2601:
302:"A Description of the Standard of the Cross, which the Romans now call the Labarum." "Now it was made in the following manner. A long spear, overlaid with gold, formed the figure of the cross by means of a transverse bar laid over it. On the top of the whole was fixed a wreath of gold and precious stones; and within this, the symbol of the Saviour’s name, two letters indicating the name of Christ by means of its initial characters, the letter P being intersected by X in its centre: and these letters the emperor was in the habit of wearing on his helmet at a later period. From the cross-bar of the spear was suspended a cloth, a royal piece, covered with a profuse embroidery of most brilliant precious stones; and which, being also richly interlaced with gold, presented an indescribable degree of beauty to the beholder. This banner was of a square form, and the upright staff, whose lower section was of great length, of the pious emperor and his children on its upper part, beneath the trophy of the cross, and immediately above the embroidered banner."
1133:
345:, which was erected just three years after the battle. If Eusebius' oath-confirmed account of Constantine's vision and the role it played in his victory and conversion can be trusted, then a grand opportunity for the kind of political propaganda that the Arch was built to present was missed. Many historians have argued that in the early years after the battle, the Emperor had not yet decided to give clear public support to Christianity, whether from a lack of personal faith or because of fear of religious friction. The arch's inscription does say that the Emperor had saved the
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234:, Eusebius gives a detailed account of a vision and stresses that he had heard the story from the emperor himself. According to this version, Constantine with his army was marching somewhere (Eusebius does not specify the actual location of the event, but it clearly is not in the camp at Rome) when he looked up to the sun and saw a cross of light above it, and with it the Greek words
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Ancient sources draw an unambiguous distinction between the two terms "labarum" and "Chi-Rho", even though later usage sometimes regards the two as synonyms. The name labarum was applied both to the original standard used by
Constantine the Great and to the many standards produced in imitation of it
259:
Those two accounts have been merged in popular notion into
Constantine seeing the Chi-Rho sign on the evening before the battle. Both authors agree that the sign was not readily understandable as denoting Christ, which corresponds with the fact that there is no certain evidence of the use of the
220:
states that in the night before the battle
Constantine was commanded in a dream to "delineate the heavenly sign on the shields of his soldiers". Obeying this command, "he marked on their shields the letter X, with a perpendicular line drawn through it and turned round thus at the top, being the
247:
At first he was unsure of the meaning of the apparition, but the following night he had a dream in which Christ explained to him that he should use the sign against his enemies. Eusebius then continues to describe the labarum, the military standard used by
Constantine in his later wars against
382:
Historians still dispute whether
Constantine was the first Christian Emperor to support a peaceful transition to Christianity during his rule, or an undecided pagan believer until middle age, and also how strongly influenced he was in his political-religious decisions by his Christian mother
181:
796:
Stephenson, p. 183. Quoting
Eusebius, "About the time of the midday sun, when the sky was just turning, said he saw with his own eyes, up in the sky and resting over the sun, a cross-shaped trophy formed from light, and a text attached to it which said, 'By this conquer'" (Eusebius,
260:
letters chi and rho as a
Christian sign before Constantine. Its first appearance is on a Constantinian silver coin from c. 317, which proves that Constantine did use the sign at that time. He made extensive use of the Chi-Rho and the labarum later in the conflict with Licinius.
395:
the guard of the labarum standard were directed to move it to any part of the field where his soldiers seemed to be faltering. The appearance of this talismanic object appeared to embolden
Constantine's troops and dismay those of Licinius. At the final battle of the war, the
164:, wrote: "The etymology of the term itself has given rise to many conflicting opinions. Some derive the name from labor; others from εὐλάβεια, 'reverence'; others from λαμβάνειν, 'to take'; and others, again, from λάφυρα, 'spoils'. One writer makes Labarum to be like
390:
As for the labarum itself, there is little evidence for its use before 317. In the course of
Constantine's second war against Licinius in 324, the latter developed a superstitious dread of Constantine's standard. During the attack of Constantine's troops at the
142:, the etymology of the word is unclear. The Oxford English Dictionary offers no further derivation from within Latin. Some derive it from Latin /labāre/ 'to totter, to waver' (in the sense of the "waving" of a flag in the breeze) or
2600:
418:
Eusebius stated that in addition to the singular labarum of
Constantine, other similar standards (labara) were issued to the Roman army. This is confirmed by the two labara depicted being held by a soldier on a coin of
378:
further reports that Constantine had a statue of himself "holding the sign of the Savior in his right hand" erected after his victorious entry into Rome, there are no other reports to confirm such a monument.
