1363:
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1308:
1739:
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253:
1335:
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60:
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contaminants through soils is a function of their ability to associate with the mobile phase (water) and a stationary phase (soil). Materials that associate strongly with soils move slowly through soil. The association constant for TNT with soil is 2.7 to 11 L/kg of soil. This means that TNT has a one- to tenfold tendency to adhere to soil particulates than not when introduced into the soil.
75:
51:
817:
1362:
1486:. TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured or safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. To detonate, TNT must be triggered by a pressure wave from a starter explosive, called an
819:
1000:
818:
2051:
of TNT causes solid particles to be continuously released to the environment over extended periods of time. Studies have shown that TNT dissolves more slowly in saline water than in freshwater. However, when salinity is altered, TNT dissolves at the same speed. Because TNT is moderately soluble in
2203:
Evidence of the photolysis of TNT has been seen due to the color change to pink of TNT-containing wastewaters when exposed to sunlight. Photolysis is more rapid in river water than in distilled water. Ultimately, photolysis affects the fate of TNT primarily in the aquatic environment but could also
2099:
Research has shown that in freshwater environments, with high abundances of Ca, the adsorption of TNT and its transformation products to soils and sediments may be lower than observed in a saline environment, dominated by K and Na. Therefore, when considering the adsorption of TNT, the type of soil
1180:
and originally used as a yellow dye. Its potential as an explosive was not recognized for three decades, mainly because it was too difficult to detonate because it was less sensitive than alternatives. Its explosive properties were discovered in 1891 by another German chemist, Carl Häussermann. TNT
2083:
on TNT influences the ability to adsorb into soil. Adsorption coefficient values have been shown to increase with an increase in the number of amino groups. Thus, adsorption of the TNT decomposition product 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) was greater than that for 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene
2212:
The ligninolytic physiological phase and manganese peroxidase system of fungi can cause a very limited amount of mineralization of TNT in a liquid culture, though not in soil. An organism capable of the remediation of large amounts of TNT in soil has yet to be discovered. Both wild and transgenic
2103:
The association constants for TNT and its degradation products with clays have been determined. Clay minerals have a significant effect on the adsorption of energetic compounds. Soil properties, such as organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity have significant impacts on the adsorption
2067:
is a measure of the distribution between soluble and sediment adsorbed contaminants following attainment of equilibrium. TNT and its transformation products are known to adsorb to surface soils and sediments, where they undergo reactive transformation or remained stored. The movement or organic
2011:
contamination is usually considered more problematic, as TNT has very low soil mobility. Red water is significantly more toxic and as such it has always been considered hazardous waste. It has traditionally been disposed of by evaporation to dryness (as the toxic components are not volatile),
1450:
In the laboratory, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is produced by a two-step process. A nitrating mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids is used to nitrate toluene to a mixture of mono- and di-nitrotoluene isomers, with careful cooling to maintain temperature. The nitrated toluenes are then
2107:
Additional studies have shown that the mobility of TNT degradation products is likely to be lower "than TNT in subsurface environments where specific adsorption to clay minerals dominates the sorption process." Thus, the mobility of TNT and its transformation products are dependent on the
2002:
reactions under the influence of sunlight. Despite the names, red and pink water are not necessarily different shades; the color depends mainly on the duration of solar exposure. If exposed long enough, "pink" water may turn various shades of pink, red, rusty orange, or black.
2162:. Formation of the two monoamino transformation products, 2-ADNT and 4-ADNT, is energetically favored, and therefore is observed in contaminated soils and ground water. The diamino products are energetically less favorable, and even less likely are the triamino products.
1959:
operations, and as such is generally saturated with the maximum amount of TNT that will dissolve in water (about 150 parts per million (ppm).) However it has an indefinite composition that depends on the exact process; in particular, it may also contain
2020:
Because of its suitability in construction and demolition, TNT has become the most widely used explosive and thus its toxicity is the most characterized and reported. Residual TNT from manufacture, storage, and use can pollute water, soil, the
2726:
1350:
1700:
in the gas phase (~62 kcal/mol). The condensed phases (solid or liquid) show markedly lower activation energies of roughly 35 kcal/mol due to unique bimolecular decomposition routes at elevated densities. Because of the production of
1307:
1912:
containing TNT are stored at higher temperatures in warmer climates. Exudation of impurities leads to formation of pores and cracks (which in turn cause increased shock sensitivity). Migration of the exudated liquid into the
1288:
2171:
is a major process that impacts the transformation of energetic compounds. The alteration of a molecule in photolysis occurs by direct absorption of light energy or by the transfer of energy from a photosensitized compound.
1972:(also known as "Sellite water") is produced during the process used to purify the crude TNT. It has a complex composition containing more than a dozen aromatic compounds, but the principal components are inorganic salts (
719:
676:
2006:
Because of the toxicity of TNT, the discharge of pink water to the environment has been prohibited in the US and many other countries for decades, but ground contamination may exist in very old plants. However, RDX and
1242:
charge of granular crystallized grade A TNT for detonation. High-explosive shells were filled with grade A TNT, which became preferred for other uses as industrial chemical capacity became available for removing
1761:
The energy density of TNT is used as a reference point for many other explosives, including nuclear weapons, as their energy content is measured in equivalent tonnes (metric tons, t) of TNT. The energy used by
3365:
Halasz A, Groom C, Zhou E, Paquet L, Beaulieu C, Deschamps S, Corriveau A, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G, Dubois C, Hawari J (2002). "Detection of explosives and their degradation products in soil environments".
