3794:
3115:
3957:
2769:
3064:
7398:
907:
6319:
3709:(P = +1 and P = â1, respectively). It was thought that the initial states should also have different parities, and hence be two distinct particles. However, with increasingly precise measurements, no difference was found between the masses and lifetimes of each, respectively, indicating that they are the same particle. This was known as the
3790:-induced events, one showing what appeared to be a neutral particle decaying into two charged pions, and one which appeared to be a charged particle decaying into a charged pion and something neutral. The estimated mass of the new particles was very rough, about half a proton's mass. More examples of these "V-particles" were slow in coming.
4183:
3754:
The discovery of hadrons with the internal quantum number "strangeness" marks the beginning of a most exciting epoch in particle physics that even now, fifty years later, has not yet found its conclusion ... by and large experiments have driven the development, and that major discoveries came
3854:, for greater cosmic ray exposure. In 1950, 30 charged and 4 neutral "V-particles" were reported. Inspired by this, numerous mountaintop observations were made over the next several years, and by 1953, the following terminology was being used: "L meson" for either a
4008:
Since neutral kaons carry strangeness, they cannot be their own antiparticles. There must be then two different neutral kaons, differing by two units of strangeness. The question was then how to establish the presence of these two mesons. The solution used a phenomenon called
1300:, a phenomenon generating the observed matterâantimatter asymmetry of the universe, was discovered in the kaon system in 1964 (which was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in 1980). Moreover, direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the
4226:
physics which conserves strangeness. The two diagonal elements must be equal, since the particle and antiparticle have equal masses in the absence of the weak interactions. The off-diagonal elements, which mix opposite strangeness particles, are due to
4034:
2464:
2238:
3817:
I knew at once that it was new and would be very important. We were seeing things that hadn't been seen before - that's what research in particle physics was. It was very exciting. â Fowler (2024)
5980:
Good, R. H.; Matsen, R. P.; Muller, F.; Piccioni, O.; Powell, W. M.; White, H. S.; Fowler, W. B.; Birge, R. W. (15 November 1961). "Regeneration of
Neutral K Mesons and Their Mass Difference".
4781:
between the two particles is lost due to the different interactions that the two components separately engage in. The emerging beam then contains different linear superpositions of the
5757:
Brown, R.; Camerini, U.; Fowler, P.H.; Muirhead, H.; Powell, C.F.; Ritson, D.M. (1949). "Part 2: Observations with electron-sensitive plates exposed to cosmic radiation".
3948:, it is necessary to understand the mixing of neutral kaons; this phenomenon does not require CP violation, but it is the context in which CP violation was first observed.
3839:) decayed in two different modes, Theta to two pions (parity +1), Tau to three pions (parity â1). The solution to this puzzle turned out to be that weak interactions
4242:
being real is that the probabilities of the two states will forever oscillate back and forth. However, if any part of the matrix were imaginary, as is forbidden by
4015:, by which these two kinds of mesons can turn from one into another through the weak interactions, which cause them to decay into pions (see the adjacent figure).
7321:
3793:
4178:{\displaystyle \psi (t)=U(t)\psi (0)={\rm {e}}^{iHt}{\begin{pmatrix}a\\b\end{pmatrix}},\qquad H={\begin{pmatrix}M&\Delta \\\Delta &M\end{pmatrix}},}
5175:
effect, in which the CP violation occurs during the decay itself. Both are present, because both mixing and decay arise from the same interaction with the
3721:. Since the mesons decay through weak interactions, parity is not conserved, and the two decays are actually decays of the same particle, now called the
1285:
7071:
7309:
3705:
The intrinsic parity of a pion is P = â1, and parity is a multiplicative quantum number. Therefore, the two final states have different
3912:
appear copiously due to "associated production" of a strange and an antistrange particle together. It was soon shown that this could not be a
2405:
2179:
6250:
6087:
5710:
5604:
4881:
4565:
decayed into the electron. The earlier analysis yielded a relation between the rate of electron and positron production from sources of pure
4330:
is just a little larger than the sum of the masses of three pions, this decay proceeds very slowly, about 600 times slower than the decay of
6351:
3847:
5599:. Cambridge Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics, and Cosmology. Vol. 28 (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
7207:
6296:
6273:
6119:
5884:
5270:
Until the 1960s the positively charged kaon was formerly called Ï or Ξ, as it was believed to be two different particles. See the
3797:
The "k track plate" showing the three-pion decay mode of a kaon. The kaon enters from the left, and decays at the point labelled A
7288:
4955:
4026:
together. They considered the CP-invariant time evolution of states with opposite strangeness. In matrix notation one can write
4219:
4959:
3921:
3897:
1238:
5686:
4011:
3913:
7304:
5252:
4462:
3925:
4951:
249:
5583:
are two different decay modes of the same particle, which necessarily has a single mass value and a single lifetime.
6265:
5212:
1544:
1293:
7380:
5406:
6792:
5900:
Aoki, S.; Aoki, Y.; BeÄireviÄ, D.; Blum, T.; Colangelo, G.; Collins, S.; et al. (2020). "FLAG Review 2019".
3851:
3779:
1265:
6610:
7348:
6983:
6344:
6242:
3775:
688:
236:
3960:
Two different neutral K mesons, carrying different strangeness, can turn from one into another through the
3873:" to mean any particle heavier than a nucleon. The Leprince-Ringuet particle turned out to be the K meson.
7427:
7283:
6620:
4979:
4262:
The eigenstates are obtained by diagonalizing this matrix. This gives new eigenvectors, which we can call
4246:, then part of the combination will diminish over time. The diminishing part can be either one component (
3764:
1650:
1640:
1289:
7370:
5436:
3810:
20:
3084:
An experimental observation made in 1964 that K-longs rarely decay into two pions was the discovery of
3755:
unexpectedly or even against expectations expressed by theorists. â Bigi & Sanda (2016)
6288:
6211:
6136:
6032:
5989:
5919:
5876:
5768:
5690:
5638:
5528:
5247:
4924:
3813:, spotted her 'k' track, made by a particle of very similar mass that decayed to three pions.