451:
A later Byzantine manuscript indicates that a jewelled labarum standard believed to have been that of Constantine was preserved for centuries, as an object of great veneration, in the imperial treasury at
305:"The emperor constantly made use of this sign of salvation as a safeguard against every adverse and hostile power, and commanded that others similar to it should be carried at the head of all his armies."
354:("by greatness of mind and by instinct of divinity"). Continuing the iconography of his predecessors, Constantine's coinage at the time was inscribed with solar symbolism, interpreted as representing
321:, a soldier is holding two labara. Notably, they differ from the labarum of Constantine in having the Chi-Rho depicted on the cloth rather than above it, and in having their staves decorated with
599:, Glasgow (1881): The labarum of the emperors frequently bore upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family."
400:, Licinius, though prominently displaying the images of Rome's pagan pantheon on his own battle line, forbade his troops from actively attacking the labarum, or even looking at it directly.
742:
611:
244:— literally "In this sign, you will conquer." However, a direct translation from the original Greek text of Eusebius into English gives the phrase "By this, conquer!"
2736:
2809:
879:
Smith, JH, p. 104: "What little evidence exists suggests that in fact the labarum bearing the chi-rho symbol was not used before 317, when Crispus became Caesar..."
1108:
656:
469:"The Holy Lavaro" were a set of early national Greek flags, blessed by the Greek Orthodox Church. Under these banners the Greeks united throughout the
412:
1023:
2741:
270:
An alternate explanation of the intersecting celestial symbol has been advanced by George Latura, which claims that Plato's visible god in
716:
154:; though the name is only attested from the 19th century onwards the motif occurs in engravings dating as early as the 2nd century AD.
2804:
1074:
1060:
1046:
975:
938:
914:
695:
1101:
2799:
1014:
527:
456:. The labarum, with minor variations in its form, was widely used by the Christian Roman emperors who followed Constantine.
168:, only a notatio, or combination of initials to represent an equal number of terms; and thus, L.A.B.A.R.V.M. will stand for
372:, but in 325 and thereafter the coinage ceases to be explicitly pagan, and Sol Invictus disappears. And although Eusebius'
290:
466:
The term "labarum" can be generally applied to any ecclesiastical banner, such as those carried in religious processions.
322:
2814:
2250:
2168:
1956:
221:
cipher of Christ". Having had their shields marked in this fashion, Constantine's troops readied themselves for battle.
203:
950:
Lieu and Montserrat p. 118. From a Byzantine life of Constantine (BHG 364) written in the mid to late ninth century.
2794:
1916:
1736:
1591:
1132:
1094:
392:
337:
holding a variant of the labarum - the Latin phrase on the cloth means "In the name of Christ be ever victorious."
2819:
444:
374:
226:
1372:
439:
431:
1816:
1426:
1117:
545:
384:
2240:
2020:
2306:
2284:
1886:
1300:
1166:
119:
1494:
51:. The three dots represent "medallions" which are said to have shown portraits of Constantine and his sons.
2645:
2574:
2296:
1976:
1826:
870:
Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine, Chapter XXXI.
2824:
2686:
2316:
2182:
1696:
1442:
1376:
397:
282:, a rare apparition important to pagan beliefs that Christian bishops reinvented as a Christian symbol.
267:
phenomenon), which would have been reshaped to fit with the Christian beliefs of the later Constantine.
1946:
1732:
1567:
1852:
2118:
2006:
1996:
1926:
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1176:
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36:
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claimed to have had a vision which led him to believe he was fighting under the protection of the
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195:) showing a depiction of his labarum spearing a serpent on the reverse; the inscription reads
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230:
leaves no doubt that God helped Constantine but does not mention any vision. In his later
147:
1726:
772:
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1507:
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2432:
2427:
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1551:
1517:
1412:
1398:
1366:
1304:
1186:
1146:
650:
541:
474:
453:
279:
127:
116:
96:
88:
60:
2692:
2580:
2522:
2292:
2270:
2144:
1832:
1642:
1362:
1332:
1320:
1280:
2788:
2469:
2422:
2346:
2274:
2214:
1966:
1768:
1716:
1686:
1621:
1511:
1468:
1356:
1226:
1216:
645:
207:
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2652:
2260:
2220:
2056:
2002:
1992:
1962:
1812:
1464:
1270:
1222:
2702:
2526:
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2437:
2412:
2407:
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2352:
2280:
2204:
2128:
1902:
1882:
1862:
1806:
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1458:
1454:
1446:
1436:
1404:
1346:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1142:
551:
356:
111:
105:
2662:
2640:
2124:
2066:
1982:
1702:
1597:
1527:
1432:
1192:
1041:
Lieu, S.N.C and Montserrat, D. (Ed.s) (1996), From Constantine to Julian, London.