1705:, TNT explosions have a sooty appearance. Because TNT has an excess of carbon, explosive mixtures with oxygen-rich compounds can yield more energy per kilogram than TNT alone. During the 20th century
2036:(USEPA) declared TNT a pollutant whose removal is a priority. The USEPA maintains that TNT levels in soil should not exceed 17.2 milligrams per kilogram of soil and 0.01 milligrams per litre of water.
2720:
2139:
in the presence of sunlight. TNT is thermodynamically and kinetically capable of reacting with a wide number of components of many environmental systems. This includes wholly abiotic reactants, like
2165:
The transformation of TNT is significantly enhanced under anaerobic conditions as well as under highly reducing conditions. TNT transformations in soils can occur both biologically and abiotically.
1878:, with carcinogenic effects demonstrated in animal experiments with rats, although effects upon humans so far amount to none (according to IRIS of March 15, 2000). Consumption of TNT produces red
1334:
162:
1182:
2351:
2326:
1424:
After nitration, TNT can either be purified by crystallization from an organic solvent or stabilized by a process called sulfitation, where the crude TNT is treated with aqueous
902:
1013:
3322:
Brannon JM, Price CB, Yost SL, Hayes C, Porter B (2005). "Comparison of environmental fate and transport process descriptors of explosives in saline and freshwater systems".
2559:
1780:
however is 14.5 GJ/t (14.5 MJ/kg or 4.027 kWh/kg), which requires that the carbon in TNT fully react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event.
2119:
Compared to other explosives, TNT has a higher association constant with soil, meaning it adheres more with soil than with water. Conversely, other explosives, such as
1276:
2985:
2032:
The concentration of TNT in contaminated soil can reach 50 g/kg of soil, where the highest concentrations can be found on or near the surface. In
September 2001, the
820:
1207:-filled shells tended to explode upon striking armour, thus expending much of their energy outside the ship. The British started replacing Lyddite with TNT in 1907.
828:
2033:
3164:
462:
2241:
842:
2256:
3448:
Haderlein SB, Weissmahr KW, Schwarzenbach RP (January 1996). "Specific
Adsorption of Nitroaromatic Explosives and Pesticides to Clay Minerals".
2116:, in aquifer sediments, and soils". From these models, it is predicted that TNT has a low retention and transports readily in the environment.
1356:
Analysis of TNT production by branch of the German armed forces between 1941 and the first quarter of 1944, shown in thousands of tons per month
3521:
Hawari J, Beaudet S, Halasz A, Thiboutot S, Ampleman G (2000). "Microbial degradation of explosives: biotransformation versus mineralization".
1843:, female munition workers who handled the chemical found that their skin turned bright yellow, which resulted in their acquiring the nickname "
773:
3016:
2888:
2686:
2636:
2542:
2485:
2449:
1471:(popularly known as fracking), a process used to recover oil and gas from shale formations. The technique involves displacing and detonating
2704:
1716:
TNT can be detonated with a high velocity initiator or by efficient concussion. For many years, TNT used to be the reference point for the
3032:
1467:
TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for military, industrial, and mining applications. TNT has been used in conjunction with
3403:"A time series investigation of the stability of nitramine and nitroaromatic explosives in surface water samples at ambient temperature"
2807:
2084:(4-ADNT), which was greater than that for TNT. Lower adsorption coefficients for 2,6-DNT compared to 2,4-DNT can be attributed to the
1497:
explosive blends comprising a variable percentage of TNT plus other ingredients. Examples of explosive blends containing TNT include:
1493:
Although blocks of TNT are available in various sizes (e.g. 250 g, 500 g, 1,000 g), it is more commonly encountered in
835:
1893:
which may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such contamination, called "pink water", may be difficult and expensive to
3072:
1921:, increasing the risk of accidental detonation. Fuze malfunction can also result from the liquid migrating into the fuze mechanism.
420:
2861:
1720:. TNT had a rating of exactly 100 on the "F of I" scale. The reference has since been changed to a more sensitive explosive called
1428:
solution to remove less stable isomers of TNT and other undesired reaction products. The rinse water from sulfitation is known as
3245:
Ayoub K, van
Hullebusch ED, Cassir M, Bermond A (2010). "Application of advanced oxidation processes for TNT removal: A review".
2411:
1773:
For safety assessments, it has been stated that the detonation of TNT, depending on circumstances, can release 2.673–6.702 GJ/t.
2108:
characteristics of the sorbent. The mobility of TNT in groundwater and soil has been extrapolated from "sorption and desorption
1839:
TNT is poisonous, and skin contact can cause skin irritation, causing the skin to turn a bright yellow-orange color. During the
1820:
372:
364:
2578:
2127:
with low association constants (ranging from 0.06 to 7.3 L/kg and 0 to 1.6 L/kg respectively) can move more rapidly in water.
1870:
have also been found in animals that ingested or breathed trinitrotoluene. There is evidence that TNT adversely affects male
781:
1961:
661:
1020:
3606:
1421:. Nitric acid is consumed by the manufacturing process, but the diluted sulfuric acid can be reconcentrated and reused.
767:
339:
3062:
710:
705:
384:
2905:
1181:
can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910 it was exempted from the UK's
3649:
3644:
2093:
1812:
1264:
1196:
926:
913:
2836:
2231:
1894:
755:
260:
3634:
3564:
Panz K, Miksch K (2012). "Phytoremediation of explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by wild-type and transgenic plants".
