Threshold of originality - Knowledge (XXG)

485:

labour. The court held that mere copy-editing "lacks originality as it does not depict independent creation even a modicum of creativity. The inputs put by the appellants is nothing but expressing an idea which can be expressed in a limited way and as such there cannot be a copyright. Filling the blanks or gaps by providing names of the parties or citations of the judgments, both of which are well known and unchangeable parts of that idea, are not original work." The court held that the headnotes that did not copy from the judgment verbatim were copyrightable, and that the division of a judgment into paragraphs and numbering them was enough to meet a standard of skill.

393:, copyright and design right were two separate concepts that could co-exist in applied art, as they had different requirements; novelty and an "individual character" for design right, and "a degree of creativity which allows, from the view of a public open to art and sufficiently skilled in ideas of art, to be called an 'artistic' performance", for copyright. This makes the threshold nearly identical to that in other forms of works. The case centred around the creator of the "Birthday Train", who had received royalties from a design patent but wanted to also collect royalties on the concept as a copyrighted work. 791:

Ets-Hokin's photos as derivative works, we note that " claim to copyright cannot be registered in a print or label consisting solely of trademark subject matter and lacking copyrightable matter." Although a label's "graphical illustrations" are normally copyrightable, "textual matter" is not—at least not unless the text "aid or augment" an accompanying graphical illustration. The label on Skyy's vodka bottle consists only of text and does not include any pictorial illustrations.

226: 505: 249:. On 24 January 2022, the Commonwealth government announced, after more than three years of confidential negotiations, Thomas had transferred the copyright to the flag to the Commonwealth. The federal government paid AUS$ 20.05 million to Thomas and licence holders (including WAM Clothing and Carroll and Richardson Flagworld) to extinguish existing licences and secure copyright. As part of the copyright transfer, Thomas retained 602: 546: 759: 1438: 494: 626: 318: 147:, case law supports a low threshold of originality, so arguments could be made that such recordings can be copyrighted because placing and operating a video camera involves "skill, judgement, and labour". She states that it's also possible that security camera films would not meet the threshold, and that "each case must be assessed on its facts". 749:

under federal copyright law. This was overruled in 2018 in a 3–0 ruling by the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, which held that "A digitally remastered sound recording made as a copy of the original analog sound recording will rarely exhibit the necessary originality to qualify for independent copyright

584:

However, in an amendment to Swiss copyright law that took effect on 1 April 2020, "photographic depictions and depictions of three-dimensional objects produced by a process similar to that of photography" are now eligible for copyright, even if they do not display individual character, although their

199:

using Slater's camera — had been used to illustrate a post questioning whether Slater could even hold any copyright interest in the image. Slater argued that he had copyright interest in the photo because he had "engineered" the shot, and that "it was artistry and idea to leave them to play with the

93:

and other pre-positioned recording devices capture whatever happens to take place in their field of view. This raises the question as to whether their recordings are an original and therefore copyrighted work. For example, "f a security camera mounted in a lobby, recording 24 hours a day, captured a

740:

ruled that remastered versions of musical recordings are eligible to receive a new copyright if they contain "multiple kinds of creative authorship, such as adjustments of equalization, sound editing and channel assignment", that are perceptible from the original work. This applies even if the work

281:

stated that the "exercise of skill and judgment" was necessary in order for an expression to attract copyright protection. Chief Justice McLachlin went on to state that the exercise of skill and judgement would require "intellectual effort" and "must not be so trivial that it could be characterized

212:". In December 2014, the United States Copyright Office issued an opinion that works by animals cannot be copyrighted because they were not a work of authorship by a human, but the copyright office did not rule on whether Slater or the monkey would be considered the author of those specific images. 2338:

However, according to established case law, the courts have said that copyright can only subsist in subject matter that is original in the sense that it is the author's own 'intellectual creation'. Given this criterion, it seems unlikely that what is merely a retouched, digitised image of an older

