 20s at the time of his commission: his peers of the same rank in
Dugdale's record were in their mid- to late-twenties. According to the alternate timeline, his birth would have been around 1415-1418 and his age would have been a
211:
The author was educated, as most of his material "was drawn out of the French," which suggests a degree of French fluency indicating that he might have been from a wealthy family. A claimant's age must also fit the time of writing; as described below, this has been a major point of contention among
909:
Newbold Revel, who was a
Yorkist and would have been something in excess of 70 years old; far too old to have taken part in this Northern military campaign. Matthews therefore promotes this document as strong evidence that Malory of Hutton Conyers was indeed a knight after all and the author of the
565:
in London, where he remained for a year. He demanded a retrial with a jury of men from his own county. Although this never took place, he was released. By March 1452, he was back in the
Marshalsea, from which he escaped two months later, possibly by bribing the guards and gaolers. After a month, he
236:
was the only Thomas Malory living in 15th-century England who was a knight. However, the apparently great age of this candidate at the time of the work's completion has always been a source of contention. In the early 20th century, scholarly revelations of this candidate's extensive criminal record
1066:
was primarily intended as a political commentary of Malory's own era. Malory portrays an initially idyllic past under the strong leadership of King Arthur and his knights, but as intrigue and infighting develop, the utopic kingdom collapses, which may have been intended as a parallel and a warning
928:
Outside of the contested pardon-exclusion, Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers was not recorded as having been a knight in the generally accepted secular sense, though his elder brother John and most of his recent forefathers were knights. If to accept Linton's argument that the Yorkshire Thomas was a
862:
is not that of Warwickshire, deferring to McIntosh for a more detailed dialectal analysis while noting that Matthews makes a good case for reopening the question of Malory’s identity. Linton, however, disputes several of McIntosh's arguments, presenting a data driven analysis of the dialect in the
263:
To date, no candidate for authorship has ever consistently commanded widespread support other than Malory of Newbold Revel. However, despite the evidence for other candidates being "no more than circumstantial", eminent scholars suggest that the question of the author's identity is both critically
1046:
The entire work is eight romances that span twenty-one books with 507 chapters, which was said to be considerably shorter than the original French sources, despite its vast size. Malory was responsible for organizing these diverse sources and consolidating them into a cohesive whole. The work was
545:
eight weeks later. At this period, a charge of rape could also apply to some acts of consensual sex and some nonsexual crimes; several scholars have suggested that the accusation did not refer to rape as it is now defined. However, Field's analysis of the specific Latin terminology of the charges
195:
reading: "I pray you all gentlemen and gentlewomen that readeth this book of Arthur and his knights, from the beginning to the ending, pray for me while I am alive, that God send me good deliverance and when I am dead, I pray you all pray for my soul. For this book was ended the ninth year of the
908:
listed just before him in the short list of those excluded. Matthews also points out that this Northern campaign was geographically much closer to Hutton Conyers in Yorkshire than to Newbold Revel, and concludes that the document referred to the Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers - not to Malory of
601:
was completed. As Field describes, "Repeated scholarly searches of legal records have found no trace of arrest, charge, trial, or verdict" that would place any Thomas Malory in prison at the time documented by the author in the Winchester manuscript. Field suggests that Malory's political rivals
203:
With the exception of the first sentence of the final colophon, all the above references to Thomas Malory as a knight are, grammatically speaking, in the third person singular, which leaves open the possibility that they were added by a copyist, either in Caxton's workshop or elsewhere. However,
924:
In spite of Matthews's strong evidence of the Newbold Revel knight's advanced age, Field has long argued that the 1468 exclusion from pardon refers to Malory of Newbold Revel and instead shows that that candidate changed his lifelong Yorkist loyalty to become a Lancastrian. It seems equally
573:
From Malory's first criminal charge in 1443 through his eighth charge in 1451 after several escapes from captivity, little was done to contain his actions. In 1451, a royal arrest order was issued, followed by increasing fines on the lords overseeing his imprisonment in case of his escape,
422:
William Matthews emphasizes the importance of Malory's age thus: "There is considerable evidence that the medieval view was that by sixty a man was bean fodder and forage, ready for nothing but death's pit... it might be best to find out how old the Warwickshire knight really was in 1469."
874:
contained various forms which are too northerly for the everyday language of Newbold Revel”. While McIntosh does not specifically support Matthews' claim of an origin in the Hutton Conyers area of Yorkshire, he ultimately concludes that the language would have been "most at home" in
895:
from a general pardon issued in 1468. The question of the identity of the Malory listed in this document is widely regarded as critical to the final identification of the author. In Field's words: "the Sir Thomas Malory who was exempted from pardon must have been the author of the
593:
to overthrow King Edward. Matthews, having shown that Malory of Newbold Revel was likely in his seventies by the time of the Northumberland campaign and living much further to the South, interprets this record as referring to a different candidate for authorship.