7385:
6368:
6187:
6115:
4978:) were soon ruled out, leaving CP violation as the only possibility. Cronin and Fitch received the
4645:. Since this is due to weak interactions it is very small, 10 times the mass of each state, namely
4607:
showed the phenomenon of oscillation, and allowed the extraction of the mass splitting between the
214:
7397:
7432:
7328:
6337:
6201:
6186:
Eidelman, S.; Hayes, K.G.; Olive, K.A.; Aguilar-Benitez, M.; Amsler, C.; Asner, D.; et al. (
6160:
6093:
6065:
5935:
5909:
5814:
5784:
5294:
5230:
4766:
4604:
4223:
3901:
973:
241:
3821:
This led to the so-called 'tauâtheta' problem: what seemed to be the same particle (now called
3114:
7365:
7278:
6757:
6502:
6429:
6312:
6292:
6269:
6246:
6192:
6127:
6083:
5880:
5706:
5654:
5600:
4974:. Alternative explanations such as nonlinear quantum mechanics and a new unobserved particle (
4778:
4228:
4199:
2556:
2089:
1998:
1742:
981:
651:
6323:
5467:
5366:
7375:
7146:
6921:
6782:
6767:
6449:
6360:
6219:
6152:
6144:
6075:
6040:
5997:
5962:
5927:
5845:
5806:
5776:
5759:
5698:
5646:
5536:
5226:
5024:
4342:
4019:
3961:
3937:
3909:
3905:
3840:
3771:
3718:
3714:
3706:
1200:
969:
895:
245:
5330:
4876:
is regenerated by passing a neutral kaon beam through matter. Regeneration was observed by
3956:
2768:
7422:
7343:
7268:
7252:
7192:
6602:
6419:
5626:
5547:
One way out of the difficulty is to assume that parity is not strictly conserved, so that
5519:
5188:
4877:
3802:
3133:
3063:
1301:
628:
6168:
6215:
6140:
6036:
5993:
5953:
Pais, A.; Piccioni, O. (1 December 1955). "Note on the Decay and
Absorption of the Ξâ°".
5923:
5772:
5694:
5642:
5532:
7402:
7316:
7273:
7009:
6797:
6570:
6492:
6487:
6409:
5510:
5238:
2781:
2777:
2491:
2265:
1629:
1405:
1273:
1234:
1068:
1029:
682:
456:
3964:, since these interactions do not conserve strangeness. The strange quark in the anti-
7416:
7360:
7212:
7179:
6971:
6941:
6873:
6732:
6512:
6439:
6424:
6164:
5939:
5931:
5833:
5506:
5217:
5031:
4349:
4338:
4195:
3783:
2886:. However, it is known that a relatively minute difference between the masses of the
2619:
1831:
1660:
1625:
1536:
1520:
1483:
1471:
1401:
1358:
1342:
1292:
in 2008). Kaons have played a distinguished role in our understanding of fundamental
1250:
525:
6097:
5788:
7338:
6888:
6878:
6868:
6629:
6580:
6522:
6444:
6399:
6223:
6148:
5818:
5242:
4971:
4912:
4023:
3945:
3893:
3806:
3767:
found evidence for the existence of a positively charged heavier particle in 1944.
3085:
2977:
2817:
2794:
1493:
1393:
1297:
1246:
1005:
485:
320:
6114:
Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; et al. (
5183:. Direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the
5729:
4966:, this required the assumed initial and final states to have different values of
2984:. Thus, once created the two are better thought of as superpositions of two weak
7353:
7121:
7024:
7019:
6936:
6931:
6861:
6815:
6772:
6737:
6696:
6588:
6552:
6414:
5678:
5221:
5027:
4975:
4920:
4398:
4243:
4232:
3941:
3917:
3748:
1645:
1532:
1277:
1242:
697:
6079:
6045:
6016:
5849:
7095:
6989:
6979:
6961:
6851:
6752:
6687:
6404:
5234:
5180:
4523:, and so on. This is called particle oscillation. On observing the weak decay
4353:
4345:
3787:
2985:
2981:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2070:
1655:
1524:
1467:
1269:
1258:
6001:
5966:
5658:
7237:
7227:
7197:
7090:
7056:
7049:
6926:
6916:
6911:
6883:
6651:
6434:
6015:
Christenson, J. H.; Cronin, J. W.; Fitch, V. L.; Turlay, R. (27 July 1964).
5541:
5514:
4916:
3862:; "K meson" meant a particle intermediate in mass between the pion and
1620:
6060:
ANZIVINO, GIUSEPPINA (2001). "Measurement of Direct Cp
Violation by Na48".
6318:
6156:
5834:"How a forgotten physicist's discovery broke the symmetry of the Universe"
7333:
7161:
7116:
7100:
7061:
7034:
6747:
6742:
6722:
6692:
6682:
6677:
6527:
6517:
6507:
6497:
6472:
6467:
6394:
6206:
4269:
which is the difference of the two states of opposite strangeness, and
2536:
1978:
1811:
1723:
1397:
1346:
1309:
1264:
Kaons have proved to be a copious source of information on the nature of
1254:
1092:
39:
2459:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}+s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}
2233:{\displaystyle \mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}-s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,}
7242:
7232:
7202:
7156:
7151:
7126:
7044:
7029:
6956:
6951:
6856:
6841:
6787:
6762:
6727:
6656:
6638:
6377:
6329:
6070:
5627:"Tracking Louis Leprince-Ringuet's contributions to cosmic-ray physics"
5208:
5176:
4774:
4770:
3983:
3870:
3863:
1635:
1540:
906:
781:
253:
219:
27:
5702:
5650:
4505:, while propagating, which will turn back into the original particle,
4198:
of the system specified by the amplitudes of being in each of the two
3916:, because that would allow reactions which were never seen in the new
3876:
The decays were extremely slow; typical lifetimes are of the order of
3053:("K-short"), decays primarily into two pions, and has a mean lifetime
1591:. The antiparticles form the other doublet (of strangeness −1).
7222:
7217:
6846:
6833:
6824:
6646:
6560:
6459:
5810:
5780:
5200:
3885:
1664:
1281:
558:
4337:
into two pions. These two different modes of decay were observed by
1272:
in 1947. They were essential in establishing the foundations of the
5914:
7247:
7187:
7039:
6898:
6777:
6717:
6672:
6565:
6543:
6386:
5204:
4884:. Soon thereafter, Robert Adair and his coworkers reported excess
3955:
3792:
3760:
1548:
1230:
1136:
229:
4671:
A beam of neutral kaons decays in flight so that the short-lived
4341:
and his coworkers in 1956, establishing the existence of the two
7014:
6906:
6482:
6477:
5685:. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 1516. Denver, Colorado:
5184:
3881:
3859:
3855:
3551:
3550:
Two different decays were found for charged strange mesons into
3016:
2744:
2724:
2704:
2682:
2662:
2642:
2599:
2579:
2516:
2352:
2332:
2310:
2290:
1958:
1936:
1916:
1896:
1874:
1854:
1305:
929:
6333:
5625:
Degrange, Bernard; Fontaine, GĂ©rard; Fleury, Patrick (2013).
5038:
eigenstates. Instead, for small Δ (and up to normalization),
5752:
5750:
5730:"Physicist pioneer, 98, honoured 75 years after discovery"
4903:
regeneration, thus opening a new chapter in this history.