568:

taken at a concert by a spectator with a handheld camera was eligible for protection, because it had the required individual character by virtue of the aesthetic appeal of the picture, combined with the orientation of the picture's components and the distribution of light and shadow. It also found

484:

case law, the Court established that judgements or court orders by published by judicial authorities were considered to be in the public domain per Section 52(1)(q) of the Copyright Act, and that a work would meet the originality standard as long as there is labour or effort involved, but not only

44:

to warrant copyright protection from those that are not. In this context, "originality" refers to "coming from someone as the originator/author" (insofar as it somehow reflects the author's personality), rather than "never having occurred or existed before" (which would amount to the protection of

52:

that creates the foundation of several concepts of international copyright law; however, the threshold for attracting copyright is not defined. This threshold is up to each jurisdiction to determine. While works that do not meet these thresholds are not eligible for copyright protection, they may

790:

The Skyy vodka bottle, although attractive, has no special design or other features that could exist independently as a work of art. It is essentially a functional bottle without a distinctive shape. Turning next to the bottle's label, which the district court also cited in part in categorizing

721:

that were already in the public domain could not be considered original enough for protection under U.S. law, "a photograph which is no more than a copy of a work of another as exact as science and technology permits lacks originality. That is not to say that such a feat is trivial, simply not

472:

that were written by the Company itself. The respondents had published CD-ROMs containing compilations of these judgements, which Eastern Book Company alleged were sourced from its publications; the CD-ROMs contained the copy-edited texts of the judgements themselves, but did not contain the

132:, "ownership and subsistence of copyright were not in dispute", because, "as section 1 of the 1988 Act makes clear, copyright is a property right" which was owned by the security company. Ultimately, that case concluded that copying and selling the photographs did not lead to a defence of 124:, took still-frame photographs from security video – which showed the couple in the driveway just before their deaths – and sold them to a newspaper. Al Fayed and his privately held security company filed suit, alleging, among other things, infringement of copyright. In that case, 805:

The limitation of copyright to "works of authorship" also implies an author. This appears to mean that a human created the work, using the requisite creativity. In a work made through a completely mechanical process, copyright might be denied on the basis that no one was the

105:, the casino filed suit for copyright infringement on the use of their surveillance video, but the defendant argued in a motion that the surveillance video lacked the sufficient creativity needed to secure copyright protection. However, the case was never heard as a separate 200:

camera and it was all in my eyesight. I knew the monkeys were very likely to do this and I predicted it. I knew there was a chance of a photo being taken." Aurelia J. Schultz disputed Slater's claims, noting a monkey would be incapable of holding a copyright in

1664: 2315: 819:

has taken the position that "in order to be entitled to copyright registration, a work must be the product of human authorship. Works produced by mechanical processes or random selection without any contribution by a human author are not registrable."

580:

with the files he had taken from his employer, lacked individual character. It found that the scope of conceptual and technical possibilities was not exploited, and that the photograph did not distinguish itself in any way from what was common use.

176:

Russian copyright law specifically exempts purely informational reports on events and facts from protection, and security camera footage is not considered a work of authorship. This interpretation was applied in a number of Russian legal cases.

253:

over the flag (which include the right to be identified as its creator). Following the copyright transfer, Carroll and Richardson Flagworld continued to be the exclusive manufacturer, although individuals may make copies for personal use.

834:

Some countries grant copyright protection based on how much labour and diligence it took to create a work, rather than or in addition to how original a work is. This is referred to as the "sweat of the brow" doctrine in relation to the

536:

Japanese courts have decided that to be copyrightable, a text logo needs to have artistic appearance that is worth artistic appreciation. Logos composed merely of geometric shapes and texts are also not copyrightable in general.

276:

examined the different approaches taken to the definition of originality. The Supreme Court ultimately concluded that the proper approach in Canadian law fell between the approach of labour and diligence, and that of creativity.