451:
Much more detail was added to Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel's biography by Edward Hicks in 1928, revealing that this Thomas Malory had been imprisoned as a thief, bandit, kidnapper, attempted murderer, and rapist; which hardly seemed in keeping with the high
549:
On 15 March 1451, Malory and 19 others were ordered to be arrested. Nothing came of this and, in the following months, Malory and his cohorts were charged with a series of crimes, especially violent robberies. At one point, he was arrested and imprisoned in
389:
Kittredge accepted the details of Dugdale's history at face value: specifically, that he was commissioned to serve at Calais under Henry V; a campaign which took place in 1414–15. Under this view, Malory would have been a junior officer in Henry V's famous
900:. No other conclusion is possible." While Field's conclusion is widely accepted, Linton suggests he has attributed it to the wrong Malory, arguing that Malory of Hutton Conyers, a close associate of Neville, is the likely knight exempted from that pardon.
890:
Two central elements of Matthews's argument for the Hutton Conyers candidate include his evidence of the advanced age of the Newbold Revel candidate at the time of writing, described in that section above; and Matthews' analysis of the exclusion of a
1071:. It remains a matter of some debate whether this was a deliberate commentary or an imaginative fiction influenced by the political climate. All these arguments, it should be noted, depend upon acceptance of the Newbold Revel Malory as the author.
1122:(1967), where his name is given as "Tom of Warwick"; reflecting the general acceptance of Malory of Newbold Revel (in Warwickshire) as the author through most of the 20th century, despite the criminal history of that candidate in his later life.
352:
In K. H.5 time, was of the retinue to Ric. Beauchamp, E. Warw. At the seige of Caleys, and served there with one lance and two archers, receiving for his lance and 1 archer xx. Li per an. And their dyet; and for the other archer, x marks and no
561:, a town in the heartland of Buckingham's power and a place where Malory found little favour as a supporter of the Beauchamps. Those accused included Malory and several others; there were numerous charges. Malory was convicted and sent to the
903:
The pardon applied to a group of Lancastrians in a military campaign in the winter of 1462 in the Northern county of Northumberland near the Scottish border. Matthews shows that Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers was closely related to the
377:, and recorded the date of his death, the location of his tomb, and many other details of his life and family. As Dugdale lived in Warwickshire and apparently had access to Malory's home and direct descendants during a time when
2002:
760:
as a child and on the Cambridgeshire-Huntingdonshire border in adulthood, both his father and grandfather were from Lincolnshire; and that neither of the other two major candidates had any known connection to Lincolnshire.
566:
was back in prison yet again, and this time he was held until the following May, when he was released on bail of 200 pounds, paid by a number of his fellow magnates from Warwickshire. Malory later ended up in custody in
409:
Scholars consider the question of this timeline to be important in determining authorship, as the original timeline would place Malory's birth in the early to mid 1390s. He would therefore have been at least 75 when
385:
is conspicuously absent in Dugdale's record. To date, however, this candidate for authorship remains the only Thomas Malory known to be living at the time of writing who was clearly recorded as having been a knight.
1059:) before he printed it in 1485, as well as making several other editorial changes. According to one theory, the eight romances were originally intended to be separate, but Caxton altered them to be more unified.
850:; including distinctive dialectal and stylistic elements such as alliteration that are characteristic of northerly writing. His claim drew scholarly attention including a review co-written by eminent medievalist
737:. Thomas inherited his father's estates in 1425 and was placed in the wardship of the King, initially as a minor, but later (for reasons unknown) remaining there until within four months of his death in 1469.
264:
important and yet unresolved. However, Linton argues that Malory of Hutton Conyers was a knight of the church, and as her recent work garners scholarly attention, it may bring the matter into different focus.
220:
925:
plausible, however, to realize that the Knight Hospitaller from Hutton Conyers, who was close to Neville, was excluded from pardon, rather than to think the Newbold Revel knight changed political stripes.
602:"simply put him in prison without formal charge" and that he could have been released from prison in October 1470, at the collapse of the Yorkist regime and the temporary return to the throne of Henry VI.
1003:, around a century earlier, and Shakespeare, around a century later. It has been called the first English novel. Malory's main sources for his work included Arthurian French prose romances, mainly the
744:. Published after Matthews's book promoting the Hutton Conyers candidate (as described below), Griffin makes several arguments; most notably that the Papworth candidate's dialect would match that of
605:
In 1462, Malory settled his estate on his son Robert and, in 1466 or 1467, Robert fathered a son named Nicholas, Malory's grandson and ultimate heir. Malory died on 14 March 1471 and was buried in
518:
for the rest of 1443, and was appointed to a royal commission charged with the distribution of money to impoverished towns in Warwickshire. In 1449–50, he was returned as member of Parliament for
585:
in the North of England by members of the Lancastrian faction. Field interprets these pardon-exclusions to refer to Malory of Newbold Revel, suggesting that Malory changed his allegiance from
1084:; they also both end with a similarly worded prayer to be released from imprisonment. This has led some scholars in recent years to believe that Malory may have been the author of the poem.
887:(see inset map). He suggests that Malory “simply had access to, and was deeply steeped in, far more northerly romance material" than the specific texts which he is thought to have used.
921:, a knight of the church. She also examines the provenance of some of the known sources of the Morte and demonstrates that this Malory would have had ready access to these documents.
475:"What?" seyde Sir Launcelot, "is he a theff and a knyht? and a ravyssher of women? He doth shame unto the Order of Knyghthode, and contrary unto his oth. Hit is pyte that he lyveth."