695:
3654:
2044:
1717:
1162:
1738:
248:
1816:
1557:
190:
2745:"Decomposition of Condensed Phase Energetic Materials: Interplay between Uni- and Bimolecular Mechanisms"
1478:
TNT is valued partly because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, with reduced risk of accidental
3639:
1743:
733:
700:
688:
2701:
2135:
TNT is a reactive molecule and is particularly prone to react with reduced components of sediments or
3457:
3414:
3331:
2570:
2158:
of one, two, or three nitro-moieties to amines and coupling of amino transformation products to form
2151:
1468:
1372:
641:
87:
33:
2743:
Furman D, Kosloff R, Dubnikova F, Zybin SV, Goddard WA, Rom N, Hirshberg B, Zeiri Y (6 March 2014).
2173:
1521:
651:
401:
128:
2076:
are two suggested mechanisms of adsorption between the nitro functional groups and soil colloids.
1238:
warheads with burster charges of crude grade B TNT with the color of brown sugar and requiring an
3546:
2744:
2155:
2109:
2012:
followed by incineration. Much research has been conducted to develop better disposal processes.
1909:
1777:
1456:
1452:
1376:
1211:
1192:
1146:
1142:
982:
3616:
showing the shockwave and typical black smoke cloud from detonation of 160 kilograms of pure TNT
2603:
113:
TNT, Tolite, Trilite, Trinitrotoluol, Trinol, Tritolo, Tritolol, Triton, Tritone, Trotol, Trotyl
3040:
2047:
is a measure of the rate that solid TNT in contact with water is dissolved. The relatively low
789:
759:
3581:
3538:
3430:
3383:
3347:
3262:
3227:
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2538:
2481:
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2470:
2445:
2439:
2406:
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2159:
2100:
or sediment and the ionic composition and strength of the ground water are important factors.
1914:
1697:
1563:
1487:
1239:
1114:
951:
631:
59:
3006:
2862:"Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8 Limitations of the TNT equivalent method)"
2815:
2365:
1344:
mortar shells. The dark green shells on the left are stencilled to indicate a filling of TNT
3573:
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3503:
3465:
3422:
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2420:
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1956:
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1505:
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1406:
1038:
978:
579:
485:
2883:. Issaquah, WA: Fire Science Publishers/Society of Fire Protection Engineers. p. 453.
348:
2730:
2370:
1951:
related to trinitrotoluene. Pink water is produced from equipment washing processes after
1796:
1313:
1215:
1177:
210:
2865:
2441:
History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and
Biographical Reference
2301:
1149:
with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the
957:
138:
3461:
3418:
3335:
2808:"Figure of Insensitivity | 1 Publications | 12 Citations | Top Authors | Related Topics"
2574:
405:
252:
3601:
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2085:
1992:
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1981:
1977:
1973:
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1525:
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1425:
1410:
1150:
991:
616:
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3222:
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1998:
Pink and red water are colorless at the time of generation; the color is produced by
1989:
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1531:
1483:
1472:
1398:
1317:
594:
568:
558:
241:
3550:
3343:
3117:
2978:
2154:
have been shown to promote TNT transformation. Possible TNT transformations include
1475:
in hydraulically induced fractures followed by wellbore shots using pelletized TNT.
793:
785:
3213:
2246:
2193:
2181:
2177:
2073:
1844:
1252:
1231:
1200:
3577:
3258:
2960:
2947:
2652:
2502:
1443:
can result in oxidation of the methyl group of toluene. This reaction is highly
1185:
and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage.
777:
312:
3291:"Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review"
2790:
2185:
2147:, or microbial communities, both oxic and anoxic and photochemical degradation.
2113:
2053:
1890:
1882:
through the presence of breakdown products and not blood as sometimes believed.
1840:
1824:
1494:
1413:(DNT). In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene (TNT) using an
1402:
1248:
1204:
974:
888:
868:
739:
3494:
Pennington JC, Brannon JM (February 2002). "Environmental fate of explosives".
3139:
3089:
2923:
17:
3619:
3613:
2322:
2168:
2064:
2048:
2022:
1999:
1948:
1886:
1875:
1828:
1693:
1605:
1479:
1444:
1375:
in 1965. The passing blast-wave left a white water surface behind and a white
1368:
1223:
590:
519:
201:
50:
2768:
2424:
2343:
2204:
affect the fate of TNT in soil when the soil surface is exposed to sunlight.
2251:
2189:
2026:
1952:
1901:
1871:
1784:
1767:
1754:
1573:
1455:
to remove oxides of nitrogen, and then carefully nitrated with a mixture of
1447:
and carries with it the risk of a runaway reaction leading to an explosion.
1414:
1394:
1189:
1158:
359:
3585:
3542:
3434:
3387:
3351:
3266:
3231:
2776:
2724:
website showing copy of a North
American Intelligence document see:page 167
74:
3534:
3307:
3290:
747:
3165:
The health and environmental impacts of hazardous wastes: Impact
Profiles
2226:
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2144:
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1235:
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261:
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2008:
1863:
1851:
1706:
1702:
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1515:
1501:
1432:
and is a significant pollutant and waste product of TNT manufacture.
1255:
1244:
1199:
shells would explode after they had penetrated the armour of
British
429:
InChI=1S/C7H5N3O6/c1-4-6(9(13)14)2-5(8(11)12)3-7(4)10(15)16/h2-3H,1H3
181:
990:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
446:
InChI=1/C7H5N3O6/c1-4-2-3-5(8(11)12)7(10(15)16)6(4)9(13)14/h2-3H,1H3
439:
InChI=1/C7H5N3O6/c1-4-6(9(13)14)2-5(8(11)12)3-7(4)10(15)16/h2-3H,1H3
3402:
2657:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Navy. 1947. p. 580.