800:

In works produced in a mechanical medium, "there is broad scope for copyright . . . because 'a very modest expression of personality will constitute originality.'" With respect to United States law, Stephen M. McJohn writes:

810:

Difficulties arise when attempting to determine the boundary line between mechanical or random processes and instances in which the slight intervention of a human agent results in the production of a copyrightable work. The

678:

that artistic elements of a practical article (such as clothing) can be copyrighted if they meet the threshold of originality, and can be identified as art when they are mentally separated from the item's practical aspects.

2339:

work can be considered as 'original'. This is because there will generally be minimal scope for a creator to exercise free and creative choices if their aim is simply to make a faithful reproduction of an existing work.

1671: 1319:

To qualify as a work of 'authorship' a work must be created by a human being.... Works that do not satisfy this requirement are not copyrightable. The Office will not register works produced by nature, animals, or

522:, a work is considered eligible for protection when it is "a production in which thoughts or sentiments are expressed in a creative way and which falls within the literary, scientific, artistic or musical domain." 300:

The test for the threshold of originality is in the European Union whether the work is the author's own intellectual creation. This threshold for originality was harmonised within the European Union in 2009 by the

447:, which held that compilations (an English-Tamil dictionary) and databases (an internal customer database that had been obtained by a former employee and brought to their competitor) were eligible for copyright. 2409: 894:

match schedules due to the skill and labour used in their creation, as their compilation is "dictated by rules or constraints which leave no room for creative freedom". In November 2015, the United Kingdom's

1110: 150:

In Canada, "skill and judgement" are required for a photograph to be protected by copyright, and a photograph meets this threshold "even by the particular angle and point of view" according to the

2197:

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Intellectual Property Rights in an Age of Electronics and Information, OTA-CIT-302 72 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing office, April 1986).

165:

In the law of continental European countries, works are required to be original to have copyright protection. According to a 2002 book by professor and lawyer Pascal Kamina, written before the

733:

of Toyota vehicles were not entitled to additional copyright protection since the purpose of the models was to faithfully represent the original objects without any creative additions.

288: 585:

creation must still be the result of "human actions", and they are subject to a shorter copyright term (50 years after production rather than 70 years after the death of the author).

292:, and by some civil law courts as those courts require that a work demonstrate a "modicum of creativity" in decision making rather than a mechanical exercise in order to be original. 1490: 655:. The court opinion stated that copyright protection could only be granted to "works of authorship" that possess "at least some minimal degree of creativity". As such, mere labor (" 856:

ruled that the copyright of an account of a speech transcribed by a reporter belonged to the newspaper he worked for because of the effort it took to reproduce his spoken words.

306: 158:

has expressed the view that "whether scenes taken by an automatic surveillance camera are authored by anyone is doubtful: the person responsible for positioning the camera is no

435:

Courts initially favoured a doctrine of originality being based upon the "skill, labour and brain" used in the preparation of the work. This was demonstrated in the cases of

151: 1920: 1890: 533:

packaging. Tokyo High Court ruled that although the shape is stylised, the text is in a normal arrangement and keeps its function of being read as a sequence of letters.

1246: 2208: 282:

as a purely mechanical exercise." It has been suggested that this approach taken by the Supreme Court of Canada is functionally the same as the approach taken by the

1194: 2271: 268: 266:, an eligible work must be original to its author, not copied from another work, and requires more than trivial or mechanical intellectual effort. In the case of 1991: 455: 2325: 896: 861: 812: 651: 617:

Car Credit City logo: U.S. Copyright office ruled this logo too simple to be protected, but a slightly more complicated version was accepted for registration (

1456: 390: 2392: 1934:"Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung" 674: 850:

The sweat of the brow doctrine has been recognised at various times in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India, and elsewhere. The 1900 UK case

659:") is not sufficient to establish a copyright claim. For example, the expression of some obvious methods of compilation and computation, such as the 2421: 1272: 2404: 1696: 815:

posited that the question is open as to whether computers are unlike other tools of creation in that they are possible of being co-creators. The

1718: 1610: 997: 899:

clarified that it was "unlikely" that a digitised reproduction of a work out of copyright would be original enough to attain a new copyright.

