256:
365:
4427:
33:
4104:
1951:
non-monophyletic, forming a grade that is ancestral relative to
Apocrita and Orussidae. The traditional hymenopteran classification is faulty, by cladistic criteria, in the same way as pre-cladistic vertebrate classifications in which groups sharing plesiomorphic characterswere recognized as natural, e.g., fishes were once grouped together as 'Pisces', which excluded tetrapods.
4439:
3977:
566:) gives rise to a daughter species without itself becoming extinct. Research indicates as many as 20 percent of all animal species and between 20 and 50 percent of plant species are paraphyletic. Accounting for these facts, some taxonomists argue that paraphyly is a trait of nature that should be acknowledged at higher taxonomic levels.
1950:
Symphyta and
Apocrita have long been considered as suborders of Hymenoptera but since recognition of the paraphyletic nature of the Symphyta (Köningsmann 1977, Rasnitsyn 1988) and the advent of cladistic methods the subordinal classification should be avoided. Likewise the woodwasps are thought to be
333:(Greek πολύς , "many"). More broadly, any taxon that is not paraphyletic or monophyletic can be called polyphyletic. Empirically, the distinction between polyphyletic groups and paraphyletic groups is rather arbitrary, since the character states of common ancestors are inferences, not observations.
625:
Also, some systematists recognize paraphyletic groups as being involved in evolutionary transitions, the development of the first tetrapods from their ancestors for example. Any name given to these hypothetical ancestors to distinguish them from tetrapods—"fish", for example—necessarily picks out a
3719:
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Littlewood, D. T. J.; Telford, Maximilian J. (November 2006). "Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral
Ecdysozoan".
569:
Cladists advocate a phylogenetic species concept that does not consider species to exhibit the properties of monophyly or paraphyly, concepts under that perspective which apply only to groups of species. They consider Zander's extension of the "paraphyletic species" argument to higher taxa to
464:, the two taxa are separate orders. Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain. Without the Cetaceans the Artiodactyls are paraphyletic. The class
557:
require species to be monophyletic, but paraphyletic species are common in nature, to the extent that they do not have a single common ancestor. Indeed, for sexually reproducing taxa, no species has a "single common ancestor" organism. Paraphyly is common in
581:
When the appearance of significant traits has led a subclade on an evolutionary path very divergent from that of a more inclusive clade, it often makes sense to study the paraphyletic group that remains without considering the larger clade. For example, the
319:
in the excluded group or groups. A cladistic approach normally does not grant paraphyletic assemblages the status of "groups", nor does it reify them with explanations, as in cladistics they are not seen as the actual products of evolutionary events.
343:
Paraphyletic groupings are considered problematic by many taxonomists, as it is not possible to talk precisely about their phylogenetic relationships, their characteristic traits and literal extinction. Related terms are
1846:. "It is now thought that the possession of two cotyledons is an ancestral feature for the taxa of the flowering plants and not an apomorphy for any group within. The 'dicots' ... are paraphyletic ...."
419:
626:
paraphyletic group, because the descendant tetrapods are not included. Other systematists consider reification of paraphyletic groups to obscure inferred patterns of evolutionary history.
3668:
Dunn, CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW; et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life".
1964:
2146:
Bjoern, M.; von
Reumont, Ronald A.; Jenner, Matthew A.; Wills, Emiliano; Dell'Ampio, Günther; Pass, Ingo; Ebersberger, Benjamin; Meyer, Stefan; Koenemann, Thomas M. Iliffe (2012).
1818:
Stackebrabdt, E.; Tindell, B.; Ludwig, W.; Goodfellow, M. (1999). "Prokaryotic
Diversity and Systematics". In Lengeler, Joseph W.; Drews, Gerhart; Schlegel, Hans Günter (eds.).
3990:
536:
One of the goals of modern taxonomy over the past fifty years has been to eliminate paraphyletic "groups", such as the examples given here, from formal classifications.
2872:, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications". In Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.).
125:. Reptilia contains the last common ancestor of reptiles and all descendants of that ancestor except for birds. Other commonly recognized paraphyletic groups include
437:. "Dicotyledon" has not been used as a botanic classification for decades, but is allowed as a synonym of Magnoliopsida. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the
423:
2643:
Parhi, J.; Tripathy, P.S.; Priyadarshi, H.; Mandal S.C.; Pandey P.K. (2019). "Diagnosis of mitogenome for robust phylogeny: A case of
Cypriniformes fish group".
414:
are prokaryotes, but archaea and eukaryotes share a common ancestor that is not ancestral to the bacteria. The prokaryote/eukaryote distinction was proposed by
44:; it is composed of a common ancestor (the lowest green vertical stem) and some of its descendants, but it excludes the blue group (a monophyletic group) which
1861:"The Phylogenetic Position of Cetaceans: Further Combined Data Analyses, Comparisons with the Stratigraphic Record and a Discussion of Character Optimization"
760:, ancestral to quadrupedal ones, were descendants of the last common ancestor of quadrupedal dinosaurs and other quadrupedal archosaurs like the crocodilians.
3988:
Funk, D. J.; Omland, K. E. (2003). "Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: Frequency, cause and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA".
3918:
Greenhill, Simon J. and
Russell D. Gray. (2009.) "Austronesian Language and Phylogenies: Myths and Misconceptions About Bayesian Computational Methods", in
2098:
David R. Andrew (2011). "A new view of insect–crustacean relationships II. Inferences from expressed sequence tags and comparisons with neural cladistics".
