394:). In hypomania or mania, some bipolar patients can have grandiose delusions. In its most severe manifestation, days without sleep, auditory and other hallucinations, or uncontrollable racing thoughts can reinforce these delusions. In mania, this illness affects emotions and can also lead to impulsivity and disorganized thinking, which can be harnessed to increase their sense of grandiosity. Protecting this delusion can also lead to extreme irritability, paranoia, and fear. Sometimes their anxiety can be so over-blown that they believe others are jealous of them and, thus, undermine their "extraordinary abilities," persecuting them or even scheming to seize what they already have.
299:. As a result, it is essential to consider the consequences of removing the grandiose delusion on self-esteem when trying to modify the grandiose delusion in therapy. In many instances of grandiosity, it is suitable to go for a fractional rather than a total modification, which permits those elements of the delusion that are central for self-esteem to be preserved. For example, a person who believes they are a senior secret service agent gains a great sense of self-esteem and purpose from this belief, thus until this sense of self-esteem can be provided from elsewhere, it is best not to attempt modification.
119:
564:, but currently used for a variety of different mental disorders, in hope of providing relief from distress and disability. During therapy, grandiose delusions were linked to patients' underlying beliefs by using inference chaining. Some examples of interventions performed to improve the patient's state were focus on specific themes, clarification of patient's neologisms, and thought linkage. During thought linkage, the patient is asked repeatedly by the therapist to explain his/her jumps in thought from one subject to a completely different one.
398:
Some of these grandiose thoughts can be expressed as strong beliefs that the patient is very rich or famous or has super-human abilities, or can even lead to severe suicidal ideations. In the most severe form, in what was formerly labeled as megalomania, the bipolar patient may hear voices that support these grandiose beliefs. In their delusions, they can believe that they are, for example, a monarch, a creative genius, or even someone who can exterminate the world's poverty because of their extreme generosity.
360:, in which a person has an extremely exaggerated sense of their significance, personality, knowledge, or authority. For example, the person may declare to be the owner of a major corporation and kindly offer to write a hospital staff member a check for $ 5 million if they only help them escape from the hospital. Other common grandiose delusions in schizophrenia include religious delusions such as the belief that one is
625:
45:
353:
response to the individual attempting to explain their hallucinations. Patients who experience recurrent auditory hallucinations can develop the delusion that other people are scheming against them and are dishonest when they say they do not hear the voices that the delusional person believes that he or she hears.
352:
and delusions (unreal beliefs which endure even when there is contrary evidence). Delusions may include the false and constant idea that the person is being followed or poisoned, or that the person's thoughts are being broadcast for others to listen to. Delusions in schizophrenia often develop as a
397:
The vast majority of bipolar patients rarely experience delusions. Typically, when experiencing or displaying a stage of heightened excitability called mania, they can experience joy, rage, and other intense emotions that can cycle out of control, along with thoughts or beliefs that are grandiose.
271:
For example, someone who has extraordinary beliefs about their power or authority may believe themselves to be a ruling monarch who deserves to be treated like royalty. There are substantial differences in the degree of grandiosity linked with grandiose delusions in different people. Some patients
607:
found, in 1962, that there is no significant gender difference in the establishment of grandiose delusion. However, the particular content of religious
Grandiose delusions is variable across genders, with men more likely to consider themselves to be God, whereas women are more likely to consider
484:
Some studies indicate that GDs are associated with abnormalities in dopaminergic reward pathways and other limbic structures associated with reward and emotion processing. GDs seem to be related to impaired connectivity between the left middle temporal gyrus and more dorsal regions of the left
1612:
Bracht, T., Viher, P. V., Stegmayer, K., Strik, W., Federspiel, A., Wiest, R., & Walther, S. (2019). Increased structural connectivity of the medial forebrain bundle in schizophrenia spectrum disorders is associated with delusions of paranoid threat and grandiosity.