1519:, neutrally charged (antiparticle of above) (containing a
4545:
always decayed into a positron, whereas the antiparticle
5034:
for decay by way of the weak force), they are not quite
4911:
While trying to verify Adair's results, J. Christenson,
4302: = â1 Since the two-pion final state also has
3944:
was conserved. In order to understand the discovery of
1434:, consistent with zero; the difference in lifetimes is
5515:"Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions"
4141:
4105:
3982:
turns into a down quark by successively absorbing two
2410:
2184:
6313:
The neutral K-meson â The
Feynman Lectures on Physics
4037:
3888:
reactions proceeds much faster, with a time scale of
2408:
2182:
7297:
7261:
7178:
7139:
7109:
7083:
7070:
7002:
6970:
6897:
6832:
6823:
6814:
6710:
6665:
6637:
6628:
6619:
6601:
6579:
6551:
6542:
6458:
6385:
6376:
6367:
3986:
of opposite charge. The down antiquark in the anti-
894:
780:
696:
681:
627:
524:
455:
447:
439:
319:
259:
235:
225:
213:
38:
5683:Centenary Symposium 2012: Discovery of cosmic rays
4177:
2458:
2232:
4276:, which is the sum. The two are eigenstates of
4004:turns into a strange antiquark by emitting them.
3805:(later Rosemary Fowler), a research student of
4690:disappears, leaving a beam of pure long-lived
4401:, which was assumed at the time, implies that
4018:These oscillations were first investigated by
3896:who postulated the new quantum number called "
6345:
5431:
5429:
4709:. If this beam is shot into matter, then the
3892:. The problem of this mismatch was solved by
3869:Leprince-Rinquet coined the still-used term "
1555:. One doublet of strangeness +1 contains the
8:
5179:and thus have CP violation predicted by the
1396:of above) positively charged (containing an
33:
5461:
5459:
5400:
5398:
3713:. It was resolved only by the discovery of
1535:shows, assignments that the kaons form two
7080:
7076:
6829:
6820:
6634:
6625:
6548:
6382:
6373:
6352:
6338:
6330:
5797:Brown; et al. (1949). "Part 1".
5501:
5499:
4747:interact differently with the nuclei. The
4603:. Analysis of the time dependence of this
4359:These two weak eigenstates are called the
3932:CP violation in neutral meson oscillations
3123:
1593:
1408:) have mass and lifetime equal to that of
6205:
6069:
6044:
5913:
5540:
4136:
4100:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4036:
3542:are charge conjugates of the ones above.
2455:
2435:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2229:
2209:
2208:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2181:
1426:. Experimentally, the mass difference is
6190:) (2004). "Review of Particle Physics".
4214: = 0). The diagonal elements (
3118:Quark structure of the neutral kaon (K).
3113:
3076:
3062:
3015:("K-long"), decays primarily into three
2821:
2801:
2785:
2767:
905:
5285:
5263:
4819:. Such a superposition is a mixture of
3936:Initially it was thought that although
3846:The first breakthrough was obtained at
2988:which have vastly different lifetimes:
1669:
1614:
1599:
1157:) which decays into a down quark (
5595:Bigi, I.I.; Sanda, A.I. (2016-10-06).
5171:and its antiparticle. There is also a
4773:, whereas its antiparticle can create
32:
5724:
5722:
5679:"Early cosmic ray research in France"
5672:
5670:
5668:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5271:
4882:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
3850:, where a cloud chamber was taken up
7:
6239:Discrete symmetries and CP violation
3067:Quark structure of the antikaon (K).
6285:Introduction to Elementary Particle
6017:"Evidence for the 2Ï Decay of the K
5873:Introduction to Elementary Particle
5437:"Parity, Charge Conjugation and CP"
3759:While looking for the hypothetical
1341:, negatively charged (containing a
5191:experiments at CERN and Fermilab.
5149: = â1. This is known as
5126: = +1, and likewise the
4970:, and hence immediately suggested
4156:
4149:
4083:
3034:-lived neutral kaon is called the
2996:-lived neutral kaon is called the
2437:
2431:
2419:
2413:
2211:
2205:
2193:
2187:
1466:, neutrally charged (containing a
1288:(the latter was acknowledged by a
968:) is a process that involves both
14:
6260:Bigi, I. I.; Sanda, A.I. (2000).
5407:"The CKM Matrix and CP Violation"
4485:will turn into its antiparticle,
1276:of particle physics, such as the
1067:boson subsequently decays into a
1004:) of the kaon transmutes into an
7396:
7289:Timeline of particle discoveries
6317:
5466:Zyla, P.A.; et al. (2020).
5365:Zyla, P.A.; et al. (2020).
5329:Zyla, P.A.; et al. (2020).
5293:Zyla, P.A.; et al. (2020).
5153:, CP violation due to mixing of
4956:Alternating Gradient Synchrotron
2772:Quark structure of the kaon (K).
5902:The European Physical Journal C
5681:. In Ormes, Jonathan F. (ed.).
4985:It turns out that although the
4129:
6224:10.1016/j.physletb.2004.06.001
6149:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018
5932:10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7354-7
4320:must decay into three pions.
4238:The consequence of the matrix
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4047:
4041:
3922:Brookhaven National Laboratory
2440:
2422:
2214:
2196:
1543:; that is, they belong to the
1:
5687:American Institute of Physics
4012:neutral particle oscillations
3914:multiplicative quantum number
3019:, and has a mean lifetime of
2976:are usually produced via the
1175:) and a down antiquark (
7305:History of subatomic physics
6120:"Review of Particle Physics"
5832:Sheehy, Suzie (2024-01-15).
5253:Neutral particle oscillation
5030:(because they have definite
4982:for this discovery in 1980.
4952:experiment performed in 1964
4463:Neutral particle oscillation
4254:), or a mixture of the two.
3926:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
2800:. No definite lifetime (see
1446:, also consistent with zero.
1229:, is any of a group of four
4963:
4280:with opposite eigenvalues;
3942:CP (charge parity) symmetry
3920:which were commissioned in
3558:
1308:and the KTeV experiment at
443:1947 (Butler and Rochester)
7449:
6266:Cambridge University Press
6080:10.1142/9789812778048_0002
6046:10.1103/physrevlett.13.138
5850:10.1038/d41586-024-00109-5
4467:An initially pure beam of
4460:
4306: = +1, only the
4235:requires them to be real.
3746:
2816:. Makeup is missing small
1545:fundamental representation
1245:they are understood to be
910:The decay of a kaon (
25:
18:
7394:
7079:
6283:Griffiths, D. J. (1987).