553:
have a special status in systematics as being an observable feature of nature itself and as the basic unit of classification. Some articulations of the
315:(monophyletic groups) are excluded to form a separate group. Philosopher of science Marc Ereshefsky has argued that paraphyletic taxa are the result of
2991:
2359:
606:, the families that contain these various artiodactyls, are all monophyletic groups) has taken place in environments so different from that of the
4042:
181:), meaning "genus, species", and refers to the situation in which one or several monophyletic subgroups of organisms (e.g., genera, species) are
3223:
Thewissen, J. G. M.; Williams, E. M. (2002). "The Early
Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations".
769:
The following list recapitulates a number of paraphyletic groups proposed in the literature, and provides the corresponding monophyletic taxa.
3953:
3174:
2889:
2852:
2787:
2627:
2488:
2300:
1841:
1659:
1623:
1557:
610:(whales, dolphins, and porpoises) that the Artiodactyla are often studied in isolation even though the cetaceans are a descendant group. The
472:). Under a traditional classification, these two taxa are separate classes. However birds are sister taxon to a group of dinosaurs (part of
4237:
2012:
418:
in 1937 and was generally accepted after being adopted by Roger
Stanier and C.B. van Niel in 1962. The botanical code (the ICBN, now the
356:
groupings. Paraphyletic groups are often relics from outdated hypotheses of phylogenic relationships from before the rise of cladistics.
2956:
Martindale, Mark; Finnerty, J.R.; Henry, J.Q. (September 2002). "The
Radiata and the evolutionary origins of the bilaterian body plan".
3859:
2417:
Aubert, D. (2015). "A formal analysis of phylogenetic terminology: Towards a reconsideration of the current paradigm in systematics".
4197:
3902:
3780:
3491:
3207:
3040:
3922:, edited by Alexander Adelaar and Andrew Pawley. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The
4277:
4282:
4215:
3056:
Reeder, Tod W.; Townsend, Ted M.; Mulcahy, Daniel G.; Noonan, Brice P.; Wood, Perry L.; Sites, Jack W.; Wiens, John J. (2015).
2159:
2148:"Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda"
614:
group is another example; it is paraphyletic because it is composed of two Domains (Eubacteria and Archaea) and excludes (the
4292:
4222:
3923:
2100:
1485:
4470:
3058:"Integrated Analyses Resolve Conflicts over Squamate Reptile Phylogeny and Reveal Unexpected Placements for Fossil Taxa"
2506:"Fallacies and false premises—a critical assessment of the arguments for the recognition of paraphyletic taxa in botany"
712:
are polyphyletic, not paraphyletic. Although they appear similar, several different groups of amphibious fishes such as
422:) abandoned consideration of bacterial nomenclature in 1975; currently, prokaryotic nomenclature is regulated under the
4202:
4109:
4065:
4035:
1638:
Williams, D. M. and Ebach. M. C. 2020. Cladistics: a guide to biological classification. Cambridge University Press.
1469:
60:
2913:
Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale".
210:), meaning "alone, only, unique", and refers to the fact that a monophyletic group includes organisms consisting of
99:
4392:
4318:
2195:
Schuh, Randall T. "The Linnaean system and its 250-year persistence." The Botanical Review 69, no. 1 (2003): 59.
618:). It is very useful because it has a clearly defined and significant distinction (absence of a cell nucleus, a
171:
4443:
3582:
Marques, Antonio C.; Allen G. Collins (March 2004). "Cladistic analysis of Medusozoa and cnidarian evolution".
2803:
Schlegel, Martin; Hülsmann, Norbert (2 August 2007). "Protists – A textbook example for a paraphyletic taxon".
2152:
2031:
Johnson, Brian R.; Borowiec, Marek L.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Lee, Ernest K.; Atallah, Joel; Ward, Philip S. (2013).
243:), meaning "many, a lot of", and refers to the fact that a polyphyletic group includes organisms arising from
3011:
690:
Groupings based on independently-developed traits such as these examples of viviparity represent examples of
233:
200:
4272:
4070:
4465:
4431:
4155:
4028:
2617:
2246:
Queiroz, Kevin; Donoghue, Michael J. (December 1988). "Phylogenetic Systematics and the Species Problem".
1981:
1874:
1465:
1453:
95:
4407:
4085:
3525:"Mitochondrial Genome of the Freshwater Jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi and Phylogenetics of Medusozoa"
3981:
159:
4244:
4150:
3962:
3677:
3622:
3536:
3428:
3131:
3069:
2732:
2323:
Ross, Howard A. (July 2014). "The incidence of species-level paraphyly in animals: A re-assessment".
2109:
2049:
721:
703:
666:
658:
402:(single-celled life forms without cell nuclei) are a paraphyletic grouping, because they exclude the
324:
2032:
1879:
4287:
4169:
1366:
255:
45:
737:
are not paraphyletic, even though their last common ancestor may have had such a fin, because the
4210:
4164:
4080:
4007:
3745:
3701:
3333:
3275:
3147:
2938:
2668:
2535:
2461:
2419:
2271:
2228:
2075:
1865:
1751:
1461:
1035:
679:
630:
587:
453:
353:
56:
3199:
1167:
4138:
3949:
3898:
3891:
3794:
3786:
3776:
3737:
3693:
3650:
3564:
3505:
3497:
3487:
3456:
3382:
3325:
3240:
3203:
3170:
3097:
3036:
2973:
2930:
2895:
2885:
2848:
2842:
2820:
2783:
2760:
2660:
2623:
2527:
2484:
2364:
2340:
2296:
2290:
2263:
2178:
2125:
2067:
2004:
1800:
1743:
1702:
1655:
1649:
1619:
1563:
1553:
426:
with a starting date of 1 January 1980 (in contrast to a 1753 start date under the ICBN/ICN).