502:
in Warwickshire and as a Member of Parliament, and Lady Phillipa Malory, heiress of Newbold. He was knighted before 8 October 1441, became a professional soldier, and served under
184:" (Caxton's Book VII): "And I pray you all that readeth this tale to pray for him that this wrote, that God send him good deliverance soon and hastily." At the conclusion of the "
977:
has ever been identified on the Dee or elsewhere; no Welsh Thomas Malory appears in the surviving historical record; and Malory identified himself as English rather than Welsh.
369:, and served there with one lance and two archers, receiving for his lance and first archer 20 pounds per year and their diet; and for the other archer, 10 marks and no diet.
2131:
Linton, Cecelia Lampp. The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press. 2023. ISBN 979-8-9868157-2-5.
483:"What?" said Sir Lancelot, "is he a thief and a knight, and a rapist of women? He does shame to the Order of Knighthood, contrary to his oath. It is a pity that he lives."
570:, accused of still more crimes, involving robbery and the stealing of horses. Once again, he escaped and once again was apprehended and returned to Marshalsea Prison.
581:
issued four more general pardons which specifically excluded a Thomas Malory. The first of these names Malory a knight; and applied to participants in a campaign in
2602:
867:
Besides this analysis, she dismisses some of McIntosh's arguments as trivial, noting quibbles between what dialect is northern and what is northerly, for example.
431:
Thomas Mallory est retenuz a j lance et ij archers pr sa launce ouve j archer xx li par an et bouche de court et pour lautre archer x marcs saunz bouche de court.
330:, published the first significant investigation into Malory's identity in 1894, the primary candidate for authorship has been Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel in
1080:
96:
335:
402:. However, subsequent scholars have questioned this interpretation, suggesting that Dugdale's record was erroneous and that Malory instead served under
165:. He is described as a "knyght presoner", distinguishing him from several other candidates also bearing the name Thomas Malory in the 15th century when
929:
Knight Hospitaller, the primary objection to his authorship is removed and the contradictions presented by the Newbold Revel knight become irrelevant.
846:
Matthews makes many arguments for this candidate, with his main focus on linguistic clues both in the Winchester manuscript and the Caxton edition of
530:
519:
2612:
621:
March 1470 , in the parish of Monkenkirby in the county of Warwick." The tomb itself had been lost when Greyfriars was destroyed in 1538 under King
2567:
2242:
503:
2562:
2045:
1176:
836:
590:
374:
957:, who proclaimed in 1893 that the alternative spelling indicated an area straddling the border between England and North Wales, Maleore in
1881:
Political Consciousness and the Literary Mind in Late Medieval England: Men 'Brought up of Nought' in Vale, Hardyng, Mankind, and Malory'
2265:
180:) is written: "For this was written by a knight prisoner Thomas Malleorre, that God send him good recovery." At the end of "The Tale of
2607:
2597:
2587:
2531:
237:
and multiple imprisonments threw further doubt on the matter because of a perceived discordance with the chivalric ideals espoused in
913:. Linton offers additional evidence to illustrate the close connection between Humphrey Neville and Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers.
2084:
2070:
2024:
1992:
1691:
1287:
1262:
1200:
965:. On this theory, Malory may have been related to Edward Rhys Maelor, a 15th-century Welsh poet. It was also suggested by antiquary
423:
Researching the question, Matthews made an original discovery: Sir William Dugdale's surviving 15th century notes and papers in the
1910:
1396:
511:
228:
Since the late 19th century there has been a great deal of scholarly research into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory, author of
2577:
2340:
457:
2091:
1453:
692:
Shortly after Kittredge's original article on Malory of Newbold Revel, a second candidate was presented in an 1897 article in
626:
460:
referred to his life as one that "reads more like an account of exemplary thuggery than chivalry". Shortly before his death,
1649:
1125:
In addition to White's treatment, many other modern versions of the Arthurian legend have their roots in Malory, including
632:
Linton, in her defense of Dugdale's account, notes that he never offered a connection between the Newbold Revel Malory and
2471:
2194:
1798:
427:
on the Agincourt campaign contain a lengthy military roster (apparently in Dugdale's own hand) with the following detail:
2300:
999:) is the source of the modern form of most Arthurian mythology, and is the only major work of English literature between
748:
more closely than either of the other candidates. As detailed below, a leading dialect expert identified the language of
729:, the eldest son of Sir William Mallory, member of Parliament for Cambridgeshire, who had married Margaret, the widow of
694:
614:
204:
scholarly consensus is that these references to knighthood refer to a real person and that that person is the author of
200:
by Sir Thomas Maleore, knight, as Jesu help him for his great might, as he is the servant of Jesu both day and night."
