Phosphor - Knowledge (XXG)

1406:, different color phosphors are layered and separated with dielectric material. The acceleration voltage is used to determine the energy of the electrons; lower-energy ones are absorbed in the top layer of the phosphor, while some of the higher-energy ones shoot through and are absorbed in the lower layer. So either the first color or a mixture of the first and second color is shown. With a display with red outer layer and green inner layer, the manipulation of accelerating voltage can produce a continuum of colors from red through orange and yellow to green. 1128:

garnet that produce green. Silicate phosphors are brighter but fade more quickly, and are used in LCD LED backlights in mobile devices. LED phosphors can be placed directly over the die or made into a dome and placed above the LED: this approach is known as a remote phosphor. Some colored LEDs, instead of using a colored LED, use a blue LED with a colored phosphor because such an arrangement is more efficient than a colored LED. Oxynitride phosphors can also be used in LEDs. The precursors used to make the phosphors may degrade when exposed to air.

180: 6285: 6237: 27: 1049:) is often used; it absorbs the light from the blue LED and emits in a broad range from greenish to reddish, with most of its output in yellow. This yellow emission combined with the remaining blue emission gives the "white" light, which can be adjusted to color temperature as warm (yellowish) or cold (bluish) white. The pale yellow emission of the Ce:YAG can be tuned by substituting the cerium with other rare-earth elements such as 1137: 45: 1428: 35: 1147:

produce signal-generated light patterns in a (typically) round or rectangular format. Bulky CRTs were used in the black-and-white household television (TV) sets that became popular in the 1950s, as well as first-generation, tube-based color TVs, and most earlier computer monitors. CRTs have also been

1127:

It is also common for white LEDs to use phosphors other than Ce:YAG, or to use two or three phosphors to achieve a higher CRI, often at the cost of efficiency. Examples of additional phosphors are R9, which produces a saturated red, nitrides which produce red, and aluminates such as lutetium aluminum

676:

ZnS and CdS phosphors degrade by reduction of the metal ions by captured electrons. The M ions are reduced to M; two M then exchange an electron and become one M and one neutral M atom. The reduced metal can be observed as a visible darkening of the phosphor layer. The darkening (and the brightness

1489:

The blue phosphor stayed generally unchanged, a silver-doped zinc sulfide. The green phosphor initially used manganese-doped zinc silicate, then evolved through silver-activated cadmium-zinc sulfide, to lower-cadmium copper-aluminium activated formula, and then to cadmium-free version of the same.

1409:

Another method is using a mixture of two phosphors with different characteristics. The brightness of one is linearly dependent on electron flux, while the other one's brightness saturates at higher fluxes—the phosphor does not emit any more light regardless of how many more electrons impact it. At

1116:

Some newer white LEDs use a yellow and blue emitter in series, to approximate white; this technology is used in some Motorola phones such as the Blackberry as well as LED lighting and the original-version stacked emitters by using GaN on SiC on InGaP but was later found to fracture at higher drive

928:

zinc sulfide (ZnS:Ag), which gave a greenish glow. The phosphor is not suitable to be used in layers thicker than 25 mg/cm, as the self-absorption of the light then becomes a problem. Furthermore, zinc sulfide undergoes degradation of its crystal lattice structure, leading to gradual loss of

811:

is a temperature measurement approach that uses the temperature dependence of certain phosphors. For this, a phosphor coating is applied to a surface of interest and, usually, the decay time is the emission parameter that indicates temperature. Because the illumination and detection optics can be

1470:

technology, which is rare). The red phosphor has always been a problem, being the dimmest of the three necessitating the brighter green and blue electron beam currents be adjusted down to make them equal the red phosphor's lower brightness. This made early color TVs only usable indoors as bright

1462:

The phosphors in color CRTs need higher contrast and resolution than the black-and-white ones. The energy density of the electron beam is about 100 times greater than in black-and-white CRTs; the electron spot is focused to about 0.2 mm diameter instead of about 0.6 mm diameter of the

386:

require a multi-step production process, with details that vary depending on the particular phosphor. Bulk material must be milled to obtain a desired particle size range, since large particles produce a poor-quality lamp coating, and small particles produce less light and degrade more quickly.

395:

from the process vessels. After milling, the phosphor may be washed to remove minor excess of activator elements. Volatile elements must not be allowed to escape during processing. Lamp manufacturers have changed compositions of phosphors to eliminate some toxic elements formerly used, such as

1249:

The phosphors are usually poor electrical conductors. This may lead to deposition of residual charge on the screen, effectively decreasing the energy of the impacting electrons due to electrostatic repulsion (an effect known as "sticking"). To eliminate this, a thin layer of aluminium (about

1250:

100 nm) is deposited over the phosphors, usually by vacuum evaporation, and connected to the conductive layer inside the tube. This layer also reflects the phosphor light to the desired direction, and protects the phosphor from ion bombardment resulting from an imperfect vacuum.

1159:, or as discrete particles, a powder bound to the surface. Thin films have better lifetime and better resolution, but provide less bright and less efficient image than powder ones. This is caused by multiple internal reflections in the thin film, scattering the emitted light. 492::Eu(II):Dy(III), is a material developed in 1993 by Nemoto & Co. engineer Yasumitsu Aoki with higher brightness and significantly longer glow persistence; it produces green and aqua hues, where green gives the highest brightness and aqua the longest glow time. SrAl 190:

from the applied radiation, exciting it to a higher energy level. After losing some energy in non-radiative transitions, it eventually transitions back to its ground state energy level by fluorescence, emitting a photon of lower energy in the visible light

628:

degrade by surface excitation, coulombic damage, build-up of electric charge, and thermal quenching. Electron-stimulated reactions of the surface are directly correlated to loss of brightness. The electrons dissociate impurities in the environment, the

1092:

spectrum and emits intense broadband visible emission. Its luminance and color does not change significantly with temperature, due to the temperature-stable crystal structure. It has a great potential as a green down-conversion phosphor for white

530:

degrades, atoms – often the activators – diffuse through the material, the surface undergoes chemical reactions with the environment with consequent loss of efficiency or buildup of a layer absorbing the exciting and/or radiated energy, etc.

1668:; its color purity and brightness at low excitation densities is worse than the zinc sulfide alternative, but it behaves linear at high excitation energy densities, while zinc sulfide saturates. However, it also saturates, so 6583:

Wang, Ching-Wu; Sheu, Tong-Ji; Su, Yan-Kuin; Yokoyama, Meiso (1997). "Deep Traps and Mechanism of Brightness Degradation in Mn-doped ZnS Thin-Film Electroluminescent Devices Grown by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition".

1257:

can be increased by several methods. In addition to black masking of unused areas of screen, the phosphor particles in color screens are coated with pigments of matching color. For example, the red phosphors are coated with

982:

can be exploited in light sources. Such sources typically emit from a large area, which makes them suitable for backlights of LCD displays. The excitation of the phosphor is usually achieved by application of high-intensity

504:

for strontium aluminate range from 200 to 450 nm. The wavelength for its green formulation is 520 nm, its blue-green version emits at 505 nm, and the blue one emits at 490 nm. Colors with longer

1413:

Such displays can have high resolution, due to absence of two-dimensional structuring of RGB CRT phosphors. Their color palette is, however, very limited. They were used e.g. in some older military radar displays.

1104:

White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet-emitting LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based red- and blue-emitting phosphors plus green-emitting copper- and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide

379:, and usually require post-annealing at temperatures of ~1000 °C, which is undesirable for many applications. However, proper optimization of the growth process allows manufacturers to avoid the annealing. 1057:

and can even be further adjusted by substituting some or all of the aluminium in the YAG with gallium. However, this process is not one of phosphorescence. The yellow light is produced by a process known as

1490:

The red phosphor saw the most changes; it was originally manganese-activated zinc phosphate, then a silver-activated cadmium-zinc sulfide, then the europium(III) activated phosphors appeared; first in an

812:

situated remotely, the method may be used for moving surfaces such as high speed motor surfaces. Also, phosphor may be applied to the end of an optical fiber as an optical analog of a thermocouple.

6768:

Hamzehpoor, E; Ruchlin, C.; Tao, Y.; Liu, C. H.; Titi, H. M.; Perepichka, D. F. (2022). "Efficient room-temperature phosphorescence of covalent organic frameworks through covalent halogen doping".

6382: 1189:

activated with europium is used as the red phosphor in color CRTs. The development of color TV took a long time due to the search for a red phosphor. The first red emitting rare-earth phosphor, YVO

1700:

is bright but water-sensitive, degradation-prone, and the plate-like morphology of its crystals hampers its use; these problems are solved now, so it is gaining use due to its higher linearity.

1474:

The composition of the phosphors changed over time, as better phosphors were developed and as environmental concerns led to lowering the content of cadmium and later abandoning it entirely. The

7029: 1466:

Color CRTs require three different phosphors, emitting in red, green and blue, patterned on the screen. Three separate electron guns are used for color production (except for displays that use

740:

Loosely packed phosphors, e.g. when an excess of silica gel (formed from the potassium silicate binder) is present, have tendency to locally overheat due to poor thermal conductivity. E.g.

7302: 677:

loss) is proportional to the phosphor's exposure to electrons and can be observed on some CRT screens that displayed the same image (e.g. a terminal login screen) for prolonged periods.

534:

The degradation of electroluminescent devices depends on frequency of driving current, the luminance level, and temperature; moisture impairs phosphor lifetime very noticeably as well.

1173:

phosphor used in black and white television CRTs. Mixes of yellow and blue phosphors are usual. Mixes of red, green and blue, or a single white phosphor, can also be encountered.

6657: 786:

lamps consist of a blue or ultra-violet emitter with a phosphor coating that emits at longer wavelengths, giving a full spectrum of visible light. Unfocused and undeflected

122:

substances which emit the energy after a delay, so they keep glowing after the radiation is turned off, decaying in brightness over a period of milliseconds to days.