336:
These terms were developed during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of
109:
The term received currency during the debates of the 1960s and 1970s accompanying the rise of
37:
4003:
3236:
4227:
4181:
3999:
3729:
3685:
3640:
3630:
3591:
3554:
3544:
3446:
3436:
3372:
3364:
3315:
3267:
3232:
3139:
3087:
3077:
2965:
2922:
2877:
2812:
2750:
2740:
2699:
2652:
2593:
2517:
2451:
2373:
2332:
2255:
2218:
2168:
2117:
2057:
1994:
1986:
1976:
1941:
1884:
1790:
1782:
1733:
1692:
1613:
1007:
2554:
4328:
3417:"Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?"
3015:
2613:
2040:
1505:
1045:
1002:
727:
709:
415:
103:
2688:"Do mudskippers and lungfishes elucidate the early evolution of four-limbed vertebrates?"
657:, the production of offspring without the external laying of a fertilized egg, developed
106:. If many subgroups are missing from the named group, it is said to be polyparaphyletic.
63:
and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic
3681:
3626:
3540:
3432:
3135:
3073:
2736:
2113:
2053:
4302:
3945:
3920:
Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: a Festschrift for Robert Blust
3645:
3610:
3595:
3559:
3524:
3451:
3416:
3377:
3352:
3192:
3092:
3057:
2755:
2720:
2456:
2439:
2259:
2207:"Dead on arrival: a postmortem assessment of "phylogenetic nomenclature", 20+ years on"
1999:
1926:
1795:
1770:
1738:
1721:
1342:
895:
744:
741:
ancestors of porpoises did not have such a fin, whereas pre-Mesozoic fish did have one.
603:
571:
483:
364:
3867:
3116:
2969:
4459:
4297:
4267:
4174:
4051:
3813:
3733:
3320:
3303:
2876:. Special publications. Vol. 286. London: Geological Society. pp. 157–179.
2838:
2672:
2522:
2505:
2232:
1384:
1375:
1323:
1318:
1243:
993:
642:
487:
434:
349:
154:
83:
4012:
3749:
3415:
Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. (2014).
3337:
3279:
3151:
2942:
2539:
2465:
2275:
1755:
445:
ancestor. Excluding monocots from the dicots makes the latter a paraphyletic group.
4402:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4323:
4131:
4126:
3705:
1903:
1786:
1389:
1380:
1361:
1304:
1229:
979:
835:
619:
479:
449:
329:
307:
114:
2080:
1468:
because they consist of the nine branches of the Austronesian family that are not
730:
are polyphyletic because they independently (in parallel) lost the ability to fly.
3765:
3635:
3549:
3476:
3441:
3082:
311:. A paraphyletic group is a monophyletic group from which one or more subsidiary
4397:
4090:
3763:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). "23 GNATHIFERA".
3292:
Parasitic Hymenoptera (Parasitica). RL Zuparko, Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2004
3028:
2336:
1408:
1267:
1238:
1223:
1209:
1195:
1144:
1102:
1054:
998:
563:
545:
530:
518:
430:
399:
394:") too are paraphyletic, as the Apocrita are nested inside the Symphytan clades.
345:
2656:
2033:"Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps"
1945:
4099:
4075:
3836:
3244:
2816:
2121:
2062:
1457:
1447:
1403:
1347:
1248:
1218:
1200:
1176:
1092:
1021:
1016:
942:
923:
840:
789:
751:
734:
713:
654:
615:
611:
559:
522:
494:; more recently, Osteichthyes is treated as a clade, including the tetrapods.
403:
337:
316:
300:
110:
91:
3798:
3509:
3474:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). "7 CNIDARIA".
2899:
2824:
1567:
4412:
4376:
4366:
4261:
4143:
3143:
2745:
2378:
2173:
1356:
1328:
1309:
1299:
1281:
1262:
1204:
1153:
1073:
1026:
984:
918:
881:
876:
862:
826:
794:
747:
691:
638:
634:
461:
305:
Groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor are said to be
278:
268:
259:
223:
190:
68:
32:
17:
3893:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
3741:
3697:
3654:
3568:
3460:
3386:
3329:
3101:
2977:
2934:
2764:
2664:
2598:
2581:
2531:
2344:
2267:
2182:
2129:
2071:
2008:
1889:
1860:
1804:
1747:
1706:
448:
Among animals, several familiar groups are not, in fact, clades. The order
4103:
3976:
2704:
2687:
1990:
3611:"Phylogenomic analyses support traditional relationships within Cnidaria"
3368:
1426:
1417:
1337:
1290:
1186:
1181:
1139:
1125:
1097:
961:
951:
904:
890:
808:
799:
756:
738:
717:
591:
526:
514:
502:
491:
473:
407:
391:
387:
375:
3689:
3772:
3483:
3271:
2926:
2582:"Morphology and interrelationships of primitive actinopterygian fishes"
2558:
2147:
1697:
1676:
1285:
1158:
1083:
1064:
1059:
1040:
932:
899:
871:
673:, a kind of lizard). Put another way, viviparity is a synapomorphy for
633:" is sometimes used for paraphyletic groups. Moreover, the concepts of
607:
595:
583:
554:
550:
529:(insects) are excluded. The modern clade that spans all of them is the
465:
457:
438:
433:(in the traditional sense) are paraphyletic because the group excludes
411:
287:
263:
118:
87:
2223:
2206:
2881:
2721:"Phylogenomic evidence for multiple losses of flight in ratite birds"
1473:
1422:
1398:
1134:
1078:
975:
970:
845:
813:
674:
653:
Current phylogenetic hypotheses of tetrapod relationships imply that
599:
238:
205:
176:
164:
134:
130:
2401:
1587:
4232:
4160:
3790:
3501:
3008:
2868:
Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007). "New data on
2719:
Harshman, John; Braun, Edward L.; et al. (2 September 2008).
