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741:
Radio
Frequency or RF energy is also being used in devices that are being advertised for weight loss and fat removal. The possible effects RF might have on the body and whether RF can lead to fat reduction needs further study. Currently, there are devices such as
1103:
210:
When conducted by an ordinary electric cable, RF current has a tendency to reflect from discontinuities in the cable, such as connectors, and travel back down the cable toward the source, causing a condition called
1145:
746:, Venus Bliss and many others utilizing this type of energy alongside heat to target fat pockets in certain areas of the body. That being said, there is limited studies on how effective these devices are.
98:
range, though other definitions treat microwaves as a separate band from RF. These are the frequencies at which energy from an oscillating current can radiate off a conductor into space as
3130:
754:
Test apparatus for radio frequencies can include standard instruments at the lower end of the range, but at higher frequencies, the test equipment becomes more specialized.
1525:
990:
622:
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of nerve membranes. However, this does not mean RF currents are harmless; they can cause internal injury as well as serious superficial burns called
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RF current does not penetrate deeply into electrical conductors but tends to flow along their surfaces; this is known as the
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In contrast, RF current can be blocked by a coil of wire, or even a single turn or bend in a wire. This is because the
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technology, among other uses. Different sources specify different upper and lower bounds for the frequency range.
181:
air, creating a conductive path through it. This property is exploited by "high frequency" units used in electric
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that lower frequency currents produce. This is because the current changes direction too quickly to trigger
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Another property is the ability to appear to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the
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919:. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards Service. p. 520.
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RF currents applied to the body often do not cause the painful sensation and muscular contraction of
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While RF usually refers to electrical oscillations, mechanical RF systems are not uncommon: see
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Melvin A. Shiffman; Sid J. Mirrafati; Samuel M. Lam; Chelso G. Cueteaux (2007).
994:
718:
661:
182:
156:
49:
242:
of frequencies is divided into bands with conventional names designated by the
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1981:
1649:
1644:
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710:
688:
261:
189:
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145:
99:
20:
625:
letter- band frequency designations and the EU/NATO frequency designations.
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1990:
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714:
673:
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610:
193:
95:
82:
75:
69:
1503:
983:
713:) or electrical currents, have existed for over 125 years, and now include
1229:
Radio, light, and sound waves, conversion between wavelength and frequency
3527:
3395:
3245:
2964:
2954:
2871:
2696:
2519:
2005:
1822:
1800:
1795:
1765:
1565:
1224:
Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF … etc.) IK1QFK Home Page (vlf.it)
1223:
681:
91:
1202:
Measure a DUT's input power using a directional coupler and power sensor
733:(MRI) uses radio frequency fields to generate images of the human body.
185:, which use currents at higher frequencies than power distribution uses.
3300:
2959:
2944:
1874:
1860:
1252:
767:
566:
543:
535:
57:
1219:
Analog, RF and EMC Considerations in
Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Design
680:
is the technology behind the current proliferation of radio frequency
19:
This article is about the generic oscillation. For the radiation, see
3275:
2989:
2949:
2271:
2063:
2016:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1816:
1745:
574:
570:
531:
523:
500:
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933:
High
Frequency Apparatus: Its construction and practical application
705:
Medical applications of radio frequency (RF) energy, in the form of
3441:
3305:
3295:
3290:
2974:
2911:
2219:
1740:
1636:
1550:
1059:
Leonid A. Belov; Sergey M. Smolskiy; Victor N. Kochemasov (2012).
