170:. At the center of that membrane, he attached a rigid boar's bristle approximately a centimeter long, placed so that it just grazed the lampblack. As the glass plate was slid horizontally in a well formed groove at a speed of one meter per second, a person would speak into the trumpet, causing the membrane to vibrate and the stylus to trace figures that were scratched into the lampblack. On March 25, 1857, Scott received the French patent #17,897/31,470 for his device, which he called a phonautograph. The earliest known intelligible recorded sound of a human voice was conducted on April 9, 1860 when Scott recorded someone singing the song "
272:". It was initially played at double the original recording speed and believed to be the voice of a woman or child. However, further recordings were uncovered accompanied with notes Scott de Martinville made that inadvertently identified himself as the speaker. At the correct speed, the voice of a man, almost certainly Scott de Martinville himself, is heard singing the song very slowly. Also recovered were two 1860 recordings of "Vole, petite abeille" ("Fly, Little Bee"), a lively song from a comic opera. Previously, the earliest known recording of vocal music was an 1888
256:
played back the recordings as sound for the first time. Modern computer-based image processing methods were used to accomplish the playback. The first results were obtained by using a specialized system developed for optically playing recordings on more conventional media which were too fragile or damaged to be played by traditional means. Later, generally available image-editing and image-to-sound conversion software, requiring only a high-quality scan of the phonautogram and an ordinary personal computer, were found to be sufficient for this application.
37:
138:, contained enough information about the sound that they could, in theory, be used to recreate it. Because the phonautogram tracing was an insubstantial two-dimensional line, direct physical playback was impossible in any case. However, several phonautograms recorded before 1861 were successfully played as sound in 2008 by optically scanning them and using a computer to process the scans into digital audio files.
22:
159:, he happened upon that customer’s engraved illustration of the anatomy of the human ear, and conceived of "the imprudent idea of photographing the word." In 1853 or 1854 (Scott cited both years) he began working on "le problème de la parole s'écrivant elle-même" ("the problem of speech writing itself"), aiming to build a device that could replicate the function of the human ear.
819:, JHU Press, 2006 indicates (see page 3) that this could be the case even when photochemical processes were no longer the only option and optimized results were possible: in 2000, a planned experiment to recover sounds from phonautograms by means of scanning and digital processing was abandoned because there was "little to try to recover" in the specimens at hand.
174:" ("By the Light of the Moon") on the device. However, the device was not designed to play back sounds, as Scott intended for people to read back the tracings, which he called phonautograms. This was not the first time someone had used a device to create direct tracings of the vibrations of sound-producing objects, as
186:
The device's true significance in the history of recorded sound was not fully realized prior to March 2008, when it was discovered and resurrected in a Paris patent office by First Sounds, an informal collaborative of
American audio historians, recording engineers, and sound archivists founded to
255:
Nearly 150 years after they had been recorded, promising specimens of Scott de
Martinville's phonautograms, stored among his papers in France's patent office and at the Académie des Sciences, were located by American audio historians. High-quality images of them were obtained. In 2008, the team
251:
However, as far as is known, no attempt was ever made to use this method to play any of the surviving early phonautograms made by Scott de
Martinville. Possibly this was because the few images of them generally available in books and periodicals were of unpromising short bursts of sound, of
259:
For First Sounds' March 2008 release of "Au Clair de la Lune", its engineers wrote software to improve the stability of the sound. It did the same with a May 17, 1860 recording of "Gamme de la Voix" which First Sounds presented at the Audie
Engineering Society's convention in late 2008.
723:
303:. Earlier recordings, made in 1857, 1854, and 1853, also contain Scott de Martinville's voice but are unintelligible because of their low quality, brevity and irregularity of speed. Only one of these recordings, 1857 cornet scale recording, was restored and made intelligible.
147:
806:, June 1888 125(6):425–447. Berliner, who scrupulously acknowledges the work of Scott and Cros in this paper, uses the word "phonautogram" (see pages 437 and 438) to describe his own recordings prior to their processing into playable form by photoengraving or direct etching.
182:
in 1807. By late 1857, with support from the Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale, Scott’s phonautograph was recording sounds with sufficient precision to be adopted by the scientific community, paving the way for the nascent science of acoustics.