1648:
Schilhab, Theresa; Stjernfelt, Frederik; Deacon, Terrence (2012).
1460:
have found some utility in comparing languages. For instance, the
1431:
1276:
1111:
937:
821:
817:
442:
372:
363:
312:
283:
254:
72:
3963:
Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification
1504:
The history of flowering plant classification can be found under
724:
in distant relatives faced with similar ecological circumstances.
590:(even-toed ungulates, like deer, cows, pigs and hippopotamuses -
482:, bony fish, are paraphyletic when circumscribed to include only
4020:
3304:"A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca)"
1257:
1162:
1120:
1116:
956:
913:
854:
498:
469:
368:
126:
122:
4024:
456:) as traditionally defined is paraphyletic because it excludes
2782:(2nd ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Corporation. p. 360.
521:
except for the Apocrita, a clade deep within the sawfly tree.
510:
506:
383:
379:
3897:(3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
3258:
Groves, C. P. (1998). "Systematics of tarsiers and lorises".
2483:(3rd ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
1771:"The prokaryote–eukaryote dichotomy: meanings and mythology"
59:
term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's
1965:"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes"
276:(the prosimians, in blue, including the red patch), and a
98:. Paraphyletic groups are identified by a combination of
3767:
Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach
3478:
Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach
3302:
Lindgren, A. R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M. K. (2004).
2780:
Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment
2292:
Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes
185:
from all other descendants of a unique common ancestor.
3117:"Phylogeny and Systematics of Multituberculate Animals"
2686:
Kutschera, Ulrich; Elliott, J Malcolm (26 March 2013).
1831:
1829:
2440:"An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept"
2406:. St. Louis: Zetetic Publications, Amazon CreateSpace.
2026:
2024:
2022:
3523:
Zou, H.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Wu, S.; Wang, G. (2012).
2619:
The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life
1982:
10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288
501:" are paraphyletic, consisting of the narrow-waisted
3991:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1854:
1852:
386:, which are not usually considered to be wasps; the
4385:
4359:
4311:
4253:
4190:
4119:
4058:
3353:"Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes"
2481:
Biological Systematics: principles and applications
2289:Albert, James S.; Reis, Roberto E. (8 March 2011).
3890:
3764:
3475:
3191:
1452:The concept of paraphyly has also been applied to
1506:History of the classification of flowering plants
517:) are similarly paraphyletic, forming all of the
468:is paraphyletic because it excludes birds (class
460:(whales, dolphins, etc.). Under the ranks of the
2479:Brower, Andrew V. Z.; Schuh, Randall T. (2021).
1720:Dominguez, Eduardo; Wheeler, Quentin D. (1997).
3889:Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (2005).
3404:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 404.
2295:. University of California Press. p. 308.
1920:
1918:
1916:
1681:and the role of the genus in paleoanthropology"
3115:Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. & Hurum, J. (2001).
1822:. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 679.
4036:
3860:"Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates"
3775:. pp. 788ff. – see particularly p. 804.
3402:The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity
2438:Nixon, Kevin C.; Wheeler, Quentin D. (1990).
2141:
2139:
2093:
2091:
1927:"Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera"
1840:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSimpson2006 (
8:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1543:
1541:
1539:
3190:Savage, R. J. G. & Long, M. R. (1986).
3169:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science.
2403:Framework for Post-Phylogenetic Systematics
2358:Crisp, M.D.; Chandler, G.T. (1 July 1996).
323:A group whose identifying features evolved
117:to apply to well-known taxa like Reptilia (
4043:
4029:
4021:
1775:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
1722:"Forum – Taxonomic Stability is Ignorance"
771:
765:Non-exhaustive list of paraphyletic groups
4011:
3644:
3634:
3558:
3548:
3450:
3440:
3376:
3319:
3091:
3081:
2754:
2744:
2703:
2597:
2555:"Amphibians, Systematics, and Cladistics"
2521:
2455:
2377:
2222:
2172:
2079:
2061:
1998:
1980:
1963:Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013).
1888:
1878:
1794:
1737:
1696:
1685:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
641:have been used in deducing key genes for
121:), which is paraphyletic with respect to
4004:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132421
3237:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426
3225:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2874:The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota
677:within mammals, and an autapomorphy for
352:, budding cladogenesis, anagenesis, or
31:
1835:
1520:
1497:
67:the excluded subgroups. In contrast, a
3194:Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide
720:evolved independently in a process of
2958:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2504:Schmidt-Lebuhn, Alexander N. (2012).
2325:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2101:Arthropod Structure & Development
683:(or perhaps a synapomorphy, if other
198:, builds on the Ancient Greek prefix
7:
4438:
3198:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
1550:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
1472:and are restricted to the island of
661:in the lineages that led to humans (
371:are paraphyletic, consisting of the
3838:Turns out we DID come from monkeys!
2805:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1612:Roberts, Keith (10 December 2007).
3596:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2004.tb00139.x
2457:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x
2260:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00518.x
1739:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00325.x
1548:Bailly, Anatole (1 January 1981).
113:, having been coined by zoologist
25:
3944:. Burlington; San Diego; London:
2692:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1910:(6th ed.) Saunders, Philadelphia.
1464:form a paraphyletic group of the
622:) from its excluded descendants.
490:(lungfish, etc.), and to exclude
476:), both of which are "reptiles".
75:) includes a common ancestor and
4437:
4426:
4425:
4278:Phylogenetic comparative methods
4102:
3975:
3940:Simpson, Michael George (2006).