1238:, the ZnS:Ag, when excited by electrons, provides strong blue glow with maximum at 450 nm, with short afterglow with 200 nanosecond duration. It is known as the 1193::Eu, was introduced by Levine and Palilla as a primary color in television in 1964. In single crystal form, it was used as an excellent polarizer and laser material. 241:

In the conduction band, electrons are independent of their associated holes. Those electrons and holes are captured successively by impurity centers exciting certain

556:

phosphor, undergoes oxidation of the dopant during baking. Three mechanisms are involved; absorption of oxygen atoms into oxygen vacancies on the crystal surface,

453:, yields blue light with glow times up to 12 hours, red and orange are modifications of the zinc sulfide formula. Red color can be obtained from strontium sulfide. 1410:

low electron flux, both phosphors emit together; at higher fluxes, the luminous contribution of the nonsaturating phosphor prevails, changing the combined color.

1097:; a yellow variant also exists (α-SiAlON). For white LEDs, a blue LED is used with a yellow phosphor, or with a green and yellow SiAlON phosphor and a red CaAlSiN 474:

emit color depending on their ratio; increasing of the CdS content shifts the output color towards longer wavelengths; its persistence ranges between 1–10 hours.

987:, usually with suitable frequency. Current electroluminescent light sources tend to degrade with use, resulting in their relatively short operation lifetimes. 782:

found, for example, in aircraft instrument panels, use a phosphor layer to produce glare-free illumination or as numeric and graphic display devices. White

290:

can play the role of the impurity.) The wavelength emitted by the emission center is dependent on the atom itself and on the surrounding crystal structure.

1378:

As the compositions contain discrete grains of different phosphors, they produce image that may not be entirely smooth. A single, white-emitting phosphor,

272:

compounds of various types. In inorganic phosphors, these inhomogeneities in the crystal structure are created usually by addition of a trace amount of

7017: 6990: 1152:, usually with a single phosphor color, typically green. Phosphors for such applications may have long afterglow, for increased image persistence. 997:

Powder or AC electroluminescence is found in a variety of backlight and night light applications. Several groups offer branded EL offerings (e.g.

153:

art. Phosphorescent materials are used where a persistent light is needed, such as glow-in-the-dark watch faces and aircraft instruments, and in

864:

is well known in solutions of phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes and doped polymers. In recent years, phosphorescence porous materials(such as

7306: 1120:

Many white LEDs used in general lighting systems can be used for data transfer, as, for example, in systems that modulate the LED to act as a

7394: 7236: 7212: 6420: 6186: 114:; when they return to their former level they emit the energy as light of a certain color. Phosphors can be classified into two categories: 6686: 7512: 7432: 6975: 603: 1638:, where the beam power density can be two orders of magnitude higher than in conventional CRTs, some different phosphors have to be used. 1375:(blue + green + red – does not contain cadmium and has poor efficiency). The color tone can be adjusted by the ratios of the components. 245:

not accessible to the excitons. The delayed de-excitation of those metastable impurity states, slowed by reliance on the low-probability

6636: 883:

first appeared in 1959 as guides for machines to sort mail. Around the world many varieties exist with different amounts of banding.

1471:

light made it impossible to see the dim picture, while portable black-and-white TVs viewable in outdoor sunlight were already common.

238:

until they are captured as a whole by impurity centers. They then rapidly de-excite by emitting scintillation light (fast component).

613:, by reaction of water molecules with the dopant; the traps act as centers for nonradiative recombination. The traps also damage the 7473: 7460: 7438: 6306: 7450: 7413: 1352:

The black-and-white television screens require an emission color close to white. Usually, a combination of phosphors is employed.

872:) have shown promising oxygen sensing capabilities, for their non-linear gas-adsorption in ultra-low partial pressures of oxygen. 7044: 6848: 7336: 6891: 6867: 6811:

Xie, Z.; Ma, L.; deKrafft, K. E.; Jin, A.; Lin, W. (2010). "Porous phosphorescent coordination polymers for oxygen sensing".

6489:

Tanno, Hiroaki; Fukasawa, Takayuki; Zhang, Shuxiu; Shinoda, Tsutae; Kajiyama, Hiroshi (2009). "Lifetime Improvement of BaMgAl

1001:

used in some Timex watches) or "Lighttape", another trade name of an electroluminescent material, used in electroluminescent

913:

materials, where the phosphor was excited by the alpha- and beta-decaying isotopes, to create luminescent paint for dials of

564:

from Eu(II) to absorbed oxygen atoms, leading to formation of Eu(III) with corresponding loss of emissivity. Thin coating of

2943:

Display tubes, Electronic Portal Imaging Devices (EPIDs) used in radiation therapy linear accelerators for cancer treatment

588:

in the plasma displays significantly extends the lifetime of BAM:Eu phosphor, by reducing the Eu(III) atoms back to Eu(II).

157:

to allow the target 'blips' to remain visible as the radar beam rotates. CRT phosphors were standardized beginning around

865: 7502: 1005:. The Apollo space program is often credited with being the first significant use of EL for backlights and lighting. 2047:

Radar screens; turns from translucent white to dark magenta, stays changed until erased by heating or infrared light

599::Eu phosphors under electron bombardment in presence of oxygen form a non-phosphorescent layer on the surface, where 500::Eu:Dy is about 10 times brighter, 10 times longer glowing, and 10 times more expensive than ZnS:Cu. The excitation 7507: 7099:

Levine, Albert K.; Palilla, Frank C. (1964). "A new, highly efficient red-emitting cathodoluminescent phosphor (YVO

2557: 2074: 869: 779: 6941: 1246:, is still one of the most efficient phosphors in cathode-ray tubes. It is used as a blue phosphor in color CRTs. 196: 179: 3063: 2985: 1026: 861: 186:

shows the energy levels in a fluorescing atom in a phosphor. An electron in the phosphor absorbs a high-energy

569: 576:

blocking access of oxygen to the BAM phosphor, for the cost of reduction of phosphor efficiency. Addition of

537:

Harder, high-melting, water-insoluble materials display lower tendency to lose luminescence under operation.

518:

Many phosphors tend to lose efficiency gradually by several mechanisms. The activators can undergo change of

118:

substances which emit the energy immediately and stop glowing when the exciting radiation is turned off, and

6445: 2172: 2013: 1059: 630: 6284: 6236: 600: 372:) can be used to quench the afterglow and shorten the decay part of the phosphor emission characteristics. 231: 1386: 625: 391:

of the phosphor, process conditions must be controlled to prevent oxidation of the phosphor activators or

4308: 4188: 4037: 3851: 1463:

black-and-white CRTs. Effects related to electron irradiation degradation are therefore more pronounced.

7492: 7471:

Inorganic Phosphors Compositions, Preparation and Optical Properties, William M. Yen and Marvin J. Weber

7059: 7002: 2914: 1898: 1635: 1499: 880: 138: 3203: 3027: 509:

can be obtained from the strontium aluminate as well, though for the price of some loss of brightness.

7155: 7112: 6724: 6593: 6557: 6506: 6454: 6343: 6263: 6215: 1262:(replacing earlier Cd(S,Se) due to cadmium toxicity), blue phosphors can be coated with marine blue ( 1014: 962: 947:

doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu) is the most common phosphor used and yields blue-green light. Copper and

808: 803: 609:

ZnS:Mn, used in AC thin-film electroluminescent (ACTFEL) devices degrades mainly due to formation of

299: 278: 253:, the activator impurities are typically chosen so that the emitted light is in the visible range or 142: 6252:"Fine yellow α-SiAlON:Eu phosphors for white LEDs prepared by the gas-reduction–nitridation method" 6143: 3341: 2202: 979: 974: 565: 519: 477: 246: 84: 7229: 6916: 1002: 6793: 6671: 6609: 6522: 4922: 4203: 1794: 463:

activator is the most common phosphor for the glow-in-the-dark toys and items. It is also called

60: 38: 6971: 6309:. Chapter 5 extensively discusses history, application and manufacturing of phosphors for lamps. 990:

ZnS:Cu was the first formulation successfully displaying electroluminescence, tested at 1936 by

7427: 26: 7497: 7390: 7384: 7332: 7208: 7200: 6828: 6785: 6750: 6651: 6416: 6410: 6359: 6302: 6182: 6158: 4929: 4396: 3787: 1344:). Green phosphors based on ZnS:Cu do not have to be coated due to their own yellowish color. 1254: 934: 904: 845: 840:. Generally, the persistence of the phosphor increases as the wavelength increases. See also 771: 561: 442: 416: 183: 168: 134: 125:

Fluorescent materials are used in applications in which the phosphor is excited continuously:

6443:

Bizarri, G; Moine, B (2005). "On phosphor degradation mechanism: thermal treatment effects".

1385:

The screens are typically covered with phosphor using sedimentation coating, where particles

7423: 7163: 7120: 7074: 6820: 6777: 6740: 6732: 6601: 6565: 6514: 6462: 6351: 6271: 6223: 6044: 5356: 5335: 4411: 3757: 1731: 1491: 1263: 1144: 1110: 1077: 991: 921:). Between 1913 and 1950 radium-228 and radium-226 were used to activate a phosphor made of 787: 767: 662: 621: 383: 365: 265: 254: 242: 126: 96: 1382:

overcomes this obstacle. Due to its low efficiency, it is used only on very small screens.

7477: 7470: 7464: 7454: 7417: 6871: 6852: 6065: 4918: 4888: 3017: 2470: 1467: 1200: 888: 821: 634: 614: 610: 527: 471: 438: 368:. The activators prolong the emission time (afterglow). In turn, other materials (such as 258: 235: 208: 119: 76: 48: 7458: 7448: 7410: 7159: 7116: 6728: 6597: 6561: 6510: 6458: 6347: 6267: 6219: 1441:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1062:, the complete absence of an afterglow being one of the characteristics of the process. 167:, the light-emitting chemical element for which phosphors are named, emits light due to 6745: 6712: 6323: 6014: 5339: 984: 938: 930: 638: 581: 553: 388: 287: 215:

band (located just below the conduction band and separated from the valence band by an

146: 68: 6864: 6845: 6713:"Ultra-sensitive optical oxygen sensors for characterization of nearly anoxic systems" 6637:"PPT presentation in Polish (Link to achieved version; Original site isn't available)" 6250:

Li, Hui-Li; Hirosaki, Naoto; Xie, Rong-Jun; Suehiro, Takayuki; Mitomo, Mamoru (2007).