287:
1879:
1859:
1855:
1737:
1568:
1418:
1106:
743:
536:
323:
161:
151:
3116:
Van Deuren J, Lloyd T, Chhetry S, Liou R, Peck J (January 2002).
1850:
People exposed to TNT over a prolonged period tend to experience
1811:
Various methods can be used to detect TNT, including optical and
3140:
Photochemistry of TNT: Investigation of the "Pink Water" Problem
1889:
from munitions programs, including contamination of surface and
1763:
1325:
1298:
1294:
1227:
1222:
after some other nations had switched to TNT, but began filling
1154:
939:
751:
278:
2702:[secondary source] webpages:submarine torpedo explosive
2150:
Soils with high clay contents or small particle sizes and high
1083:
2124:
2120:
1965:
1925:
is mixed with TNT to mitigate the tendency towards exudation.
1721:
1509:
1321:
1086:
3118:
Remediation
Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide
2837:"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"
2348:
Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
1389:
In industry, TNT is produced in a three-step process. First,
1316:
artillery shells. All are labelled to indicate a filling of "
389:
58:
49:
2560:"Fracturing Oil Shale with Explosives for In Situ Recovery"
1608:, TNT undergoes a decomposition equivalent to the reaction
1080:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1077:
2052:
water, it can migrate through subsurface soil, and cause
812:
573:
240.0 °C (464.0 °F; 513.1 K) (decomposes)
1008:
3088:
National
Defense Center for Environmental Excellence.
2444:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 404.
3120:(Report) (4 ed.). U.S. Army Environmental Center
2924:"The Canary Girls: The workers the war turned yellow"
2906:"Quantum clusters serve as ultra-sensitive detectors"
2504:
Arrows to Atom Bombs: A History of the Ordnance Board
2352:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2327:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1089:
1056:
1053:
1041:
3191:
3189:
1885:
Some military testing grounds are contaminated with
1188:
The German armed forces adopted it as a filling for
1074:
1065:
1062:
1047:
1044:
1439:in feed nitric acid is very important because free
1409:(MNT). The MNT is separated and then renitrated to
1282:
Trinitrotoluene melting at 81 °C (178 °F)
1071:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3401:Douglas TA, Johnson L, Walsh M, Collins C (2009).
2755:(11). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4192–4200.
2469:
543:. A solid block after being poured into a casing.
3198:"Biological degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene"
1795:contains 47.2 MJ/kg (though gasoline requires an
3138:Burlinson NE, Kaplan LA, Adams CE (1973-10-03).
2986:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2537:. Vol. 1. Pergamon Press. pp. 389–91.
377:Mixtures with trinitrobenzene, hexanitrostilbene
311:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
2948:Toxicological Profile for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
1371:of the 500-ton TNT explosive charge as part of
816:
137:
3196:Esteve-Núñez A, Caballero A, Ramos JL (2001).
3111:
3109:
2631:. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 100.
1482:compared to more sensitive explosives such as
563:80.35 °C (176.63 °F; 353.50 K)
535:Pale yellow solid. Loose "needles", flakes or
2034:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1964:(RDX) if the plant uses TNT/RDX mixtures, or
1866:enlargement and other harmful effects on the
1827:quantum clusters could detect TNT at the sub-
1301:fitted, labelled to indicate a filling of TNT
8:
3620:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
3163:Ascend Waste and Environment (7 June 2015).
3011:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 11–.
2567:Shale Oil, Tar Sand and Related Fuel Sources
2654:U.S. Explosive Ordnance, Bureau of Ordnance
2507:(2nd ed.). Ordnance Board. p. 99.
2242:List of explosives used during World War II
1908:and other isomers of trinitrotoluene when
404:
251:
209:
38:
3306:
3221:
1258:byproducts from the nitrating reactions.
1173:TNT was first prepared in 1861 by German
347:
3145:(Report). U.S. Army Environmental Center
3095:(Report). U.S. Army Environmental Center
2749:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2321:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
2257:Table of explosive detonation velocities
1713:, was a widely used military explosive.
2522:. Lord Baltimore Press. pp. 49–52.
2463:
2461:
2283:
2281:
2277:
1429:
1260:
467:
425:
400:
229:
3450:Environmental Science & Technology
3295:Applied and Environmental Soil Science
3033:"Explosive & Propellant Additives"
2535:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
2338:
2336:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
242:
3064:Toxicity and metabolism of explosives
2472:The Big Bang: a History of Explosives
1251:from the toluene feedstock and other
432:Key: SPSSULHKWOKEEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
189:
7:
2176:of TNT "results in the formation of
1874:. TNT is listed as a possible human
1724:, which has an F of I rating of 80.
449:Key: FPKOPBFLPLFWAD-UHFFFAOYAR
302:
286:
2864:. 2011. p. 16. Archived from
1766:to define the equivalent is 4.184
1753:) showing color codes for TNT and
25:
3427:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.02.050
1137:. TNT is occasionally used as a
369:Dry or wetted with < 30% water
3208:(3): 335–52, table of contents.
2667:Military Specification MIL-C-401
2412:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
2217:explosives from soil and water.