2235:
399:
2572:
1030:
714:
on 27 October the same year. This identification was taken seriously for some time by editors of Malory, including
2582:
2507:
2499:
1019:
855:
730:
495:
1098:
606:
20:
2188:
966:
137:, who was imprisoned at various times for criminal acts and possibly also for political reasons during the
2365:
2305:
2228:
577:
After 1461, few records survive which scholars agree refer to Malory of Newbold Revel. In 1468-1470, King
323:
381:
remained very popular and was still being printed, scholars have noted that any mention of his authoring
2212:
1037:
840:
722:
622:
244:
These tensions have inspired scholars to propose alternative identities; most notably, Thomas Malory of
192:
158:
1636:
597:
No record survives of Malory of Newbold Revel (or any other Thomas Malory) being in prison at the time
1369:
343:
157:
Most of what is known about Malory stems from the accounts describing him in the prayers found in the
2557:
2552:
2310:
2280:
1321:
The Ill-framed Knight. A Skeptical Inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory by William Matthews
1016:
986:
973:". However, most modern scholars have disregarded this early work on the basis that no such place as
578:
499:
197:
141:. Recent work by Cecelia Lampp Linton, however, presents new evidence in support of Thomas Malory of
120:
110:
89:
1337:
Whitteridge, Gweneth., though this Malory was earlier proposed by H. Oskar Sommer in his edition of
2592:
2526:
2335:
1623:
1137:
515:
403:
395:
391:
1135:(1981). The discovery of Malory's book and its acquisition by William Caxton form key elements in
2320:
1962:
1862:
1854:
1558:
1550:
1078:, and Malory's treatment of those sources, correspond to some degree with those of a poem called
1012:
918:
824:
534:
523:
245:
185:
54:
2430:
2440:
2154:
2080:
2066:
2041:
2020:
2008:
1988:
1687:
1626:, p. 353 in the July-December omnibus edition, accessed at Internet Archive, 11 December 2013.
1283:
1258:
1196:
1172:
1114:
950:
715:
562:
538:
138:
115:
224:
Zoomed view of England showing locations relevant to the question of Thomas Malory's identity
2466:
2435:
2395:
2355:
2325:
2285:
2206:
2163:
1954:
1915:
1846:
1648:
J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe, History of Parliament Online, Ref Volumes: 1386–1421,
1542:
1401:
1131:
1107:
1000:
507:
424:
232:. As detailed below, the earliest modern investigations suggested that Sir Thomas Malory of
698:
by A.T. Martin, who proposed that the author was Thomas Malory of Papworth St Agnes on the
2380:
2370:
2330:
2145:
2016:
1142:
1110:
699:
678:
551:
339:
327:
941:, there was speculation as to Malory's identity. The earliest identification was made by
858:. Neither reviewer accepted Matthews’s claims entirely. Jacob agrees that the dialect of
118:, compiled and in most cases translated from French sources. The most popular version of
1508:
706:
border. Martin's argument was based on a will made at Papworth on 16 September 1469 and
2445:
2390:
2360:
2290:
1390:
1119:
1004:
820:
734:
718:, the noted bibliographer, who included it in his edition of Malory published in 1903.
711:
703:
682:
610:
582:
366:
253:
249:
177:
142:
125:
471:
E.K. Chambers emphasizes the importance of the problem by quoting the author himself:
2546:
2493:
2400:
2385:
2315:
2275:
2270:
2126:
1966:
1866:
1681:
1562:
954:
257:
233:
130:
1652:
Author: L. S. Woodger. History of Parliament Trust, 1994, accessed 27 November 2013.
2425:
2295:
1942:
1126:
962:
876:
870:
McIntosh’s dialectal analysis states that: “To put the matter simply, the original
753:
362:
331:
134:
2141:
1927:
1420:
506:. While it is not recorded how he became distinguished, he acted as an elector in
2123:
The Ill-Framed Knight: A skeptical inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory
1683:
The Ill-Framed Knight: A skeptical inquiry into the identity of Sir Thomas Malory
833:
The Ill-Framed Knight: A Skeptical Inquiry into the Identity of Sir Thomas Malory
2476:
2375:
1093:
851:
774:
488:
173:
1943:"Sir Thomas Malory and the Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell Reconsidered"
1919:
1405:
945:, a 16th-century antiquarian, who declared that Malory was Welsh, hailing from
2345:
2251:
2150:
2051:
1904:
958:
766:
757:
726:
660:
567:
461:
181:
129:
his identity the most widely accepted candidate has been Sir Thomas Malory of
2450:
2107:
Whitteridge, Gweneth. "The Identity of Sir Thomas Malory, Knight-Prisoner".
1374:, Berkeley, University of California Press, p. 70 – via Archive,
942:
828:
146:
529:
Malory's status changed abruptly in 1451 when he was accused of ambushing
365:'s time, was of the retinue to Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick at the
2172:
1880:
1169:
The Knight Who Gave Us King Arthur: Sir Thomas Malory, Knight Hospitaller
1049:
The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table
884:
586:
558:
542:
453:
2205:
2198:
1318:
740:
Richard R. Griffin later provided further support for this candidate in
2058:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2011 (requires login)
1958:
880:
770:
707:
2031:
Caxton's Malory: A New Edition of Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur
1858:
1554:
1533:
Aurner, Nellie Slayton (June 1933). "Sir Thomas Malory – Historian?".
819:
The third contender emerged in the mid-20th century: Thomas Malory of
2183:
2033:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1983.