7486: 6797: 5989: 4696: 1860: 1495: 1442: 1089: 884: 573: 392: 224: 220: 88: 7352: 6613: 6526: 6884: 5342: 1259: 1165:(in black-and-white): The mix of zinc cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide silver, the 1149: 918: 791: 670: 650: 456: 303: 250: 204: 158: 111: 72: 64: 7022:

Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

6377: 6466: 1140:

Spectra of constituent blue, green and red phosphors in a common cathode-ray tube

7443: 7365:

Lagos C (1974) "Strontium aluminate phosphor activated by cerium and manganese"

6153: 1293: 1085: 910: 892: 833:

ZnS:Cu phosphor is used in glow-in-the-dark cosmetic creams frequently used for

506: 501: 283: 150: 130: 115: 92: 80: 6781: 6276: 6251: 6228: 6203: 7367: 5871: 5364: 2535: 2498: 1739: 1066: 1054: 841: 646: 617:. Phosphor aging leads to decreased brightness and elevated threshold voltage. 424: 412: 269: 216: 164: 20: 6363: 249:, again results in light emission (slow component). In the case of inorganic 3794: 2852: 2028: 1935: 1772: 1761: 1649:

can be used as an alternative that is more linear at high energy densities.

1156: 948: 929:

brightness significantly faster than the depletion of radium. ZnS:Ag coated

834: 775: 557: 523: 397: 357: 353: 6832: 6789: 6754: 6569: 6518: 1427: 1136: 44: 6682: 6605: 6540:

Ntwaeaborwa, O. M.; Hillie, K. T.; Swart, H. C. (2004). "Degradation of Y

2042: 1401: 1081: 734: 681: 654: 577: 481: 405: 375:

Many phosphor powders are produced in low-temperature processes, such as

341: 333: 107: 103: 6204:"Silicon-based oxynitride and nitride phosphors for white LEDs—A review" 1397:

For displaying of a limited palette of colors, there are a few options.

737:

ions, remaining from incomplete removal of flux from phosphor synthesis.

223:

behind, in the valence band. Impurities create electronic levels in the

34: 7078: 6949: 6736: 1653: 1270: 1186: 1179: 1050: 958: 837: 827: 446: 428: 401: 376: 361: 349: 329: 325: 298:

Phosphors are usually made from a suitable host material with an added

212: 200: 7444:

Silicon-based oxynitride and nitride phosphors for white LEDs—A review

7124: 6824: 6355: 2466: 1235: 1217: 1121: 1073: 1070: 1022: 944: 925: 922: 730::Mn (P1) degrades by desorption of oxygen under electron bombardment. 680:

Europium(II)-doped alkaline earth aluminates degrade by formation of

658: 642: 460: 420: 369: 337: 313: 307: 273: 187: 7168: 7139: 961:

is also used as a source of radiation in various products utilizing

1502:. The evolution of the phosphors was therefore (ordered by B-G-R): 1148:

widely used in scientific and engineering instrumentation, such as

6322:

Matsuzawa, T.; Aoki, Y.; Takeuchi, N.; Murayama, Y. (1996-08-01).

6148: 5331: 2169: 2107: 2010: 1182: 1135: 1018: 914: 585: 321: 178: 154: 43: 33: 25: 830:

used to mold the toys, or mixed with a binder for use as paints.

752::Tb is subject to accelerated degradation at higher temperatures. 6711:

Lehner, P.; Staudinger, C.; Borisov, S. M.; Klimant, l. (2014).

1253:

To reduce the image degradation by reflection of ambient light,

770:, and are also used to improve the balance of light produced by 666: 345: 1228:, provides green light peaking at 531 nm, with long glow. 195:

The scintillation process in inorganic materials is due to the

7386:

Luminescence and Display Phosphors: Phenomena and Applications

6942:"Luminescence and temperature dependency of β-SiAlON phosphor" 6324:"A New Long Phosphorescent Phosphor with High Brightness, SrAl 1421: 1094: 783: 826:

In these applications, the phosphor is directly added to the

7018:"Frequency characteristics of modern LED phosphor materials" 6674:

Vacuum light sources — High speed stroboscopic light sources

7329:

The Cathode-Ray Tube: Technology, History, and Applications

6639:. Tubedevices.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-28 2814:

Photographic registration on orthochromatic film materials

2238:

Flying spot scanning systems and photographic applications

2143:

Flying spot scanning systems and photographic applications

1482:

with lower cadmium/zinc ratio, and then with cadmium-free

778:

use phosphor layers to produce different colors of light.

6299:

Revolution in lamps: a chronicle of 50 years of progress

5330:

Some other phosphors commercially available, for use as

203:. An incoming particle can excite an electron from the 161:

and designated by the letter "P" followed by a number.

6380:, "Phosphorescent phosphor", issued 1994-02-25 766:

Phosphor layers provide most of the light produced by

415:

of emission maximum (in nanometers, or alternatively

411:

The commonly quoted parameters for phosphors are the

102:

When a phosphor is exposed to radiation, the orbital

7138:

Fields, R. A.; Birnbaum, M.; Fincher, C. L. (1987).

1927:

Black and white TV CRTs and display tubes, Cd free.

