Urea - Knowledge

3242:

without lowering the overall pressure, by suppressing the partial pressure of just one of the reactants in order to promote carbamate decomposition. Instead of feeding carbon dioxide gas directly to the urea synthesis reactor with the ammonia, as in the conventional process, the stripping process first routes the carbon dioxide through the stripper. The stripper is a carbamate decomposer that provides a large amount of gas-liquid contact. This flushes out free ammonia, reducing its partial pressure over the liquid surface and carrying it directly to a carbamate condenser (also under full system pressure). From there, reconstituted ammonium carbamate liquor is passed to the urea production reactor. That eliminates the medium-pressure stage of the conventional recycle process.

3187:

high temperature (around 190 °C) needed for the second is compensated for by conducting the process under high pressure (140–175 bar), which favors the first reaction. Although it is necessary to compress gaseous carbon dioxide to this pressure, the ammonia is available from the ammonia production plant in liquid form, which can be pumped into the system much more economically. To allow the slow urea formation reaction time to reach equilibrium, a large reaction space is needed, so the synthesis reactor in a large urea plant tends to be a massive pressure vessel.

536: 376: 3033: 1317:. The resulting dense and energetically favourable hydrogen-bond network is probably established at the cost of efficient molecular packing: The structure is quite open, the ribbons forming tunnels with square cross-section. The carbon in urea is described as sp hybridized, the C-N bonds have significant double bond character, and the carbonyl oxygen is relatively basic. Urea's high aqueous solubility reflects its ability to engage in extensive hydrogen bonding with water. 51: 1678: 877: 3213:, and the carbon dioxide was usually wasted. Later process schemes made recycling unused ammonia and carbon dioxide practical. This was accomplished by the "total recycle process", developed in the 1940s to 1960s and now called the "conventional recycle process". It proceeds by depressurizing the reaction solution in stages (first to 18–25 bar and then to 2–5 bar) and passing it at each stage through a steam-heated 79: 88: 60: 1036: 882: 881: 3237:

in The Netherlands, that operates at or near the full pressure of the reaction vessel. It reduces the complexity of the multi-stage recycle scheme, and it reduces the amount of water recycled in the carbamate solution, which has an adverse effect on the equilibrium in the urea conversion reaction and

3186:

to urea is exothermic, with the reaction heat from the first reaction driving the second. The conditions that favor urea formation (high temperature) have an unfavorable effect on the carbamate formation equilibrium. The process conditions are a compromise: the ill-effect on the first reaction of the

3345:

This decomposition is at its worst when the urea solution is heated at low pressure, which happens when the solution is concentrated for prilling or granulation (see below). The reaction products mostly volatilize into the overhead vapours, and recombine when these condense to form urea again, which

3423:

in water (UAN) are commonly used as a liquid fertilizer. In admixture, the combined solubility of ammonium nitrate and urea is so much higher than that of either component alone that it gives a stable solution with a total nitrogen content (32%) approaching that of solid ammonium nitrate (33.5%),

3288:

Normally this reaction is suppressed in the synthesis reactor by maintaining an excess of ammonia, but after the stripper, it occurs until the temperature is reduced. Biuret is undesirable in urea fertilizer because it is toxic to crop plants to varying degrees, but it is sometimes desirable as a

3241:

In the conventional recycle processes, carbamate decomposition is promoted by reducing the overall pressure, which reduces the partial pressure of both ammonia and carbon dioxide, allowing these gasses to be separated from the urea product solution. The stripping process achieves a similar effect

2017:

Urea in concentrations up to 8 M can be used to make fixed brain tissue transparent to visible light while still preserving fluorescent signals from labeled cells. This allows for much deeper imaging of neuronal processes than previously obtainable using conventional one photon or two photon

1268:

that urea can be produced from inorganic starting materials, which was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry. This showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without biological starting materials, thereby

3405:

For its main use as a fertilizer urea is mostly marketed in solid form, either as prills or granules. Prills are solidified droplets, whose production predates satisfactory urea granulation processes. Prills can be produced more cheaply than granules, but the limited size of prills (up to about

3204:

In early "straight-through" urea plants, reactant recovery (the first step in "recycling") was done by letting down the system pressure to atmospheric to let the carbamate decompose back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon

5803: 3195:

Because the urea conversion is incomplete, the urea must be separated from the unconverted reactants, including the ammonium carbamate. Various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea forms and the way that unconverted reactants are further processed.

2924:

by adding strong nitric acid to urine. To purify the resulting crystals, they were dissolved in boiling water with charcoal and filtered. After cooling, pure crystals of urea nitrate form. To reconstitute the urea from the nitrate, the crystals are dissolved in warm water, and

880: 1567:. For this reason, pure urea solutions should be freshly prepared and used, as aged solutions may develop a significant concentration of cyanate (20 mM in 8 M urea). Dissolving urea in ultrapure water followed by removing ions (i.e. cyanate) with a mixed-bed 3406:

2.1 mm in diameter), their low crushing strength, and the caking or crushing of prills during bulk storage and handling make them inferior to granules. Granules are produced by acretion onto urea seed particles by spraying liquid urea in a succession of layers.