2773:
2532:
2506:
2479:
2395:
2076:
1876:
1758:
1722:
1706:
1692:
1672:
1601:
1531:
1336:
1206:
1196:
612:
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Labarum
571:
489:
347:
84:
2570:
2200:
2046:
2012:
1942:
1607:
224:
From Eusebius, two accounts of a battle survive. The first, shorter one in the
2726:
2634:
2624:
2536:
2502:
2402:
2094:
2060:
1561:
1498:
1384:
566:
499:
217:
146:("laurel standard"). An origin as a loan into Latin from a Celtic language or
607:
605:
492:, one of the sites where the 'Vision of Constantine' is placed by tradition.
407:
were agents of Satan, and associated them with the serpent described in the
2756:
2706:
2492:
2194:
2104:
2016:
1952:
1892:
1872:
1547:
1394:
1260:
854:
Latura, G. "Plato’s Visible God: The Cosmic Soul Reflected in the Heavens."
517:
503:
275:
2342:
2210:
1617:
1474:
1352:
1212:
2190:
2134:
1682:
1632:
1557:
1342:
459:
A miniature version of the labarum became part of the imperial regalia of
150:
has also been postulated. There is a traditional Basque symbol called the
2716:
2696:
2676:
2594:
2148:
2070:
1388:
447:(centre panel of a Byzantine enamelled crown) holding a miniature labarum
420:
318:
249:
165:
69:
2560:
1290:
1202:
859:
341:
The labarum does not appear on any of several standards depicted on the
2630:
2614:
2584:
2496:
2483:
2154:
1846:
623:
561:
369:
295:
264:
253:
151:
74:
30:
660:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
202:
On the evening of October 27, 312 AD, with his army preparing for the
2108:
1478:
481:
365:
361:
185:
92:
41:
2590:
1232:
1182:
79:
40:
The Labarum of Constantine I, reconstructed from the depiction on a
25:
2610:
463:
rulers, who were often depicted carrying it in their right hands.
438:
430:
404:
328:
312:
289:
35:
2564:
2459:
485:
1090:
801:, trans. Averil Cameron and S. G. Hall (Oxford, 1999), I.28-32)
263:
The vision has been interpreted in a solar context (e.g., as a
238:. The traditionally employed Latin translation of the Greek is
2543:
2540:
649:
415:). Constantine represented Licinius as a snake on his coins.
1086:
970:
Grant, Michael (1993), The Emperor Constantine, London.
626:, the Chi-Rho symbol is encoded at U+2627 (☧), and for
982:
Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft
845:, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 16, pp. 240-245
2552:
2478:
2363:
2038:
1124:
170:
Legionum aquila Byzantium antiqua Roma urbe mutavit
1081:Constantine: Unconquered Emperor, Christian Victor
688:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2737:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
435:Modern ecclesiastical labara (Southern Germany).
16:Roman military standard displaying XP for Christ
473:(1821), a war of liberation waged against the
325:as were earlier Roman military unit standards.
1102:
965:Christian Iconography: A Study of its Origins
819:Gerberding and Moran Cruz, 55; cf. Eusebius,
8:
19:This article is about the vexillum. For the
162:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
1109:
1095:
1087:
1018:, Oxford University Press, p. 1167,
987:H. Grégoire, "L'étymologie de 'Labarum'"
670:H. Grégoire, "L'étymologie de 'Labarum'"
285:
640:
638:
636:
403:Constantine felt that both Licinius and
352:INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS MENTIS MAGNITVDINE
179:
73:(military standard) that displayed the "
967:(Princeton University Press) 1968:165ff
756:The Footprints of Michael the Archangel
588:
2810:Constantine the Great and Christianity
1053:Constantine and the Christian Empire,
1033:Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie
1003:The Victory of Constantine, AD 311–37
984:vol. 12, pt 1(Stuttgart) 1924:240-42.
860:http://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/3/3/880
737:M. Camille Jullian in his preface to
309:Iconographic career under Constantine
7:
2742:List of tallest crosses in the world
907:Constantine and the Christian empire
787:Harries, p. 110 - text and footnotes
286:Eusebius' description of the labarum
274:is in fact the intersection of the
14:
138:Beyond its derivation from Latin
2767:
2755:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2351:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2301:
2291:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2029:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
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1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1239:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
774:On the Deaths of the Persecutors
502:
743:Lauburu: La swástika rectilínea
423:(illustrated) dating from 350.