1799:, so an optimized gasoline and O
1361:
1349:
1333:
1306:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1037:
998:
709:
704:
699:
694:
503:
497:
73:
3344:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.008
2558:Miller JS, Johansen RT (1976).
1821:Indian Institutes of Technology
1151:standard comparative convention
994:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
27:Impact-resistant high explosive
3214:10.1128/MMBR.65.3.335-352.2001
2629:Naval weapons of World War Two
2476:. Sutton Publishing. pp.
2371:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1819:In 2013, researchers from the
1803:mixture contains 10.4 MJ/kg).
1451:separated, washed with dilute
1270:Chunks of explosives-grade TNT
1111:2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
509:
491:
92:2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
1:
3578:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.08.016
3508:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00801-2
3380:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00553-8
3259:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.042
2184:, azodicarboxylic acids, and
1962:cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine
1747:
1145:, but it is best known as an
907:(US health exposure limits):
3607:The Periodic Table of Videos
3090:Pink Water Treatment Options
2152:total organic carbon content
3523:Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol
3008:The Chemistry of Explosives
2501:Norman Skentelbery (1975).
2407:"Notiz über Trinitrotoluol"
1640:plus some of the reactions
1417:mixture of nitric acid and
857:or concentration (LD, LC):
107:2,4,6-Trinitromethylbenzene
45:
3671:
3610:(University of Nottingham)
3067:. CRC Press. p. 176.
2438:Peter O. K. Krehl (2008).
1947:are two distinct types of
1932:
1731:
1161:, TNT is used to generate
1097:), more commonly known as
31:
3202:Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev
2391:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2232:Environmental fate of TNT
1157:and asteroid impacts. In
988:
963:
901:
853:
675:
670:
625:
478:
470:Cc1c(cc(cc1(=O))(=O))(=O)
458:
416:
121:
98:
86:
81:
72:
44:
2425:10.1002/jlac.18631280206
2200:, and dimer formation."
1847:" or simply "canaries".
1817:explosive-sniffing dogs.
1791:contains 7.5 MJ/kg, and
1742:Cross-sectional view of
1709:, a mixture of TNT with
1105:), and by its preferred
895:500 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)
877:660 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
768:Precautionary statements
2979:"2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene"
2961:"2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene"
2344:"2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene"
1718:Figure of Insensitivity
1101:(and more specifically
897:1850 mg/kg (cat, oral)
2679:Explosives Engineering
1917:screw thread can form
1758:
1558:hexanitrodiphenylamine
1534:(RDX and paraffin wax)
1320:" (mixture of TNT and
1297:artillery shells with
1203:, whereas the British
823:
63:
54:
40:2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
3535:10.1007/s002530000445
2904:Grad P (April 2013).
2879:Babrauskas V (2003).
2518:Fairfield AP (1921).
2405:Wilbrand, J. (1861).
2302:2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
2188:, as a result of the
1968:if TNT/HMX is used.
1744:Oerlikon 20 mm cannon
1741:
1163:charge transfer salts
1103:2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
875:795 mg/kg (rat, oral)
822:
646:Insensitive to 353 N
62:
53:
2910:Chemical Engineering
2733:Retrieved 2011-12-02
2711:Retrieved 2011-12-02
1933:For the author, see
1746:shells (dating from
1469:hydraulic fracturing
1379:is visible overhead.
1373:Operation Sailor Hat
1195:in 1902. TNT-filled
805:(fire diamond)
642:Friction sensitivity
110:2,4,6-Trinitrotoluol
88:Preferred IUPAC name
34:TNT (disambiguation)
32:For other uses, see
3462:1996EnST...30..612H
3419:2009Chmsp..76....1D
3336:2005MarPB..50..247B
3308:10.1155/2012/617236
2627:Campbell J (1985).
2575:1976sots.rept...98M
2533:Urbanski T (1964).
2174:Phototransformation
2088:hindrance of the NO
1862:and liver effects,
1835:Safety and toxicity
1600:Explosive character
1459:and sulfuric acid.
1183:Explosives Act 1875
652:Detonation velocity
621:0.0002 mmHg (20°C)
580:Solubility in water
527: g·mol
41:
3566:J. Environ. Manage
3496:Thermochimica Acta
3005:Akhavan J (2004).
2729:2013-05-10 at the
2677:Cooper PW (1996).
2386:"Trinitrotoluene,"
2374:. Merriam-Webster.
2131:Chemical breakdown
2049:aqueous solubility
2040:Aqueous solubility
1929:Pink and red water
1831:(10 mol/m) level.
1787:contains 3 MJ/kg,
1778:heat of combustion
1759:
1518:(ammonium nitrate)
1457:fuming nitric acid
1453:sodium bicarbonate
1397:with a mixture of
1377:condensation cloud
1214:continued filling
1212:United States Navy
1147:explosive material
1143:chemical synthesis
1117:with the formula C
1021:Infobox references
983:2,4-Dinitrotoluene
964:Related compounds
942:(Immediate danger)
824:
64:
55:
39:
3650:4-Tolyl compounds
3645:2-Tolyl compounds
3470:10.1021/es9503701
3324:Mar. Pollut. Bull
3289:Pichte J (2012).
3018:978-0-85404-640-9
2890:978-0-9728111-3-2
2881:Ignition Handbook
2761:10.1021/ja410020f
2688:978-0-471-18636-6
2638:978-0-85177-329-2
2584:on 2 October 2018
2544:978-0-08-010238-2
2487:978-0-7509-1878-7
2468:Brown GI (1998).