634:
149:
103:
3270:
2916:
1735:
1730:
140:
Energy from RF currents in conductors can radiate into space as
3112:
2020:
1507:
1256:
1089:
Fundamental approaches to the management of cardiac arrhythmias
3285:
2162:
1755:
1176:"RF Radio Frequency Signal Generator » Electronics Notes"
609:
Frequencies of 1 GHz and above are conventionally called
492:
487:
469:
464:
378:
268:
1578:
648:
Radio frequencies are used in communication devices such as
613:, while frequencies of 30 GHz and above are designated
1062:
Handbook of RF, Microwave, and
Millimeter-Wave Components
16:
Electromagnetic frequencies ranging from 3 kHz to 300 GHz
885:
The
Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy and Telephony
668:, to name a few. Radio frequencies are also applied in
986:
725:
scalpels used to cut and cauterize in operations, and
916:
Airframe and
Powerplant Mechanics: Airframe Handbook
3754:
3718:
3655:
3616:
3486:
3460:
3429:
3314:
3263:
3149:
2998:
2935:
2857:
2821:
2778:
2719:
2653:
2362:
2054:
1980:
1907:
1836:
1764:
1716:
1658:
1635:
1612:
584:
549:
506:
475:
452:
429:
408:
387:
366:
345:
324:
303:
288:
1035:Concepts and Applications of Microwave Engineering
887:, London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1919, p. 364"
991:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
207:of a circuit increases with increasing frequency.
200:in a circuit decreases with increasing frequency.
913:Service, United States Flight Standards (1976).
903:, 2nd ed. New York: Rinehart Books, 1932, p. 249
960:(2nd ed.). New Africa Books. p. 136.
132:, such as the 50 or 60 Hz current used in
3124:
2032:
1519:
1268:
215:. RF current may be carried efficiently over
86:. This is roughly between the upper limit of
8:
1086:Ruey J. Sung & Michael R. Lauer (2000).
3047:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1007:Jeffrey S. Beasley; Gary M. Miller (2008).
936:. US: Everyday Mechanics Company. pp.
3131:
3117:
3109:
3083:
2039:
2025:
2017:
1595:
1526:
1512:
1504:
1293:
1275:
1261:
1253:
851:
849:
1150:. Springer Science & Business Media.
34:"RF" redirects here. For other uses, see
3558:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
250:
121:) have special properties not shared by
1147:Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
1032:Kumar, Sanjay; Shukla, Saurabh (2014).
845:
701:Medical applications of radio frequency
979:
977:
94:frequencies, and also encompasses the
3588:Direct-broadcast satellite television
273:
267:
260:
253:
244:International Telecommunication Union
117:that oscillate at radio frequencies (
7:
3093:
1038:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 3.
828:Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy
3478:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
957:Principles of Surgical Patient Care
858:"What is radio frequency (RF, rf)?"
737:Non-surgical weight loss equipment
639:Radio spectrum § Applications
14:
3092:
3082:
3073:
3072:
3061:
2682:Free-space optical communication
1487:
1164:from the original on 2018-05-01.
1106:from the original on 2015-09-05.
1065:. Artech House. pp. 27–28.
3473:Quadrature amplitude modulation
1009:Modern Electronic Communication
930:Curtis, Thomas Stanley (1916).
3637:Television channel frequencies
1120:Simplified Facial Rejuvenation
1011:(9th ed.). pp. 4–5.
1:
3608:Digital television transition
3437:Multichannel television sound
997:at National Academies Press.)
787:Bandwidth (signal processing)
134:electrical power distribution
3680:Field strength in free space
3381:Horizontal blanking interval
3068:Telecommunication portal
2849:Telecommunications equipment
792:Electromagnetic interference
68:or mechanical system in the
54:alternating electric current
3578:Superheterodyne transmitter
2585:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1627:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
592:Tremendously high frequency
29:radio-frequency engineering
27:. For the electronics, see
3829:
3416:Vertical blanking interval
2289:Telecommunications history
1622:Very-high-energy gamma ray
731:Magnetic resonance imaging
698:
676:and control circuits. The
632:
621:are given by the standard
585:300 GHz – 3 THz
476:300 MHz – 3 GHz
409:300 kHz – 3 MHz
231:
33:
18:
3391:Nominal analogue blanking
3056:
2897:Public Switched Telephone
2709:telecommunication circuit
2670:Fiber-optic communication
2415:Francis Blake (telephone)
2210:Optical telecommunication
1541:
1483:
1291:
1180:www.electronics-notes.com
1144:Bethge, K. (2004-04-27).
