1476:
1673:
2206:
2192:
40:
668:
1649:
1636:
1661:
1503:, as well as in modern birds and mammals, being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait. The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals, which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters. The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone. Structures analogous to the
2180:
977:
989:
739:
731:
465:
1564:
A recent study revealed that bone is a much richer source of persistent DNA viruses than earlier perceived. Besides
Parvovirus 19 and hepatitis B virus, ten additional ones were discovered, namely several members of the herpes- and polyomavirus families, as well as human papillomavirus 31 and torque
777:
is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the
648:
located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the
679:
is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the
715:
is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge. A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third
625:
is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on the medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the
1685:
1591:. The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the most proximal of (usually) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the
52:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1692:
1475:
558:. The neck is 4â5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the
1689:
2122:
Toppinen, Mari; Pratas, Diogo; Väisänen, Elina; SÜderlund-Venermo, Maria; Hedman, Klaus; Perdomo, Maria F.; Sajantila, Antti (2020). "The landscape of persistent human DNA viruses in femoral bone".
765:
Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the
758:
is the shortest femoral extremity. It is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). It consists of two oblong eminences known as the
637:
A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the
801:
The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the
778:
long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the walls of the
1499:. The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms, reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum. The greater trochanter was present in the extinct
1532:, an extinct family of whales with well-defined femurs, lower legs and feet. Occasionally, the genes that code for longer extremities cause a modern whale to develop miniature legs (
1526:, a vestigial pelvis and femur remnant which is not connected to the rest of the skeleton, plays a role in mating. This role in mating is hypothesized to have possibly occurred in
415:
The femur is the largest and thickest bone in the human body. By some tested measures, it is also the strongest bone in the human body, whereas other strength tests show the
1840:
2079:
Bejder, Lars; Hall, Brian K. (2002). "Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss".
1805:
Feldesman, M.R., J.G. Kleckner, and J.K. Lundy. (November 1990). "The femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late-Pleistocene fossil hominids".
2240:
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214:
909:
As the femur is the only bone in the thigh, it serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints. Some
1672:
961:
2022:
1997:
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190:
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and adjacent structures. The upper extremity is the thinnest femoral extremity, the lower extremity is the thickest femoral extremity.
617:
prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the
2233:
684:
which diverges proximally and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximally the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the
419:
to be the strongest bone. The femur length on average is 26.74% of a person's height, a ratio found in both men and women and most
2745:
2406:
1381:
1348:
833:
2411:
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716:
trochanter varies from 17â72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males.
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209:
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806:
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muscles â also originate from the femur. In all, 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur.
2040:"The Bones, Articulations, and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind-Limb of the Greenland Right-Whale (Balaena mysticetus)"
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112:
1941:"The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur"
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1263:
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and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial.
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fits into a socket in the pelvis called the hip joint, and the bottom of the femur connects to the shinbone (
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1940:
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Bolanowski, Wojciech; Ĺmiszkiewicz-Skwarska, Alicja; Polguj, MichaĹ; JÄdrzejewski, Kazimierz S (2005).
893:
are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The
2533:
1580:
1368:
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About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the
598:
380:
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is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The
2750:
2528:
2464:
932:, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough
890:
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The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the
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2018:
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because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject's height from an incomplete
2671:
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351:) to form the knee. In humans the femur is the largest and thickest bone in the body.
96:
39:
2205:
2191:
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joint is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the
397:
the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is
2734:
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In primitive tetrapods, the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the
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786:, and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface. The
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and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to the medial head of the
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reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in the angle is known as
178:
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2507:
1608:
1523:
1495:, and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the
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1453:. Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a
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398:
379:. The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the
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128:
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which is smaller and less prominent than the medial, gives attachment to the
202:
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1897:"Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the human femur"
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laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance
2218:
1620:
898:
894:
867:
863:
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613:, are found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most
587:
2144:
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2583:
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1533:
988:
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563:
450:(extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee.