2458: 1648: 1583: 1140: 1091: 959: 867: 693: 561: 129: 2396: 2023: 1113:§ 37 the European Court of Justice rules that subject-matter is original in the sense that it is its author's own intellectual creation. 1638: 1394: 1615: 614: 283: 1361: 932: 113: 2489: 871:(1999). In these cases, the courts asserted that originality was required for copyright protection. Since the Feist decision, many 1219: 560:

defines works as being "creations of the mind, literary or artistic, that have an individual character." In a 2003 decision, the

1811: 1745: 879:(1997), where the court concluded that compilations of data must embody originality and creativity in order to be copyrighted. 618: 192: 2477: 2447: 2380: 2269:

Gervais, Daniel J. (Summer 2002). "Feist Goes Global: A Comparative Analysis of the Notion of Originality in Copyright Law".

2212: 2002: 1306: 606: 569:

that the photograph was a "creation of the mind" by being shot at a specific time during the singer's movement on the stage.

1333: 2354: 978: 2080: 1386: 688: 557: 98: 665: 2006: 646: 642: 769: 709:

due to age, claiming that it infringed on their copyrights. The court ruled that exact or "slavish" reproductions of

778: 385:

In November 2013, the Federal Court of Justice rejected the concept of a lower standard for applied artworks in the

233:

was copyrighted in Australia until the copyright of the flag was transferred to the Commonwealth on 25 January 2022.

2498: 2469: 1953:. Swiss Federal Council - English translation (select DE, FR or IT for legally enforceable versions). 1 April 2020. 242: 238: 230: 2053: 609:, this logo does not contain a sufficient amount of original and creative authorship to be protected by copyright. 2413: 1277: 883: 875:

countries have moved towards applying a similar standard. A similar precedent was set in Canada by cases such as

302: 166: 54: 1178:

Ruling of the Ninth apellate arbitration court of 20.04.2011 No. 09АП-2257/2011 on case No. А40-113912/10-12-720

2122: 1420: 1013: 508:

Logos composed of geometric shapes and texts are uncopyrightable in Japan. This example shows the logo for the

246: 173:

member countries in 2009, "it is unlikely, however, that security camera videos would be considered original".

2148: 705:'s rights to redistribute their high quality reproductions of old paintings that had already fallen into the 2439: 273: 263: 2387: 2526: 2362: 737: 519: 451: 425: 401: 1950: 1299: 816: 698: 645:, the principle of requiring originality for copyright protection was invoked in the 1991 ruling of the 593:

In Taiwan, independently created works with "minimal creativity" are eligible for copyright protection.

1964: 143:

requires films to be original to qualify for copyright protection. However, according to law professor

1056: 1531: 891: 742: 397: 330: 20: 2426: 1030: 669:), but sufficiently original elements within the work itself can still be eligible for protection. 191:

to take down a photo that Caters had licensed from nature photographer David Slater. The image — a

1491:"Aboriginal flag 'colonised': senators in heated exchange over government's purchase of copyright" 1182:

Decision of the Arbitration court of city of Moscow of 04.02.2011 on case No. А40-131349/10-67-236

367:

laws. Only design creations that were very high above the average were considered to be "works of

1181: 1177: 746: 429: 412:

A controversial decision on 16 July 2013 rendered "backseat conversations"—such as those between

376: 278: 140: 2175: 1719:"Digitising public domain images creates a new copyright, rules German court [Updated]" 1132: 545: 432:) states that copyright subsists in "original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works". 389:

case. The court ruled that per changes made to German law in 2004 by the implementation of the