970:
444:
he would have certainly made the connection between this Malory and
1850:
1546:
2168:
1833:
Dichmann, Mary E. (September 1950). "Characterization in Malory's
494:
Sir Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel was born to Sir John Malory of
398:
cemented in popular memory as the Band of Brothers in the famous
373:
Dugdale's history also revealed that this Malory had served as a
756:. Griffith points out that while the current candidate lived in
2224:
879:
but is characteristic of roughly anywhere north of a line from
334:. Kittredge discovered a record of this Malory's service under
276:
32:
2220:
589:
to Lancaster, and that he was involved in a conspiracy with
546:
concludes that they were intended to refer to actual rapes.
219:
212:
all modern scholars for determining the author's identity.
1062:
There has been some argument among critics that Malory's
937:
Even only a few years after the original publication of
835:
by William Matthews, a British professor who taught at
636:
even though the book was well known in Dugdale's time.
191:
However, all these are replaced by Caxton with a final
2111:; 24.95 (1973): 257–265. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009.
2077:
Malory: The Life and Times of King Arthur's Chronicler
1803:
The Camelot Project: A Robbins Library Digital Project
1191:
Bryan, Elizabeth J. (1999/1994). "Sir Thomas Malory",
464:
stated that this issue was a grave one for readers of
2189:
Le Morte d'Arthur (Caxton edition, in Middle English)
1650:
Corbet, Robert (1383–1420), of Moreton Corbet, Salop.
1345:; 24.95 (1973): 257–65. JSTOR. Web. 30 November 2009.
1092:
A young Malory appears as a character at the end of
2519:
2485:
2459:
2418:
2258:
809:
794:
787:
668:
653:
646:
557:Malory finally came to trial on 23 August 1451, in
312:
304:
286:
274:
82:
74:
61:
42:
30:
1903:
1389:
721:This Thomas Malory was born on 6 December 1425 at
1997:Malory, Thomas, Cowen, Janet & Lawlor, John.
1301:
1299:
1257:. London: Cassell & Co (John Matthews, ed.).
1592:
1590:
843:). This contender is also championed by Linton.
114:, the classic English-language chronicle of the
491:could not have written this without a twinge."
481:
473:
429:
359:
350:
2001:Volume II. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1969.
1171:. Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press.
969:that he was Welsh, identifying "Malory" with "
2236:
2096:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1458:. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.
1029:, and two anonymous English works called the
487:Chambers comments, "Surely the Sir Thomas of
19:"Malory" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
2184:Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies
1914:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1400:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
953:. This theory received further support from
1985:Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript
1845:(5). Modern Language Association: 877–895.
1799:"Malory's Morte d'Arthur: Exhibition Guide"
1541:(2). Modern Language Association: 362–391.
1313:
1311:
1280:Le Morte Darthur: The Winchester Manuscript
1081:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
1051:, but printer William Caxton changed it to
97:The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle
2243:
2229:
2221:
1282:. Oxford University Press. pp. x–xi.
784:
643:
336:Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick
271:
124:was published by the famed London printer
27:
1074:The sources of the romances that make up
531:Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham
448:if there were any connection to be made.
415:much more reasonable 55 to 58 years when
1162:
1160:
1158:
831:. This claim was put forward in 1966 in
2125:, University of California Press, 1966
2093:Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career
2056:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2038:The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory
2013:Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages
1911:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1479:The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory
1455:Sir Thomas Malory: His Turbulent Career
1397:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1154:
504:Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick
2603:Members of Parliament for Great Bedwyn
2019:(ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
316:Knight, criminal, Member of Parliament
2114:Malory, Thomas & Matthews, John.
1481:. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1993. Print
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
591:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
108:was an English writer, the author of
7:
2216:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2142:Works by Thomas Malory in eBook form
1391:"Malory, Sir Thomas (x1415/18–1471)"
742:The Authorship Question Reconsidered
2104:. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1987. Print.
1905:"Malory, Sir Thomas (1415x18–1471)"
1742:Matthews, pp. 117, 121, and 132-135
1317:E. F. Jacob, Angus McIntosh (1968)
1195:, p. v. Modern Library. New York.
648:Thomas Malory of Papworth St. Agnes
640:Thomas Malory of Papworth St. Agnes
1883:. Studies in Philology 105 (2008).
1686:. University of California Press.
14:
2204:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2040:, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1993.
1510:History Of Parliament (1439-1509)
176:" (Books I–IV in the printing by
2409:
2176:
1106:. This cameo is included in the
752:as being most characteristic of
2613:Writers of Arthurian literature
2160:Works by or about Thomas Malory
2118:London: Cassell & Co, 2000.
2063:A History of the Mallory Family
1025:History of the Kings of Britain
789:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers
781:Thomas Malory of Hutton Conyers
348:(1656), stating of Sir Thomas:
2568:15th-century English novelists
1167:Linton, Cecelia Lampp (2023).
1141:(1959), a children's novel by
627:Dissolution of the Monasteries
281:Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel
268:Thomas Malory of Newbold Revel
1:
2191:at the University of Michigan
2109:The Review of English Studies
1902:Field, P. J. C. (2004–2011).
1343:The Review of English Studies
798:
672:
290:
65:
46:
2563:15th-century English writers
1928:UK public library membership
1507:Wedgwood, Josiah C. (1936).