5871:Griffiths, D. J. (1987).
5794: note same issue:
5444:University of Southampton
4880:and his collaborators at
3880:. However, production in
2868:are given as that of the
1268:since their discovery in
7322:mathematical formulation
6917:Eta and eta prime mesons
6002:10.1103/PhysRev.124.1223
5967:10.1103/PhysRev.100.1487
5096:. Thus occasionally the
4356:) of the neutral kaons.
4313:can decay this way. The
3900:" which is conserved in
3780:University of Manchester
1266:fundamental interactions
26:Not to be confused with
6984:Double-charm tetraquark
6243:Oxford University Press
6025:Physical Review Letters
5677:Ravel, Olivier (2012).
5542:10.1103/PhysRev.104.254
5272:§ Parity violation
4950: = +1) in an
1028:) by the emission of a
6233:, by J.J.J. Kokkedee
6062:Multiparticle Dynamics
5235:time reversal symmetry
4980:Nobel Prize in Physics
4527:, it was found that a
4348:(states with definite
4179:
4005:
3841:do not conserve parity
3819:
3798:
3765:Louis Leprince-Ringuet
3757:
3119:
3068:
2778:Notes on neutral kaons
2773:
2460:
2234:
1482:. It has mean squared
1290:Nobel Prize in Physics
1261:antiquark (or quark).
1253:(or antiquark) and an
1196:
7381:Waveâparticle duality
7371:Relativistic particle
6508:Electron antineutrino
6289:John Wiley & Sons
5877:John Wiley & Sons
5468:"Particle listings â
5367:"Particle listings â
5331:"Particle listings â
5295:"Particle listings â
5151:indirect CP violation
4960:Brookhaven laboratory
4727:and its antiparticle
4583:and its antiparticle
4352:under decays via the
4291: = +1, and
4180:
3959:
3815:
3811:University of Bristol
3796:
3752:
3117:
3091:Main decay modes for
3066:
2956:and its antiparticle
2771:
2461:
2235:
909:
21:Kaon (disambiguation)
6611:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
6361:Particles in physics
6326:at Wikimedia Commons
6237:Sozzi, M.S. (2008).
5248:Neutrino oscillation
4925:Princeton University
4660:) = 3.484(6)Ă10 MeV
4035:
3904:but violated by the
3524:Decay modes for the
2406:
2180:
1595:Properties of kaons
1527:) has the same mass.
1320:The four kaons are:
1117:: An up quark (
629:Electric charge
19:For other uses, see
7386:Particle chauvinism
7329:Subatomic particles
6216:2004PhLB..592....1P
6188:Particle Data Group
6141:2008PhLB..667....1A
6116:Particle Data Group
6037:1964PhRvL..13..138C
5994:1961PhRv..124.1223G
5924:2020EPJC...80..113A
5773:1949Natur.163...82B
5695:2013AIPC.1516...67R
5643:2013PhT....66f...8D
5533:1956PhRv..104..254L
5414:Cambridge HEP group
5173:direct CP violation
3952:Neutral kaon mixing
3924:in 1953 and in the
3902:strong interactions
3077:neutral kaon mixing
2822:neutral kaon mixing
2802:neutral kaon mixing
2786:neutral kaon mixing
1672:(>5% of decays)
1670:Commonly decays to
1596:
1233:distinguished by a
1115:Strong interactions
974:strong interactions
35:
5689:. pp. 67â71.
5513:(1 October 1956).
5231:charge conjugation
5077:and similarly for
4964:an earlier section
4962:. As explained in
4767:elastic scattering
4605:semileptonic decay
4323:Since the mass of
4224:strong interaction
4175:
4166:
4120:
4006:
3799:
3120:
3075:See discussion of
3069:
2774:
2456:
2453:
2230:
2227:
1594:
1284:and the theory of
1197:
526:Mean lifetime
7410:
7409:
7366:Massless particle
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7135:
7134:
6998:
6997:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6758:Magnetic monopole
6706:
6705:
6597:
6596:
6538:
6537:
6518:Muon antineutrino
6503:Electron neutrino
6322:Media related to
6252:978-0-19-929666-8
6193:Physics Letters B
6128:Physics Letters B
6089:978-981-02-4844-4
6064:. pp. 7â14.
5844:(7995): 448â449.
5712:978-0-7354-1137-1
5703:10.1063/1.4792542
5651:10.1063/PT.3.1989
5606:978-0-521-44349-4
4779:Quantum coherence
4229:weak interactions
3962:weak interactions
3910:Strange particles
3906:weak interactions
3719:weak interactions
3701:
3700:
3522:
3521:
2766:
2765:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2425:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2199:
1472:strange antiquark
1402:strange antiquark
1294:conservation laws
982:strange antiquark
978:Weak interactions
904:
903:
7440:
7400:
7376:Virtual particle
7147:Mesonic molecule
7081:
7077:
6922:Bottom eta meson
6830:
6821:
6793:WâČ and ZâČ bosons
6783:Sterile neutrino
6768:Majorana fermion
6635:
6626:
6549:
6528:Tau antineutrino
6383:
6374:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6331:
6321:
6302:
6279:
6256:
6227:
6209:
6207:astro-ph/0406663
6182:
6180:
6179:
6173:
6167:. Archived from
6124:
6102:
6101:
6073:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5988:(4): 1223â1239.
5977:
5971:
5970:
5961:(5): 1487â1489.