6970:Hideyoshi Kume, Nikkei Electronics (Sep 15, 2009). 887:are sometimes collected by whether or not they are 733:Oxide phosphors can degrade rapidly in presence of 2077:; Oscilloscopes (for fast photographic recording) 860:(which has a triplet ground state) as a result of 6656:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2527:Registered by United States Radium Corporation. 1389:in a solution are let to settle on the surface. 1439:about time period of each phosphor composition. 7060:"Phosphors for LED-based Solid-State Lighting" 67:; it emits light when exposed to some type of 7467:– RCA Manual, Fluorescent screens (P1 to P24) 5811:For electrons, suitable for photomultipliers 5770:For electrons, suitable for photomultipliers 5731:For electrons, suitable for photomultipliers 4844:High Pressure Mercury and Metal Halide Lamps 994:in Madame Marie Curie laboratories in Paris. 8: 6497::Eu Phosphor by Hydrogen Plasma Treatment". 6412:Advances in electronics and electron physics 1234:Combination of zinc sulfide with few ppm of 1021:LEDs with a coating of a suitable material. 707::Ce degrades by loss of luminescent Ce ions. 302:. The best known type is a copper-activated 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 4657:2600 to 9900 K, for very high output lamps 1889:Black and white TV CRTs and display tubes. 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 5671:Intensifying phosphor for X-ray and gamma 5642:Intensifying phosphor for X-ray and gamma 5002:Special fluorescent lamps for medical use 2390:Registered by Allen B DuMont Laboratories 1721: 560:of Eu(II) along the conductive layer, and 7167: 6744: 6275: 6227: 1155:The phosphors can be deposited as either 665:, forming nonradiative layer of metallic 427:at 50% of intensity), and decay time (in 7411:a history of electroluminescent displays 6972:"Sharp to Employ White LED Using Sialon" 6917:"Sharp to Employ White LED Using Sialon" 5789: 5785: 5781: 5462: 5458: 5347: 4180:Wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component 3874:Wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component 2016:, old EKG monitors, early oscilloscopes 1709: 1705: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1621: 1617: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1580: 1562: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1512: 1370: 1366: 1109:. This is a method analogous to the way 129:(CRT) and plasma video display screens, 87:substances which glow when struck by an 6317: 6315: 6202:Xie, Rong-Jun; Hirosaki, Naoto (2007). 6169: 4546:Wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component 4069:Wide bandwidth, deluxe blend component 6692:from the original on 20 September 2016 6649: 6336:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2732:Oscilloscopes and monochrome monitors 423:for white blends), the peak width (in 7297: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7201:"VI: Phosphors for cathode ray tubes" 7067:The Electrochemical Society Interface 6991:"New sialon phosphors and white LEDs" 6989:Naoto, Hirosaki; et al. (2005). 6297:Kane, Raymond and Sell, Heinz (2001) 909:Zinc sulfide phosphors are used with 79:substances which glow on exposure to 7: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7242:from the original on 19 January 2013 7058:Setlur, Anant A. (1 December 2009). 6846:SEEING PHOSPHOR BANDS on U.K. STAMPS 1645:is employed. However, it saturates. 7045:"Discussing LED lighting phosphors" 6586:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 6499:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 4969:High-pressure mercury lamps, 1960s 856:Quenching of the triplet state by O 7303:"Osram Sylvania fluorescent lamps" 6409:Peter W. Hawkes (1 October 1990). 6179:The Shocking History of Phosphorus 5919:For alpha particles and electrons 5891:For alpha particles and electrons 606:nonradiatively via surface states. 14: 7016:Fudin, M.S.; et al. (2014). 6415:. Academic Press. pp. 350–. 1216:Combination of zinc sulfide with 633:then attack the surface and form 320:The host materials are typically 59:is a substance that exhibits the 7032:from the original on 2015-06-26. 6978:from the original on 2012-02-23. 6283: 6235: 6035:For X-ray, alpha, and electrons 6006:For X-ray, alpha, and electrons 5147:Monochromatic lamps for copiers 5066:Medical and scientific UV lamps 4472:Wide bandwidth, blend component 1426: 1359:(blue + yellow). Other ones are 1210:, provides strong yellow light. 669:. Sulfur can be also removed as 7383:Arunachalam Lakshmanan (2008). 7331:. Palisades Press. p. 17. 7207:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 6897:from the original on 2016-12-21 4724:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 4689:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 4389:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 4360:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 4332:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 4030:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 3911:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 3710:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 3599:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 3562:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 3528:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 3496:Trichromatic fluorescent lamps 2688:Alternating P2 and P25 stripes 2524:CRT, Direct viewing television 1355:The most common combination is 1348:Black-and-white television CRTs 1084:(II)-doped β-SiAlON absorbs in 937:in his experiments discovering 230:The excitons are loosely bound 7043:Bush, Steve (March 14, 2014). 6885:"Apollo Lunar Surface Journal" 6301:, 2nd ed. The Fairmont Press. 5036:Black-light fluorescent lamps 3178:(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Cl+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,Cl 2594:Military Displays - 7UP25 CRT 2457:Green phosphor for TV screens 19:For the chemical element, see 1: 7144:diode-laser end-pumped laser" 2154:Blue with Orange persistence 1995:Blue with Yellow persistence 891:with phosphor (or printed on 653:on the surface; the reactive 219:). This leaves an associated 71:. The term is used both for 7439:Composition of CRT phosphors 7433:CRT Phosphor Characteristics 7230:"Cathode Ray Tube Phosphors" 7103::Eu) for color television". 6946:Samsung Electro Mechanics Co 6467:10.1016/j.jlumin.2004.09.119 5613:Efficient but low-res X-ray 5566:Efficient but low-res X-ray 4754:High-pressure mercury lamps 2431:Red phosphor for TV screens 1080:and can serve as phosphors. 955:yields yellow-orange light. 7513:Phosphors and scintillators 6940:Youn-Gon Park; et al. 2558:vacuum fluorescent displays 2342:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag or (Zn,Cd)S:Cu 870:Covalent organic frameworks 780:Electroluminescent displays 572:is effective in creating a 7529: 7001:(11): 1449. Archived from 6782:10.1038/s41557-022-01070-4 6277:10.1016/j.stam.2007.09.003 6229:10.1016/j.stam.2007.08.005 6102:Cerium doped YAG phosphor 5485:X-ray, neutrons and gamma 5448:X-ray, neutrons and gamma 5413:X-ray, neutrons and gamma 3153:ZnS:Cu,Al or ZnS:Cu,Au,Al 2773:Bluish Green-Yellow Green 2691:Blue-Green/Orange stripes 1714:is used for red emission. 1393:Reduced-palette color CRTs 972: 902: 819: 801: 30:Example of phosphorescence 18: 7199:Shionoya, Shigeo (1999). 5863:Ultrafast, for electrons 5837:Ultrafast, for electrons 4891: · 0.5 MgF 3658:456 nm, 514 nm 2654:Color TV monitor service 1242:phosphor. This material, 310:-activated zinc sulfide ( 197:electronic band structure 7353:"VFD｜Futaba Corporation" 7140:"Highly efficient Nd:YVO 6256:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater 6208:Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater 3832:433 nm/466 nm 3621:456 nm,514 nm 2556:most common phosphor in 2258:Blue-Short, Yellow-Long 1723:Standard phosphor types 1101:-based (CASN) phosphor. 866:Metal–organic frameworks 570:lanthanum(III) phosphate 470:Mix of zinc sulfide and 234:that wander through the 110:are excited to a higher 7148:Applied Physics Letters 7105:Applied Physics Letters 6550:Physica Status Solidi C 6548::Eu phosphor powders". 6446:Journal of Luminescence 1718:Standard phosphor types 1357:ZnS:Ag + (Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al 631:reactive oxygen species 620:ZnS-based phosphors in 171:, not phosphorescence. 7327:Keller, Peter (1991). 6626:Lakshmanan, pp. 51, 76 6570:10.1002/pssc.200404813 6519:10.1143/JJAP.48.092303 5700:Intensifying phosphor 4921: · 0.5 1636:projection televisions 1630:Projection televisions 1437:is missing information 1403:beam penetration tubes 1365:ZnS:Ag + ZnS:Cu,Al + Y 1141: 881:Phosphor banded stamps 862:Dexter energy transfer 848:-based glowing items. 459:with about 5 ppm of a 192: 175:Light-emission process 83:or visible light, and 52: 41: 31: 7368:U.S. patent 3,836,477 6717:Nature Communications 6181:. London: Macmillan. 6177:Emsley, John (2000). 