1421:UK public library membership
615:High Sheriff of Warwickshire
2175:(public domain audiobooks)
1624:Athenaeum 11 September 1897
1102:(1958), which was based on
522:, a seat controlled by the
345:Antiquities of Warwickshire
172:At the end of the "Tale of
16:15th-century English writer
2629:
2061:Smith, Sheila V. Mallory,
1769:Linton, pp. 75-92, 115-25.
1680:Matthews, William (1966).
984:
839:(and also transcribed the
18:
2608:Writers from Warwickshire
2598:Inmates of the Marshalsea
2588:English MPs November 1449
2532:Defunct prisons in London
2407:
2207:"Sir Thomas Malory"
2011:, "Sir Thomas Malory" in
2005:Retrieved 2 December 2007
1835:Tale of Arthur and Lucius
1805:. University of Rochester
1797:McShane, Kara L. (2010).
1614:Linton, pp. 234-5, 241-2.
1376:Chambers and then Vinaver
1021:Historia Regum Britanniae
496:Winwick, Northamptonshire
2079:, Harper Collins, 2005,
1099:The Once and Future King
906:Humphrey Neville, knight
607:Christ Church Greyfriars
400:St. Crispin's Day Speech
21:Mallory (disambiguation)
1637:Le morte Darthur, p. vi
1368:Matt (20 August 1966),
1328:Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 348.
854:and the famed linguist
456:standards of his book.
2578:English male novelists
2266:Sir Francis Barrington
2169:Works by Thomas Malory
2151:Works by Thomas Malory
2090:Hicks, Edward (1928).
2075:Hardyment, Christina,
1941:Norris, Ralph (2009).
1920:10.1093/ref:odnb/17899
1452:Hicks, Edward (1928).
1406:10.1093/ref:odnb/17899
1388:Field, P.J.C. (2004).
1358:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1278:Cooper, Helen (1998).
1017:Geoffrey of Monmouth's
933:Thomas Malory of Wales
893:Thomas Malarie, knight
498:, who had served as a
485:
477:
433:
371:
355:
324:George Lyman Kittredge
225:
198:King Edward the Fourth
2213:Catholic Encyclopedia
841:diary of Samuel Pepys
723:Moreton Corbet Castle
252:and Thomas Malory of
223:
159:Winchester Manuscript
2271:Bishop Edward Bonner
2065:, Phillimore, 1985,
1751:Linton, pp. 293-320.
1149:Notes and references
500:Justice of the Peace
375:Member of Parliament
186:Tale of Sir Tristram
69: 1470 or later
2121:Matthews, William.
1733:Linton, pp. 247-62.
1715:Linton, pp. 107-11.
1706:Linton, pp. 101-13.
1575:Matthews, pp. 14-30
1442:Linton, pp. 235-40.
1341:published in 1890.
1138:The Load of Unicorn
1118:(1960), and in its
997:The Death of Arthur
516:knight of the shire
479:In Modern English:
396:William Shakespeare
394:– a member of what
392:Battle of Agincourt
357:In modern English:
50: 1393 or 1425
2321:John Baptist Grano
2116:Le Morte d'Arthur.
2052:Malory, Sir Thomas
1999:Le Morte D'Arthur.
1959:10.1353/art.0.0051
1787:Matthews, pp.35-36
1760:Linton, pp. 61-73.
1639:, Macmillan, 1903.
1047:originally titled
919:Knight Hospitaller
804:Yorkshire, England
524:Duke of Buckingham
246:Papworth St. Agnes
226:
55:Kingdom of England
2573:English criminals
2540:
2539:
2195:Le Morte d'Arthur
2155:Project Gutenberg
2102:Sir Thomas Malory
2100:Riddy, Felicity.
2054:(1415x18–1471)",
2046:978-0-85991-385-0
2036:Field, P. J. C.,
2029:Spisak, James W.
1926:(Subscription or
1419:(Subscription or
1371:Ill framed knight
1356:Sir Thomas Malory
1354:Riddy, Felicity:
1339:Le Morte d'Arthur
1255:Le Morte d'Arthur
1193:Le Morte D'Arthur
1178:979-8-9868157-2-5
1104:Le Morte d'Arthur
1076:Le Morte d'Arthur
1069:Le Morte d'Arthur
1064:Le Morte d'Arthur
1053:Le Morte d'Arthur
993:Le Morte d'Arthur
987:Le Morte d'Arthur
848:Le Morte d'Arthur
817:
816:
716:Alfred W. Pollard
690:
689:
563:Marshalsea Prison
539:Wars of the Roses
466:Le Morte D'arthur
326:, a professor at
320:
319:
239:Le Morte d'Arthur
230:Le Morte d'Arthur
206:Le Morte d'Arthur
167:Le Morte d'Arthur
163:Le Morte d'Arthur
139:Wars of the Roses
121:Le Morte d'Arthur
111:Le Morte d'Arthur
106:Sir Thomas Malory
103:
102:
90:Le Morte d'Arthur
2620:
2583:English MPs 1442
2467:James Oglethorpe
2436:Marshalsea Court
2413:
2412:
2396:Robert Wingfield
2356:Philip Massinger
2326:Nicholas Grimald
2286:Robert Culliford
2245:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2180:
2179:
2164:Internet Archive
2097:
2017:Loomis, Roger S.