65:
is the oldest known intelligible recording of the human voice. Played at what is now believed to be the correct speed, it reveals a man's voice, presumably Scott de
Martinville's, singing very slowly. The words are "Au clair de la lune, mon ami Pierrot,
107:, it was patented on March 25, 1857. It transcribed sound waves as undulations or other deviations in a line traced on smoke-blackened paper or glass. Scott believed that future technology would allow the traces to be deciphered as a kind of "natural
154:
The phonautograph was patented on March 25, 1857 by
Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, an editor and typographer of manuscripts at a scientific publishing house in Paris. One day while editing Professor Longet's
247:
method first proposed by Cros was then used to produce a metal disc with a playable groove. Arguably, these circa 1887 experiments by
Berliner were the first known reproductions of sound from phonautograph recordings.
191:
in
California, who were able to play back the recorded sounds, something Scott had never conceived of. Prior to this point, the earliest known record of a human voice was thought to be an 1877 phonograph recording by
660:
464:
55:
236:, which recorded sound waves by indenting them into a sheet of tinfoil from which they could be played back immediately, temporarily relegated Cros's less direct method to obscurity.
243:, employed a recording machine that was in essence a disc form of the phonautograph. It traced a clear sound-modulated spiral line through a thin black coating on a glass disc. The
295:
has also been found. Probably recorded in April or May 1860, this phonautogram is the earliest known recording of intelligible spoken words to be played back, predating
228:
similar to those of the phonautograph to reverse the recording process and recreate the sound. Before he was able to put his ideas into practice, the announcement of
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make the earliest sound recordings available to the public. The phonautograms were then digitally converted by scientists at the
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1971:
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317:
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989:"Earliest Known Sound Recordings Revealed: Researchers Unveil Imprints Made 20 Years Before Edison Invented Phonograph"
1951:
1125:
1107:), containing French and English texts of all Scott's known writings about the phonautograph from the 1850s and 1860s.
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1095:, an informal collaborative aiming to make mankind's earliest sound recordings available to all people for all time.
166:. He then took an acoustic trumpet, and at its tapered end affixed a thin membrane that served as the analog to the
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One phonautogram, created on April 9, 1860, was revealed to be a 20-second recording of the French folk song "
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fragmentary areas of longer recordings, or simply too crude and indistinct to encourage such an experiment.
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and other objects by physical contact with them, but not of actual sound waves as they
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91:. Previously, tracings had been obtained of the sound-producing vibratory motions of
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Apparently, it did not occur to anyone before the 1870s that the recordings, called
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Ten years later, the early experiments of Emile
Berliner, the creator of the disc
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had realized that a phonautograph recording could be converted back into sound by
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918:"This Sealed Packet Contained the World's First Recorded Sound (firstsounds.org)"
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the tracing into a metal surface to create a playable groove, then using a
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An early phonautograph (1859). The barre, for receiving sound, is made of
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556:"Observing the Slightest Motion: Using Visual Tools to Preserve Sound"
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1983:
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937:""Vole, Petite Abeille" – Scott's Last Known Phonautograms (1860)"
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by comparison with a simultaneously recorded reference frequency.
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196:. The phonautograph would play a role in the development of the
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1078:, adapted from "The Seventeen-Year Itch", delivered at the
802:
Berliner, E: "The Gramophone: Etching the Human Voice",
111:". Intended as a laboratory instrument for the study of
676:"What Was the First Sound Ever Recorded by a Machine?"
395:"Edouard-LĂ©on Scott de Martinville: The Phonautograph"
712:. University of California Press. 1983. p. 137.
866:"Retrieving Sound from Soot—Our Evolving Approaches"
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162:Scott coated a plate of glass with a thin layer of
1082:bi-centennial in Washington, D.C., on May 9, 1990.
369:"1860 'Phonautograph' Is Earliest Known Recording"
451:
449:
447:
123:of speech and other sounds, or to determine the
115:, it was used to visually study and measure the
817:Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology
340:Block, Melissa; Siegel, Robert (June 1, 2009).
287:A phonautogram containing the opening lines of
178:had been used in this way by English physicist
846:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"
739:"Researchers Play Tune Recorded Before Edison"
1126:
486:
484:
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8:
617:"Sound Recording Predates Edison Phonograph"
1045:Restored ! 1857 Cornet Scale Recording
1016:Leon Scott's Complete Discography 1853–1860
798:
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653:"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors"
457:"Origins of Sound Recording: The Inventors"
87:is the earliest known device for recording
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18:Earliest known device for recording sound
1379:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
709:Nineeenth-century Scientific Instruments
663:from the original on September 21, 2017.