5319:Black light displays 2201:Television pickup by 2151:ZnS:Ag on ZnS:CdS:Cu 1418:Color television CRTs 1363:(blue + yellow), and 1139: 1015:light-emitting diodes 933:screens were used by 816:Glow-in-the-dark toys 182: 139:scintillation sensors 47: 37: 29: 16:Luminescent substance 7235:. bunkerofdoom.com. 7228:Jankowiak, Patrick. 6685:, Ltd. August 1958. 6606:10.1143/JJAP.36.2728 2714:ZnS:Cu or ZnS:Cu,Ag 2203:flying-spot scanning 2055:ZnS:Ag,Cl or ZnS:Zn 1863:monochrome monitors 1696:can be substituted. 1361:ZnS:Ag + (Zn,Cd)S:Ag 1205:zinc cadmium sulfide 1167:ZnS:Ag + (Zn,Cd)S:Ag 963:tritium illumination 809:Phosphor thermometry 804:Phosphor thermometry 798:Phosphor thermometry 661:from the surface as 514:Phosphor degradation 276:, impurities called 264:Phosphors are often 7389:. Nova Publishers. 7355:. 27 February 2021. 7160:1987ApPhL..51.1885F 7117:1964ApPhL...5..118L 6729:2014NatCo...5.4460L 6598:1997JaJAP..36.2728W 6562:2004PSSCR...1.2366N 6511:2009JaJAP..48i2303T 6479:Lakshmanan, p. 171. 6459:2005JLum..113..199B 6348:1996JElS..143.2670M 6268:2007STAdM...8..601L 6220:2007STAdM...8..588X 6144:Cathodoluminescence 5349: 2888:ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Cu 2509:ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag 2175:, old EKG monitors 1871:ZnS:Ag+(Zn,Cd)S:Ag 1795:monochrome monitors 1724: 1614: – 1606: – 1577: – 1573: – 1559: – 1555: – 1546: – 1542: – 1521: – 1509: – 1244:zinc sulfide silver 980:Electroluminescence 975:Electroluminescence 969:Electroluminescence 951:doped zinc sulfide 645:, and nonradiative 601:electron–hole pairs 566:aluminium phosphate 478:Strontium aluminate 382:Phosphors used for 247:forbidden mechanism 232:electron–hole pairs 131:fluoroscope screens 7503:Display technology 7476:2016-03-06 at the 7463:2023-04-10 at the 7453:2023-04-10 at the 7416:2012-04-30 at the 7189:Lakshmanan, p. 54. 7079:10.1149/2.F04094IF 6870:2017-03-17 at the 6851:2015-10-19 at the 6737:10.1038/ncomms5460 5348: 4654:Fluorescent lamps 4617:Fluorescent lamps 4580:Fluorescent lamps 4543:Fluorescent lamps 4531:Light Orange-Pink 3427:Computer displays 3011:Very short (70ns) 2497:Blue phosphor for 2073:Display tubes and 1967:ZnS:Ag+ZnS:CdS:Ag 1793:Oscilloscopes and 1722: 1500:yttrium oxysulfide 1478:was replaced with 1142: 790:have been used as 772:metal halide lamps 304:zinc sulfide (ZnS) 193: 135:fluorescent lights 85:cathodoluminescent 53: 42: 39:Monochrome monitor 32: 7508:Optical materials 7396:978-1-60456-018-3 7214:978-0-8493-7560-6 7205:Phosphor handbook 7125:10.1063/1.1723611 6825:10.1021/ja909629f 6422:978-0-12-014679-6 6356:10.1149/1.1837067 6188:978-0-330-39005-7 6159:Photoluminescence 6119: 6118: 5519:Low-energy X-ray 5375:X-ray absorption 5336:neutron detectors 5323: 5322: 4620:Lite-white blend 3334:Projection tubes 3231:Projection tubes 3121:Projection tubes 3095:Projection tubes 1498:and currently in 1460: 1459: 1380:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,Au,Al 1145:Cathode-ray tubes 1132:Cathode-ray tubes 1111:fluorescent lamps 1017:are usually blue 935:Ernest Rutherford 917:and instruments ( 905:Radioluminescence 899:Radioluminescence 846:chemiluminescence 792:stroboscope lamps 788:cathode-ray tubes 768:fluorescent lamps 562:electron transfer 443:strontium sulfide 417:color temperature 384:fluorescent lamps 366:rare-earth metals 328:and oxynitrides, 282:. (In rare cases 243:metastable states 184:Jablonski diagram 169:chemiluminescence 127:cathode-ray tubes 7520: 7400: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7309:on July 24, 2011 7305:. Archived from 7299: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7234: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7064: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6948:. Archived from 6937: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6875: 6862: 6856: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6813:J. Am. Chem. Soc 6808: 6802: 6801: 6770:Nature Chemistry 6765: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6680: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6655: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6406: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6342:(8): 2670–2673. 6319: 6310: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6174: 6078: 6077:LiF/ZnS:Cu,Al,Au 6066:thermal neutrons 5793: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5583: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5537: 5536: 5466: 5350: 4895: · GeO 4642:White-Cold/Warm 3297:Beam-index tube 3055:Beam-index tube 2717:Yellowish-green 2515:575,460 nm 2299:Medium to Short 2293:545,405 nm 2252:504,391 nm 2195:Extremely Short 2189:504,391 nm 2027:Green-absorbing 1998:558,440 nm 1973:565,460 nm 1877:565,540 nm 1725: 1713: 1699: 1695: 1683: 1667: 1648: 1647:(La,Gd)OBr:Ce,Tb 1644: 1641:For blue color, 1625: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1588: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1520: 1508: 1494:matrix, then in 1492:yttrium vanadate 1485: 1481: 1477: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1430: 1422: 1381: 1374: 1362: 1358: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1279: 1227: 1209: 1203:, the resulting 1199:When mixed with 1168: 1108: 1078:photoluminescent 992:Georges Destriau 954: 751: 750: 749: 729: 728: 727: 719: 718: 706: 705: 704: 696: 695: 663:hydrogen sulfide 611:deep-level traps 452: 266:transition-metal 261:are effective. 259:photomultipliers 97:cathode-ray tube 7528: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7483: 7482: 7478:Wayback Machine 7465:Wayback Machine 7455:Wayback Machine 7428:Phosphorescence 7418:Wayback Machine 7407: 7397: 7382: 7379: 7374: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7312: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7177: 7169:10.1063/1.98500 7143: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7015: 7014: 7010: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6953: 6939: 6938: 6934: 6925: 6923: 6915:XTECH, NIKKEI. 6914: 6913: 6909: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6872:Wayback Machine 6863: 6859: 6853:Wayback Machine 6844: 6840: 6810: 6809: 6805: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6678: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6534: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6408: 6407: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6140: 6076: 5935: 5931: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5712: 5682: 5653: 5624: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5500: 5496: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5428: 5424: 5393: 5389: 5328: 5300: 5296: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5229: 5225: 5195: 5191: 5162: 5158: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5084: 5080: 5050: 5020: 5016: 4986: 4982: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4933: 4926: 4898: 4894: 4861: 4857: 4828: 4799: 4770: 4766: 4738: 4734: 4704: 4700: 4671: 4667: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4370: 4342: 4312: 4301:Wide bandwidth 4282: 4278: 4274: 4264:Wide bandwidth 4245: 4241: 4237: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4143:Wide bandwidth 4124: 4120: 4116: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3855: 3844:Wide bandwidth 3825: 3791: 3761: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3661:50 nm 50% 3652::Eu(II),Mn(II) 3651: 3647: 3643: 3614: 3610: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3559:Lamp, displays 3543: 3539: 3510: 3506: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3441: 3437: 3408: 3404: 3375: 3345: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3241: 3211: 3207: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3035: 3031: 3018:Beam-index tube 2997: 2993: 2989: 2958: 2954: 2922: 2918: 2860: 2856: 2825: 2743: 2662:(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Cl 2639:Reddish Orange 2635: 2605: 2575: 2571: 2478: 2474: 2439:(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2371: 2315: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2219: 2215: 2128:Reddish-Orange 2124: 2120: 2088: 2043:Dark-trace CRTs 1939: 1906: 1902: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1804:ZnS:Cu(Ag)(B*) 1769: 1765: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1468:beam-index tube 1456: 1450: 1447: 1440: 1431: 1420: 1395: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1271: 1225: 1207: 1201:cadmium sulfide 1192: 1166: 1134: 1106: 1100: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1011: 977: 971: 952: 907: 901: 878: 859: 854: 824: 822:Phosphorescence 818: 806: 800: 764: 759: 748: 745: 744: 743: 741: 726: 723: 722: 721: 717: 714: 713: 712: 710: 703: 700: 699: 698: 694: 691: 690: 689: 687: 641:with traces of 635:carbon monoxide 615:crystal lattice 598: 594: 551: 547: 528:crystal lattice 516: 499: 495: 491: 487: 472:cadmium sulfide 450: 439:Calcium sulfide 296: 288:crystal defects 236:crystal lattice 209:conduction band 177: 147:luminous paints 49:Aperture grille 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7526: 7524: 7516: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7468: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7421: 7406: 7405:External links 7403: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7358: 7344: 7337: 7319: 7253: 7220: 7213: 7191: 7175: 7141: 7130: 7100: 7091: 7050: 7035: 7008: 7005:on 2010-04-04. 