2451:978-3-540-30421-0
2366:"Trinitrotoluene"
2081:functional groups
2016:Ecological impact
1891:subsurface waters
1698:activation energy
1488:explosive booster
1240:explosive booster
1115:chemical compound
1029:Chemical compound
1027:
1026:
970:Related compounds
952:Safety data sheet
734:Hazard statements
632:Shock sensitivity
585:0.13 g/L (20 °C)
385:CompTox Dashboard
163:Interactive image
68:
67:
16:(Redirected from
3662:
3614:"TNT" on YouTube
3602:Dynamite and TNT
3590:
3589:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3502:(1–2): 163–172.
3491:
3474:
3473:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3286:
3271:
3270:
3247:J. Hazard. Mater
3242:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3061:Yinon J (1990).
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3039:. Archived from
3029:
3023:
3022:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2814:. Archived from
2812:SciSpace - Topic
2804:
2798:
2794:, 13th Edition,
2787:
2781:
2780:
2740:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2577:. Archived from
2564:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2475:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2141:hydrogen sulfide
2137:photodegradation
2112:determined with
2070:Hydrogen bonding
1957:demilitarization
1935:Daniel Pinkwater
1923:Calcium silicate
1900:TNT is prone to
1783:For comparison,
1752:
1749:
1711:ammonium nitrate
1692:The reaction is
1687:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1506:ammonium nitrate
1441:nitrogen dioxide
1407:mononitrotoluene
1365:
1353:
1337:
1310:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1011:
1005:
1002:
1001:
979:hexanitrobenzene
889:lowest published
844:
837:
830:
815:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
713:
708:
703:
698:
526:
511:
505:
499:
493:
486:Chemical formula
409:
408:
393:
391:
351:
315:
304:
290:
263:
255:
244:
233:
213:
193:
165:
141:
77:
46:
42:
21:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3635:Trinitrotoluene
3625:
3624:
3598:
3593:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3493:
3492:
3477:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3288:
3287:
3274:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3037:islandgroup.com
3031:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2965:www.nlm.nih.gov
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:. atsdr.cdc.gov
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2731:Wayback Machine
2719:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2608:www.ch.ic.ac.uk
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2320:
2319:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2275:
2223:
2210:
2196:, reduction of
2133:
2110:isotherm models
2091:
2062:
2060:Soil adsorption
2056:contamination.
2042:
2018:
1938:
1931:
1906:dinitrotoluenes
1841:First World War
1837:
1813:electrochemical
1809:
1802:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1696:but has a high
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1602:
1465:
1437:nitrogen oxides
1387:
1380:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1311:
1302:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1216:armour-piercing
1197:armour-piercing
1178:Joseph Wilbrand
1171:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1040:
1036:
1033:Trinitrotoluene
1030:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016: ?)
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
981:
977:
971:
943:
930:
917:
896:
892:
886:
876:
872:
866:
849:
848:
847:
846:
839:
832:
825:
821:
813:
770:
736:
722:
691:
626:Explosive data
582:
524:
514:
508:
502:
496:
488:
474:
471:
466:
465:
454:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
412:
394:
387:
371:
354:
334:
318:
305:
293:
273:
236:
216:
196:
168:
155:
144:
131:
117:
116:
104:Trinitrotoluene
94:
93:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Trinitrotoluene
15:
12:
11:
5:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3655:Biodegradation
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3597:
3596:External links
3594:
3592:
3591:
3556:
3513:
3475:
3456:(2): 612–622.
3440:
3393:
3374:(1–2): 411–8.
3368:J Chromatogr A
3357:
3314:
3272:
3253:(1–3): 10–28.
3237:
3185:
3155:
3130:
3105:
3080:
3073:
3053:
3024:
3017:
2997:
2970:
2952:
2940:
2915:
2896:
2889:
2871:
2868:on 2016-08-10.
2853:
2828:
2799:
2782:
2735:
2713:
2707:2013-01-02 at
2694:
2687:
2669:
2660:
2644:
2637:
2619:
2595:
2550:
2543:
2525:
2520:Naval Ordnance
2510:
2493:
2486:
2457:
2450:
2430:
2419:(2): 178–179.
2397:
2394:(Online). n.d.
2377:
2357:
2332:
2306:
2294:
2289:"Cid 87172748"
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:Webster's test
2264:
2262:TNT equivalent
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2215:phytoremediate
2209:
2208:Biodegradation
2206:
2132:
2129:
2104:coefficients.