425:
levels of depression, anxiety and negative self-evaluation. Moreover, there is evidence from neurotypical persons that repetitive positive self-thinking can confer temporary increases in (non-delusional) grandiose ideas of own superiority, importance or uniqueness. A
1600:
2. Temporal lobe lesions have been primarily reported in patients with delusions of persecution and of guilt, while frontal and frontotemporal involvement have described in patients with grandiose delusions, Cotard's syndrome, and delusional misidentification
230:
of extraordinary self-regard (feelings of superiority, uniqueness, importance or invulnerability), while grandiose delusion concerns specific extraordinary factual beliefs about one's fame, wealth, powers, or religious and historical relevance.
612:
also noted that grandiose delusions are more prevalent in people with greater education. Similarly, the presence of grandiose delusions in individuals who are the eldest is greater than in individuals who are the youngest of their siblings.
587:
it has been found that GDs appeared more commonly in patients with bipolar disorder (59%) than in patients with schizophrenia (49%), followed by presence in substance misuse disorder patients (30%) and depressed patients (21%).
441:
Qualitative research likewise indicates that grandiose delusions, far from occurring against a backdrop of negative self-evaluation, conferred a sense of uniqueness, purpose, and belonging, and added meaning to adverse events.
1630:
Stegmayer, K., Horn, H., Federspiel, A., Razavi, N., Bracht, T., Laimböck, K., ... & Walther, S. (2014). Ventral striatum gray matter density reduction in patients with schizophrenia and psychotic emotional dysregulation.
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Garety, P. A., Gittins, M., Jolley, S., Bebbington, P., Dunn, G., Kuipers, E., ... & Freeman, D. (2013). Differences in cognitive and emotional processes between persecutory and grandiose delusions.
272:
believe they are God, the Queen of the United
Kingdom, a president's son, a famous rock star, and some other examples. Others are not as expansive and think they are skilled athletes or great inventors.
560:, grandiose and religious delusions are found to be the least susceptible to cognitive behavioral interventions. Cognitive behavioral intervention is a form of psychological therapy, initially used for
1486:
Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H., & Kernis, M. H. (2008). Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review.
595:(2000), grandiose delusions appeared in 74% of the patients who were 21 or younger at the time of the onset, while they occurred only in 40% of individuals 30 years or older at the time of the onset.
1395:
Ghaznavi, S., Chou, T., Dougherty, D. D., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2023). Differential patterns of default mode network activity associated with negative and positive rumination in bipolar disorder.
603:
Research suggests that the severity of the delusions of grandeur is directly related to higher self-esteem and inversely related to severity of depression and negative self-evaluations. Lucas
1648:
Ping, L., Zhou, C., Sun, S., Wang, W., Zheng, Q., & You, Z. (2022). Alterations in restingâstate wholeâbrain functional connectivity pattern similarity in bipolar disorder patients.
824:
Stompe, T; Karakula, H; RudaleviÄiene, P; Okribelashvili, N; Chaudhry, HR; Idemudia, EE; et al. (2006). "The pathoplastic effect of culture on psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia".
302:
In a case study of more than 13,000 non-clinical and almost 3,000 clinical participants, Isham et al. found that the primary sources of meaning derived from grandiose delusions were:
838:
195:
When studied as a psychiatric disorder in clinical settings, grandiose delusions have been found to commonly occur with other disorders, including in two-thirds of patients in a
417:
Empirical evidence largely supports emotion-consistent models, but also suggests additional factors like reasoning biases. Grandiose delusions are usually associated with
1413:
Isham, Louise; Griffith, Laura; Boylan, Anne-Marie; Hicks, Alice; Wilson, Natalie; Byrne, Rory; Sheaves, Bryony; Bentall, Richard P.; Freeman, Daniel (29 November 2019).
200:
579:
In a study of over 1000 individuals of a vast range of backgrounds, Stompe and colleagues (2006) found that grandiosity remains the second most common delusion after
959:"The meaning in grandiose delusions: measure development and cohort studies in clinical psychosis and non-clinical general population groups in the UK and Ireland"
1195:
Bipolar
Breakthrough: The Essential Guide to Going Beyond Moodswings to Harness Your Highs, Escape the Cycles of Recurrent Depression, and Thrive with Bipolar II
764:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES, Mental Status, Table 11.3â1 DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Delusional Disorder, p. 184.