2502: 2493: 2473: 2443: 2376: 2031: 1644: 1579: 1498: 1464: 1338: 1136: 1087: 955: 928: 829: 702: 656: 379: 322: 2245:"When are compilations original? Telstra Corporation Ltd v Desktop Marketing Systems Pty Ltd" 949: 349:

for "Small coin") was low, the requirements for design, works that have a "purpose" (such as

337:) could classify copyrightable works into two classes, a design, or anything else (such as a 1571: 908: 730: 225: 121: 49: 1933: 1247:"Can We Subpoena The Monkey? Why The Monkey Self-Portraits Are Likely In The Public Domain" 204:(where the photo was taken), the United Kingdom, or the United States, because it is not a 1854: 1840: 1836: 887: 776:

cannot be protected under U.S. law. The non-eligibility of "textual matter" was raised in

710: 577: 550: 465: 346: 82: 2244: 1522:

David Vaver, Intellectual Property Law, 2nd Edition, Irwin Law: Toronto, 2011. at pg 100.

2098: 1125: 852: 504: 413: 170: 62: 1665:"German Federal Court of Justice expands copyright protection of works of Applied Art" 1156: 633:

is not considered a "work of authorship" because it only consists of text in a simple

2520: 1563: 1063:. Samuelson-Glushko Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic. 19 July 2012 706: 360: 355: 338: 33: 2455:

Wonderful or worrisome? The impact of the ECJ ruling in infopaq on UK Copyright law.

1815: 2368: 745:

as a sound recording published prior to 1972, thus making them become eligible for

660: 526: 461: 250: 205: 144: 133: 106: 2435:

404:

that digital reproductions of public domain works are subject to a new copyright.

2433: 1697:"Germany: Copyright Protection More Easily Available For Works Of "Applied Arts"" 1575: 601: 530: 497: 368: 159: 155: 90: 41: 2290: 185:

A similar topic came up in 2011, when the Caters News Agency asked the website

2388:

Of Silos and Constellations: Comparing Notions of Originality in Copyright Law

2084: 1442: 872: 783: 762: 718: 565: 510: 209: 117: 2123:"CBS Radio Has Novel Argument to Legal Demand to Stop Playing Pre-1972 Songs" 1502: 1468: 341:). While the threshold (which is reached even by simple creations, known as " 112:

In the United Kingdom the topic came up in 2000, during the aftermath of the

1868: 1157:"Civil Code of the Russian Federation (as last amended on December 8, 2011)" 758: 364: 201: 58: 37: 1844: 613: 473:

headnotes and original content that were written by Eastern Book Company.

1936:, BBl 2018 591, 620. See also W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), 844: 773: 725:

Another court case related to threshold of originality was the 2008 case

714: 634: 469: 372: 187: 2188:

Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)

1869:"SR 231.1 Bundesgesetz über das Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte" 1195:"Monkeys Don't Do Fair Use; News Agency Tells Techdirt To Remove Photos" 493: 437: 1457:"Australian government buys copyright to Aboriginal flag in $ 20m deal" 1441:

Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a

1437: 442: 382:, was considered ineligible for protection under German copyright law. 2176:"U.S. appeals court revives case against CBS over pre-1972 recordings" 1857: 1766:¶8, V. Govindan vs E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone And Anr. (AIR 1955 Mad 391) 927:

Definitions taken from Webster's new universal unabridged dictionary,

625: 237:

Despite consisting only of two fields and a circle at the centre, the

2320: 877:

Tele-Direct (Publications) Inc. v. American Business Information Inc.

353:), was set much higher, as "novel" designs could be protected by the 196: 86: 2410:

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal

2149:"CBS Beats Lawsuit Over Pre-1972 Songs With Bold Copyright Argument" 317: 2508: 2233:

1895:, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 5 September 2003" 1362:"Explainer: our copyright laws and the Australian Aboriginal flag" 840: 836: 624: 612: 600: 544: 503: 492: 316: 224: 109:

ruled that the tribes, rather than the casino, owned the footage.

2422:

Originality Proxies: Toward a Theory of Copyright and Creativity.