5950:
5944:
5943:
5917:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5867:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5811:10.1038/163047a0
5792:
5781:10.1038/163082a0
5754:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5726:
5717:
5716:
5674:
5663:
5662:
5622:
5611:
5610:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5572:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5555:
5554:
5544:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5475:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5441:
5433:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5374:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5339:
5338:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5302:
5290:
5275:
5268:
5227:Parity (physics)
5170:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5134:
5133:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5085:
5084:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5049:
5048:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5012:
5011:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4946:into two pions (
4945:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4927:found decays of
4902:
4901:
4900:
4892:
4891:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4864:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4765:undergoes quasi-
4764:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4678:
4663:
4661:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4475:
4474:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4378:(K-long, Ï) and
4377:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4366:
4250:) or the other (
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4125:
4124:
4099:
4098:
4087:
4086:
4020:Murray Gell-Mann
4003:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3971:
3891:
3879:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3715:parity violation
3697:
3696:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3568:
3559:
3546:Parity violation
3541:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3518:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3460:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3240:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3200:
3188:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3124:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3098:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3026:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2929:
2924:on the order of
2923:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2830:The mass of the
2829:
2809:
2793:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2411:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1316:Basic properties
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1207:, also called a
1201:particle physics
1194:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1003:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
991:
967:
966:
965:
958:
957:
949:
948:
947:
940:
939:
927:
926:
925:
918:
917:
890:
888:
887:
884:
881:
874:
873:
872:
865:
864:
856:
855:
854:
847:
846:
838:
836:
835:
832:
829:
822:
821:
820:
814:
811:
810:
802:
801:
800:
793:
792:
775:
774:
773:
767:
764:
763:
755:
754:
753:
746:
745:
736:
735:
734:
727:
726:
718:
717:
716:
709:
708:
673:
672:
671:
664:
663:
649:
648:
647:
640:
639:
623:
621:
617:
611:
610:
609:
601:
600:
592:
590:
586:
580:
579:
578:
570:
569:
561:
556:
552:
546:
545:
544:
537:
536:
520:
515:
509:
508:
507:
500:
499:
491:
483:
477:
476:
475:
468:
467:
435:
434:
433:
426:
425:
417:
416:
415:
408:
407:
398:
397:
396:
390:
387:
386:
378:
377:
376:
369:
368:
359:
358:
357:
350:
349:
341:
340:
339:
332:
331:
315:
314:
313:
306:
305:
297:
296:
295:
288:
287:
279:
278:
277:
270:
269:
209:
208:
207:
201:
198:
197:
190:
189:
188:
181:
180:
172:
171:
170:
163:
162:
153:
152:
151:
145:
142:
141:
134:
133:
132:
125:
124:
116:
115:
114:
107:
106:
97:
96:
95:
89:
86:
85:
78:
77:
76:
69:
68:
60:
59:
58:
51:
50:
36:
16:Quantum particle
7448:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7390:
7344:Nuclear physics
7293:
7257:
7193:Davydov soliton
7166:
7131:
7105:
7066:
6994:
6966:
6893:
6802:
6702:
6661:
6615:
6593:
6575:
6534:
6454:
6363:
6358:
6309:
6299:
6282:
6276:
6259:
6253:
6236:
6231:The quark model
6185:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6122:
6113:
6110:
6105:
6090:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6009:
5982:Physical Review
5979:
5978:
5974:
5955:Physical Review
5952:
5951:
5947:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5887:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5805:(4133): 47â51.
5796:
5795:
5793:
5767:(4133): 82â87.
5756:
5755:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5728:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5676:
5675:
5666:
5624:
5623:
5614:
5607:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5520:Physical Review
5505:
5504:
5497:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5457:
5448:
5446:
5439:
5435:
5434:
5427:
5418:
5416:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5197:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5145:can decay with
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5120:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5072:
5065:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4878:Oreste Piccioni
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4750:
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4743:
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4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:
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4728:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4713:
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4711:
4710:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4696:
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4693:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4675:
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4673:
4672:
4669:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4576:
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4569:
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4567:
4566:
4561:
4559:
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4557:
4554:
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4547:
4546:
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4533:
4531:
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4529:
4528:
4519:
4517:
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4511:
4509:
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4501:
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4491:
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4487:
4486:
4481:
4479:
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4477:
4473:
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4468:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4397:(K-short, Ξ).
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4335:
4328:
4318:
4311:
4296:
4285:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4119:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4080:
4033:
4032:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3934:
3889:
3877:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3786:photographs of
3751:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3514:
3512:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3134:Branching ratio
3105:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2789:
2780:in the article
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2242:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:
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1845:
1842:
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1840:
1836:
1834:
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1824:
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1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1798:
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1778:
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1757:
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1750:
1747:
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1744:
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1741:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1302:NA48 experiment
1225:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
993:
990:
988:
987:
986:
985:
964:
962:
961:
960:
956:
954:
953:
952:
951:
946:
944:
943:
942:
938:
936:
935:
934:
933:
924:
922:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
912:
911:
885:
882:
879:
878:
876:
871:
869:
868:
867:
863:
861:
860:
859:
858:
853:
851:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
833:
830:
827:
826:
824:
819:
817:
816:
815:
812:
809:
807:
806:
805:
804:
799:
797:
796:
795:
791:
789:
788:
787:
786:
772:
770:
769:
768:
765:
762:
760:
759:
758:
757:
752:
750:
749:
748:
744:
742:
741:
740:
739:
738:
733:
731:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
721:
720:
715:
713:
712:
711:
707:
705:
704:
703:
702:
670:
668:
667:
666:
662:
660:
659:
658:
657:
656:
646:
644:
643:
642:
638:
636:
635:
634:
633:
619:
615:
613:
608:
605:
604:
603:
599:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
584:
582:
577:
574:
573:
572:
568:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
554:
550:
548:
543:
541:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
531:
530:
516:0.013 MeV/
513:
511:
506:
504:
503:
502:
498:
496:
495:
494:
493:
492:
481:
479:
474:
472:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
462:
461:
432:
430:
429:
428:
424:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
402:
401:
399:
395:
393:
392:
391:
388:
385:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
373:
372:
371:
367:
365:
364:
363:
362:
360:
356:
354:
353:
352:
348:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
336:
335:
334:
330:
328:
327:
326:
325:
312:
310:
309:
308:
304:
302:
301:
300:
299:
294:
292:
291:
290:
286:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
274:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:
264:
263:
250:electromagnetic
206:
204:
203:
202:
199:
196:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
185:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
175:
174:
169:
167:
166:
165:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
154:
150:
148:
147:
146:
143:
140:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:
129:
128:
127:
123:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
111:
110:
109:
105:
103:
102:
101:
100:
98:
94:
92:
91:
90:
87:
84:
82:
81:
80:
79:
75:
73:
72:
71:
67:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
55:
54:
53:
49:
47:
46:
45:
44:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7446:
7444:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7415:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7403:Physics portal
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7317:Standard Model
7314:
7313:
7312:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7284:Quasiparticles
7281:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7180:Quasiparticles
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7017:
7012:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6976:
6974:
6972:Exotic hadrons
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6838:
6836:
6827:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6798:X and Y bosons
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6632:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6571:W and Z bosons
6568:
6563:
6557:
6555:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6425:Strange (quark
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6315:
6308:
6307:External links
6305:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6280:
6274:
6257:
6251:
6234:
6228:
6183:
6157:1854/LU-685594
6109:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6088:
6071:hep-ph/0111393
6052:
6031:(4): 138â140.
6018:
6007:
5972:
5945:
5892:
5885:
5862:
5824:
5746:
5718:
5711:
5664:
5612:
5605:
5587:
5578:
5570:
5560:
5552:
5495:
5481:
5473:
5455:
5425:
5405:M.A. Thomson.