1123:. Springer. p. 157.
1092:. Springer. p. 153.
797:Electromagnetic radiation
635:Radio § Applications
283:
280:
148:). This is the basis of
2808:Orbital angular-momentum
2245:Satellite communications
2084:Communications satellite
1535:Electromagnetic spectrum
1200:Siamack Ghadimi (2021),
802:Electromagnetic spectrum
557:Extremely high frequency
23:. For the spectrum, see
3710:Television interference
3583:Television receive-only
2687:Molecular communication
2510:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2339:Undersea telegraph line
2074:Cable protection system
758:Mechanical oscillations
727:radiofrequency ablation
588:1 mm – 0.1 mm
311:Extremely low frequency
90:and the lower limit of
3813:Television terminology
3632:Microwave transmission
3598:Terrestrial television
3593:Television transmitter
3553:Intermediate frequency
3346:Chrominance subcarrier
2829:Communication protocol
2615:Charles Sumner Tainter
2430:Walter Houser Brattain
2375:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2183:Information revolution
1583:
678:MOS integrated circuit
177:RF current can easily
102:, so they are used in
3504:Broadcast transmitter
2803:Polarization-division
2535:Narinder Singh Kapany
2500:Erna Schneider Hoover
2420:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2400:Alexander Graham Bell
2131:online video platform
1582:
721:treatment of cancer,
707:electromagnetic waves
142:electromagnetic waves
66:electromagnetic field
3746:Zero reference pulse
3731:Field strength meter
3468:Frequency modulation
3376:Horizontal scan rate
2645:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2605:Almon Brown Strowger
2575:Charles Grafton Page
2230:Prepaid mobile phone
2158:Electrical telegraph
954:Mieny, C.J. (2005).
942:electric shock pain.
901:Radio Physics Course
817:Frequency modulation
812:Frequency allocation
781:Amplitude modulation
514:Super high frequency
483:Ultra high frequency
198:capacitive reactance
3685:Noise (electronics)
3548:Intercarrier method
3508:Transmitter station
3143:broadcasting topics
2595:Johann Philipp Reis
2354:Wireless revolution
2316:The Telephone Cases
2173:Hydraulic telegraph
1668:Extreme ultraviolet
833:Spectrum management
460:Very high frequency
353:Ultra low frequency
332:Super low frequency
205:inductive reactance
130:alternating current
36:RF (disambiguation)
3573:Split sound system
3523:Differential phase
2793:Frequency-division
2770:Telephone exchange
2640:Charles Wheatstone
2570:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2545:Innocenzo Manzetti
2480:Reginald Fessenden
2215:Optical telegraphy
2048:Telecommunications
1673:Vacuum ultraviolet
1584:
1246:2008-08-20 at the
1234:2012-03-11 at the
984:IEEE Std 521-2002
856:Jessica Scarpati.
685:telecommunications
672:systems including
374:Very low frequency
217:transmission lines
196:. This is because
72:range from around
3785:
3784:
3700:Radiation pattern
3518:Differential gain
3140:Analog television
3106:
3105:
2844:Store and forward
2839:Data transmission
2753:Network switching
2704:Transmission line
2550:Guglielmo Marconi
2515:Internet pioneers
2380:Mohamed M. Atalla
2349:Whistled language
2014:
2013:
1718:Visible (optical)
1501:
1500:
1478:
1477:
1241:RF Terms Glossary
1130:978-3-540-71096-7
1099:978-0-7923-6559-4
1072:978-1-60807-209-5
764:mechanical filter
619:band designations
605:
604:
479:1 m – 100 mm
412:1 km – 100 m
346:300–3000 Hz
115:Electric currents
110:Electric current
88:audio frequencies
3820:
3803:Radio technology
3627:Frequency offset
3568:Residual carrier
3513:Cavity amplifier
3411:Television lines
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3096:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3064:
2937:Notable networks
2927:Wireless network
2867:Cellular network
2859:Types of network
2834:Computer network
2721:Network topology
2635:Thomas A. Watson
2490:Oliver Heaviside
2475:Philo Farnsworth
2450:Daniel Davis Jr.