181:
theme. Examples include the extraordinary belief that one is a deity or celebrity, or that one possesses extraordinary talents, accomplishments, or superpowers.
485:
temporal lobe, regions forming a central hub of the default mode network and mediating a variety of cognitive functions (namely social and linguistic ones).
126:
A cartoon illustrating the phenomenon of paranoia. People with grandiose delusions wrongly hold themselves at an extraordinarily high status in their mind.
1332:
Jolley, Suzanne; Garety, Philippa; Bebbington, Paul; Dunn, Graham; Freeman, Daniel; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Fowler, David; Hemsley, David (1 November 2006).
184:
While non-delusional grandiose beliefs are somewhat commonâoccurring in at least 10% of the general populationâand often positively influence a person's
796:
Knowles, R; McCarthy-Jones, S; Rowse, G (2011). "Grandiose delusions: A review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives".
583:. The prevalence of grandiosity delusions in schizophrenic patients has also been observed to vary cross-culturally. In research done by Appelbaum
287:
or marriage to the king. Grandiose and expansive delusions may also be part of fantastic hallucinosis in which all forms of hallucinations occur.
390:
Bipolar 1 disorder can lead to severe affective dysregulation, or mood states that sway from exceedingly low (depression) to exceptionally high (
22:
2139:
Stompe, T.; et al. (2007). "Paranoid-hallucinatory syndromes in schizophrenia results of the international study on psychotic symptoms".
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741:
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Oquendo, M.A.; et al. (2000). "Suicidal behavior in bipolar mood disorder: clinical characteristics of attempters and nonattempters".
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Pandy, R.S.; Sreenivas, K.N.; Paith N.M.; Swamy H.S. (1981). "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase in a patient with Wilson's disease and mania".
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Isham, Louise; Sheng Loe, Bao; Hicks, Alice; Wilson, Natalie; Bird, Jessica C; Bentall, Richard P; Freeman, Daniel (1 October 2022).
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Robbins, P.; Roth, L. H. (1999). "Dimensional approach to delusions: Comparison across types and diagnoses".
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Appelbaum, P.S.; Clark
Robbins, P.; Roth, L. H. (1999). "Dimensional approach to delusions: Comparison across types and diagnoses".
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2063:"A randomized controlled trial of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Persistent Symptoms in Schizophrenia resistant to medication"
430:(fMRI) study of patients with bipolar disorder found that such thinking is associated with exaggerated connectivity between the
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1583:
2593:
2067:
591:
A relationship has been claimed between the age of onset of bipolar disorder and the occurrence of GDs. According to
Carlson
188:, in some cases they may cause a person distress, in which case such beliefs may be clinically evaluated and diagnosed as a
2287:"Emotion and psychosis: Links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations"
1222:
Smith, N.; Freeman D.; Kuipers E. (2005). "Grandiose
Delusions: An Experimental Investigation of the Delusion as Defense".
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654:
1193:
1166:
1139:
1378:
Bortolon, C., & Raffard, S. (2021). Pondering on how great I am: Does rumination play a role in grandiose ideas?.
674:
567:
Patients with mental disorders that experience grandiose delusions have been found to have a lower risk of having
445:
The defensive hypothesis bears a strong similarity to the psychodynamic mask model of non-delusional narcissistic
2499:
2156:
1582:
Tonkonogy, Joseph M; TonkonogiÄ, TM; Puente, AE (2009). "5 Disturbances in the
Recognition of the Social World".
435:
548:
In diagnosing delusions, the MacArthur-Maudsley
Assessment of Delusions Schedule is used to assess the patient.
2525:
67:
63:
497:, including grandiose delusions. Grandiose delusions usually occur in patients with syndromes associated with
779:
delusions of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person
502:
365:
276:
925:
2603:
2430:
2291:
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Suhail, K. (2003). "Phenomenology of delusions in
Pakistani patients: effect of gender and social class".
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Patients with a wide range of mental disorders which disturb brain function experience different kinds of
357:
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Lin, J-T Y.; Ziegler, D. (1976). "Psychiatric symptoms with initiation of carbidopa-levodopa treatment".