342:"Reconsidering Earliest-Known Recording"
145:
726:from the original on February 15, 2017.
420:"mar 25, 1857 - Phonautograph invented"
329:
73:
554:Villafana, Tana (December 20, 2021).
467:from the original on January 22, 2022
335:
333:
189:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
150:Detail of a phonautogram made in 1859
7:
566:from the original on January 3, 2022
1076:The Birth of the Recording Industry
751:from the original on April 13, 2022
535:from the original on April 17, 2022
525:"Oldest recorded voices sing again"
492:"Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville"
963:"The "Aminta" Phonautogram (1860)"
587:"Leon Scott and the Phonautograph"
432:from the original on June 29, 2022
14:
2302:Audiovisual introductions in 1857
2241:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
1691:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
804:Journal of the Franklin Institute
781:from the original on June 1, 2022
688:from the original on June 7, 2022
629:from the original on May 26, 2022
498:from the original on July 1, 2022
105:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
63:Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
74:Problems playing this file? See
51:
1769:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
1480:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
892:"Earliest Recordings Ever Made"
868:. First Sounds. Archived from
844:Rosen, Jody (March 27, 2008).
737:Rosen, Jody (March 27, 2008).
674:Fabry, Merrill (May 1, 2018).
585:Schoenherr, Steven E. (1999).
1:
367:Flatow, Ira (April 4, 2008).
318:Au clair de la lune recording
1565:Thermionic Products Recordon
993:U.S. News & World Report
1952:Analog-to-digital converter
1859:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
987:Cowen, Ron (June 1, 2009).
922:reaktorplayer.wordpress.com
2318:
2297:Sound recording technology
2292:History of sound recording
2075:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1159:Music box cylinder or disc
313:History of sound recording
61:This 1860 phonautogram by
1775:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
1554:
961:Feaster, Patrick (2009).
935:Feaster, Patrick (2009).
2025:Digital Compact Cassette
1913:Capitol Records Audiopak
1763:Dictaphone Travel master
1559:Telefunken magnetic disc
1528:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
103:. Invented by Frenchman
1841:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
1522:Protona Minifon special
1143:audio recording formats
591:University of San Diego
301:talking clock recording
1925:Bandai micro cartridge
1871:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
494:. First Sounds. 2008.
151:
40:
30:
1793:Cousino Echo-matic II
1273:Indestructible record
924:. September 21, 2010.
622:All Things Considered
461:National Park Service
399:National Park Service
346:All Things Considered
157:Traité de Physiologie
149:
99:through air or other
39:
24:
1889:Sanyo Tape cartridge
1715:Rediffusion Reditune
1594:Loose (reel-to-reel)
1545:Magnetic stripe card
1474:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
1239:Perfected phonograph
1167:(early 17th century)
1074:Koenigsberg, Allen.
1703:Mohawk Midgetape RL
1516:Protona Minifon P55
1510:Protona Minifon P51
1285:Blue Amberol record
1267:Gold moulded record
1261:Le CĂ©leste cylinder
1233:Dictaphone cylinder
1223:Phonograph cylinder
775:Library of Congress
597:on February 7, 2018
560:Library of Congress
270:Au clair de la lune
212:By mid-April 1877,
172:Au Clair de la Lune
117:amplitude envelopes
47:Au clair de la lune
2158:Electronic circuit
2013:Digital Audio Tape
1727:RCA tape cartridge
1685:Cousino Echo-matic
1583:Audio High Density
1332:Edison Voicewriter
1080:U.S. Patent Office
851:The New York Times
744:The New York Times
625:. March 27, 2008.
531:. March 28, 2008.
373:Talk of the Nation
291:'s pastoral drama
200:, whose inventor,
152:
41:
31:
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2217:
2216:
1946:
1945:
1781:Orrtronic Tapette
1709:Dictaphone Dictet
1308:Phonograph record
1165:Mechanical cuckoo
1052:. FirstSounds.org
1023:. FirstSounds.org
898:. August 13, 2008
463:. July 17, 2017.