2425:Charles Bourseul
2385:John Logie Baird
2094:Data compression
2089:Computer network
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1494:Radio portal
1492:
1491:
1490:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1191:
1190:
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1135:
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1114:
1108:
1107:
1083:
1077:
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1056:
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1049:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1004:
998:
995:Convenience copy
981:
972:
971:
951:
945:
944:
927:
921:
920:
910:
904:
899:A. A. Ghirardi,
897:
891:
890:
883:"J. A. Fleming,
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
862:SearchNetworking
853:
687:devices such as
617:. More detailed
550:30–300 GHz
453:30–300 MHz
416:Medium frequency
388:30–300 kHz
289:Below 3 Hz
251:
85:
78:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3750:
3726:Distortionmeter
3714:
3651:
3612:
3543:Frequency mixer
3499:Antenna (radio)
3482:
3456:
3425:
3366:Composite video
3310:
3259:
3145:
3137:
3107:
3102:
3062:
3060:
3052:
2994:
2931:
2853:
2817:
2774:
2723:
2715:
2656:
2649:
2555:Robert Metcalfe
2410:Tim Berners-Lee
2358:
2178:Information Age
2050:
2045:
2015:
2010:
1976:
1903:
1878:
1864:
1832:
1760:
1712:
1654:
1631:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1537:
1532:
1502:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1470:300 GHz/1 mm
1469:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1426:
1425:300 MHz/1 m
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1380:300 kHz/1 km
1379:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1335:300 Hz/1 Mm
1334:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1287:
1281:
1248:Wayback Machine
1236:Wayback Machine
1215:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1001:
982:
975:
968:
953:
952:
948:
929:
928:
924:
912:
911:
907:
898:
894:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
855:
854:
847:
842:
837:
823:Plastic welding
807:EMF measurement
776:
760:
752:
739:
703:
697:
670:carrier current
646:
641:
631:
615:millimeter wave
325:30–300 Hz
264:
256:
236:
230:
228:Frequency bands
192:insulator of a
127:audio frequency
112:
80:
73:
42:Radio frequency
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3798:Radio spectrum
3790:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
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3764:
3758:
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3751:
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3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:Dipole antenna
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:Sound-in-Syncs
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Blanking level
3333:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3243:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Space-division
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Camille Tissot
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Claude Shannon
2597:
2592:
2590:Tivadar Puskás
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Antonio Meucci
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Charles K. Kao
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:Harold Hopkins
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Emile Berliner
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Videotelephony
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2240:Radiotelephone
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Internet video
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1798:
1793:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
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1664:
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1656:
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1653:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1460:
1455:30 GHz/10 mm
1447:
1445:
1432:
1430:
1417:
1415:
1410:30 MHz/10 m
1402:
1400:
1387:
1385:
1372:
1370:
1365:30 kHz/10 km
1357:
1355:
1342:
1340:
1327:
1325:
1320:30 Hz/10 Mm
1312:
1310:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:Radio spectrum
1282:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1213:External links
1211:
1208:
1207:
1192:
1167:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1109:
1098:
1078:
1071:
1051:
1045:978-8120349353
1044:
1024:
1018:978-0132251136
1017:
999:
973:
966:
946:
922:
905:
892:
874:
844:
843:
841:
838:
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835:
830:
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820:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
777:
775:
772:
759:
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751:
748:
738:
735:
723:electrosurgery
699:Main article:
696:
693:
645:
644:Communications
642:
630:
627:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
594:
589:
586:
582:
581:
564:
559:
554:
551:
547:
546:
521:
516:
511:
510:100–10 mm
508:
507:3–30 GHz
504:
503:
490:
485:
480:
477:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
454:
450:
449:
444:
439:
437:High frequency
434:
431:
430:3–30 MHz
427:
426:
423:
418:
413:
410:
406:
405:
402:
397:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
376:
371:
370:100–10 km
368:
367:3–30 kHz
364:
363:
360:
355:
350:
349:10–100 km
347:
343:
342:
339:
334:
329:
326:
322:
321:
318:
313:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
295:
293:
292:>10 km
290:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
272:
266:
259:
240:radio spectrum
234:Radio spectrum
232:Main article:
229:
226:
225:
224:
221:coaxial cables
213:standing waves
208:
201:
186:
175:
168:depolarization
164:electric shock
160:
153:
123:direct current
111:
108:
64:, electric or
25:radio spectrum
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3825:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3778:
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3753:
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3724:
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3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
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3635:
3633:
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3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:White clipper
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Frame (video)
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:Color systems
3262:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2813:Code-division
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Time-division
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:and switching
2722:
2718:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2675:optical fiber
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Coaxial cable
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Radia Perlman
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:Lee de Forest
2468:
2466:
2465:Thomas Edison
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Donald Davies
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Claude Chappe
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
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2388:
2386:
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2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
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2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:Smoke signals
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:Semiconductor
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
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2243:
2241:
2238:
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2233:
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2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
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2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2121:Digital media
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
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1940:
1938:
1935:
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1930:
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1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
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1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
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1859:
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1852:
1849:
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1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
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1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
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1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1482:
1473:
1472:3 THz/0.1 mm
1468:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:300 GHz/1 mm
1453:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:30 GHz/10 mm
1440:3 GHz/100 mm
1438:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:3 GHz/100 mm
1423:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1395:3 MHz/100 m
1393:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1367:300 kHz/1 km
1363:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1352:30 kHz/10 km
1350:3 kHz/100 km
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1337:3 kHz/100 km
1333:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1305:3 Hz/100 Mm
1303:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1157:9783540208051
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
980:
978:
974:
969:
967:9781869280055