473:, while frontal and frontotemporal involvement have been described in patients with grandiose delusions,
344:
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder distinguished by a loss of contact with reality and the occurrence of
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118:
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Cummings, Jeffrey L. (1985). "Organic delusions: phenomenology, anatomical correlations and review".
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474:
466:
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Grandiose delusions frequently serve a very positive function by sustaining or increasing a person's
189:
33:
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1802:
1269:"Grandiose delusions: A review and theoretical integration of cognitive and affective perspectives"
510:
208:
55:
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2009:
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Psychologists and psychiatrists have proposed multiple theoretical accounts of GDs:
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RudaleviÄienÄ, P; Stompe, T; Narbekovas, A; RaĆĄkauskienÄ, N; BuneviÄius, R (2008).
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McHugh, P.R; Folstein, M.F (1975). "Psychiatric syndromes in Huntington's chorea".
458:
361:
178:
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Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy with Delusions and Hallucinations: A Practice Manual
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Delusion-as-defense: defense of the mind against lower self-esteem and depression.
2304:
1112:
1059:
861:
2613:
1415:"Understanding, treating, and renaming grandiose delusions: A qualitative study"
679:
664:
639:
446:
369:
296:
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29:
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Bipolar Not Adhd: Unrecognized Epidemic of Manic Depressive Illness in Children
624:
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284:
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diagnostic criteria for delusional disorders, grandiose-type symptoms include
162:
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1845:
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982:
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1993:
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522:
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345:
240:
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2001:
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990:
817:
1953:
1903:
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Understanding Paranoia: A Guide for Professionals, Families, and Sufferers
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Cooper, A.T. (1967). "Hypomanic psychosis precipitated by hemodialysis".
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158:
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Knowles, Rebecca; McCarthy-Jones, Simon; Rowse, Georgina (1 June 2011).
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1741:
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283:, when, for example, the patient gives a thorough description of their
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684:
530:
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438:(brain regions involved in self-relevant information-processing).
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542:
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498:
391:
264:
196:
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927:
Fish's Clinical Psychopathology: Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
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The term grandiose delusion overlaps with, but is distinct from,
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The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
169:, or otherwise very powerful. Grandiose delusions often have a
1726:
Bromberg, W. (1930). "Mental states in chronic encephalitis".
38:
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Emotion-consistent: result of exaggerated positive emotions.
21:"Delusions of grandeur" redirects here. For other uses, see
1419:
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice
762:
Kaplan and Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry
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which modify the monoaminergic neurotransmitter function.
356:
Specifically, grandiose delusions are frequently found in
161:
characterized by extraordinary belief that one is famous,
1087:"Man who claimed to be 'Imam Mahdi' gets 24 months' jail"
279:, which advise the patient that they are significant, or
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Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing: A Caring Approach
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Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry
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839:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Grandiose delusions may be related to lesions of the
421:
self-esteem and self-serving attributional style and
2602:
2562:
2453:
2332:
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Magill's Encyclopedia of Social Science: Psychology
465:lesions have been mainly reported in patients with
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1919:Neuropsychiatric Features of Medical Disorders
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449:, which is also unsupported by the evidence.
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517:has also been caused by substances such as
2438:
2424:
2416:
215:, and a substantial portion of those with
112:Expansive delusions, delusions of grandeur
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275:Expansive delusions may be maintained by
207:, patients with the grandiose subtype of
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
1973:
1971:
1921:. New York: Plenum/Medical Book Company.
1217:
1215:
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211:, frequently as a comorbid condition in
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23:Delusions of grandeur (disambiguation)
1225:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
736:. Taylor & Francis. p. 985.
479:delusional misidentification syndrome
428:functional magnetic resonance imaging
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753:
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894:Davies, J.L.; Janosik E.H. (1991).
541:have been found to cause secondary
2205:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1981:The American Journal of Psychiatry
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1848:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1766:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1471:Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
1238:10.1097/01.nmd.0000168235.60469.cc
14:
1669:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1525:; Warren, Jason D. (April 2009).