1015:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
528:Constantine I and Christianity
294:Constantine's labarum, with a
115:(ρ). It was first used by the
1:
1005:, Edinburgh University Press.
927:A Companion to Roman Religion
909:by Charles Matson Odahl 2004
480:Labarum also gives its name (
189:
45:
298:from an antique silver medal
204:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
999:Imperial Rome AD 284 to 363
717:"Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia"
2841:
745:(Auñamendi Entziklopedia).
87:formed from the first two
18:
2750:
2027:
843:The Vision of Constantine
445:Constantine IX Monomachos
130:world, and subsequently.
100:
64:
2805:4th-century Christianity
2537:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
2762:Christianity portal
1079:Stephenson, P., (2009)
1031:A. Lipinsky, "Labarum"
657:Encyclopædia Britannica
360:(the Unconquered Sun),
2575:Armenian eternity sign
1147:Anchored/Saint Clement
980:R. Grosse, "Labarum",
448:
436:
338:
326:
299:
227:Ecclesiastical History
199:
52:
2800:Christian iconography
2687:Shield of the Trinity
1769:Portate/Saint Gilbert
1067:Constantine the Great
442:
434:
398:Battle of Chrysopolis
332:
316:
293:
183:
176:Vision of Constantine
120:Constantine the Great
39:
2460:Rood/Triumphal cross
1897:Saint James/Santiago
1847:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1522:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1065:Smith, J.H., (1971)
1051:Odahl, C.M., (2004)
393:Battle of Adrianople
2815:Early Christian art
2727:Triskelion/Triskele
2169:Cuthbert's pectoral
1592:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1582:Jerusalem/Crusaders
821:Life of Constantine
810:Harries, p. 109-111
799:Life of Constantine
557:Constantinian shift
538:Arch of Constantine
523:Christian symbolism
510:Christianity portal
343:Arch of Constantine
241:in hoc signo vinces
232:Life of Constantine
158:Harry Thurston Peck
65:λάβαρον or λάβουρον
1083:, Quercus, London.
1010:Kazhdan, Alexander
997:J. Harries (2012)
858:2012, 3, 880-886.
544:to the victory at
533:Cantabrian Labarum
449:
437:
409:Book of Revelation
375:Historia Ecclesiae
339:
327:
300:
200:
53:
2795:Christian symbols
2782:
2781:
2697:Sunwheel swastika
2080:Blanc croix rouge
1025:978-0-19-504652-6
841:Weiss, P. (2003)
484:) to a suburb of
353:
2832:
2820:History of flags
2772:
2771:
2760:
2759:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2665:
2655:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2355:
2345:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2295:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2149:Cross cramponnée
2147:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2033:
2032:
2015:
2007:Syriac (Western)
2005:
1997:Syriac (Eastern)
1995:
1985:
1977:Serbian Orthodox
1975:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1875:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1827:Russian Orthodox
1825:
1815:
1805:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1407:
1397:
1387:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1235:
1225:
1215:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1088:
1055:Routledge 2004.
1028:
951:
948:
942:
924:
918:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
880:
877:
871:
868:
862:
852:
846:
839:
833:
830:
824:
817:
811:
808:
802:
794:
788:
785:
779:
769:
763:
752:
746:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
719:. Euskaltzaindia
713:
707:
706:Kazhdan, p. 1167
704:
698:
684:
678:
668:
662:
661:
653:
642:
631:
620:
614:
609:
600:
593:
577:Biertan Donarium
512:
507:
506:
471:Greek Revolution
351:
296:wreathed Chi Rho
194:
191:
188:of Constantine (
103:, or Χριστός) –
102:
66:
50:
47:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2774:Arts portal
2766:
2754:
2746:
2548:
2474:
2359:
2034:
2030:
2025:
1697:Order of Christ
1489:Globus cruciger
1305:Catherine wheel
1120:
1115:
1026:
1008:
960:
955:
954:
949:
945:
925:
921:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
883:
878:
874:
869:
865:
853:
849:
840:
836:
831:
827:
818:
814:
809:
805:
795:
791:
786:
782:
770:
766:
753:
749:
741:, according to
739:La tombe basque
736:
732:
722:
720:
715:
714:
710:
705:
701:
685:
681:
669:
665:
651:"Labarum"
644:
643:
634:
621:
617:
610:
603:
594:
590:
585:
508:
501:
498:
429:
311:
288:
192:
178:
136:
82:
48:
34:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2657:Solomon's knot
2649:
2637:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2597:
2587:
2577:
2567:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2488:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2327:Teutonic Order
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2267:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2141:
2139:Coptic (Early)
2131:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2073:
2063:
2053:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1542:Greek Orthodox
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1401:
1399:Cruciform halo
1391:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1177:Archiepiscopal
1169:
1159:
1149:
1139:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1049:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1012:, ed. (1991),
1006:
995:
994:(1929:477–82).