3814:"Nano-Animals, Part I: Rotifers"
3734:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x
3321:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x
2992:"Gnathifera - Richard C. Brusca"
2616:(2004). "Mammal-like Reptiles".
2523:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00367.x
1588:"Greek-french dictionary online"
781:Corresponding monophyletic taxon
282:(the night-active primates, the
231:, uses the Ancient Greek prefix
4283:Phylogenetic niche conservatism
3812:Shimek, Ronald (January 2006).
2160:Molecular Biology and Evolution
169:), meaning "beside, near", and
82:The terms are commonly used in
3924:Australian National University
3351:Becker, B.; Marin, B. (2009).
1787:10.1128/MMBR.69.2.292-305.2005
1532:(4th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
750:are not a paraphyletic group.
687:species are also viviparous).
562:, whereby a mother species (a
1:
3771:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA:
3482:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA:
2970:10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00208-7
2553:Kazlev, M.A. & White, T.
1906:& Parsons, T. S. (1985):
1486:Glossary of scientific naming
645:of diverse group of species.
3636:10.1371/journal.pone.0139068
3609:Zapata; et al. (2015).
3550:10.1371/journal.pone.0051465
3442:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612
3083:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199
2622:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2205:Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2020).
1859:O'Leary, Maureen A. (2001).
1651:The Symbolic Species Evolved
649:Independently evolved traits
577:Uses for paraphyletic groups
555:phylogenetic species concept
525:are not a clade because the
272:(the simians, in yellow), a
4203:Phylogenetic reconciliation
4110:Evolutionary biology portal
4066:Computational phylogenetics
3722:Evolution & Development
3165:Benton, Michael J. (2004).
3035:. Oxford University Press.
3007:Tree of life web project –
2337:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.021
327:in two or more lineages is
4487:
3835:AronRa (16 January 2010).
2847:. Courier. pp. 115–.
2657:10.1016/j.gene.2019.143967
1969:PLOS Currents Tree of Life
1946:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.25
1820:Biology of the prokaryotes
1445:
701:
543:
298:
232:
199:
170:
158:
4421:
4393:Phylogenetic nomenclature
4097:
2817:10.1016/j.ode.2006.11.001
2580:Patterson, Colin (1982).
2312:– via Google Books.
2122:10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.001
2063:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050
1675:Villmoare, Brian (2018).
1618:. John Wiley & Sons.
1615:Handbook of Plant Science
441:are a development from a
3167:Vertebrate palaeontology
3014:24 February 2007 at the
2400:Zander, Richard (2013).
221:By comparison, the term
4273:Molecular phylogenetics
4223:Distance-matrix methods
4071:Molecular phylogenetics
3144:10.1111/1475-4983.00185
2844:Essay on Classification
2746:10.1073/pnas.0803242105
2379:10.7751/telopea19963037
1925:Sharkey, M. J. (2007).
1769:Sapp, Jan (June 2005).
1456:, where the methods of
153:, derives from the two
27:Type of taxonomic group
4293:Phylogenetics software
4207:Probabilistic methods
4156:Long branch attraction
2360:"Paraphyletic species"
1528:Romer, A. S. (1970) .
1466:Austronesian languages
1454:historical linguistics
486:(ray-finned fish) and
406:, a descendant group.
395:
291:
96:historical linguistics
49:
4086:Evolutionary taxonomy
3400:Scoble, M.J. (1995).
2705:10.1186/1936-6434-6-8
2174:10.1093/molbev/msr270
784:References and notes
702:Further information:
667:southern water skinks
367:
299:Further information:
258:
214:the descendants of a
188:Conversely, the term
48:from the green group.
40:, the green group is
35:
4245:Three-taxon analysis
4151:Phylogenetic network
3984:at Wikimedia Commons
3584:Invertebrate Biology
3486:. pp. 132–148.
2778:Berg, Linda (2008).
2599:10.1093/icb/22.2.241
1908:The Vertebrate Body.
1890:10.1093/icb/41.3.487
722:convergent evolution
704:Convergent evolution
540:Paraphyly in species
79:of its descendants.
61:last common ancestor
4471:Paraphyletic groups
4288:Phylogenetic signal
3773:Thomson-Brooks/Cole
3690:10.1038/nature06614
3682:2008Natur.452..745D
3627:2015PLoSO..1039068Z
3541:2012PLoSO...751465Z
3484:Thomson-Brooks/Cole
3433:2014PLoSO...986612S
3136:2001Palgy..44..389K
3074:2015PLoSO..1018199R
3033:The Variety of Life
2737:2008PNAS..10513462H
2731:(36): 13462–13467.
2114:2011ArtSD..40..289A
2054:2013CBio...23.2058J
2015:on 13 October 2013.
1552:. Paris: Hachette.
1530:The Vertebrate Body
1036:Even-toed ungulates
454:even-toed ungulates
247:ancestral sources.
4216:Bayesian inference
4211:Maximum likelihood
3870:on 10 January 2018
3864:anthro.palomar.edu
3369:10.1093/aob/mcp044
3272:10.1007/BF02557740
2927:10.1002/bies.20507
2586:American Zoologist
1866:American Zoologist
1838:, pp. 139–140
1698:10.1002/ajpa.23387
1462:Formosan languages
800:Cellular organisms
775:Paraphyletic taxon
680:Eulamprus tympanum
631:evolutionary grade
396:
292:
50:
4453:
4452:
4198:Maximum parsimony
4191:Inference methods
4139:Phylogenetic tree
3980:Media related to
3955:978-0-12-644460-5
3942:Plant systematics
3816:. Reefkeeping.com
3676:(7188): 745–749.