963:
959:
958:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
926:
923:
918:
917:
909:
906:
902:
896:
893:
888:
886:
878:
875:
863:
859:
852:
850:
846:
839:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
779:
778:
773:
771:
769:
765:
757:
755:
749:
747:
745:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:mobile phones
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
640:
636:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
455:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:100–10 m
432:
428:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
411:
407:
403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Low frequency
393:
390:
386:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
369:
365:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
348:
344:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:10–10 km
327:
323:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:10–10 km
306:
304:3–30 Hz
302:
298:
296:
294:
291:
287:
284:Abbreviation
279:
276:
270:
263:
258:
252:
249:
248:
247:
245:
241:
235:
227:
222:
218:
214:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
137:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
30:
26:
22:
3772:Hanover bars
3617:
3563:Pre-emphasis
3487:Transmission
3452:Zweikanalton
3356:Color killer
3281:Clear-Vision
2780:Multiplexing
2655:Transmission
2620:Nikola Tesla
2610:Henry Sutton
2565:Samuel Morse
2495:Robert Hooke
2460:Amos Dolbear
2395:John Bardeen
2314:
2294:Telautograph
2198:Mobile phone
2153:Edholm's law
2136:social media
2069:Broadcasting
1908:
1586:
1485:
1464:
1463:
1449:
1448:
1434:
1433:
1419:
1418:
1412:300 MHz/1 m
1404:
1403:
1397:30 MHz/10 m
1389:
1388:
1382:3 MHz/100 m
1374:
1373:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1322:300 Hz/1 Mm
1314:
1313:
1307:30 Hz/10 Mm
1299:
1298:
1201:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1146:
1139:
1119:
1112:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1054:
1034:
1027:
1008:
1002:
985:
956:
949:
941:
932:
925:
915:
908:
900:
895:
884:
877:
865:. Retrieved
861:
761:
753:
744:trusculpt ID
740:
704:
650:transmitters
647:
629:Applications
608:
553:10–1 mm
391:10–1 km
237:
171:
118:
113:
45:
41:
40:
3741:VIT signals
3736:Vectorscope
3675:Earth bulge
3657:Propagation
3620:& bands
3618:Frequencies
3401:Raster scan
3341:Chrominance
3331:Black level
3326:front porch
2980:NPL network
2692:Radio waves
2630:Alfred Vail
2540:Hedy Lamarr
2525:Dawon Kahng
2485:Elisha Gray
2445:Yogen Dalal
2370:Nasir Ahmed
2304:Teleprinter
2168:Heliographs
2001:Medium wave
1678:Lyman-alpha
1660:Ultraviolet
1599:wavelengths
1592:frequencies
1556:Ultraviolet
750:Measurement
719:hyperthermy
711:radio waves
662:televisions
456:10–1 m
271:designation
183:arc welding
157:skin effect
152:technology.
146:radio waves
119:RF currents
100:radio waves
52:rate of an
50:oscillation
3792:Categories
3670:Distortion
3603:Transposer
3538:Dummy load
3494:Amplifiers
3461:Modulation
3351:Colorburst
3322:Back porch
3026:Antarctica
2985:Toasternet
2907:Television
2390:Paul Baran
2322:Television
2306:(teletype)
2299:Telegraphy
2277:transistor
2255:Phryctoria
2225:Photophone
2203:Smartphone
2193:Mass media
1982:Wavelength
1838:Microwaves
1650:Hard X-ray
1645:Soft X-ray
1614:Gamma rays
1546:Gamma rays
1185:29 January
867:29 January
840:References
689:cellphones
633:See also:
281:Full name
275:IEEE bands
262:Wavelength
190:dielectric
79:to around
21:radio wave
3777:Sparklies
3762:Dot crawl
3755:Artifacts
3695:Path loss
3690:Null fill
3665:Beam tilt
3406:Safe area
3010:Americas
2999:Locations
2970:Internet2
2731:Bandwidth
2435:Vint Cerf
2332:streaming
2310:Telephone
2250:Semaphore
2141:streaming
1996:Shortwave
1991:Microwave
1571:Microwave
993:, 2002. (
715:diathermy
674:telephony
658:computers
654:receivers
611:microwave
255:Frequency
194:capacitor
125:or lower
96:microwave
81:300
70:frequency
48:) is the
3767:Ghosting
3528:Diplexer
3396:Overscan
3361:Color TV
3254:System F
3250:System E
3246:819-line
3240:System N
3236:System L
3232:System K
3228:System I
3224:System H
3220:System G
3216:System D
3212:System C
3208:System B
3204:625-line
3198:System M
3194:525-line
3189:455-line
3184:441-line
3178:System A
3174:405-line
3169:375-line
3164:343-line
3159:180-line
3078:Category
2965:Internet
2955:CYCLADES
2872:Ethernet
2822:Concepts
2746:terminal
2697:wireless
2520:Bob Kahn
2363:Pioneers
2188:Internet
2079:Cable TV
2006:Longwave
1766:Infrared
1566:Infrared
1244:Archived
1232:Archived
1162:Archived
1104:Archived
774:See also
695:Medicine
682:wireless
219:such as
172:RF burns
92:infrared
74:20
62:magnetic
60:or of a
3719:Testing
3301:PALplus
3151:Systems
3098:Commons
3088:Outline
3041:Oceania
2960:FidoNet
2945:ARPANET
2758:circuit
2327:digital
2056:History
1597:longer
1590:higher
1561:Visible
889:. 1919.