985:
978:
968:
959:
956:
953:
952:
943:
919:
899:
890:
881:
872:
863:
847:
834:
825:
812:
803:
789:
780:
776:, chapter 44.5
764:
747:
730:
708:
699:
679:
663:
648:, ed. (1911).
646:Chisholm, Hugh
632:
630:at U+2CE9 (⳩).
615:
601:
595:A. Macgeorge,
587:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
546:Milvian Bridge
542:triumphal arch
535:
530:
525:
520:
514:
513:
497:
494:
475:Ottoman Empire
454:Constantinople
428:
425:
310:
307:
287:
284:
280:zodiacal light
252:, showing the
206:, the emperor
177:
174:
135:
132:
78:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2837:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2022:
2021:Saint Anthony
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:Saint Patrick
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:Saint Florian
1874:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1125:In modern use
1123:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:0-684-12391-6
1072:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:0-415-17485-6
1058:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:0-415-09336-8
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
986:
983:
979:
977:
976:0-7538-0528-6
973:
969:
966:
962:
961:
957:
947:
944:
940:
939:1-4443-3924-9
936:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
915:0-415-17485-6
912:
908:
903:
900:
894:
891:
888:Odahl, p. 178
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
864:
861:
857:
851:
848:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
822:
816:
813:
807:
804:
800:
793:
790:
784:
781:
777:
775:
768:
765:
761:
757:
751:
748:
744:
740:
734:
731:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
697:
696:0-19-283098-8
693:
690:(repr. 1996)
689:
683:
680:
677:(1929:477–82)
676:
673:
667:
664:
659:
658:
652:
647:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
616:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
547:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
505:
500:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
472:
467:
464:
462:
457:
455:
446:
441:
433:
426:
424:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
394:
388:
386:
380:
377:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:
350:
349:
344:
336:
331:
324:
320:
315:
308:
306:
303:
297:
292:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
261:
257:
255:
251:
245:
243:
242:
237:
236:Ἐν Τούτῳ Νίκα
233:
229:
228:
222:
219:
215:
213:
212:Christian God
209:
208:Constantine I
205:
198:
187:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
123:
121:
118:
117:Roman emperor
114:
113:
108:
107:
98:
94:
91:of the word "
90:
89:Greek letters
86:
81:
76:
72:
71:
62:
58:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
2825:Sol Invictus
2644:
2527:Signum manus
2516:
2480:Christograms
2448:Processional
2381:Conciliation
2307:Saint Julian
2119:Consecration
1957:Saint Thomas
1937:Saint Philip
1887:Saint George
1157:Anuradhapura
1080:
1069:, Hamilton,
1066:
1052:
1035:
1032:
1013:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
981:
964:
958:Bibliography
946:
926:
922:
906:
902:
897:Odahl, p.180
893:
884:
875:
866:
855:
850:
842:
837:
828:
820:
815:
806:
798:
792:
783:
773:
771:Lactantius,
767:
755:
750:
738:
733:
721:. Retrieved
711:
702:
687:
686:Hoad, T. F.
682:
674:
671:
666:
655:
618:
596:
591:
552:Christianity
488:adjacent to
479:
468:
465:
458:
450:
443:The emperor
417:
402:
389:
381:
373:
357:Sol Invictus
355:
346:
340:
333:The emperor
304:
301:
271:
269:
262:
258:
246:
239:
235:
231:
225:
223:
216:
201:
197:SPES PVBLICA
196:
169:
161:
156:
143:
139:
137:
128:Late Antique
124:
110:
104:
68:
56:
54:
20:
2667:Scientology
2507:IX monogram
2364:By function
2297:Saint Alban
2099:Carolingian
1987:Short Sword
1947:Saint Piran
1927:Saint Peter
1867:Saint David
1749:Patriarchal
1602:Latin/Roman
1427:Evangelists
1207:Balkenkreuz
1197:Arrow/Barby
1038:(Rome:1970)
832:Smith, 104.