5394:
5380:
5372:
5357:
5344:
5336:
5321:
5308:
5300:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:CPT invariance
5224:
5215:
5196:
5193:
5166:
5158:
5139:
5131:
5118:
5109:
5101:
5090:
5082:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5054:
5046:
5017:
5009:
4998:
4990:
4940:
4932:
4908:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4870:
4862:
4851:
4843:
4832:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4794:
4786:
4760:
4752:
4742:
4732:
4722:
4714:
4703:
4695:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4631:
4620:
4612:
4598:
4588:
4578:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4532:
4518:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4480:
4472:
4461:Main article:
4458:
4455:
4449:
4440:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4406:
4391:
4383:
4372:
4364:
4333:
4326:
4316:
4309:
4294:
4283:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
3999:
3991:
3977:
3969:
3953:
3950:
3940:was violated,
3933:
3930:
3834:
3826:
3803:Rosemary Brown
3782:published two
3772:G.D. Rochester
3744:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3675:
3667:
3657:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3529:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3483:
3475:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3440:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3353:
3344:
3336:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3284:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3104:
3096:
3071:
3070:
3047:
3039:
3028:
3009:
3001:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2943:
2918:
2910:
2899:
2891:
2881:
2873:
2862:
2854:
2843:
2835:
2782:List of mesons
2764:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2736:
2728:
2716:
2708:
2694:
2686:
2674:
2666:
2654:
2646:
2631:
2623:
2611:
2603:
2591:
2583:
2568:
2560:
2548:
2540:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2475:
2466:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2401:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2344:
2336:
2322:
2314:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2249:
2240:
2224:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2093:
2082:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1990:
1982:
1970:
1962:
1948:
1940:
1928:
1920:
1908:
1900:
1886:
1878:
1866:
1858:
1843:
1835:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1771:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1735:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1578:
1568:
1560:
1529:
1528:
1525:down antiquark
1514:
1504:
1498:
1480:0.022 MeV
1461:
1453:
1447:
1432:0.090 MeV
1421:
1413:
1406:CPT invariance
1387:
1379:
1373:
1355:0.013 MeV
1336:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1274:Standard Model
1235:quantum number
1224:
1216:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1162:
1152:
1144:
1130:
1122:
1108:
1100:
1086:
1076:
1069:down antiquark
1062:
1054:
1042:
1034:
1023:
1013:
999:
989:
963:
955:
950:, 1
945:
937:
932: (2
923:
915:
902:
901:
898:
892:
891:
870:
862:
852:
844:
818:
808:
798:
790:
784:
778:
777:
771:
761:
751:
743:
732:
724:
714:
706:
700:
694:
693:
685:
679:
678:
669:
661:
645:
637:
631:
625:
624:
606:
598:
575:
567:
542:
534:
528:
522:
521:
505:
497:
473:
465:
459:
453:
452:
449:
445:
444:
441:
437:
436:
431:
423:
413:
405:
394:
384:
374:
366:
355:
347:
337:
329:
323:
317:
316:
311:
303:
293:
285:
275:
267:
261:
257:
256:
239:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
211:
210:
205:
195:
186:
178:
168:
160:
149:
139:
130:
122:
112:
104:
93:
83:
74:
66:
56:
48:
42:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7445:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7428:Strange quark
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7361:Exotic matter
7359:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7349:Eightfold way
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7339:Antiparticles
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7010:Atomic nuclei
7008:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6942:Upsilon meson
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Lambda baryon
6872:
6870:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6733:Dual graviton
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6698:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6630:Superpartners
6627:
6624:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6541:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6513:Muon neutrino
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Bottom (quark
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6355:
6350:
6348:
6343:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6325:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6300:
6298:0-471-60386-4
6294:
6290:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6275:0-521-44349-0
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6174:on 2020-09-07
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6135:(1): 1â1340.
6134:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6053:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6011:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5976:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5886:0-471-60386-4
5882:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5863:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5631:Physics Today
5628:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5488:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5445:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5387:
5361:
5358:
5350:
5325:
5322:
5314:
5289:
5286:
5280:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:Strange quark
5216:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5152:
5148:
5125:
5121:
5073:
5066:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5026:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4883:
4879:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4666:
4664:
4656:) − M(K
4606:
4526:
4464:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4446: =
4426:
4420: =
4400:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4339:Leon Lederman
4336:
4329:
4321:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:quantum state
4193:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4144:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4013:
3985:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:cloud chamber
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:nuclear meson
3756:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3644:
3641:
3622:
3621:
3583:
3580:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3511:
3509:semileptonic
3508:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3439:semileptonic
3438:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3368:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3299:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3230:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3089:
3088:(see below).
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3065:
3033:
3029:
3018:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2980:, they decay
2979:
2938:Although the
2936:
2933:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2770:
2760:
2740:
2720:
2698:
2678:
2658:
2636:
2615:
2595:
2573:
2552:
2532:
2513:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2476:
2467:
2448:
2428:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2348:
2326:
2306:
2287:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2250:
2241:
2222:
2202:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2086:
2068:
2065:
2045:
2042:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
1994:
1974:
1952:
1932:
1912:
1890:
1870:
1848:
1827:
1808:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1739:
1721:
1718:
1700:
1697:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1661:Mean lifetime
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1610:Antiparticle
1609:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1521:strange quark
1499:
1495:
1485:
1484:charge radius
1473:
1469:
1448:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1374:
1360:
1359:mean lifetime
1348:
1344:
1343:strange quark
1323:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:strange quark
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1138:
1116:
1094:
1070:
1048:
1007:
983:
979:
975:
971:
931:
928:) into three
908:
899:
897:
893:
785:
783:
779:
701:
699:
695:
692:
691:
686:
684:
680:
677:
655:
654:
632:
630:
626:
560:
529:
527:
523:
519:
490:
489:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
400:
324:
322:
318:
262:
258:
255:
254:gravitational
251:
247:
243:
240:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
218:
216:
212:
155:
43:
41:
37:
29:
22:
7401:
7072:Hypothetical
7020:Exotic atoms
6946:
6889:Omega baryon
6879:Sigma baryon
6869:Delta baryon
6621:Hypothetical
6603:Ghost fields
6589:Higgs boson
6523:Tau neutrino
6415:Charm (quark
6284:
6262:CP violation
6261:
6238:
6230:
6197:
6191:
6176:. Retrieved
6169:the original
6132:
6126:
6108:Bibliography
6061:
6055:
6028:
6024:
6010:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5872:
5865:
5853:. Retrieved
5841:
5837:
5827:
5802:
5798:
5764:
5758:
5738:. Retrieved
5736:. 2024-07-23
5733:
5682:
5634:
5630:
5597:CP Violation
5596:
5590:
5546:
5524:
5518:
5447:. Retrieved
5443:
5417:. Retrieved
5413:
5360:
5324:
5288:
5266:
5243:CP violation
5172:
5150:
5146:
5123:
5116:
5115:decays as a
5076:
5068:
5061:
5035:
4984:
4972:CP violation
4967:
4947:
4913:James Cronin
4910:
4907:CP violation
4670:
4667:Regeneration
4525:into leptons
4524:
4466:
4447:
4421:
4358:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4261:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4237:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:basis states
4191:
4189:
4024:Abraham Pais
4017:
4010:
4007:
3946:CP violation
3935:
3918:synchrotrons
3894:Abraham Pais
3875:
3868:
3852:Mount Wilson
3845:
3820:
3816:
3800:
3769:
3758:
3753:
3710:
3704:
3549:
3523:
3090:
3086:CP violation
3083:
3074:
3072:
3031:
2993:
2978:strong force
2937:
2931:
2827:
2818:CPâviolating
2807:
2791:
2775:
2379:
2153:
2047:
2026:
1702:
1681:
1552:
1530:
1404:) must (by
1394:antiparticle
1347:up antiquark
1319:
1298:CP violation
1286:quark mixing
1263:
1247:bound states
1211:and denoted
1208:
1204:
1198:
1114:
1006:up antiquark
980: : The
977:
689:
675:
652:
517:
487:
361:
321:Antiparticle
237:Interactions
99:
7354:Quark model
7122:Theta meson
7025:Positronium
6937:Omega meson
6932:J/psi meson
6862:Antineutron
6773:Dark photon
6738:Graviphoton
6697:Stop squark
6405:Down (quark
5511:Yang, C. N.