2094:ortho position
2089:
2079:The number of
2061:
2058:
2041:
2038:
2017:
2014:
1993:nitroaromatics
1986:sodium nitrate
1982:sodium nitrite
1978:sodium sulfite
1974:sodium sulfate
1930:
1927:
1836:
1833:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1734:TNT equivalent
1729:
1728:Energy content
1726:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:Composition H6
1535:
1529:
1526:barium nitrate
1519:
1513:
1464:
1461:
1426:sodium sulfite
1411:dinitrotoluene
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1170:
1167:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
997:
996:
992:standard state
989:
986:
985:
972:
969:
966:
965:
961:
960:
955:
948:
947:
944:
938:
935:
934:
933:TWA 0.5 mg/m
931:
925:
922:
921:
920:TWA 1.5 mg/m
918:
912:
909:
908:
899:
898:
893:
884:
882:
879:
878:
873:
864:
862:
859:
858:
851:
850:
840:
833:
826:
811:
810:
809:
808:
806:
797:
796:
771:
766:
763:
762:
737:
732:
729:
728:
723:
718:
715:
714:
692:
687:
684:
683:
673:
672:
668:
667:
664:
658:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
617:Vapor pressure
613:
612:
609:
587:
586:
583:
578:
575:
574:
571:
565:
564:
561:
555:
554:
551:
545:
544:
533:
529:
528:
522:
516:
515:
512:
506:
500:
494:
489:
484:
481:
480:
476:
475:
473:
472:
469:
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:
453:
452:
448:
445:
444:
442:
438:
437:
435:
431:
428:
427:
419:
418:
417:
414:
413:
411:
410:
397:
395:
383:
380:
379:
362:
356:
355:
353:
352:
344:
342:
336:
335:
333:
332:
328:
326:
320:
319:
317:
316:
308:
306:
298:
295:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
257:
256:
246:
238:
237:
235:
234:
226:
224:
218:
217:
215:
214:
206:
204:
198:
197:
195:
194:
186:
184:
178:
177:
174:
173:Abbreviations
170:
169:
167:
166:
158:
156:
149:
146:
145:
143:
142:
134:
132:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
91:
90:
84:
83:
79:
78:
70:
69:
66:
65:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3667:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:(5): 605–18.
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3358:
3353:
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3330:(3): 247–51.
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3074:0-8493-5128-6
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3043:on 2016-03-04
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2205:
2201:
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2195:
2194:methyl groups
2191:
2187:
2183:
2182:benzaldehydes
2179:
2178:nitrobenzenes
2175:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
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2130:
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2095:
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2057:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
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2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:fire channels
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1896:
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1883:
1881:
1877:
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1869:
1868:immune system
1865:
1861:
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1854:and abnormal
1853:
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1636:+ 12 CO + 2 C
1611:
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1530:
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1500:
1499:
1498:
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1485:
1484:nitroglycerin
1481:
1476:
1474:
1473:nitroglycerin
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
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1433:
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1233:
1232:depth charges
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
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1206:
1202:
1201:capital ships
1198:
1194:
1191:
1186:
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1108:
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959:
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937:
936:
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929:(Recommended)
928:
924:
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916:(Permissible)
915:
911:
910:
906:
905:
900:
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890:
881:
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610:
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576:
572:
570:
569:Boiling point
567:
566:
562:
560:
559:Melting point
557:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
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538:
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531:
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517:
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402:DTXSID7024372
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322:
321:
314:
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297:
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289:
285:
284:
282:
280:
277:
276:
269:
268:
266:
264:
259:
258:
254:
250:
247:
245:
243:ECHA InfoCard
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
225:
223:
220:
219:
212:
208:
207:
205:
203:
200:
199:
192:
191:ChEMBL1236345
188:
187:
185:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
171:
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160:
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153:
148:
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3640:Immunotoxins
3605:
3569:
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3176:. Retrieved
3171:
3158:
3147:. Retrieved
3133:
3122:. Retrieved
3097:. Retrieved
3083:
3063:
3056:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:the original
3036:
3027:
3007:
3000:
2989:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2955:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2930:. 2017-05-20
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2899:
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2874:
2866:the original
2856:
2845:. Retrieved
2840:
2831:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:the original
2811:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2752:
2748:
2738:
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2586:. Retrieved
2579:the original
2566:
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2347:
2304:. inchem.org
2297:
2247:Phlegmatized
2211:
2202:
2198:nitro groups
2186:nitrophenols
2167:
2164:
2149:
2134:
2118:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2078:
2074:ion exchange
2063:
2043:
2031:
2019:
2005:
1997:
1969:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1918:
1899:
1884:
1849:
1845:canary girls
1838:
1815:sensors and
1810:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1760:
1715:
1691:
1671:
1639:
1603:
1492:
1477:
1466:
1463:Applications
1449:
1434:
1423:
1388:
1253:nitrotoluene
1249:hydrocarbons
1247:and similar
1218:shells with
1209:
1187:
1172:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1032:
1031:
903:
854:
801:
725:
677:
636:Insensitive
539:before melt-
376:
368:
324:RTECS number
122:Identifiers
99:Other names
29:
3407:Chemosphere
2791:Merck Index
2213:plants can
2114:humic acids
2054:groundwater
2045:Dissolution
1955:filling or
1910:projectiles
1858:functions.
1825:noble-metal
1751: 1945
1495:synergistic
1435:Control of
1405:to produce
1403:nitric acid
1385:Preparation
1340:A group of
1324:) and have
1224:naval mines
1220:explosive D
975:picric acid
869:median dose
855:Lethal dose
720:Signal word
553:1.654 g/cm
532:Appearance
479:Properties
249:100.003.900
3629:Categories
3413:(1): 1–8.
3172:awe.gov.au
3149:2024-04-25
3124:2024-04-25
3099:2024-04-25
3047:2014-06-07
2991:2010-05-17
2934:2021-02-07
2847:2024-03-25
2822:2023-07-21
2722:scribd.com
2613:2022-02-28
2273:References
2169:Photolysis
2065:Adsorption
2025:, and the
2023:atmosphere
2000:photolytic
1990:sulfonated
1949:wastewater
1941:Pink water
1887:wastewater
1876:carcinogen
1829:zeptomolar
1732:See also:
1694:exothermic
1606:detonation
1480:detonation
1445:exothermic
1369:Detonation
689:Pictograms
591:Solubility
520:Molar mass
373:0388, 0389
349:H43RF5TRM5
202:ChemSpider
150:3D model (
129:CAS Number
3572:: 85–92.