6981: 6962: 6932: 6907: 6876: 6865:Phosphor Bands 6857: 6838: 6819:(3): 922–923. 6803: 6760: 6703: 6663: 6628: 6619: 6575: 6545: 6541: 6532: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6472: 6435: 6421: 6388: 6369: 6329: 6325: 6311: 6290: 6242: 6194: 6187: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5954:For electrons 5952: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5589: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5542: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5340:alpha particle 5327: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4413: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4205: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260:Display tubes 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2906:Display tubes 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2880:Display tubes 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2844:Radar screens 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829:Orange-Yellow 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2762:Radar screens 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2706:Radar screens 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2680:Display tubes 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2624:Radar screens 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2360:Display tubes 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2334:Radar screens 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319:Orange-Yellow 2317: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1900: 1897:ZnS:Ag+ZnS:Cu+ 1895: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1822:Oscilloscopes 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1719: 1716: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1601: 1575:(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al 1568: 1567:(1964–?) 1550: 1537: 1480:(Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al 1476:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag,Cl 1458: 1457: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1394: 1391: 1349: 1346: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1285: 1276: 1190: 1133: 1130: 1098: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1010: 1007: 985:electric field 973:Main article: 970: 967: 939:atomic nucleus 931:spinthariscope 903:Main article: 900: 897: 885:Postage stamps 877: 876:Postage stamps 874: 857: 853: 852:Oxygen sensing 850: 820:Main article: 817: 814: 802:Main article: 799: 796: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 746: 738: 731: 724: 715: 708: 701: 692: 685: 678: 674: 639:carbon dioxide 618: 607: 596: 592: 589: 582:reducing agent 580:, acting as a 554:plasma-display 549: 545: 515: 512: 511: 510: 497: 493: 489: 485: 475: 468: 454: 449:as activator, 295: 292: 207:to either the 176: 173: 120:phosphorescent 77:phosphorescent 69:radiant energy 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7525: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7388: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7359: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7320: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7238: 7231: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7134: 7131: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7095: 7092: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6963: 6952:on 2010-04-12 6951: 6947: 6943: 6936: 6933: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6908: 6893: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6842: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6667: 6664: 6659: 6653: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6623: 6620: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6536: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6505:(9): 092303. 6504: 6500: 6485: 6482: 6476: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6439: 6436: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6373: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6307:0-88173-378-4 6304: 6300: 6294: 6291: 6286: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6243: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6095:For neutrons 6094: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5345:, etc., are: 5344: 5343:scintillators 5341: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5053: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4928: · 4927: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4409: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4201: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3881:(Sr,Eu,Ba,Ca) 3880: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3371: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3350:Yellow-Green 3349: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3319:Yellow-Green 3318: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3080:Yellow-Green 3079: 3076: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2928:Yellow-Green 2927: 2924: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2808:Medium Short 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345:Yellow-Green 2344: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2246:ZnO,ZnCdS:Cu 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1896: 1894:P4 (Cd-free) 1893: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854:Medium/13 ms 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1701: 1655: 1652:For green, a 1650: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1602: 1569: 1551: 1538: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496:yttrium oxide 1493: 1487: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1454: 1444: 1438: 1435:This section 1433: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1295: 1291: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169:is the white 1164: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1150:oscilloscopes 1146: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1102: 1096: 1091: 1090:visible light 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1060:scintillation 1056: 1052: 1048: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 988: 986: 981: 976: 968: 966: 964: 960: 956: 950: 946: 942: 940: 936: 932: 927: 924: 920: 916: 912: 906: 898: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 875: 873: 871: 867: 863: 851: 849: 847: 843: 839: 836: 831: 829: 823: 815: 813: 810: 805: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 761: 756: 739: 736: 732: 709: 686: 683: 682:color centers 679: 675: 672: 671:sulfur oxides 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 605: 602: 590: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:barrier layer 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 552::Eu (BAM), a 543: 542: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 525: 521: 513: 508: 503: 483: 480:activated by 479: 476: 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 455: 448: 444: 440: 437: 436: 435: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 394: 393:contamination 390: 385: 380: 378: 373: 371: 367: 364:, or various 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 315: 312:zinc sulfide 309: 305: 301: 293: 291: 289: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 268:compounds or 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 251:scintillators 248: 244: 239: 237: 233: 228: 226: 225:forbidden gap 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199:found in the 198: 189: 185: 181: 174: 172: 170: 166: 162: 160: 156: 155:radar screens 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 98: 94: 90: 89:electron beam 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51:CRT phosphors 50: 46: 40: 36: 28: 22: 7493:Luminescence 7424:Fluorescence 7385: 7377:Bibliography 7361: 7347: 7328: 7322: 7311:. Retrieved 7307:the original 7244:. Retrieved 7223: 7204: 7194: 7154:(23): 1885. 7151: 7147: 7133: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7082:. Retrieved 7073:(4): 32–36. 7070: 7066: 7053: 7038: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7003:the original 6998: 6994: 6984: 6965: 6954:. Retrieved 6950:the original 6945: 6935: 6924:. Retrieved 6921:NIKKEI XTECH 6920: 6910: 6899:. Retrieved 6879: 6860: 6841: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6776:(1): 83–90. 6773: 6769: 6763: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6694:. Retrieved 6673: 6666: 6641:. Retrieved 6631: 6622: 6592:(5A): 2728. 6589: 6585: 6578: 6553: 6549: 6535: 6502: 6498: 6484: 6475: 6453:(3–4): 199. 6450: 6444: 6438: 6426:. Retrieved 6411: 6372: 6339: 6335: 6298: 6293: 6262:(7–8): 601. 6259: 6255: 6245: 6214:(7–8): 588. 