213:narcissistic personality disorder
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924:Casey, P.R.; Brendan K. (2007).
843:American Psychiatric Association
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608:themselves to be saints. Lucas
545:, and thus grandiose delusions.
117:
43:
2589:Mirrored-self misidentification
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866:. Nelson Thornes. p. 339.
2594:Syndrome of subjective doubles
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2106:Journal of Affective Disorders
2068:Archives of General Psychiatry
2043:Frontiers of Cognitive Therapy
1934:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
1397:Journal of Affective Disorders
1338:Behaviour Research and Therapy
263:exceptional relationship to a
1:
2473:Delusional companion syndrome
2340:The Journal of Mental Science
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1896:10.1016/s0010-440x(67)80020-8
975:10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00236-X
2485:(Shared delusional disorder)
2305:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.018
2028:New York, NY. Guilford Press
733:The Dictionary of Psychology
655:Organic personality disorder
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1350:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.002
1273:Clinical Psychology Review
798:Clinical Psychology Review
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321:Positive social perception
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1085:Bernama (28 April 2016).
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436:anterior cingulate cortex
125:
116:
2526:Reduplicative paramnesia
2397:10.3390/medicina44070068
1884:Comprehensive Psychiatry
467:delusions of persecution
432:medial prefrontal cortex
28:Not to be confused with
2353:10.1192/bjp.108.457.747
2217:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1938
1994:10.1176/ajp.156.12.1938
1779:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1628
1198:. Rodale. p. 288.
571:thoughts and attempts.
402:Theories and mechanisms
277:auditory hallucinations
2292:Schizophrenia Research
2045:. New York: Guillford.
1316:Schizophrenia bulletin
527:Vitamin B12 deficiency
358:paranoid schizophrenia
306:Confidence in the self
2511:Monothematic delusion
2374:Knowles et al. (2011)
2246:Knowles et al. (2011)
2199:Knowles et al. (2011)
1861:10.1176/ajp.141.2.300
1729:Psychiatric Quarterly
1682:10.1192/bjp.146.2.184
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1111:Barlow, D.H. (2007).
963:The Lancet Psychiatry
860:Nelson, H.E. (2005).
695:Overconfidence effect
675:DunningâKruger effect
660:Persecutory delusions
581:persecutory delusions
348:behaviors, including
318:Supporting loved ones
203:, half of those with
151:delusions of grandeur
2645:Delusional disorders
2536:Thought broadcasting
2521:Persecutory delusion
2506:Clinical lycanthropy
2447:Delusional disorders
1816:10.1212/wnl.26.7.699
1633:NeuroImage: Clinical
1615:NeuroImage: Clinical
1531:Journal of Neurology
730:Ray Corsini (2016).
645:Illusory superiority
503:Huntington's disease
309:Overcoming adversity
226:. Grandiosity is an
190:psychiatric disorder
56:confusing or unclear
34:illusory superiority
2489:Grandiose delusions
1138:Kantor, M. (2004).
507:Parkinson's disease
209:delusional disorder
157:, are a subtype of
155:expansive delusions
143:Grandiose delusions
104:Grandiose delusions
64:clarify the article
16:Subtype of delusion
2584:Intermetamorphosis
2546:Thought withdrawal
1742:10.1007/bf01563408
1650:Brain and Behavior
1431:10.1111/papt.12260
1165:Isaac, G. (2001).
539:carcinoid syndrome
312:The "greater good"
291:Positive functions
235:Signs and symptoms
2632:
2631:
2566:misidentification
2541:Thought insertion
2531:Somatoparaphrenia
2468:Cryptic pregnancy
2463:Cotard's syndrome
2384:Medicina (Kaunas)
2211:(12): 1938â1943.
2170:10.1159/000072789
1988:(12): 1938â1943.
1773:(12): 1628â1629.
1523:Rossor, Martin N.
1344:(11): 1597â1607.
1031:Noll, R. (2009).
743:978-1-317-70570-3
700:Self-serving bias
631:Psychiatry portal
556:In patients with
475:Cotard's syndrome
267:or famous person.