5222:quark model
5028:eigenstates
4976:hyperphoton
4921:Rene Turlay
4457:Oscillation
4399:CP symmetry
4346:eigenstates
4244:CP symmetry
4233:CP symmetry
4222:are due to
4220:Hamiltonian
4202:(which are
3898:strangeness
3858:or charged
3807:Cecil Powel
3776:C.C. Butler
3749:Strangeness
2986:eigenstates
2930:10 eV/
1551:called the
1533:quark model
1474:) has mass
1349:) has mass
1278:quark model
1270:cosmic rays
1243:quark model
1239:strangeness
698:Strangeness
484:0.016
40:Composition
7417:Categories
7096:Heptaquark
7057:Superatoms
6990:Pentaquark
6980:Tetraquark
6962:Quarkonium
6852:Antiproton
6753:Leptoquark
6688:Neutralino
6450:antiquark)
6440:antiquark)
6435:Top (quark
6430:antiquark)
6420:antiquark)
6410:antiquark)
6400:antiquark)
6369:Elementary
6178:2019-12-13
6118:) (2008).
5915:1902.08191
5908:(2): 113.
5740:2024-07-23
5527:(1): 254.
5507:Lee, T. D.
5449:2024-06-02
5419:2024-06-02
5281:References
5181:CKM matrix
4354:weak force
3788:cosmic ray
3747:See also:
3711:ÏâΞ puzzle
2820:term (see
2814:eigenstate
2798:eigenstate
1492:0.01
1468:down quark
1135:) emits a
650:: ±1
440:Discovered
215:Statistics
7433:Asymmetry
7334:Particles
7279:Particles
7238:Polariton
7228:Plasmaron
7198:Dropleton
7091:Hexaquark
7062:Molecules
7050:Protonium
6927:Phi meson
6912:Rho meson
6884:Xi baryon
6816:Composite
6652:Gravitino
6395:Up (quark
6165:227119789
5940:119401756
5659:0031-9228
5259:Footnotes
5032:lifetimes
4917:Val Fitch
4350:lifetimes
4218:) of the
4157:Δ
4150:Δ
4066:ψ
4039:ψ
3928:in 1955.
3890:10 s
3878:10 s
3801:In 1949,
3770:In 1947,
3369:hadronic
3300:hadronic
3231:hadronic
3179:leptonic
3059:10 s
3025:10 s
2441:¯
2423:¯
2215:¯
2203:−
2197:¯
1621:Rest mass
1605:Particle
1444:10 s
1370:10 s
1241:. In the
1091:) and an
1071: (
674:: 0
622:10 s
591:10 s
7310:timeline
7162:R-hadron
7117:Glueball
7101:Skyrmion
7035:Tauonium
6748:Inflaton
6743:Graviton
6723:Curvaton
6693:Sfermion
6683:Higgsino
6678:Chargino
6639:Gauginos
6498:Neutrino
6483:Antimuon
6473:Positron
6468:Electron
6378:Fermions
6200:(1): 1.
6098:15184466
5789:12974912
5734:BBC News
5637:(6): 8.
5220:and the
5209:hyperons
5195:See also
4775:hyperons
4771:nucleons
4210:at time
3984:W-bosons
3127:Results
2935:exists.
2788:, below.
2149:K-Short
1617:content
1600:Particle
1573:and the
1537:doublets
1398:up quark
1310:Fermilab
1093:up quark
557:10
7298:Related
7269:Baryons
7243:Polaron
7233:Plasmon
7208:Fracton
7203:Exciton
7157:Diquark
7152:Pomeron
7127:T meson
7084:Baryons
7045:Pionium
7030:Muonium
6957:D meson
6952:B meson
6857:Neutron
6842:Nucleon
6834:Baryons
6825:Hadrons
6788:Tachyon
6763:Majoron
6728:Dilaton
6657:Photino
6493:Antitau
6460:Leptons
6212:Bibcode
6137:Bibcode
6033:Bibcode
5990:Bibcode
5920:Bibcode
5855:23 July
5819:4097342
5769:Bibcode
5691:Bibcode
5639:Bibcode
5529:Bibcode
5213:flavour
5201:Hadrons
5177:W boson
4958:at the
4954:at the
3871:hyperon
3864:nucleon
3848:Caltech
3809:of the
3778:of the
3743:History
2481:⁄
2469:497.611
2375:K-Long
2255:⁄
2243:497.611
2124:⁄
2112:497.611
1801:0.0020)
1797:(1.2380
1777:⁄
1765:493.677
1612:symbol
1607:symbol
1541:isospin
1531:As the
1476:497.648
1366:0.0020)
1362:(1.2380
1351:493.677
1345:and an
1282:hadrons
1237:called
1209:K meson
1139: (
1095: (
1008: (
984: (
889:
877:
837:
825:
782:Isospin
687:0
553:0.0020)
549:(1.2380
512:497.611
480:493.677
220:Bosonic
7423:Mesons
7274:Mesons
7223:Phonon
7218:Magnon
7140:Others
7110:Mesons
7003:Others
6899:Mesons
6847:Proton
6711:Others
6666:Others
6647:Gluino
6581:Scalar
6561:Photon
6544:Bosons
6387:Quarks
6295:
6272:
6249:
6163:
6096:
6086:
6021:Meson"
5938:
5883:
5838:Nature
5817:
5799:Nature
5787:
5760:Nature
5709:
5657:
5603:
5574:τ
5556:Θ
5205:mesons
4857:; the
4258:Mixing
4190:where
3938:parity
3886:proton
3707:parity
3689:π
3671:π
3653:π
3631:τ
3610:π
3592:π
3570:Θ
3517:0.034%
3501:μ
3496:ν
3479:μ
3462:π
3426:ν
3392:π
3377:0.022%
3357:π
3340:π
3323:π
3288:π
3271:π
3254:π
3219:π
3202:π
3171:μ
3166:ν
3149:μ
3079:below.