1564:"The Harmonisation of EU Copyright Law: The Originality Standard" 97:

This question remains untested in the United States. In the 2008

2316:"Copyright notice: digital images, photographs and the internet" 1919:, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of 19 April 2004; 1387:"Who is Harold Thomas, the man who created the Aboriginal flag?" 630: 350: 66: 576:, the Court found that a photo, shot by a reporter to document 416:

and police—not sufficiently creative for copyright protection.

1568:

Global Governance of Intellectual Property in the 21st Century

464:

versions of Supreme Court judgments with numbered paragraphs,

120:, when a security guard at a property owned by Dodi's father, 1543:

1334:"Is the 'monkey selfie' case making a monkey out of the law?" 1220:"Can monkey who took grinning self-portrait claim copyright?" 663:

or blank forms, cannot receive a copyright (demonstrated in

396:

In June 2016, a state court ruled in a complaint against the

687:

The requirement of originality was also invoked in the 1999

2405:

The Role of the Non-Functionality Requirement in Design Law

637:, so it is not an object of copyright in respect to US law. 325:

to be ineligible for protection under German copyright law.

1917:

Blau Guggenheim gegen British Broadcasting Corporation BBC

1084:

Intellectual property law: copyright, patents, trade-marks

500:

packaging design is not eligible for copyright protection.

2030:. University of Connecticut School of Law. Archived from 1421:"Free use of Aboriginal Flag secured for all Australians" 2466:

New Frontiers in the Philosophy of Intellectual Property

2081:"Copyright Protection and Subject Matter in Photographs" 1300:"Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 313.2" 1273:"US government: Monkey selfies ineligible for copyright" 289:

Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.

40:. It is used to distinguish works that are sufficiently 36:

that is used to assess whether a particular work can be

1000:(W.D. Okla., 27 October 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013. 162:. Such authorless films may have no copyright at all". 2291:"Football match fixture list copyright claim rejected" 457:

Eastern Book Company & Ors vs D.B. Modak & Anr

1746:""Backseat conversations" not protected by copyright" 1611:"Germany: conflict between design and copyright law?" 307:

Infopaq International A/S v Danske Dagblades Forening

48:

1604: 1602: 981:(W.D. Okla., 28 Aug. 2008). Retrieved 21 April 2013. 859:

Courts in the United States rejected this notion in

574:

Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation

152:

Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic

94:dramatic event, the video could be uncopyrighted." 1951:"Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights 1992" 1814:(in Japanese). Government of Japan. Archived from 1124: 444:Burlington Home Shipping Pvt Ltd v Rajnish Chibber 169:harmonized the threshold of originality between 2209:"Artificial Intelligence and Authorship Rights" 2099:"Meshwerks v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A. (2008)" 2054:"Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc" 1419:Morrison, Scott; Wyatt, Ken (25 January 2022). 803: 788: 53:still be eligible for protection through other 2272:Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A. 1015:Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland & Others 269:CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada 1017:[2000] EWCA Civ 37 (10 February 2000) 1008: 1006: 994:Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman 989: 987: 975:Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. v. Flyingman 862:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service 813:Congressional Office of Technology Assessment 652:Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service 371:" and so granted copyright. As an example in 216:Uses of the concept of originality by country 103:Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. vs Flyingman 8: 2393:Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 1035:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 782:, judging whether photographs of bottles of 549:A Swiss court considered this photograph of 454:would reject this doctrine in the 2007 case 391:Directive on the legal protection of designs 943: 941: 675:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. 672:The Supreme Court similarly established in 428:(which is largely derived from the British 2264: 2262: 1443:Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) 886:also set a similar precedent, ruling that 19:"TOO" redirects here. For other uses, see 1105: 1103: 45:something new, as in patent protection). 2028:An Introduction to Intellectual Property 1643:(in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 118. 757: 136:, nor did it serve the public interest. 2359:The Philosophy of Intellectual Property 1940:(4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 35. 954:. Aspen Publishers Online. p. 20. 920: 321:German case law considered the logo of 2079:Filler, Stephen C. (9 December 2006). 1670:. Baker & McKenzie. Archived from 1131:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1057:"Copyright and Privacy in Photography" 73:Originality in specific types of works 2412:, Vol. 20:3, 2010 pp. 847–874, ( 2373:A Philosophy of Intellectual Property 1794: 1792: 1790: 1414: 1412: 786:were original enough for protection: 460:; Eastern Book Company had published 438:V. Govindan v E.M. Gopalakrishna Kone 241:had upheld copyright claims over the 7: 2395:, Vol. 27, 2009, pp. 375–408, ( 2174:Stempel, Jonathan (20 August 2018). 1360:Alexander, Isabella (12 June 2019). 1127:Film copyright in the European Union 979:Defense Motion for Summary Judgement 951:Copyright: examples and explanations 868:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. 727:Meshwerks v. Toyota Motor Sales U.S. 694:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. 562:Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland 130:Court of Appeal of England and Wales 2385:Elizabeth F. Judge/Daniel Gervais: 2207:Acosta, Raquel (17 February 2012). 1395:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1332:Nicholas O'Donnell (28 July 2017). 729:In this case, the court ruled that 333:, the "Schöpfungshöhe" (literally: 2510:Compendium of Office Practices III 1969:Intellectual Property Office, MOEA 1855:Tokyo High Court ruling 平成6(ネ)1470 1837:Tokyo High Court ruling 昭和55(行ケ)30 1616:World Intellectual Property Review 1489:Allam, Lorena (18 February 2022). 477: 284:Supreme Court of the United States 126:Hyde Park Residence Ltd v. Yelland 14: 2429:, Vol. 76:4, 2010, pp. 1552. 2024:"Morrissey v. Procter and Gamble" 1640:Urheber- und Urhebervertragsrecht 1271:Axelrad, Jacob (22 August 2014). 1031:"The Copyright and Privacy Nexus" 666:Morrissey v. Procter & Gamble 363:("Geschmacksmustergesetz") or by 114:death of Diana, Princess of Wales 16:Minimal requirement for copyright 2490:Commons:Threshold of originality 2211:. JOLTdigest.com. Archived from 1744:Sherman, Brad (20 August 2013). 1455:Butler, Josh (24 January 2022). 1436: 824:The "sweat of the brow" doctrine 529:lost the case for the design of 78:Pre-positioned recording devices 2513:. URL last accessed 2017-03-01. 2461:Vol. 5, 2010, pp. 247–251. 1841:Supreme Court ruling 昭和55(行ツ)75 1800:Eastern Book Company v DB Modak 553:to lack "individual character". 2375:, Dartmouth Publishing, 1996, 2365:, Vol. 77, 1988, pp. 6–28 2003:United States Copyright Office 1309:. 