239:According to the
175:science fictional
149:), also known as
140:
139:
98:Medical condition
96:
95:
88:
2662:
2579:Fregoli delusion
2574:Capgras delusion
2516:Paranoid anxiety
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2347:(457): 747â758.
2334:
2325:
2324:
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511:Wilson's disease
386:Bipolar disorder
380:Bipolar disorder
374:Muslim societies
201:bipolar disorder
121:
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77:
71:
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2202:
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2193:
2157:Psychopathology
2153:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2040:
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2017:
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969:(10): 792â803.
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794:
785:
777:Grandiose type:
772:
759:
758:
751:
744:
729:
728:
724:
719:
714:
650:Messiah complex
629:
622:
619:
601:
577:
554:
537:as well as the
535:hyperthyroidism
499:secondary mania
491:
455:
404:
388:
382:
342:
336:
331:
293:
237:
217:substance abuse
99:
92:
81:
75:
72:
61:
48:
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2390:(7): 529â535.
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2258:(2): 213â219.
2238:
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2164:(4): 195â199.
2146:
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2112:(2): 107â117.
2096:
2075:(2): 165â172.
2048:
2033:
2015:
1967:
1940:(2): 153â161.
1924:
1909:
1890:(3): 168â172.
1874:
1855:(2): 300â301.
1837:
1810:(7): 679â700.
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1755:
1736:(4): 537â566.
1718:
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1676:(2): 184â197.
1658:
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1537:(4): 600â607.
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1425:(1): 119â140.
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1279:(4): 684â696.
1259:
1232:(7): 480â487.
1211:
1204:
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906:
886:
872:
847:
831:
804:(4): 684â696.
783:
770:
749:
742:
721:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
690:Icarus complex
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
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652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
634:
618:
615:
600:
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573:
553:
550:
490:
487:
454:
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403:
400:
384:Main article:
381:
378:
350:hallucinations
338:Main article:
335:
332:
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292:
289:
281:confabulations
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2619:Matchbox sign
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2064:
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2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
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1987:
1983:
1982:
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1951:
1947:
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1322:(3), 629â639.
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551:
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334:Schizophrenia
333:
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68:the talk page
65:
59:
57:
52:This article
50:
41:
40:
35:
31:
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19:
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2483:Folie Ă deux
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1229:
1223:
1194:
1187:
1167:
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1113:
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1094:. Retrieved
1091:Malaysiakini
1090:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1033:
1026:
1017:
966:
962:
926:
896:
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877:. Retrieved
862:
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797:
776:
775:
761:
732:
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609:
604:
602:
592:
590:
584:
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575:Epidemiology
566:
555:
547:
513:. Secondary
492:
483:
459:frontal lobe
456:
453:Neurobiology
444:
440:
422:
418:
416:
405:
396:
389:
362:Jesus Christ
355:
343:
324:Spirituality
301:
294:
274:
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247:beliefs of:
238:
227:
221:
194:
183:
179:supernatural
154:
150:
146:
142:
141:
82:
73:
62:Please help
53:
18:
2614:Formication
2606:parasitosis
2552:Truman Show
1656:(5), e2580.
1096:30 November
680:Haughtiness
665:Put on airs
640:God complex
447:grandiosity
329:Comorbidity
297:self-esteem
245:exaggerated
224:grandiosity
219:disorders.
186:self-esteem
109:Other names
30:grandiosity
2639:Categories
2624:Morgellons
2604:Delusional
2564:Delusional
2478:Erotomania
1639:, 232â239.
1403:, 607â616.
828:: 157â163.
717:References
599:Prevalence
562:depression
501:, such as
285:coronation
251:self-worth
163:omnipotent
136:Psychiatry
58:to readers
2655:Delusions
2500:Idée fixe
1962:144556510
1803:Neurology
1621:, 102044.
1601:syndrome.
1551:0340-5354
1439:1476-0835
1386:, 101596.
1358:0005-7967
1293:0272-7358
999:251940350
983:2215-0366
552:Treatment
523:isoniazid
495:delusions
489:Diagnosis
364:, or the
346:psychotic
315:Happiness
257:knowledge
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