768:RF MEMS
246:(ITU):
58:voltage
3276:NTSC-J
3036:Europe
3006:Africa
2990:Usenet
2950:BITNET
2887:Mobile
2763:packet
2272:MOSFET
2267:device
2064:Beacon
1899:L band
1894:S band
1889:C band
1884:X band
1870:K band
1856:Q band
1851:V band
1846:W band
1751:Orange
1746:Yellow
1726:Violet
1637:X-rays
1551:X-rays
1154:
1127:
1096:
1069:
1042:
1015:
964:
664:, and
637:, and
179:ionize
3808:Waves
3442:NICAM
3430:Sound
3315:Video
3306:SECAM
3296:PAL-S
3291:PAL-M
3019:South
3014:North
2975:JANET
2912:Telex
2902:Radio
2741:Nodes
2736:Links
2657:media
2235:Radio
2220:Pager
2148:Drums
2114:video
2109:image
2099:audio
1984:types
1909:Radio
1805:Bands
1778:Bands
1741:Green
1576:Radio
1286:(ITU)
1204:, EDN
265:range
257:range
150:radio
104:radio
3705:Skew
3386:Luma
3324:and
3271:NTSC
3031:Asia
2917:UUCP
2877:ISDN
1879:band
1865:band
1823:LWIR
1801:MWIR
1796:SWIR
1736:Cyan
1731:Blue
1187:2021
1152:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1013:ISBN
962:ISBN
869:2021
819:(FM)
783:(AM)
766:and
623:IEEE
238:The
3647:VHF
3642:UHF
3286:PAL
2922:WAN
2892:NGN
2882:LAN
2163:Fax
2104:DCT
1972:ELF
1967:SLF
1962:ULF
1957:VLF
1937:VHF
1932:UHF
1927:SHF
1922:EHF
1917:THF
1828:FIR
1774:NIR
1756:Red
1708:UVA
1703:UVB
1698:UVC
1693:NUV
1688:MUV
1683:FUV
1466:THF
1451:EHF
1436:SHF
1421:UHF
1406:VHF
1346:VLF
1331:ULF
1316:SLF
1301:ELF
597:THF
562:EHF
519:SHF
493:UHF
488:UHF
470:VHF
465:VHF
379:VLF
358:ULF
337:SLF
316:ELF
269:ITU
83:GHz
76:kHz
56:or
3794::
3252:,
3238:,
3234:,
3230:,
3226:,
3222:,
3218:,
3214:,
3210:,
1952:LF
1947:MF
1942:HF
1815:,
1811:,
1807::
1788:,
1784:,
1780::
1391:HF
1376:MF
1361:LF
1178:.
1160:.
1102:.
989:,
976:^
940:.
860:.
848:^
770:.
729:.
717:,
691:.
660:,
656:,
652:,
601:—
579:mm
577:,
573:,
569:,
567:Ka
544:Ka
542:,
538:,
536:Ku
534:,
530:,
526:,
499:,
495:,
447:HF
442:HF
425:—
421:MF
404:—
400:LF
383:—
362:—
341:—
320:—
299:—
136:.
46:RF
3506:/
3256:)
3248:(
3242:)
3206:(
3200:)
3196:(
3180:)
3176:(
3132:e
3125:t
3118:v
3049:)
3045:(
2040:e
2033:t
2026:v
1877:u
1875:K
1863:a
1861:K
1819:)
1817:N
1813:M
1809:L
1803:(
1792:)
1790:H
1786:K
1782:J
1776:(
1602:→
1588:←
1527:e
1520:t
1513:v
1276:e
1269:t
1262:v
1189:.
1133:.
1075:.
1048:.
1021:.
970:.
938:6
871:.
709:(
575:W
571:V
540:K
532:X
528:C
524:S
501:S
497:L
223:.
174:.
159:.
144:(
44:(
38:.
31:.
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