22 December 2014. p. 22 1307:United States Copyright Office 1245:Masnick, Mike (13 July 2011). 1193:Masnick, Mike (12 July 2011). 1029:Frankel, Susy (October 2005). 779:Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc. 572:By contrast, in the 2004 case 1: 2289:Wilson, Bill (1 March 2012). 2247:. Robinson College, Cambridge 1545:Intellectual Property Journal 1086:. Irwin Law. pp. 54–55. 890:could not claim copyright on 65:(particularly in the case of 2326:Intellectual Property Office 897:Intellectual Property Office 772:states that the design of a 689:United States District Court 558:Copyright law of Switzerland 99:United States district court 1971:(in Chinese). 31 March 2008 1871:. Government of Switzerland 1576:10.1007/978-3-319-31177-7_6 1425:Prime Minister of Australia 1019:; URL retrieved 2011-01-11. 996:, Case Number CIV-07-949-C 977:, Case Number CIV-07-949-C 948:McJohn, Stephen M. (2006). 796:Mechanically produced works 647:United States Supreme Court 643:United States copyright law 481: 2543: 2470:Cambridge University Press 1497:. London, United Kingdom. 1463:. London, United Kingdom. 827: 743:common law state copyright 731:wire-frame computer models 243:Australian Aboriginal flag 239:Federal Court of Australia 231:Australian Aboriginal flag 181:Works by non-human authors 55:intellectual property laws 18: 1278:Christian Science Monitor 1012:English Court of Appeal: 884:European Court of Justice 375:, the logo of the German 303:European Court of Justice 167:European Court of Justice 154:. However, legal scholar 2499:Commons:Derivative works 1999:Copyright appeals (2006) 1812:"Japanese copyright law" 1562:Margoni, Thomas (2016). 770:House Report No. 94-1476 424:Section 13(1)(a) of the 30:threshold of originality 2507:U.S. Copyright Office: 2464:Annabelle Lever (ed.): 2440:Edward Elgar Publishing 1748:. Kluwer Copyright Blog 1123:Kamina, Pascal (2002). 279:Chief Justice McLachlin 274:Supreme Court of Canada 2363:Georgetown Law Journal 2153:The Hollywood Reporter 2127:The Hollywood Reporter 1637:Schack, Haimo (2007). 808: 793: 766: 754:Typefaces and geometry 638: 622: 610: 564:ruled that a photo of 554: 520:Japanese copyright law 515: 501: 402:Reiss Engelhorn Museum 326: 264:Canadian copyright law 234: 2402:Orit Fischman Afori: 1938:Das neue Urheberrecht 1082:Vaver, David (1997). 817:U.S. Copyright Office 761: 699:Bridgeman Art Library 628: 616: 607:U.S. Copyright Office 604: 548: 514:multimedia franchise. 507: 496: 320: 228: 1677:on 23 September 2015 998:Memorandum and Order 892:association football 741:was only subject to 738:Judge Percy Anderson 398:Wikimedia Foundation 351:brand identification 331:German copyright law 139:In New Zealand, the 21:Too (disambiguation) 2427:Brooklyn Law Review 2087:on 9 December 2006. 1992:"Best Western Logo" 1775:1995 IVAD Delhi 732 882:In March 2012, the 747:compulsory licenses 426:Copyright Act, 1957 2453:Estelle Derclaye: 2058:Harvard Law Review 1818:on 28 October 2016 1609:Hartwig, Henning. 767: 639: 623: 611: 555: 516: 502: 430:Copyright Act 1956 377:public broadcaster 335:height of creation 327: 235: 141:Copyright Act 1994 2503:Wikimedia Commons 2494:Wikimedia Commons 2419:Eva E. Subotnik: 2129:. 21 October 2015 2060:. 4 November 2017 2012:on 12 April 2016. 1990:Carson, David O. 1650:978-3-16-149489-5 1585:978-3-319-31176-0 1397:. 25 January 2022 1142:978-0-521-77053-8 1093:978-1-55221-007-9 961:978-0-7355-5287-6 830:Sweat of the brow 703:Corel Corporation 657:sweat of the brow 605:According to the 245:by its designer, 2534: 2432:Carys J. Craig: 2342: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2266: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2215:on 29 April 2012 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2103: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2083:. Archived from 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2005:. Archived from 1996: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1907:BGE 130 III 168. 1906: 1904: 1902: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1852: 1846: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1785: 1784:AIR 1955 Mad 391 1782: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1669: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1634: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1366:The Conversation 1357: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1314: 1304: 1296: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1190: 1184: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1130: 1120: 1114: 1107: 1098: 1097: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1026: 1020: 1010: 1001: 991: 982: 972: 966: 965: 945: 936: 925: 909:Derivative works 466:cross-references 195:taken by a wild 122:Mohamed Al Fayed 83:Security cameras 50:Berne Convention 32:is a concept in 2542: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2517: 2516: 2486: 2351: 2349:Further reading 2346: 2345: 2331: 2329: 2328:. 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