3176:978-0-632-05637-8
2891:978-1-86239-233-5
2854:978-0-486-15135-9
2841:(21 March 2013).
2789:978-0-03-075453-1
2629:978-0-618-00583-3
2490:978-1-5017-5277-3
2302:978-0-520-26868-5
2224:10.1111/cla.12432
2048:(20): 2058–2062.
1661:978-94-007-2335-1
1625:978-0-470-05723-0
1592:www.tabularium.be
1586:Bailly, Anatole.
1559:978-2-01-003528-9
1492:Explanatory notes
1470:Malayo-Polynesian
1439:
1438:
952:Nonavian Dinosaur
694:, not paraphyly.
671:Eulampus tympanum
637:, paraphyly, and
586:evolution of the
218:common ancestor.
104:symplesiomorphies
38:phylogenetic tree
16:(Redirected from
4478:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4428:
4228:Neighbor-joining
4182:Ghost population
4112:
4107:
4106:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4022:
4017:
4015:
3979:
3959:
3927:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3896:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3866:. Archived from
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3770:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3621:(10): e0139068.
3606:
3600:
3599:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3444:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3357:Annals of Botany
3348:
3342:
3341:
3323:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3197:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3121:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3025:
3019:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2882:10.1144/SP286.12
2865:
2859:
2858:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2614:Dawkins, Richard
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2525:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2167:(3): 1031–1045.
2156:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2065:
2037:
2028:
2017:
2016:
2011:. Archived from
2002:
1984:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1931:
1922:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1545:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1509:
1502:
1008:Multituberculata
772:
728:Flightless birds
513:. The sawflies (
242:
236:
209:
203:
180:
174:
168:
162:
21:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4417:
4381:
4355:
4329:Symplesiomorphy
4307:
4249:
4186:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4059:Relevant fields
4054:
4049:
3987:
3972:
3967:
3956:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3783:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3494:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3363:(7): 999–1004.
3350:
3349:
3345:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3068:(3): e0118199.
3055:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3016:Wayback Machine
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2892:
2867:
2866:
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2855:
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2642:
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2637:
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2612:
2611:
2607:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2041:Current Biology
2035:
2030:
2029:
2020:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1880:10.1.1.555.8631
1858:
1857:
1850:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1674:
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1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1482:
1450:
1444:
1046:Cetartiodactyla
1003:Arginbaataridae
994:Plagiaulacidans
859:Multiple groups
778:Excluded clades
767:
754:dinosaurs like
733:Animals with a
710:Amphibious fish
706:
700:
651:
579:
548:
542:
416:Edouard Chatton
362:
303:
297:
253:
143:
86:(a subfield of
65:with respect to
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4435:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4303:Phylogeography
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4257:
4255:
4254:Current topics
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4167:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4123:
4121:
4120:Basic concepts
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4019:
4018:
3985:
3971:
3970:External links
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3946:Academic Press
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3911:
3903:
3881:
3851:
3827:
3804:
3781:
3755:
3728:(6): 502–510.
3711:
3660:
3601:
3574:
3535:(12): e51465.
3515:
3492:
3466:
3407:
3392:
3343:
3314:(5): 454–486.
3294:
3285:
3250:
3215:
3208:
3182:
3175:
3157:
3130:(3): 389–429.
3107:
3048:
3041:
3020:
3000:
2983:
2964:(3): 358–365.
2948:
2921:(12): 1161–6.
2905:
2890:
2860:
2853:
2839:Agassiz, Louis
2830:
2811:(2): 166–172.
2795:
2788:
2770:
2711:
2678:
2635:
2628:
2605:
2592:(2): 241–259.
2572:
2545:
2496:
2489:
2471:
2430:
2409:
2392:
2372:(4): 813–844.
2350:
2315:
2301:
2281:
2254:(4): 317–338.
2238:
2217:(6): 627–637.
2197:
2188:
2135:
2108:(3): 289–302.
2087:
2018:
1991:2027.42/150563
1955:
1912:
1896:
1873:(3): 487–506.
1848:
1825:
1810:
1781:(2): 292–305.
1761:
1732:(4): 367–372.
1712:
1667:
1660:
1640:
1631:
1624:
1604:
1573:
1558:
1535:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1496:
1495:
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1490:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1446:Main article:
1443:
1440:
1437:
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1414:
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1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1343:Acanthocephala
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1295:
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1234:
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1215:
1214:
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1207:
1198:
1192:
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1131:
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1128:
1123:
1114:
1108:
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1100:
1095:
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1081:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1005:
996:
990:
989:
987:
982:
973:
967:
966:
964:
959:
954:
948:
947:
945:
940:
935:
929:
928:
926:
921:
916:
910:
909:
907:
902:
896:Lophotrochozoa
893:
887:
886:
884:
879:
874:
868:
867:
865:
860:
857:
851:
850:
848:
843:
838:
832:
831:
829:
824:
811:
805:
804:
802:
797:
792:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
766:
763:
762:
761:
742:
731:
725:
699:
696:
650:
647:
604:Hippopotamidae
578:
575:
572:category error
544:Main article:
541:
538:
484:Actinopterygii
435:monocotyledons
429:Among plants,
361:
358:
296:
293:
252:
249:
142:
139:
100:synapomorphies
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4483:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Phylogenetics
4464:
4463:
4461:
4446:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Phylogenomics
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:DNA barcoding
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:Least squares
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4175:Ghost lineage
4173:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:Phylogenetics
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3904:0-8018-8221-4
3900:
3895:
3894:
3885:
3882:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3828:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3782:0-03-025982-7
3778:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3493:0-03-025982-7
3489:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:(1): e86612.