348:
333:
148:
1984:
Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001).
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Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001).
227:
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Lozanoff, Scott; Sciulli, Paul W; Schneider, Kim N (December 1985).
2017:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 204â205.
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51:
2449:
1511:
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945:
941:
870:; formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development.
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729:
701:
696:. These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces: One
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376:
344:
317:
161:
144:
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to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall.
2595:
2249:
791:
574:. Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the
368:
325:
138:
2222:
1445:
immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a
1480:
924:
In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate
321:
297:
260:
254:
123:
1539:
One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur is the
754:(or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the
692:. Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes; a
805:; it presents a median groove which extends downward to the
300:
291:
1973:
Gilbert, Scott F. "Developmental
Biology". 9th ed., 2010
1972:
824:
of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the
1363:
Lower 1/4 of anterior femur deep to vastus intermedius
387:, causing their femora to converge more than in males.
1992:] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 364â367.
1784:] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 239â241.
1595:. The two basal segments preceding the femur are the
472:
of right femur viewed from behind and above, showing
404:. In the general population of people without either
288:
251:
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2013:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
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184:
172:
160:
155:
118:
88:
66:
61:
32:
412:, the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees.
1934:
1932:
1507:are present in mammals, including some primates.
734:Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below.
621:. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The
423:with only restricted variation, and is useful in
1467:Evolution of cetaceans § Skeletal evolution
812:Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the
1522:femurs. In some snakes the protruding end of a
653:passes directly through the quadrate tubercle.
782:. This fossa is limited above by a ridge, the
700:, one medial and one lateral. Due to the vast
2234:
8:
1839:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
873:By the sixth week of development, the first
546:. The head of the femur is connected to the
320:â the region of the lower limb between the
2600:
2454:
2266:
2241:
2227:
2219:
1001:
948:supply, and contains a different group of
940:). Each of these compartments has its own
50:
38:
2143:
2055:
1912:
1871:
1807:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1518:, and other non-walking vertebrates have
2124:Forensic Science International: Genetics
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
987:
975:
862:as a result of interactions between the
820:is a large convex eminence to which the
746:from behind, showing interior ligaments.
688:while the medial ridge continues as the
463:
359:The femur is the only bone in the upper
1709:
1630:
1832:
225:
29:
1623:, connects the trochanter and femur.
1603:. This convention is not followed in
7:
1856:"The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur"
570:and an abnormal reduction is called
495:or proximal extremity (close to the
1990:Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus
1782:Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus
1297:Front and lateral surface of femur
952:. These compartments are named the
913:â which cross two joints, like the
332:the femur is the upper bone of the
269:
1449:, especially when associated with
14:
2044:Journal of Anatomy and Physiology
371:, where they articulate with the
2204:
2190:
2178:
2093:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2002.02033.x
2038:Struthers, John (January 1881).
1683:
1678:Distribution forces of the femur
1671:
1666:Muscles of thigh. Cross section.
1659:
1647:
1633:
877:model of the femur is formed by
281:
244:
44:Position of femur (shown in red)
1654:Muscles of thigh. Lateral view.
769:, is present between them. The
562:it is about 150 degrees and in
1723:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
971:
962:posterior fascial compartments
434:The femur is categorised as a
1:
2209:The dictionary definition of
2195:The dictionary definition of
1854:Sunderland S (January 1938).
383:. Human females have thicker
2136:10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102353
858:The femur develops from the
767:Intercondylar fossa of femur
752:lower extremity of the femur
677:body of the femur (or shaft)
630:on the back side and by the
582:. In skinny people with the
534:. It has a small groove, or
530:, comprises two-thirds of a
2081:Evolution & Development
838:fibular collateral ligament
788:posterior cruciate ligament
56:Left femur seen from behind
2767:
1572:
1464:
1418:
851:
822:tibial collateral ligament
796:anterior cruciate ligament
723:
660:
457:
363:. The two femurs converge
167:os femoris, os longissimum
18:
1743:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1290:Vastus intermedius muscle
1189:Obturator externus muscle
1137:Obturator internus muscle
901:development by 1â2 days.