6211: 6207: 6197: 6178: 6172: 6075: 6043: 6013: 5988: 5962: 5927: 5899: 5870: 5844: 5818: 5778: 5739: 5708: 5678: 5649: 5620: 5574: 5527: 5492: 5455: 5420: 5385: 5329: 5286:Ultraviolet 5274:365 nm 5271:Ultraviolet 5248:Ultraviolet 5236:368 nm 5233:Ultraviolet 5214:Ultraviolet 5202:366 nm 5199:Ultraviolet 5181:Ultraviolet 5169:350 nm 5166:Ultraviolet 5135:515 nm 5103:Ultraviolet 5091:295 nm 5088:Ultraviolet 5069:Ultraviolet 5057:320 nm 5054:Ultraviolet 5039:Ultraviolet 5027:340 nm 5024:Ultraviolet 5005:Ultraviolet 4993:313 nm 4990:Ultraviolet 4960:660 nm 4905:655 nm 4868:626 nm 4835:619 nm 4806:619 nm 4777:658 nm 4745:658 nm 4712:611 nm 4571:630 nm 4537:120 nm 4534:626 nm 4497:625 nm 4463:146 nm 4460:610 nm 4457:Orange-Pink 4423:568 nm 4377:546 nm 4367:(La,Ce,Tb)PO 4339:(La,Ce,Tb)PO 4320:544 nm 4292:127 nm 4289:509 nm 4255:127 nm 4252:509 nm 4215:502 nm 4171:143 nm 4168:494 nm 4134:117 nm 4131:482 nm 4094:480 nm 4057:460 nm 4018:453 nm 3977:452 nm 3936:447 nm 3865:118 nm 3862:473 nm 3835:111 nm 3803:417 nm 3769:615 nm 3766:Orange-Pink 3738:528 nm 3698:543 nm 3587:450 nm 3550:450 nm 3516:546 nm 3382:588 nm 3353:550 nm 3322:544 nm 3285:520 nm 3248:545 nm 3219:545 nm 3159:530 nm 3134:450 nm 3109:450 nm 3083:544 nm 3043:400 nm 3005:530 nm 2977:Viewfinders 2965:545 nm 2931:545 nm 2868:525 nm 2832:590 nm 2802:455 nm 2796:ZnS,ZnSe:Ag 2750:590 nm 2642:635 nm 2612:595 nm 2582:610 nm 2544:505 nm 2445:530 nm 2419:611 nm 2378:605 nm 2348:555 nm 2322:590 nm 2249:Blue-Yellow 2226:380 nm 2223:Blue-Purple 2163:Medium/long 2131:640 nm 2101:Medium/long 2095:590 nm 2061:460 nm 1992:(Zn,Cd)S:Cu 1947:430 nm 1848:602 nm 1810:543 nm 1781:525 nm 1747:Persistence 1702: 1651: 1640: 1633: 1612:ZnS:Au,Cu,Al 1488: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1451:October 2020 1448: 1436: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1384: 1377: 1354: 1351: 1267: 1260:ferric oxide 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1224:phosphor or 1221: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1196: 1195: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1143: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1103: 1064: 1034: 1030: 1025:(III)-doped 1012: 1003:light strips 998: 996: 989: 978: 957: 943: 919:radium dials 908: 879: 855: 832: 825: 807: 794:since 1958. 765: 757:Applications 651:zinc sulfate 539: 536: 533: 517: 464: 457:Zinc sulfide 433: 410: 381: 374: 319: 311: 297: 284:dislocations 277: 263: 240: 229: 205:valence band 194: 163: 159:World War II 124: 112:energy level 101: 93:cathode rays 65:luminescence 56: 54: 7435:(P numbers) 6995:Oyo Butsuri 6676:data sheet" 6556:(9): 2366. 6154:Luminophore 5981:For X-rays 5357:Composition 5304:Blue-Green 5277:68 nm 5239:15 nm 5172:40 nm 5138:22 nm 5094:34 nm 5060:38 nm 5030:52 nm 4832:Orange-Red 4803:Orange-Red 4767:(F)(Ge,Sn)O 4748:17 nm 4568:Orange-red 4494:Orange-Red 4286:Blue-Green 4249:Blue-Green 4165:Blue-Green 4097:82 nm 4091:Blue-Green 4060:98 nm 3939:32 nm 3772:83 nm 3655:Blue-Green 3618:Blue-Green 3590:52 nm 3503:(Ce,Tb)MgAl 3442::Eu+ZnS:Ag 3049:Very short 2799:Blue-White 2387:CRT, Radar 2232:Very Short 2186:Blue-Green 1953:Very Short 1807:Blue-Green 1784:40 nm 1744:Peak width 1732:Composition 1656:-activated 1557:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag 1548:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag 1544:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag 1294:ultramarine 1208:(Zn,Cd)S:Ag 1107:(ZnS:Cu,Al) 1086:ultraviolet 953:(ZnS:Cu,Mg) 911:radioactive 893:luminescent 774:. Various 507:wavelengths 502:wavelengths 451:(Ca,Sr)S:Bi 387:During the 151:black light 116:fluorescent 81:ultraviolet 73:fluorescent 7487:Categories 7338:0963155903 7313:2009-06-06 7111:(6): 118. 7084:5 December 6956:2009-09-24 6926:2019-01-10 6901:2017-02-12 6643:2016-12-15 6378:US5424006A 6165:References 5872:Anthracene 5372:Afterglow 5365:Wavelength 4935: :Mn 4899: :Mn 4715:4 nm 4442:(Ca,Zn,Mg) 4380:6 nm 3996:(Sr,Ca,Ba) 3955:(Ca,Sr,Ba) 3859:Pale Blue 3519:9 nm 3103:ZnS:Ag,Al 2782:Very Long 2756:> 1sec 2726:0.01-1 ms 2067:0.01-1 ms 1790:CRT, Lamp 1740:Wavelength 1117:currents. 1067:rare-earth 1055:gadolinium 1009:White LEDs 842:lightstick 776:neon signs 647:zinc oxide 540:Examples: 434:Examples: 425:nanometers 413:wavelength 279:activators 270:rare-earth 217:energy gap 165:Phosphorus 61:phenomenon 21:phosphorus 7028:(6): 71. 6798:253183290 6428:9 January 6364:0013-4651 6332:: Eu, Dy" 5898:plastic ( 5855:<5 ns 5829:<1 ns 5465:S:Pr,Ce,F 5353:Phosphor 5334:screens, 4917:3.5 4887:3.5 4631:(F,Cl)(PO 3795:Scheelite 3467:(Ba,Eu)Mg 2354:1–100 ms 2279::Ti, BeSi 2070:CRT, VFD 2029:scotophor 1773:Willemite 1728:Phosphor 1643:ZnS:Ag,Cl 1608:ZnS:Cu,Al 1484:ZnS:Cu,Al 1443:talk page 1387:suspended 1157:thin film 949:magnesium 835:Halloween 604:recombine 558:diffusion 524:oxidation 522:(usually 467:phosphor. 398:beryllium 358:aluminium 354:manganese 342:silicates 334:selenides 300:activator 294:Materials 286:or other 108:molecules 104:electrons 7498:Lighting 7474:Archived 7461:Archived 7451:Archived 7414:Archived 7237:Archived 7030:Archived 6976:Archived 6892:Archived 6868:Archived 6849:Archived 6833:20041656 6790:36302870 6755:25042041 6723:: 4460. 6687:Archived 6683:Ferranti 6652:cite web 6614:98131548 6527:94464554 6138:See also 5973:Minutes 5301::Mn(II) 5196::Eu(II) 4705::Eu(III) 4565::Sn(II) 3930::Eu(II) 3581::Eu(II) 3438::Tb+InBO 3405::Tb+InBO 3100:P55, BM 3060:P53, KJ 3024:P47, BH 2982:P46, KG 2948:P45, WB 2911:P43, GY 2885:P40, GA 2849:P39, GR 2822:(Zn,Mg)F 2819:P38, LK 2737:P33, LD 2711:P31, GH 2659:P28, KE 2599:P26, LC 2550:1–10 μs 2532:P24, GE 2501:screens 2375:Reddish 2339:P20, KA 2309:P19, LF 2052:P11, BE 1787:1-100ms 1698:LaOBr:Tb 1255:contrast 1082:Europium 895:paper). 889:"tagged" 838:make-ups 762:Lighting 735:fluoride 657:removes 655:hydrogen 578:hydrogen 482:europium 406:thallium 330:sulfides 326:nitrides 306:and the 257:, where 201:crystals 141:, white 57:phosphor 7156:Bibcode 7113:Bibcode 6746:4109599 6725:Bibcode 6594:Bibcode 6558:Bibcode 6507:Bibcode 6455:Bibcode 6344:Bibcode 6264:Bibcode 6216:Bibcode 6105:Yellow 6085:565 nm 6054:455 nm 6047:/ZnS:Ag 6024:545 nm 5970:520 nm 5943:530 nm 5911:2.4 ns 5908:400 nm 5880:447 nm 5852:390 nm 5826:525 nm 5803:250 ns 5800:530 nm 5784:(Al,Ga) 5759:550 nm 5720:370 nm 5689:500 nm 5660:410 nm 5631:475 nm 5602:630 nm 5555:560 nm 5508:513 nm 5473:513 nm 5436:513 nm 5404:850 μs 5401:627 nm 5326:Various 4796:Y(P,V)O 4639::Sb,Mn 4602::Sb,Mn 4553:(Sr,Mg) 4516:(Sr,Mg) 4479:(Zn,Sr) 4420:Yellow 4417::Ce,Mn 4371::Ce,Tb 4314::Ce,Tb 4283::Sb,Mn 4246::Sb,Mn 4209::Sb,Mn 4150:(Ba,Ti) 4050::Sn(II) 3763::Pb,Mn 3692::Ce,Tb 3615::Eu,Mn 3544::Eu,Mn 3379:Yellow 3308:(Al,Ga) 3271:(Al,Ga) 3128:ZnS:Ag 2937:Medium 2862::Mn,As 2747:Orange 2700:Medium 2674:Medium 2665:Yellow 2648:Medium 2609:Orange 2602:(KF,MgF 2588:Medium 2579:Orange 2576::Pb:Mn 2465:ZnS:Ag+ 2406:S:Eu+Fe 2312:(KF,MgF 2183:ZnO:Zn 2137:Medium 2092:Orange 2085:Zn(Mg)F 1845:Yellow 1758:P1, GJ 1654:terbium 1197:Yellow: 1187:sulfide 1180:Yttrium 1074:Sialons 1051:terbium 999:IndiGlo 959:Tritium 915:watches 828:plastic 526:), the 520:valence 447:bismuth 429:seconds 421:kelvins 402:cadmium 377:sol-gel 362:silicon 350:cadmium 338:halides 274:dopants 255:near-UV 213:exciton 211:or the 191:region. 106:in its 95:) in a 7457:& 7393: 7335: 7211: 6831: 6796: 6788: 6753: 6743: 6612: 6525: 6419: 6384: 6362: 6305: 6185: 6088:35 μs 6082:Green 6057:80 μs 6021:Green 5967:Green 5963:ZnS:Cu 5946:11 ns 5940:Green 5900:EJ-212 5883:32 ns 5845:ZnO:Ga 5823:Green 5819:CdS:In 5797:Green 5762:70 ns 5756:Green 5723:25 ns 5692:80 μs 5686:White 5663:20 μs 5634:28 μs 5605:80 μs 5558:80 μs 5552:Green 5505:White 5470:Green 5433:Green 5378:Usage 5369:Decay 5361:Color 5132:Green 5013:LaMgAl 4735:(F)GeO 4664:(Y,Eu) 4605:3800K 4374:Green 4345:Green 4317:Green 3735:Green 3725::Mn,Sb 3695:Green 3607:BaMgAl 3536:BaMgAl 3513:Green 3445:White 3412:amber 3328:Short 3291:Short 3282:Green 3245:Green 3242:OS:Tb 3216:Green 3181:White 3156:Green 3115:Short 3089:Short 3002:Green 2971:Short 2962:White 2891:White 2865:Green 2541:Green 2521:Short 2512:White 2491:Short 2451:Short 2442:Green 2425:Short 2290:White 2271:CaMgSi 2212:CaMgSi 1979:Short 1970:White 1921:Short 1912:White 1883:Short 1874:White 1778:Green 1753:Notes 1750:Usage 1736:Color 1604:ZnS:Ag 1571:ZnS:Ag 1553:ZnS:Ag 1540:ZnS:Ag 1507:ZnS:Ag 1236:silver 1226:ZnS:Cu 1220:, the 1218:copper 1214:Green: 1122:beacon 1113:work. 1031:YAG:Ce 1023:Cerium 1013:White 945:Copper 923:silver 659:sulfur 643:carbon 544:BaMgAl 484:, SrAl 461:copper 389:firing 370:nickel 322:oxides 314:silver 308:silver 188:photon 145:, and 7246:1 May 7240:(PDF) 7233:(PDF) 7063:(PDF) 6895:(PDF) 6888:(PDF) 6794:S2CID 6696:7 May 6690:(PDF) 6679:(PDF) 6610:S2CID 6523:S2CID 6149:Laser 6051:Blue 6027:5 μs 5976:Long 5905:Blue 5877:Blue 5849:Blue 5717:Blue 5657:Blue 5628:Blue 5511:7 μs 5482:High 5476:7 μs 5445:High 5439:4 μs 5410:High 5332:X-ray 5316:Lamp 5283:Lamp 5245:Lamp 5211:Lamp 5178:Lamp 5144:Lamp 5100:Lamp 4914:Lamp 4877:Lamp 4862:S:Eu 4815:Lamp 4786:Lamp 4721:Lamp 4686:Lamp 4506:Lamp 4469:Lamp 4432:Lamp 4386:Lamp 4357:Lamp 4329:Lamp 4298:Lamp 4261:Lamp 4224:Lamp 4212:Blue 4177:Lamp 4140:Lamp 4128:Blue 4103:Lamp 4066:Lamp 4054:Blue 4027:Lamp 4015:Blue 3986:Lamp 3974:Blue 3945:Lamp 3933:Blue 3922:Cl(PO 3908:Lamp 3896:Blue 