2769:0002-7863
2252:RE factor
2190:oxidation
2156:reduction
2027:biosphere
1970:Red water
1953:munitions
1945:red water
1902:exudation
1872:fertility
1807:Detection
1785:gunpowder
1755:pentolite
1574:Pentolite
1430:red water
1415:anhydrous
1190:artillery
1159:chemistry
958:ICSC 0967
946:500 mg/m
786:P370+P380
782:P309+P311
680:labelling
662:RE factor
656:6900 m/s
360:UN number
331:XU0175000
270:204-289-6
262:EC Number
3586:22996005
3551:22362850
3543:11131384
3435:19329139
3388:12187997
3352:15757688
3301:: 1–33.
3267:20347218
3232:11527999
3178:22 April
3174:(Report)
2928:BBC News
2777:24495109
2727:Archived
2705:Archived
2588:27 March
2354:(NIOSH).
2329:(NIOSH).
2227:Dynamite
2221:See also
1793:gasoline
1789:dynamite
1757:fillings
1594:Tritonal
1584:Tetrytol
1579:Picratol
1554:Hexanite
1543:Cyclotol
1528:and wax)
1399:sulfuric
1395:nitrated
1342:M120 Rak
802:NFPA 704
671:Hazards
611:soluble
607:pyridine
222:DrugBank
139:118-96-7
3458:Bibcode
3415:Bibcode
3332:Bibcode
2571:Bibcode
2569:: 151.
2478:151–153
2323:"#0641"
2237:IMX-101
1797:oxidant
1676:2 CO →
1655:+ CO →
1549:Ednatol
1522:Baratol
1391:toluene
1236:torpedo
1205:Lyddite
1175:chemist
1169:History
1139:reagent
1113:, is a
1014:what is
1012: (
603:benzene
599:acetone
549:Density
541:casting
525:227.132
300:PubChem
231:DB01676
3584:
3549:
3541:
3433:
3386:
3350:
3265:
3230:
3220:
3071:
3015:
2887:
2843:. 2008
2775:
2767:
2685:
2635:
2541:
2484:
2448:
2160:dimers
2086:steric
2009:tetryl
1988:) and
1895:remedy
1864:spleen
1852:anemia
1823:using
1707:amatol
1703:carbon
1589:Torpex
1516:Amatol
1502:Amatex
1328:fitted
1318:Comp B
1256:isomer
1245:xylene
1234:, and
1193:shells
1009:verify
1006:
954:(SDS)
726:Danger
537:prills
463:SMILES
288:C16391
182:ChEMBL
82:Names
3547:S2CID
3223:99030
3168:(PDF)
3143:(PDF)
3093:(PDF)
2982:(PDF)
2604:"TNT"
2582:(PDF)
2563:(PDF)
1880:urine
1860:Blood
1856:liver
1632:+ 5 H
1628:→ 3 N
1604:Upon
1569:Octol
1564:Minol
1545:(RDX)
1419:oleum
1326:fuzes
1299:fuzes
1228:bombs
1155:bombs
1109:name
1107:IUPAC
904:NIOSH
666:1.00
595:ether
421:InChI
152:JSmol
3582:PMID
3539:PMID
3431:PMID
3384:PMID
3348:PMID
3299:2012
3263:PMID
3228:PMID
3180:2022
3069:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2841:NIST
2796:9801
2773:PMID
2765:ISSN
2683:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2590:2015
2539:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2123:and
2072:and
1984:and
1943:and
1915:fuze
1776:The
1770:/t.
1764:NIST
1688:+ C.
1672:and
1508:and
1401:and
1314:M107
1295:M795
1210:The
940:IDLH
794:P501
790:P373
778:P273
774:P210
760:H411
756:H373
752:H331
748:H311
744:H301
740:H201
365:0209
340:UNII
313:8376
279:KEGG
211:8073
176:TNT
3604:at
3574:doi
3570:113
3531:doi
3504:doi
3500:384
3466:doi
3423:doi
3376:doi
3372:963
3340:doi
3303:doi
3255:doi
3251:178
3218:PMC
3210:doi
2757:doi
2753:136
2421:doi
2417:128
2192:of
2125:HMX
2121:RDX
1966:HMX
1904:of
1722:RDX
1668:+ C
1612:2 C
1510:RDX
1393:is
1322:RDX
1153:of
1141:in
1125:(NO
1099:TNT
927:REL
914:PEL
678:GHS
593:in
390:EPA
303:CID
3631::
3580:.
3568:.
3545:.
3537:.
3527:54
3525:.
3498:.
3478:^
3464:.
3454:30
3452:.
3429:.
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3411:76
3409:.
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3382:.
3370:.
3346:.
3338:.
3328:50
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3275:^
3261:.
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3226:.
3216:.
3206:65
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3200:.
3188:^
3170:.
3108:^
3035:.
2984:.
2963:.
2926:.
2908:.
2839:.
2810:.
2771:.
2763:.
2751:.
2747:.
2606:.
2565:.
2480:.
2460:^
2415:.
2409:.
2388:.
2368:.
2350:.
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2325:.
2309:^
2280:^
2180:,
2145:Fe
2143:,
2096:.
2029:.
1995:.
1980:,
1976:,
1897:.
1768:GJ
1748:c.
1678:CO
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1230:,
1226:,
1165:.
1133:CH
1087:iː
1081:lj
1069:oʊ
1060:aɪ
1051:aɪ
885:Lo
883:LD
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863:LD
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758:,
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750:,
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601:,
597:,
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3576::
3553:.
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