885:begins by the end of the
883:Endochondral ossification
694:lateral and medial border
220:
49:
37:
1986:BevĂŚgeapparatets anatomi
1778:BevĂŚgeapparatets anatomi
1174:Quadratus femoris muscle
1153:Gemellus inferior muscle
1116:Gemellus superior muscle
897:development lags behind
726:Lower extremity of femur
702:musculature of the thigh
578:and can not be directly
538:, connected through the
460:Upper extremity of femur
222:Anatomical terms of bone
19:Not to be confused with
2746:Bones of the lower limb
2318:intertrochanteric crest
1819:10.1002/ajpa.1330830309
1461:Diversity among animals
1356:Articularis genu muscle
1271:Vastus lateralis muscle
1182:Intertrochanteric crest
628:intertrochanteric crest
2350:intertrochanteric line
2313:intertrochanteric line
1484:
1312:intertrochanteric line
1303:Vastus medialis muscle
1251:Adductor magnus muscle
1235:Adductor brevis muscle
1219:Adductor longus muscle
1164:'s tendon (indirectly
1127:'s tendon (indirectly
1084:Gluteus minimus muscle
1053:Gluteus maximus muscle
995:
983:
747:
735:
672:
632:intertrochanteric line
488:
1619:another segment, the
1478:
1410:Clinical significance
1281:and lateral ridge of
1107:Superior boundary of
1068:Gluteus medius muscle
991:
982:(seen from the front)
979:
741:
733:
704:the shaft can not be
670:
467:
109:lateral rotator group
25:FEMA (disambiguation)
21:Fima (disambiguation)
2534:Posterior colliculus
2187:at Wikimedia Commons
1581:invertebrate zoology
1369:Gastrocnemius muscle
1314:and medial ridge of
994:(seen from the back)
926:fascial compartments
891:ossification centers
807:intercondyloid fossa
780:intercondyloid fossa
641:(or quadrate line).
542:to the sides of the
381:femoral-tibial angle
113:adductors of the hip
2529:Anterior colliculus
2436:intercondylar fossa
2015:The Vertebrate Body
1489:internal trochanter
1075:Lateral surface of
992:Muscle attachments
980:Muscle attachments
911:biarticular muscles
866:and the underlying
784:intercondyloid line
330:four-legged animals
2623:calcaneal tubercle
2618:sustentaculum tali
2487:intercondylar area
2368:gluteal tuberosity
2355:upper intermediate
2296:greater trochanter
1726:. Merriam-Webster.
1607:but it applies in
1560:Viral metagenomics
1485:
1443:shaft of the femur
1433:that involves the
1382:lateral epicondyle
1349:lateral epicondyle
1279:Greater trochanter
1197:Trochanteric fossa
1166:greater trochanter
1162:obturator internus
1146:greater trochanter
1144:Medial surface of
1129:greater trochanter
1125:obturator internus
1109:greater trochanter
1093:greater trochanter
1077:greater trochanter
1061:Gluteal tuberosity
1038:Psoas major muscle
996:
984:
968:Muscle attachments
834:lateral epicondyle
748:
736:
686:gluteal tuberosity
673:
623:trochanteric fossa
489:
83:vastus intermedius
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2563:lateral malleolus
2549:
2548:
2444:
2443:
2392:adductor tubercle
2323:quadrate tubercle
2308:lesser trochanter
2183:Media related to
2024:978-0-03-910284-5
1999:978-87-628-0307-7
1791:978-87-628-0307-7
1693:
1407:
1406:
1378:adductor tubercle
1331:Lateral ridge of
1264:adductor tubercle
1100:Piriformis muscle
1046:Lesser trochanter
1031:Lesser trochanter
1000:
999:
934:connective tissue
875:hyaline cartilage
826:adductor tubercle
818:medial epicondyle
671:The femur details
646:quadrate tubercle
611:lesser trochanter
599:hip joint capsule
516:head of the femur
486:lesser trochanter
390:In the condition
236:
235:
231:
2758:
2601:
2524:medial malleolus
2465:Gerdy's tubercle
2455:
2397:patellar surface
2372:third trochanter
2267:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2208:
2194:
2182:
2166:
2165:
2147:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2059:
2050:(Pt 2): i1â176.