2982:weakly
2795:Strong
2784:, and
2752:π
2732:π
2712:π
2690:π
2670:π
2650:π
2632:μ
2627:ν
2607:μ
2587:π
2564:ν
2524:π
2506:0.021)
2502:(5.116
2360:π
2340:π
2318:π
2298:π
2280:0.004)
2276:(8.954
2006:ν
1966:π
1944:π
1924:π
1904:π
1882:π
1862:π
1844:μ
1839:ν
1819:μ
1615:Quark
1523:and a
1488:â0.076
1470:and a
1400:and a
1231:mesons
1049:; the
959:π
941:π
896:Parity
618:0.021)
614:(5.116
587:0.004)
583:(8.954
260:Symbol
242:Strong
230:Mesons
226:Family
7262:Lists
7253:Trion
7248:Roton
7188:Anyon
7015:Atoms
6778:Preon
6718:Axion
6673:Axino
6566:Gluon
6553:Gauge
6202:arXiv
6172:(PDF)
6161:S2CID
6123:(PDF)
6094:S2CID
6066:arXiv
5936:S2CID
5910:arXiv
5815:S2CID
5785:S2CID
5490:(PDF)
5440:(PDF)
5410:(PDF)
5389:(PDF)
5352:(PDF)
5316:(PDF)
5122:with
4769:with
4652:= M(K
4194:is a
3552:pions
3513:3.353
3447:0.04%
3373:1.761
3308:0.04%
3239:0.08%
3235:20.66
3187:0.11%
3183:63.55
3130:Mode
3055:8.958
3032:short
3017:pions
2473:0.013
2400:Self
2247:0.013
2174:Self
2116:0.013
2022:Kaon
1769:0.016
1677:Kaon
1602:name
1549:SU(2)
1440:0.09)
1436:(0.11
1428:0.032
1249:of a
1137:gluon
1047:boson
930:pions
448:Types
7213:Hole
7040:Onia
6947:Kaon
6907:Pion
6478:Muon
6324:Kaon
6293:ISBN
6270:ISBN
6247:ISBN
6084:ISBN
5881:ISBN
5857:2024
5707:ISBN
5655:ISSN
5601:ISBN
5565:and
5241:and
5211:and
5189:KTeV
5187:and
5185:NA48
5025:weak
5023:are
5004:and
4919:and
4838:and
4799:and
4626:and
4427:and
4343:weak
4298:has
4287:has
4206:and
4022:and
3882:pion
3860:pion
3856:muon
3774:and
3443:5.07
3304:5.59
3030:The
3021:5.18
2994:long
2992:The
2905:and
2849:and
2811:Weak
2776:See
1357:and
1306:CERN
1259:down
1205:kaon
1203:, a
1113:).
972:and
970:weak
776:: â1
737:: +1
683:Spin
486:MeV/
457:Mass
246:weak
34:Kaon
28:KĆan
6488:Tau
6220:doi
6198:592
6153:hdl
6145:doi
6133:667
6076:doi
6041:doi
5998:doi
5986:124
5963:doi
5959:100
5928:doi
5846:doi
5842:625
5807:doi
5803:163
5777:doi
5765:163
5699:doi
5647:doi
5537:doi
5525:104
5067:+ Δ
4923:of
3717:in
2926:3.5
2701:or
2639:or
2576:or
2329:or
1955:or
1893:or
1851:or
1626:MeV
1547:of
1539:of
1486:of
1304:at
1280:of
1257:or
1199:In
976:.
875:: â
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7419::
6291:.
6287:.
6268:.
6264:.
6245:.
6241:.
6218:.
6210:.
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6131:.
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6092:.
6082:.
6074:.
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6029:13
6027:.
6023:.
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5984:.
5957:.
5934:.
5926:.
5918:.
5906:80
5904:.
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5875:.
5869:*
5840:.
5836:.
5813:.
5801:.
5783:.
5775:.
5763:.
5749:^
5732:.
5721:^
5705:.
5697:.
5667:^
5653:.
5645:.
5635:66
5633:.
5629:.
5615:^
5545:.
5535:.
5523:.
5517:.
5509:;
5498:^
5458:^
5442:.
5428:^
5412:.
5397:^
5237:,
5233:,
5229:,
5207:,
5203:,
5147:CP
5124:CP
5060:=
5036:CP
4968:CP
4948:CP
4915:,
4777:.
4648:âM
4453:.
4304:CP
4300:CP
4289:CP
4278:CP
4231:;
3908:.
3866:.
3843:.
3763:,
3739:.
3680:+
3662:+
3601:+
3554::
3109::
3081:)
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2804:).
2742:+
2722:+
2680:+
2660:+
2617:+
2597:+
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2534:+
2510:10
2498:0
2495:0
2488:0
2350:+
2308:+
2284:10
2272:0
2269:0
2262:0
2140:0
2137:0
2134:1
2131:0
1996:+
1976:+
1934:+
1914:+
1872:+
1829:+
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1793:0
1790:0
1787:1
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1667:)
1656:B'
1632:)
1494:fm
1312:.
1296::
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900:â1
857:,
803:,
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298:,
280:,
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6982:(
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6000::
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5965::
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5930::
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5779::
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5701::
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5649::
5641::
5609:.
5539::
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5492:.
5487:"
5482:L
5477:K
5452:.
5422:.
5391:.
5386:"
5381:S
5376:K
5354:.
5349:"
5340:K
5318:.
5313:"
5304:K
5274:.
5162:K
5140:S
5135:K
5119:1
5117:K
5110:L
5105:K
5091:S
5086:K
5071:1
5069:K
5064:2
5062:K
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5050:K
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5013:K
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4941:L
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4898:S
4893:K
4871:S
4866:K
4852:S
4847:K
4833:L
4828:K
4809:K
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4756:K
4737:K
4718:K
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4680:K
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4658:S
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4650:K
4640:L
4635:K
4621:S
4616:K
4593:K
4574:K
4555:K
4536:K
4514:K
4495:K
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