1971:
1970:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1584:Griffith, p. 166
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1315:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1247:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1057:Le Morte Darthur
1001:Geoffrey Chaucer
872:Le Morte Darthur
800:
785:
674:
644:
508:Northamptonshire
438:Le Morte Darthur
425:Bodleian Library
295:
292:
272:
116:Arthurian legend
85:
70:
67:
51:
48:
28:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2515:
2486:Books and films
2481:
2455:
2431:Debtors' prison
2414:
2410:
2405:
2381:Richard Shelley
2371:Sally Salisbury
2331:Charlotte Hayes
2254:
2249:
2203:
2199:eBooks@Adelaide
2177:
2146:Standard Ebooks
2138:
2089:
2009:Vinaver, Eugène
1983:Cooper, Helen,
1980:
1975:
1974:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1892:Aurner, p. 366.
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:Aurner, p. 365.
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:Matthews, p.161
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:Griffith, p.165
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:Matthews, p. 31
1604:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1316:
1309:
1305:Matthews, p. 43
1304:
1297:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1249:
1248:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1143:Cynthia Harnett
1120:film adaptation
1090:
989:
983:
935:
805:
802:
790:
783:
700:Huntingdonshire
686:
679:Huntingdonshire
676:
664:
658:
657:6 December 1425
649:
642:
552:Maxstoke Castle
419:was completed.
367:siege of Calais
340:William Dugdale
300:
297:
293:
282:
279:
270:
218:
155:
93:
83:
68:
57:
52:
49:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2626:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2446:Sponging-house
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Nicholas Udall
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:George Morland
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Robert Daborne
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2137:
2136:External links
2134:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2073:
2059:
2048:
2034:
2027:
2006:
1995:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1933:
1894:
1885:
1879:S. Peverley, "
1872:
1851:10.2307/459579
1825:
1816:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1641:
1635:A.W. Pollard:
1628:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1547:10.2307/457782
1525:
1516:
1513:. p. 567.
1499:
1483:
1477:Field, P.J.C.
1470:
1468:Matthews, p 43
1461:
1444:
1435:
1433:Matthews, p.68
1426:
1380:
1360:
1347:
1330:
1307:
1295:
1288:
1270:
1263:
1251:Malory, Thomas
1205:
1184:
1177:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1089:
1086:
1007:Lancelot-Grail
985:Main article:
982:
979:
961:and Maleor in
934:
931:
856:Angus McIntosh
821:Hutton Conyers
815:
814:
811:
807:
806:
803:
796:
792:
791:
788:
782:
779:
769:, and then to
735:Moreton Corbet
712:Lambeth Palace
704:Cambridgeshire
688:
687:
683:Cambridgeshire
677:
675:September 1469
670:
666:
665:
659:
655:
651:
650:
647:
641:
638:
611:Newgate Prison
583:Northumberland
533:, a prominent
514:to serve as a
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
288:
284:
283:
280:
275:
269:
266:
254:Hutton Conyers
250:Moreton Corbet
217:
214:
178:William Caxton
154:
151:
143:Hutton Conyers
126:William Caxton
101:
100:
86:
80:
79:
78:Knight, writer
76:
72:
71:
63:
59:
58:
53:
44:
40:
39:
36:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2625:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2509:Little Dorrit
2506:
2504:
2502:
2501:Little Dorrit
2498:
2496:
2495:
2494:Little Dorrit
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2402:
2401:George Wither
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Ralph Sherwin
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Nicholas Owen
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Thomas Malory
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Denzil Holles
2339:
2337:
2336:William Herle
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Hannah Glasse
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Henry Chettle
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2085:0-06-620981-1
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2071:0-85033-576-0
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:0-19-811588-1
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:0-19-282420-1
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:(2): 82–102.
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1693:9780520008304
1689:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1596:Field, p. 131
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:0-19-282420-1
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1264:1-84403-001-6
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:0-679-60099-X
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1033:Morte Arthure
1031:Alliterative
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
980:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:Sir John Rhys
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
926:
922:
920:
914:
912:
907:
901:
899:
894:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
868:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:Studley Royal
822:
812:
808:
797:
793:
786:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
762:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
731:Robert Corbet
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
684:
680:
671:
667:
662:
656:
652:
645:
639:
637:
635:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
569:
564:
560:
555:
553:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
449:
447:
441:
439:
432:
428:
426:
420:
418:
413:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
387:
384:
380:
376:
370:
368:
364:
358:
354:
349:
347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:Occupation(s)
311:
308:14 March 1471
307:
303:
289:
285:
278:
273:
267:
265:
261:
259:
258:Studley Royal
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
235:
234:Newbold Revel
231:
222:
215:
213:
209:
207:
201:
199:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
169:was written.