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3209:0-8160-1194-X
3205:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:Palaeontology
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3042:0-19-860426-2
3038:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2516:(2): 174–87.
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2450:(3): 211–23.
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2393:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1975:(Edition 1).
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Siphonophorae
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Anthoathecata
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Mecopteroidea
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Panarthropoda
1322:
1320:
1319:Cycloneuralia
1317:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Monocotyledon
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:(Land plants)
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Invertebrates
834:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
819:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
770:
764:
759:
758:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
707:
705:
698:Not paraphyly
697:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:independently
656:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
574:
573:
567:
565:
561:
556:
552:
547:
539:
537:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
488:Sarcopterygii
485:
481:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
359:
357:
355:
351:
350:chronospecies
347:
341:
339:
334:
332:
331:
326:
321:
318:
314:
310:
309:
302:
295:In cladistics
294:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
251:Phylogenetics
250:
248:
246:
241:
235:
230:
226:
225:
219:
217:
213:
208:
202:
197:
193:
192:
186:
184:
179:
173:
167:
161:
156:
155:Ancient Greek
152:
148:
140:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:) and in the
89:
85:
84:phylogenetics
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4442:
4430:
4403:Sister group
4386:Nomenclature
4371:
4349:Autapomorphy
4344:Synapomorphy
4324:Plesiomorphy
4312:Group traits
4260:
4132:Cladogenesis
4127:Phylogenesis
3995:
3989:
3941:
3933:Bibliography
3919:
3914:
3892:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3863:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3837:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3807:
3766:
3758:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3590:(1): 23–42.
3587:
3583:
3577:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3477:
3469:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3401:
3395:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3288:
3266:(1): 13–27.
3263:
3259:
3253:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3193:
3185:
3166:
3160:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3032:
3029:Tudge, Colin
3023:
3003:
2986:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2843:
2833:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2618:
2608:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2563:. Retrieved
2548:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2480:
2474:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2402:
2395:
2383:. Retrieved
2369:
2363:
2353:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2291:
2284:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2191:
2164:
2158:
2105:
2099:
2045:
2039:
2013:the original
1972:
1968:
1958:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1907:
1904:Romer, A. S.
1899:
1870:
1864:
1836:Simpson 2006
1819:
1813:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1654:. Springer.
1650:
1643:
1634:
1614:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1549:
1529:
1523:
1500:
1451:
1390:Hydroidolina
1381:Leptothecata
1362:Siphonaptera
1305:Hydroidolina
1230:Streptophyta
980:Amphisbaenia
768:
755:
689:
684:
678:
670:
663:Homo sapiens
662:
652:
628:
624:
620:plesiomorphy
588:Artiodactyla
580:
570:represent a
568:
549:
535:
505:without the
496:
480:Osteichthyes
478:
450:Artiodactyla
447:
431:dicotyledons
428:
397:
342:
335:
330:polyphyletic
328:
325:convergently
322:
308:monophyletic
306:
304:
277:
273:
267:
266:, showing a
244:
239:
229:polyphyletic
228:
222:
220:
215:
211:
206:
196:monophyletic
195:
189:
187:
182:
177:
165:
151:paraphyletic
150:
146:
144:
115:Willi Hennig
108:
81:
76:
71:grouping (a
69:monophyletic
64:
52:
51:
42:paraphyletic
41:
29:
18:Paraphyletic
4398:Crown group
4360:Group types
4091:Systematics
3998:: 397–423.
3844:12 November
2420:Phytoneuron
1940:: 521–548.
1442:Linguistics
1409:Simiiformes
1268:Lepidoptera
1239:Dicotyledon
1224:Embryophyte
1210:Cephalopoda
1196:Nautiloidea
1145:Hymenoptera
1103:Tetraconata
1093:Crustaceans
1079:Simiiformes
1055:Archaeoceti
1017:Pelycosaurs
999:Cimolodonta
790:Prokaryotes
745:Quadrupedal
714:mudskippers
564:paraspecies
546:Paraspecies
531:Tetraconata
523:Crustaceans
519:Hymenoptera
400:prokaryotes
4460:Categories
4076:Cladistics
3791:2003107287
3502:2003107287
3308:Cladistics
3245:4656321698
2870:Kimberella
2651:: 143967.
2510:Cladistics
2444:Cladistics
2385:22 January
2248:Cladistics
2211:Cladistics
1726:Cladistics
1516:References
1458:cladistics
1448:Tree model
1404:Hominoidea
1348:Syndermata
1249:Angiosperm
1219:Charophyte
1201:Ammonoidea
1177:Parasitica
1168:Euaculeata
1074:Prosimians
1022:Therapsida
962:Dinosauria
943:Sauropsida
924:Vertebrate
841:Vertebrata
748:archosaurs
735:dorsal fin
718:lungfishes
655:viviparity
629:The term "
616:eukaryotes
612:prokaryote
560:speciation
404:eukaryotes
346:stem group
338:cladistics
317:anagenesis
301:Cladistics
290:, in red).
183:left apart
111:cladistics
92:tree model
4413:Supertree
4377:Polyphyly
4372:Paraphyly
4367:Monophyly
4339:Apomorphy
4319:Primitive
4262:PhyloCode
4144:Cladogram
3982:Paraphyly
3909:, p. 699.
3874:12 August
3799:752875516
3510:752875516
3231:: 73–90.
3009:Chordates
2915:BioEssays
2900:156823511
2825:1439-6092
2673:195828782
2565:16 August
2331:: 10–17.
2233:224927279
1875:CiteSeerX
1691:: 72–89.