56:
2309:
2000:
1853:DC-International
1811:Compact cassette
1629:Fullcoat magfilm
1571:Record Maker Pye
1538:Magnetic surface
1468:Lorenz Textophon
1291:Paradis cylinder
1255:Stentor cylinder
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872:on March 7, 2023
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593:. Archived from
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264:Recovered sounds
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27:plaster of paris
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1805:Philips EL 3583
1751:Cousino MR-9000
1739:Protona Attaché
1733:Philips EL 3581
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1437:Loose magnetic
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1196:Grooved surface
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1093:FirstSounds.org
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1069:Further reading
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245:photoengraving
218:photoengraving
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294:
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276:wax cylinder
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230:Thomas Edison
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136:phonautograms
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129:musical pitch
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85:phonautograph
79:
77:
64:
48:
28:
23:
16:
2168:(late 1970s)
2067:Optical disc
1931:Picocassette
1927:(late 1980s)
1721:Saba Sabafon
1492:RCA MI-12877
1486:RCA MI-12875
1372:Grooved tape
1338:SoundScriber
1334:(late 1940s)
1320:Diamond disc
1301:Grooved disc
1203:Phonautogram
1202:
1171:Punched card
1099:
1054:. Retrieved
1049:
1044:
1042:Orbin, Joe.
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1020:
1015:
1013:Orbin, Joe.
1008:
996:. Retrieved
992:
982:
972:February 12,
970:. Retrieved
966:
956:
946:February 12,
944:. Retrieved
940:
930:
921:
912:
900:. Retrieved
896:NoiseAddicts
895:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
860:
849:
839:
830:
824:
816:
815:Morton, D.,
811:
803:
783:. Retrieved
765:
753:. Retrieved
742:
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702:
692:February 13,
690:. Retrieved
679:
669:
656:
647:
637:– via
631:. Retrieved
620:
611:
599:. Retrieved
595:the original
580:
568:. Retrieved
549:
537:. Retrieved
500:. Retrieved
469:. Retrieved
434:. Retrieved
423:
414:
404:December 20,
402:. Retrieved
398:
389:
377:. Retrieved
372:
362:
352:February 12,
350:. Retrieved
345:
286:
267:
258:
254:
250:
238:
214:Charles Cros
211:
185:
180:Thomas Young
176:tuning forks
161:
156:
153:
142:Construction
135:
133:
93:tuning forks
84:
82:
15:
1978:PCM adaptor
1966:X80/ProDigi
1960:Soundstream
1847:Cantata 700
1817:Grundig En3
1611:Magnetophon
1498:Peirce 265B
1362:Bandai 8ban
1229:Graphophone
657:www.nps.gov
127:of a given
109:stenography
2281:Categories
2184:Yaboom Box
2172:MP3 player
2166:Sound chip
1984:DA-88/DTRS
1799:Stereo-Pak
1697:Stenorette
1577:Synchrofax
1427:Fantasound
1421:Photophone
1314:Pathé disc
1177:Music roll
1151:Mechanical
324:References
278:phonograph
241:Gramophone
234:phonograph
198:gramophone
97:propagated
76:media help
66:prête-m—".
2287:Acoustics
2265:VinylDisc
2111:DVD-Audio
2006:cartridge
1823:Sabamobil
1787:3M Scotch
1745:Fidelipac
1672:cartridge
1653:3/4" tape
1623:1/2" tape
1617:1/4" tape
1461:cartridge
1457:Magnetic
1415:Movietone
1409:Tri-Ergon
1403:Phonofilm
1384:Dictabelt
1350:Long play
1344:Audograph
1141:Physical
1056:March 20,
1027:March 20,
967:Phonozoic
941:Phonozoic
876:April 20,
226:diaphragm
164:lampblack
125:frequency
121:waveforms
113:acoustics
2247:CD Video
2178:HitClips
2135:BD-Audio
2129:DualDisc
2117:DataPlay
2087:MiniDisc
1865:PlayTape
1679:Optaphon
1243:Ediphone
1215:cylinder
1213:Grooved
998:June 26,
785:July 13,
779:Archived
755:July 13,
749:Archived
724:Archived
686:Archived
661:Archived
659:. 2017.