168:
164:
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Newbold Revel
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
99:
98:
92:
91:
87:
81:
77:
75:Occupation(s)
73:
64:
60:
56:
45:
41:
37:Thomas Malory
34:
29:
26:
22:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2426:Debt bondage
2350:
2301:Thomas Drury
2296:John Dickens
2211:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2092:
2076:
2062:
2055:
2037:
2030:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1909:
1897:
1888:
1875:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1802:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1724:Field, p. 33
1720:
1711:
1702:
1682:
1675:
1670:Cooper p. xi
1666:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1580:
1571:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1509:
1502:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1409:. Retrieved
1395:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1326:Medium Aevum
1325:
1320:
1279:
1273:
1254:
1250:
1192:
1187:
1168:
1136:
1130:
1127:John Boorman
1124:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1055:(originally
1052:
1048:
1045:
1040:Morte Arthur
1039:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1013:Post-Vulgate
1006:
996:
992:
990:
974:
963:Denbighshire
946:
938:
936:
927:
923:
915:
910:
905:
902:
897:
892:
889:
877:Lincolnshire
871:
869:
864:
859:
847:
845:
832:
818:
763:
754:Lincolnshire
749:
745:
741:
739:
720:
693:
691:
633:
631:
619:
604:
598:
596:
576:
572:
556:
548:
528:
520:Great Bedwyn
493:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
458:Helen Cooper
450:
445:
442:
440:in prison."
437:
434:
430:
421:
416:
411:
408:
388:
382:
378:
372:
363:King Henry V
360:
356:
351:
344:
332:Warwickshire
321:
262:
243:
238:
229:
227:
210:
205:
202:
190:
171:
166:
162:
156:
135:Warwickshire
119:
109:
105:
104:
95:
88:
84:Notable work
25:
2558:1471 deaths
2553:1405 births
2511:(TV series)
2477:James Neild
2472:John Howard
2376:John Selden
2311:John Gerard
2281:Richard Cox
2127:archive.org
2003:googlebooks
1987:(OUP 1998)
1523:Cooper p. x
1319:Review of:
1094:T. H. White
967:John Leland
852:E. F. Jacob
775:Northampton
535:Lancastrian
489:Monks Kirby
296:(contested)
294: 1393
174:King Arthur
2593:Holy Grail
2547:Categories
2527:Marshalsea
2520:Categories
2346:Ben Jonson
2306:John Eliot
2252:Marshalsea
1947:Arthuriana
1930:required.)
1809:14 October
1497:Field ODNB
1423:required.)
1088:In fiction
959:Flintshire
773:and on to
767:Huntingdon
758:Shropshire
727:Shropshire
661:Shropshire
623:Henry VIII
568:Colchester
512:Parliament
462:C.S. Lewis
216:Candidates
182:Sir Gareth
2460:Reformers
2451:Workhouse
2259:Prisoners
1967:162024940
1867:163419276
1563:163479195
1411:1 January
1132:Excalibur
1038:Stanzaic
1005:Vulgate (
991:Malory's
951:River Dee
943:John Bale
829:Yorkshire
801:1425-1435
695:Athenaeum
685:, England
663:, England
634:Le Morte,
617:in 1502.
579:Edward IV
454:chivalric
196:reign of
147:Yorkshire
94:Possibly
2441:Poor Law
2173:LibriVox
1253:(2000).
1129:'s film
1108:Broadway
1096:'s book
1036:and the
1015:cycles,
975:Mailoria
947:Mailoria
939:Le Morte
885:the Wash
860:Le Morte
750:Le Morte
746:Le Morte
599:Le Morte
559:Nuneaton
543:Coventry
446:Le Morte
417:Le Morte
412:Le Morte
404:Henry VI
383:Le Morte
379:Le Morte
193:colophon
153:Identity
2197:, from
2162:at the
1978:Sources
1115:Camelot
1111:musical
949:on the
881:Chester
813:Unknown
771:Bedford
625:in the
609:, near
537:in the
328:Harvard
299:England
2503:(film)
2419:Issues
2083:
2069:
2044:
2023:
1991:
1965:
1924:
1865:
1859:459579
1857:
1690:
1561:
1555:457782
1553:
1417:
1286:
1261:
1199:
1175:
971:Maelor
865:Morte.
708:proved
322:Since
2050:——— "
1963:S2CID
1863:S2CID
1855:JSTOR
1559:S2CID
1551:JSTOR
981:Works
911:Morte
898:Morte
353:dyet.
2081:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2042:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1839:PMLA
1811:2014
1688:ISBN
1535:PMLA
1413:2013
1284:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1011:and
837:UCLA
823:and
810:Died
795:Born
669:Died
654:Born
587:York
305:Died
287:Born
256:and
248:and
62:Died
43:Born
2171:at
2153:at
2144:at
1955:doi
1916:doi
1847:doi
1837:".
1543:doi
1402:doi
883:to
827:in
765:to
733:of
710:at
361:In
342:'s
338:in
277:Sir
161:of
133:in
33:Sir
2549::
2210:.
2015:,
1961:.
1951:19
1949:.
1945:.
1908:.
1861:.
1853:.
1843:65
1841:.
1801:.
1589:^
1557:.
1549:.
1539:48
1537:.
1486:^
1394:.
1324:.
1310:^
1298:^
1208:^
1157:^
1145:.
1043:.
917:a
799:c.
725:,
673:c.
629:.
526:.
468:.
291:c.
208:.
149:.
145:,
66:c.
47:c.
2244:e
2237:t
2230:v
1969:.
1957::
1922:.
1918::
1869:.
1849::
1813:.
1696:.
1565:.
1545::
1415:.
1404::
1292:.
1267:.
1203:.
1181:.
1027:)
1023:(
1009:)
995:(
702:-
681:/
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.