1568:461974285
1357:Mecoptera
1329:Ecdysozoa
1310:Medusozoa
1300:Jellyfish
1282:Medusozoa
1263:Butterfly
1205:Coleoidea
1154:Vespoidea
1027:Synapsida
985:Squamates
919:Tetrapoda
882:Eumetazoa
877:Bilateria
863:Nephrozoa
827:Eukaryota
795:Eukaryota
692:polyphyly
685:Eulamprus
643:barcoding
639:polyphyly
635:monophyly
492:tetrapods
462:ICZN Code
458:Cetaceans
279:polyphyly
274:paraphyly
269:monophyly
260:Cladogram
224:polyphyly
191:monophyly
147:paraphyly
145:The term
141:Etymology
57:taxonomic
53:Paraphyly
4432:Category
4335:Derived
4081:Taxonomy
4013:33951905
3750:22823313
3742:17073934
3698:18322464
3655:26465609
3615:PLOS ONE
3569:23240028
3529:PLOS ONE
3461:24475157
3421:PLOS ONE
3387:19273476
3338:85975284
3330:34892953
3280:10869981
3260:Primates
3152:83592270
3102:25803280
3062:PLOS ONE
3031:(2000).
3012:Archived
2978:12220977
2943:29130876
2935:17120226
2765:18765814
2698:(8): 8.
2665:31279710
2540:83900580
2532:34861757
2466:84095773
2345:24583289
2276:40799805
2268:34949064
2183:22049065
2130:21315832
2072:24094856
2009:23653398
1805:15944457
1756:55540349
1748:34911226
1707:29380889
1480:See also
1427:Caprinae
1418:Antelope
1338:Rotifera
1291:Cnidaria
1187:Apocrita
1182:Aculeata
1140:Apocrita
1126:Apocrita
1098:Hexapoda
1084:Primates
933:Reptiles
905:Spiralia
891:Platyzoa
846:Animalia
814:Animalia
809:Protista
757:Eoraptor
739:Mesozoic
592:Cervidae
527:Hexapoda
515:Symphyta
503:Apocrita
474:Diapsida
466:Reptilia
439:monocots
408:Bacteria
392:Symphyta
388:sawflies
378:without
376:Apocrita
360:Examples
288:tarsiers
286:and the
264:primates
245:multiple
119:reptiles
46:diverged
36:In this
4444:Commons
4170:Lineage
3820:27 July
3706:4397099
3678:Bibcode
3646:4605497
3623:Bibcode
3560:3519871
3537:Bibcode
3452:3903554
3429:Bibcode
3378:2707909
3132:Bibcode
3093:4372529
3070:Bibcode
2756:2533212
2733:Bibcode
2561:website
2559:Palaeos
2427:: 1–54.
2365:Telopea
2308:28 June
2155:proofs)
2110:Bibcode
2050:Bibcode
2000:3644299
1934:Zootaxa
1796:1197417
1677:"Early
1597:8 March
1432:Bovidae
1286:Myxozoa
1159:Apoidea
1065:Cetacea
1060:Neoceti
1041:Cetacea
900:Mesozoa
872:Radiata
818:Plantae
752:Bipedal
608:Cetacea
596:Bovidae
584:Neogene
551:Species
412:Archaea
354:'grade'
284:lorises
262:of the
135:lizards
131:monkeys
88:biology
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3670:Nature
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1423:Bovini
1399:Monkey
1135:Sawfly
976:Snakes
971:Lizard
820:, and
675:Theria
665:) and
600:Suidae
313:clades
216:unique
178:phûlon
157:words
133:, and
4408:Basal
4233:UPGMA
4165:Grade
4161:Clade
4008:S2CID
3746:S2CID
3702:S2CID
3334:S2CID
3276:S2CID
3148:S2CID
3120:(PDF)
2995:(PDF)
2939:S2CID
2669:S2CID
2536:S2CID
2462:S2CID
2272:S2CID
2229:S2CID
2076:S2CID
2036:(PDF)
1930:(PDF)
1752:S2CID
1277:Coral
1112:Wasps
957:Birds
938:Birds
822:Fungi
499:wasps
497:The "
443:dicot
373:clade
369:Wasps
240:polús
234:πολύς
227:, or
207:mónos
201:μόνος
194:, or
172:φῦλον
149:, or
123:birds
73:clade
55:is a
3950:ISBN
3899:ISBN
3876:2017
3846:2018
3822:2008
3795:OCLC
3787:LCCN
3777:ISBN
3738:PMID
3694:PMID
3651:PMID
3565:PMID
3506:OCLC
3498:LCCN
3488:ISBN
3457:PMID
3383:PMID
3326:PMID
3241:OCLC
3204:ISBN
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3098:PMID
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2974:PMID
2931:PMID
2896:OCLC
2886:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2821:ISSN
2784:ISBN
2761:PMID
2725:PNAS
2661:PMID
2645:Gene
2624:ISBN
2567:2012
2528:PMID
2485:ISBN
2387:2015
2341:PMID
2310:2011
2297:ISBN
2264:PMID
2179:PMID
2126:PMID
2068:PMID
2005:PMID
1938:1668
1842:help
1801:PMID
1744:PMID
1703:PMID
1679:Homo
1656:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1599:2018
1564:OCLC
1554:ISBN
1258:Moth
1163:Ants
1121:Bees
1117:Ants
914:Fish
855:Worm
716:and
602:and
511:bees
509:and
507:ants
470:Aves
424:ICNB
410:and
398:The
384:bees
382:and
380:ants
166:pará
160:παρά
127:fish
102:and
4163:vs
4000:doi
3730:doi
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