2035:
2029:
2028:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1892:
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1885:
1875:
1866:(Pt 2): 309â12.
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1714:
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1651:
1639:
1638:
1627:Additional media
1550:lobe-finned fish
1510:Some species of
1505:third trochanter
1493:third trochanter
1431:femoral fracture
1425:femoral fracture
1393:Plantaris muscle
1386:popliteal facies
1340:Popliteus muscle
1258:Medial ridge of
1242:Medial ridge of
1226:Medial ridge of
1204:Pectineus muscle
1002:
972:
887:embryonic period
854:Limb development
713:third trochanter
544:acetabular notch
438:and comprises a
402:(bow-leggedness)
341:top of the femur
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
271:
267:
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263:
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259:
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250:
228:edit on Wikidata
75:vastus lateralis
54:
42:
30:
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2755:
2731:
2730:
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2517:lower extremity
2512:
2491:
2458:upper extremity
2440:
2384:lower extremity
2378:
2327:
2271:upper extremity
2256:
2247:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2078:
2077:
2073:
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2032:
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2012:
2011:
2007:
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1983:
1982:
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2173:External links
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2087:(6): 445â458.
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1954:(3): 168â175.
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1529:Basilosauridae
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724:Main article:
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661:Main article:
658:
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639:linea quadrata
634:on the front.
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540:round ligament
458:Main article:
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1575:Arthropod leg
1569:Invertebrates
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119:Articulations
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71:Gastrocnemius
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2655:intermediate
2469:
2418:
2401:
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2341:linea aspera
2261:
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2197:
2145:10138/332288
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1584:
1578:
1565:teno virus.
1563:
1540:
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1527:
1509:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1451:osteoporosis
1447:hip fracture
1439:femoral neck
1435:femoral head
1428:
1421:Hip fracture
1385:
1333:linea aspera
1316:linea aspera
1283:linea aspera
1260:linea aspera
1244:linea aspera
1228:linea aspera
1015:
1010:
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923:
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889:and primary
879:chondrocytes
872:
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682:linea aspera
674:
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555:
550:through the
513:
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433:
425:anthropology
414:
409:
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399:
395:(knock knee)
392:
389:
385:pelvic bones
375:ends of the
358:
338:
309:
277:
273:
239:
237:
191:A02.5.04.001
166:
137:
122:
2672:Metatarsals
2508:soleal line
2402:epicondyles
1907:: 149â159.
1609:arachnology
1605:carcinology
1587:appears in
1547:prehistoric
1524:pelvic spur
1380:, over the
1376:Behind the
928:divided by
848:Development
603:trochanters
528:pelvic bone
520:articulates
509:trochanters
406:genu valgum
393:genu valgum
367:toward the
156:Identifiers
2751:Long bones
2735:Categories
2503:tuberosity
2130:: 102353.