754:J. Arnold,
572:XI monogram
490:Prima Porta
427:Later usage
348:res publica
85:christogram
2789:Categories
2337:Two-barred
2039:Historical
1907:Saint John
1857:Saint Chad
1798:Resistance
1612:Macedonian
1501:'s variant
1499:Archbishop
1295:Canterbury
1167:Archangels
931:Jörg Rüpke
929:edited by
723:12 January
567:Michaelion
385:St. Helena
218:Lactantius
193: 337
49: 337
2484:Chrismons
2443:Preaching
2285:Quarterly
2255:Nestorian
2195:Gammadion
2178:Engrailed
1417:Ethiopian
1265:Byzantine
1245:Bulgarian
1001:, Ch. 5:
989:Byzantion
856:Religions
672:Byzantion
518:Gonfalone
461:Byzantine
276:Milky Way
160:, in his
134:Etymology
77:" symbol
2717:Swastika
2677:Shamrock
2605:Kolovrat
2595:Irminsul
2553:See also
2453:Lalibela
2433:Pectoral
2428:Necklace
2418:Memorial
2386:Heraldry
2376:Blessing
2235:Lorraine
2205:Jewelled
2051:Avellane
1789:Quadrate
1677:Novgorod
1647:Maronite
1572:Jeremiah
1552:Huguenot
1389:Crucifix
1367:Crosslet
1337:Cercelée
1285:Camargue
1255:Burgundy
1187:Armenian
963:Grabar,
941:page 159
917:page 315
758:(2013),
496:See also
421:Vetranio
335:Honorius
323:phalerae
319:Vetranio
317:Coin of
278:and the
250:Licinius
166:S.P.Q.R.
144:laureum
109:(χ) and
70:vexillum
67:) was a
23:symbol,
2625:Mjölnir
2615:Lauburu
2585:Ichthys
2517:Labarum
2497:Chi Rho
2470:Wayside
2423:Mission
2347:Victory
2317:Templar
2275:Pierced
2265:Peñalba
2225:Lazarus
2215:Katanga
2186:Erminée
1967:Serbian
1817:Russian
1737:Fitchée
1717:Patonce
1687:Occitan
1622:Maltese
1512:Gnostic
1469:Fourchy
1357:Cossack
1325:Variant
1275:Calvary
1227:Bottony
1217:Bolnisi
1137:Alcoraz
1118:Crosses
624:Unicode
562:Khorugv
370:Mithras
272:Timaeus
265:sun dog
254:Chi Rho
152:lauburu
140:labarum
126:in the
101:ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ
75:Chi-Rho
57:labarum
44:minted
31:Chi Rho
2465:Summit
2438:Plague
2413:Mercat
2408:Market
2391:Nordic
2356:Voided
2129:Coptic
2109:Chouan
2089:Brigid
1807:Ringed
1779:Potent
1727:Pattée
1667:Nordic
1657:Moline
1637:Marian
1627:Marada
1479:Fylfot
1459:Forked
1447:Fitchy
1437:Fleury
1408:Double
1377:Fitchy
1347:Coptic
1315:Celtic
1236:Branch
1073:
1059:
1045:
1022:
974:
937:
913:
694:
628:Coptic
482:Labaro
366:Apollo
362:Helios
256:sign.
186:follis
148:Basque
93:Christ
42:follis
29:, see
2396:Pisan
2371:Altar
2245:Neith
2159:Crown
2071:Black
1837:Salem
1759:Pommy
1707:Papal
1532:Greek
933:2011
760:p. 53
597:Flags
583:Notes
405:Arius
368:, or
97:Greek
61:Greek
2646:Rota
2635:Rose
2565:Ankh
2403:High
2061:Aviz
1562:Iron
1071:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1020:ISBN
972:ISBN
935:ISBN
911:ISBN
725:2013
692:ISBN
486:Rome
413:12:9
83:, a
55:The
2707:Sun
2544:Rho
2541:Tau
2017:Tau
622:In
172:."
112:Rho
106:Chi
95:" (
2791::
2482:,
654:.
635:^
604:^
540:,
477:.
387:.
364:,
214:.
190:c.
184:A
122:.
99::
63::
46:c.
21:ΧΡ
2539:/
2019:/
1110:e
1103:t
1096:v
1036:3
992:4
823:.
778:.
762:.
727:.
675:4
548:.
411:(
80:☧
59:(
33:.
26:☧
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