3871:Lamp 3841:Lamp 3829:Blue 3812:Lamp 3800:Blue 3778:Lamp 3758:CaSiO 3747:Lamp 3707:Lamp 3667:Lamp 3630:Lamp 3596:Lamp 3584:Blue 3547:Blue 3525:Lamp 3493:Lamp 3481:Blue 3131:Blue 3106:Blue 3040:Blue 2959:S:Tb 2900:Long 2874:Long 2838:Long 2618:Long 2606:):Mn 2482:Blue 2462:P22B 2436:P22G 2395:P22R 2328:Long 2316:):Mn 2170:Radar 2108:Radar 2058:Blue 2039:Long 2011:Radar 2004:Long 1959:Film 1944:Blue 1861:Amber 1834::BeSi 1816:Long 1771::Mn ( 1292:) or 1232:Blue: 1183:oxide 1163:White 1071:doped 1065:Some 1033:, or 1019:InGaN 926:doped 586:argon 584:, to 445:with 441:with 404:, or 7391:ISBN 7333:ISBN 7248:2012 7209:ISBN 7086:2022 6829:PMID 6786:PMID 6751:PMID 6698:2017 6658:link 6430:2012 6417:ISBN 6360:ISSN 6303:ISBN 6183:ISBN 6072:NDg 6064:For 6030:Yes 5949:Low 5806:Low 5775:YGG 5736:YAG 5709:YAlO 5705:YAP 5679:MgWO 5650:CaWO 5621:CdWO 5608:Yes 5599:Red 5594:S:Ag 5571:HSr 5561:Yes 5547:S:Ag 5501:S:Pr 5429:S:Pr 5407:Yes 5398:Red 5394:S:Eu 5293:MgGa 5268::Pb 5260:MgSi 5253:SMS 5230::Eu 5219:SBE 5188:SrFB 5163::Pb 5155:BaSi 5152:BSP 5128:0.15 5124:0.15 5116:0.75 5110:SrAl 5085::Ce 5077:SrAl 5074:SAC 5051::Ce 5047:LaPO 5044:LAP 5021::Ce 5010:CAM 4987::Pb 4979:SrAl 4957:Red 4954::Mn 4902:Red 4865:Red 4829::Eu 4800::Eu 4774:Red 4771::Mn 4742:Red 4739::Mn 4709:Red 4674:Red 4594:F(PO 4528::Sn 4491::Mn 4454::Sn 4309:LaPO 4275:F(PO 4238:F(PO 4162::Ti 4125::Sb 4117:F(PO 4088::Eu 4012::Eu 3971::Eu 3852:MgWO 3826::Pb 3822:CaWO 3788:CaWO 3684:MgAl 3682:0.33 3678:0.67 3640:BaMg 3604:BAM 3569:BaMg 3533:BAM 3457:CRT 3434:InBO 3424:CRT 3409::Eu 3401:InBO 3391:CRT 3376::Eu 3372:InBO 3362:CRT 3347::Tb 3342:InBO 3331:CRT 3316::Tb 3294:CRT 3279::Ce 3257:CRT 3228:CRT 3213::Tb 3193:CRT 3168:CRT 3143:CRT 3118:CRT 3092:CRT 3077::Tb 3052:CRT 3037::Ce 3014:CRT 2999::Ce 2974:CRT 2940:CRT 2925::Tb 2903:CRT 2877:CRT 2841:CRT 2826::Mn 2811:CRT 2793:P35 2785:CRT 2767:P34 2759:CRT 2744::Mn 2729:CRT 2703:CRT 2685:P29 2677:CRT 2651:CRT 2636::Mn 2632:ZnPO 2629:P27 2621:CRT 2591:CRT 2568:CaSi 2565:P25 2553:VFD 2538::Zn 2506:P23 2494:CRT 2469:-on- 2454:CRT 2428:CRT 2416:Red 2372::Mn 2365:P21 2357:CRT 2331:CRT 2302:CRT 2287::Mn 2268:P18 2261:CRT 2243:P17 2235:CRT 2220::Ce 2209:P16 2198:CRT 2180:P15 2166:CRT 2148:P14 2140:CRT 2125::Mn 2117:MgSi 2114:P13 2104:CRT 2089::Mn 2082:P12 2075:VFDs 2024:KCl 2021:P10 2007:CRT 1982:CRT 1956:CRT 1936:CaWO 1924:CRT 1909::Eu 1886:CRT 1857:CRT 1842::Mn 1819:CRT 1712:S:Eu 1634:For 1624:S:Eu 1587:S:Eu 1373:S:Eu 1240:P22B 1177:Red: 1095:LEDs 1088:and 1076:are 1053:and 868:and 844:for 742:InBO 667:zinc 649:and 637:and 626:FEDs 624:and 622:CRTs 346:zinc 221:hole 149:for 143:LEDs 7164:doi 7121:doi 7075:doi 6821:doi 6817:132 6778:doi 6741:PMC 6733:doi 6602:doi 6566:doi 6515:doi 6463:doi 6451:113 6352:doi 6340:143 6272:doi 6224:doi 6045:LiF 6040:ND 6017::Tl 6015:CsI 5992::Tl 5990:NaI 5959:GS 5936::Mn 5932:SiO 5924:P1 5914:No 5886:No 5858:No 5832:No 5792::Ce 5765:No 5752::Ce 5726:No 5713::Ce 5695:No 5666:No 5637:No 5590:0.6 5581:0.4 5543:0.4 5534:0.5 5524:HS 5514:No 5479:No 5442:No 5222:SrB 5122::Ce 4930:GeO 4923:MgF 4919:MgO 4889:MgO 4825:YVO 4557:(PO 4520:(PO 4483:(PO 4446:(PO 4412:CaF 4401:(PO 4204:SrF 4193:(PO 4000:(PO 3959:(PO 3893:Cl 3885:(PO 3721:SiO 3208:SiO 3032:SiO 2857:SiO 2740:MgF 2536:ZnO 2368:MgF 2173:PPI 2014:PPI 1989:P7 1964:P6 1941::W 1932:P5 1868:P4 1827:P3 1801:P2 1766:SiO 1694::Tb 1690:SiO 1684:or 1682::Tb 1610:or 1599::Eu 1589:or 1565::Eu 1561:YVO 1535::Mn 1527:(PO 1519::Mn 1515:SiO 1400:In 1264:CoO 1222:P31 1047::Ce 1027:YAG 784:LED 720:SiO 697:SiO 568:or 431:). 419:in 344:of 340:or 317:). 133:, 75:or 63:of 7489:: 7426:, 7256:^ 7203:. 7178:^ 7162:. 7152:51 7150:. 7146:. 7119:. 7107:. 7071:18 7069:. 7065:. 7026:14 7024:. 7020:. 6999:74 6997:. 6993:. 6974:. 6944:. 6919:. 6890:. 6827:. 6815:. 6792:. 6784:. 6774:15 6772:. 6749:. 6739:. 6731:. 6719:. 6715:. 6681:. 6654:}} 6650:{{ 6608:. 6600:. 6590:36 6588:. 6564:. 6552:. 6521:. 6513:. 6503:48 6501:. 6495:17 6491:10 6461:. 6449:. 6391:^ 6358:. 6350:. 6338:. 6334:. 6314:^ 6270:. 6258:. 6254:. 6222:. 6210:. 6206:. 5928:Zn 5902:) 5790:12 5750:12 5744:Al 5585:Cd 5576:Zn 5538:Cd 5529:Zn 5457:Gd 5421:Gd 5386:Gd 5338:, 5313:– 5310:– 5307:– 5280:– 5256:Sr 5242:– 5208:– 5205:– 5175:– 5141:– 5126:Mn 5120:19 5114:Si 5112:11 5097:– 5083:19 5079:12 5063:– 5033:– 5019:19 5015:11 4999:– 4996:– 4972:– 4966:– 4963:– 4952:11 4946:As 4942:Mg 4911:– 4908:– 4880:– 4874:– 4871:– 4847:– 4841:– 4838:– 4818:– 4812:– 4809:– 4789:– 4783:– 4780:– 4763:Mg 4751:– 4731:Mg 4718:– 4683:– 4680:– 4677:– 4651:– 4648:– 4645:– 4627:Ca 4614:– 4611:– 4608:– 4590:Ca 4583:– 4577:– 4574:– 4540:– 4509:– 4503:– 4500:– 4466:– 4435:– 4429:– 4426:– 4397:Ca 4383:– 4354:– 4351:– 4348:– 4326:– 4323:– 4295:– 4271:Sr 4258:– 4234:Sr 4227:– 4221:– 4218:– 4189:Sr 4174:– 4137:– 4113:Ca 4106:– 4100:– 4086:20 4084:BO 4076:Sr 4063:– 4038:Sr 4024:– 4021:– 4008:Cl 3998:10 3989:– 3983:– 3980:– 3967:Cl 3948:– 3942:– 3918:Sr 3905:– 3902:– 3899:– 3868:– 3838:– 3815:– 3809:– 3806:– 3797:) 3775:– 3750:– 3744:– 3741:– 3717:Zn 3704:– 3701:– 3690:19 3686:11 3680:Tb 3676:Ce 3664:– 3650:27 3646:16 3644:Al 3633:– 3627:– 3624:– 3613:17 3609:10 3593:– 3579:27 3575:16 3573:Al 3556:– 3553:– 3542:17 3538:10 3522:– 3509:19 3505:11 3490:– 3487:– 3484:– 3477:27 3473:16 3471:Al 3460:– 3454:– 3451:– 3448:– 3421:– 3418:– 3415:– 3394:– 3388:– 3385:– 3365:– 3359:– 3356:– 3325:– 3314:12 3288:– 3277:12 3254:– 3251:– 3225:– 3222:– 3196:– 3190:– 3187:– 3184:– 3171:– 3165:– 3162:– 3146:– 3140:– 3137:– 3112:– 3086:– 3074:12 3068:Al 3046:– 3008:– 2996:12 2990:Al 2968:– 2934:– 2915:Gd 2897:– 2894:– 2871:– 2853:Zn 2835:– 2805:– 2788:– 2779:– 2776:– 2770:– 2753:– 2723:– 2720:– 2697:– 2694:– 2671:– 2668:– 2645:– 2615:– 2585:– 2560:. 2547:– 2518:– 2499:TV 2488:– 2485:– 2471:Al 2467:Co 2448:– 2422:– 2384:– 2381:– 2351:– 2325:– 2296:– 2255:– 2229:– 2192:– 2160:– 2157:– 2134:– 2098:– 2064:– 2036:– 2033:– 2001:– 1976:– 1950:– 1918:– 1915:– 1880:– 1851:– 1840:19 1830:Zn 1813:– 1775:) 1762:Zn 1680:12 1674:Al 1666:Tb 1658:Gd 1523:Zn 1511:Zn 1486:. 1330:24 1316:Si 1307:Al 1298:Na 1272:Al 1171:P4 1124:. 1045:12 1039:Al 965:. 941:. 711:Zn 550:17 546:10 465:GS 408:. 400:, 360:, 356:, 352:, 348:, 336:, 332:, 324:, 227:. 137:, 99:. 55:A 7420:. 7399:. 7341:. 7316:. 7250:. 7217:. 7172:. 7166:: 7158:: 7142:4 7127:. 7123:: 7115:: 7109:5 7101:4 7088:. 7077:: 7047:. 6959:. 6929:. 6904:. 6874:. 6855:. 6835:. 6823:: 6800:. 6780:: 6757:. 6735:: 6727:: 6721:5 6700:. 6672:" 6660:) 6646:. 6616:. 6604:: 6596:: 6572:. 6568:: 6560:: 6554:1 6546:3 6544:O 6542:2 6529:. 6517:: 6509:: 6493:O 6469:. 6465:: 6457:: 6432:. 6366:. 6354:: 6346:: 6330:4 6328:O 6326:2 6280:. 6274:: 6266:: 6260:8 6232:. 6226:: 6218:: 6212:8 6191:. 5934:4 5930:2 5788:O 5786:5 5782:3 5780:Y 5748:O 5746:5 5742:3 5740:Y 5711:3 5681:4 5652:4 5623:4 5499:2 5497:O 5495:2 5493:Y 5463:2 5461:O 5459:2 5427:2 5425:O 5423:2 5392:2 5390:O 5388:2 5299:4 5297:O 5295:2 5266:7 5264:O 5262:2 5258:2 5228:7 5226:O 5224:4 5194:3 5192:O 5190:2 5161:5 5159:O 5157:2 5118:O 5081:O 5049:4 5017:O 4985:7 4983:O 4981:2 4950:O 4948:2 4944:5 4932:2 4925:2 4897:2 4893:2 4860:2 4858:O 4856:2 4854:Y 4827:4 4798:4 4769:6 4765:4 4737:6 4733:4 4703:3 4701:O 4699:2 4697:Y 4670:3 4668:O 4666:2 4637:3 4635:) 4633:4 4629:5 4600:3 4598:) 4596:4 4592:5 4563:2 4561:) 4559:4 4555:3 4526:2 4524:) 4522:4 4518:3 4489:2 4487:) 4485:4 4481:3 4452:2 4450:) 4448:4 4444:3 4414:2 4410:. 4407:2 4405:) 4403:4 4399:3 4369:4 4341:4 4311:4 4281:3 4279:) 4277:4 4273:5 4244:3 4242:) 4240:4 4236:5 4206:2 4202:. 4199:2 4197:) 4195:4 4191:3 4187:3 4160:7 4158:O 4156:2 4154:P 4152:2 4123:3 4121:) 4119:4 4115:5 4082:5 4080:P 4078:6 4048:7 4046:O 4044:2 4042:P 4040:2 4010:2 4006:6 4004:) 4002:4 3969:2 3965:2 3963:) 3961:4 3957:3 3928:3 3926:) 3924:4 3920:5 3891:3 3889:) 3887:4 3883:5 3854:4 3824:4 3793:( 3790:4 3760:3 3731:3 3729:O 3727:2 3723:4 3719:2 3688:O 3648:O 3642:2 3611:O 3577:O 3571:2 3540:O 3507:O 3475:O 3469:2 3440:3 3436:3 3407:3 3403:3 3374:3 3344:3 3312:O 3310:5 3306:3 3304:Y 3275:O 3273:5 3269:3 3267:Y 3240:2 3238:Y 3210:5 3206:2 3204:Y 3072:O 3070:5 3066:3 3064:Y 3034:5 3030:2 3028:Y 2994:O 2992:5 2988:3 2986:Y 2957:2 2955:O 2953:2 2951:Y 2923:S 2921:2 2919:O 2917:2 2859:4 2855:2 2824:2 2742:2 2634:4 2604:2 2574:6 2572:O 2570:2 2477:3 2475:O 2473:2 2412:3 2410:O 2408:2 2404:2 2402:O 2400:2 2398:Y 2370:2 2314:2 2285:6 2283:O 2281:2 2277:6 2275:O 2273:2 2218:6 2216:O 2214:2 2123:6 2121:O 2119:2 2087:2 1938:4 1907:S 1905:2 1903:O 1901:2 1899:Y 1838:O 1836:5 1832:8 1768:4 1764:2 1710:2 1708:O 1706:2 1704:Y 1692:5 1688:2 1686:Y 1678:O 1676:5 1672:3 1670:Y 1664:2 1662:O 1660:2 1622:2 1620:O 1618:2 1616:Y 1597:3 1595:O 1593:2 1591:Y 1585:2 1583:O 1581:2 1579:Y 1563:4 1533:2 1531:) 1529:4 1525:3 1517:4 1513:2 1453:) 1449:( 1445:. 1371:2 1369:O 1367:2 1339:2 1334:S 1325:O 1321:6 1312:6 1303:8 1296:( 1286:3 1281:O 1277:2 1268:n 1266:· 1191:4 1185:- 1099:3 1069:- 1043:O 1041:5 1037:3 1035:Y 1029:( 858:2 747:3 725:4 716:2 702:5 693:2 688:Y 684:. 673:. 597:3 595:O 593:2 591:Y 548:O 498:4 496:O 494:2 490:4 488:O 486:2 91:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index