633:July 13,
627:Archived
601:July 13,
570:July 13,
564:Archived
539:July 13,
533:Archived
529:BBC News
502:July 13,
496:Archived
471:July 13,
465:Archived
436:July 13,
430:Archived
307:See also
299:'s 1878
208:Playback
2235:U-matic
2208:MicroSD
1995:Digital
1919:Elcaset
1829:8-track
1659:3" tape
1647:2" tape
1641:1" tape
1263:(1890s)
1257:(1890s)
1251:(1890s)
1050:YouTube
1021:YouTube
168:eardrum
101:mediums
2267:(2007)
2261:(2001)
2255:(1991)
2249:(1987)
2243:(1986)
2237:(1971)
2231:(1967)
2222:Hybrid
2210:(2007)
2204:(2004)
2198:(2002)
2192:(2001)
2186:(1999)
2180:(2000)
2174:(1996)
2149:(2014)
2147:MQA-CD
2143:(2013)
2137:(2008)
2131:(2004)
2125:(2004)
2119:(2002)
2113:(2000)
2107:(1999)
2101:(1995)
2095:(1993)
2089:(1992)
2083:(1989)
2077:(1982)
2058:(1993)
2052:(1990)
2046:(1986)
2027:(1992)
2021:(1992)
2015:(1987)
1986:(1993)
1980:(1982)
1974:(1982)
1968:(1980)
1962:(1976)
1939:(1988)
1933:(1985)
1921:(1976)
1915:(1972)
1909:(1972)
1903:(1971)
1897:(1971)
1891:(1969)
1885:(1969)
1879:(1968)
1873:(1967)
1867:(1966)
1861:(1965)
1855:(1965)
1849:(1965)
1843:(1965)
1837:(1964)
1831:(1964)
1825:(1964)
1819:(1964)
1813:(1963)
1807:(1963)
1801:(1962)
1795:(1962)
1789:(1962)
1783:(1962)
1777:(1962)
1771:(1961)
1765:(1961)
1759:(1961)
1753:(1960)
1747:(1959)
1741:(1959)
1735:(1958)
1729:(1958)
1723:(1958)
1717:(1957)
1711:(1957)
1705:(1955)
1699:(1954)
1693:(1953)
1687:(1952)
1681:(1951)
1661:(1978)
1655:(1969)
1649:(1967)
1643:(1957)
1637:(1953)
1631:(1953)
1625:(1953)
1619:(1949)
1613:(1935)
1607:(1928)
1585:(1978)
1579:(1959)
1573:(1953)
1567:(1948)
1561:(1945)
1547:(1900)
1530:(1962)
1524:(1961)
1518:(1955)
1512:(1951)
1506:(1951)
1500:(1951)
1494:(1947)
1488:(1947)
1482:(1944)
1476:(1944)
1470:(1942)
1449:(1898)
1429:(1940)
1423:(1929)
1417:(1926)
1411:(1922)
1405:(1919)
1386:(1947)
1364:(2004)
1358:(1956)
1352:(1948)
1346:(1945)
1340:(1945)
1328:(1920)
1322:(1912)
1316:(1905)
1310:(1889)
1293:(1913)
1287:(1912)
1281:(1908)
1275:(1907)
1269:(1902)
1245:(1888)
1235:(1887)
1225:(1877)
1205:(1857)
1188:Analog
1179:(1883)
1173:(1881)
716:
293:Aminta
282:Handel
274:Edison
222:stylus
2123:Hi-MD
1895:HiPac
375:. NPR
348:. NPR
89:sound
2253:ADAT
2141:HFPA
2099:HDCD
2056:SDDS
1972:DASH
1459:wire
1439:wire
1058:2019
1029:2019
1000:2009
974:2022
948:2022
904:2017
878:2023
787:2022
757:2022
714:ISBN
694:2022
681:Time
635:2022
603:2022
572:2022
541:2022
504:2022
473:2022
438:2022
425:Time
406:2023
381:2017
354:2022
224:and
119:and
83:The
2093:DTS
2050:CDS
1105:PDF
639:NPR
232:'s
2283::
2044:DD
2019:NT
1048:.
1019:.
991:.
965:.
939:.
920:.
894:.
848:.
795:^
777:.
773:.
747:.
741:.
722:.
684:.
678:.
655:.
619:.
589:.
562:.
558:.
527:.
512:^
481:^
459:.
446:^
428:.
422:.
397:.
371:.
344:.
332:^
1241:/
1231:/
1134:e
1127:t
1120:v
1103:(
1060:.
1031:.
1002:.
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574:.
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506:.
475:.
440:.
408:.
383:.
356:.
78:.
29:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