1704:References
1613:entomology
1601:trochanter
1593:arthropoda
1501:archosaurs
1479:Femora of
1465:See also:
1347:Under the
1016:Attachment
842:knee-joint
814:epicondyle
744:knee joint
720:Lower part
568:coxa valga
524:acetabulum
507:, the two
480:, and the
454:Upper part
446:) and two
442:(shaft or
410:genu varum
400:genu varum
328:. In many
310:thigh bone
151:inferiorly
135:superiorly
129:acetabulum
89:Insertions
16:Thigh bone
2716:Phalanges
2645:cuneiform
2635:navicular
2613:calcaneus
2254:human leg
2212:thighbone
2162:220582800
1583:the name
1552:from the
1520:vestigial
1415:Fractures
1400:Over the
1255:Insertion
1239:Insertion
1223:Insertion
1208:Insertion
1193:Insertion
1178:Insertion
1157:Insertion
1141:Insertion
1120:Insertion
1104:Insertion
1088:Insertion
1072:Insertion
1057:Insertion
1042:Insertion
1027:Insertion
1011:Direction
919:plantaris
860:limb buds
619:hip joint
572:coxa vara
522:with the
448:epiphyses
440:diaphysis
436:long bone
355:Structure
143:with the
105:iliopsoas
2470:condyles
2419:condyles
2370: /
2154:32668397
2101:12492145
2066:17231384
1960:16228951
1882:17104699
1738:"femora"
1718:"femora"
1642:3D image
1621:prefemur
1556:period.
1384:and the
1262:and the
954:anterior
905:Function
899:forelimb
895:hindlimb
868:mesoderm
864:ectoderm
760:condyles
706:palpated
698:anterior
588:profound
580:palpated
518:, which
429:skeleton
373:proximal
365:medially
324:and the
2660:lateral
2579:patella
2475:lateral
2424:lateral
2407:lateral
2252:of the
2109:8448387
2057:1310010
1923:3870721
1914:1166433
1873:1252427
1860:J. Anat
1827:2252082
1534:atavism
1483:chicks.
1441:or the
950:muscles
840:of the
803:patella
790:of the
615:lateral
607:greater
564:old age
526:of the
482:greater
349:patella
334:hindleg
316:in the
179:D005269
149:patella
67:Origins
62:Details
2650:medial
2640:cuboid
2605:Tarsus
2555:Fibula
2480:medial
2429:medial
2412:medial
2160:
2152:
2107:
2099:
2064:
2054:
2021:
1996:
1958:
1921:
1911:
1901:J Anat
1880:
1870:
1825:
1788:
1516:snakes
1512:whales
1469:, and
1397:Origin
1373:Origin
1360:Origin
1344:Origin
1328:Origin
1307:Origin
1294:Origin
1275:Origin
1006:Muscle
958:medial
930:fascia
832:. The
816:. The
560:infant
556:collum
532:sphere
377:tibiae
308:), or
278:femora
274:femurs
133:pelvis
2741:Femur
2709:Other
2630:talus
2572:Other
2496:shaft
2450:Tibia
2333:shaft
2301:fossa
2284:fovea
2262:Femur
2250:Bones
2198:Femur
2185:Femur
2158:S2CID
2105:S2CID
1988:[
1944:(PDF)
1780:[
1615:. In
1585:femur
946:nerve
942:blood
938:septa
742:Left
584:thigh
548:shaft
536:fovea
497:torso
493:upper
369:knees
345:tibia
318:thigh
240:femur
226:[
162:Latin
145:tibia
33:Femur
2596:Foot
2584:apex
2291:neck
2279:head
2150:PMID
2097:PMID
2062:PMID
2019:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1956:PMID
1919:PMID
1878:PMID
1841:link
1823:PMID
1786:ISBN
1611:and
1599:and
1597:coxa
1545:, a
1491:and
1423:and
960:and
944:and
917:and
792:knee
750:The
711:The
675:The
657:Body
609:and
552:neck
514:The
505:neck
501:head
491:The
484:and
478:neck
474:head
468:The
444:body
339:The
326:knee
314:bone
238:The
215:9611
203:1360
186:TA98
174:MeSH
147:and
139:knee
81:and
2700:5th
2695:4th
2690:3rd
2685:2nd
2680:1st
2140:hdl
2132:doi
2089:doi
2052:PMC
1909:PMC
1905:143
1868:PMC
1815:doi
1579:In
1536:).
1481:Moa
554:or
408:or
361:leg
322:hip
276:or
270:pl.
210:FMA
198:TA2
131:of
124:Hip
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