2431:

in cells to toxic levels. Therefore, many organisms convert ammonia to urea, even though this synthesis has a net energy cost. Being practically neutral and highly soluble in water, urea is a safe vehicle for the body to transport and excrete excess nitrogen.

3410:

is added during the production of both prills and granules in order to increase crushing strength and suppress caking. Other shaping techniques such as pastillization (depositing uniform-sized liquid droplets onto a cooling conveyor belt) are also used.

1733:), which is also a nitrogen-rich plant nutrient. The loss of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere and runoff is wasteful and environmentally damaging so urea is sometimes modified to enhance the efficiency of its agricultural use. Techniques to make 2392:

Amino acids from ingested food (or produced from catabolism of muscle protein) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and other biological substances can be oxidized by the body as an alternative source of energy, yielding urea and

5652:"Extrait d’un premier mémoire des cit. Fourcroy et Vaulquelin, pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, chimique et médicale de l’urine humaine, contenant quelques faits nouveaux sur son analyse et son altération spontanée" 2580:, some of this reabsorbed urea eventually flows back into the thin descending limb of the tubule, through the collecting ducts, and into the excreted urine. The body uses this mechanism, which is controlled by the 4416:

Hama H, Kurokawa H, Kawano H, Ando R, Shimogori T, Noda H, Fukami K, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A (August 2011). "Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain".

6066: 2708:

The substance decomposes on heating above melting point, producing toxic gases, and reacts violently with strong oxidants, nitrites, inorganic chlorides, chlorites and perchlorates, causing fire and explosion.

5654:(Extract of a first memoir by citizens Fourcroy and Vauquelin, for use in the natural, chemical, and medical history of human urine, containing some new facts of its analysis and its spontaneous alteration), 3537: 1591:(after initial conversion of urea to ammonia via urease). These methods are amenable to high throughput instrumentation, such as automated flow injection analyzers and 96-well micro-plate spectrophotometers. 2801:

This was the first time an organic compound was artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, without the involvement of living organisms. The results of this experiment implicitly discredited

3024:

to generate heat (predominantly natural gas, and less often petroleum derivatives or coal), urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured.

5673:"Deuxième mémoire: Pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, chimique et médicale de l’urine humaine, dans lequel on s’occupe spécialement des propriétés de la matière particulière qui le caractérise," 5675:(Second memoir: For use in the natural, chemical and medical history of human urine, in which one deals specifically with the properties of the particular material that characterizes it), 1571:

and storing that solution at 4 °C is a recommended preparation procedure. However, cyanate will build back up to significant levels within a few days. Alternatively, adding 25–50 mM

5722:"Observations on the nature of some of the proximate principles of the urine; with a few remarks upon the means of preventing those diseases, connected with a morbid state of that fluid" 3707:

Ishida, Tateki; Rossky, Peter J.; Castner, Edward W. (2004). "A Theoretical Investigation of the Shape and Hydration Properties of Aqueous Urea: Evidence for Nonplanar Urea Geometry".

3573:

Loeser E, DelaCruz M, Madappalli V (9 June 2011). "Solubility of Urea in Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Urea-Saturated Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures".

2623:, 1 mmol of excessive urea in the urine (as measured by urine volume in litres multiplied by urea concentration in mmol/L) roughly corresponds to a muscle loss of 0.67 gram. 2006:. Urea present in urine/wastewater can be used directly (though bacteria normally quickly degrade urea). Producing hydrogen by electrolysis of urea solution occurs at a lower voltage ( 6059: 2085:. Urea 40% "dissolves the intercellular matrix" of the nail plate. Only diseased or dystrophic nails are removed, as there is no effect on healthy portions of the nail. This drug (as 3924:

Schaber, Peter M.; Colson, James; Higgins, Steven; Thielen, Daniel; Anspach, Bill; Brauer, Jonathan (2004). "Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel".

2427:) is a common byproduct of the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. Ammonia is smaller, more volatile, and more mobile than urea. If allowed to accumulate, ammonia would raise the 3253:

Urea hydrolyzes back to ammonium carbamate in the hottest stages of the synthesis plant, especially in the stripper, so residence times in these stages are designed to be short.

828: 4339:

Durand, Erwann; Lecomte, Jérôme; Baréa, Bruno; Piombo, Georges; Dubreucq, Éric; Villeneuve, Pierre (1 December 2012). "Evaluation of deep eutectic solvents as new media for

3424:

though not, of course, that of urea itself (46%). UAN allows use of ammonium nitrate without the explosion hazard. UAN accounts for 80% of the liquid fertilizers in the US.

2137:

Urea has also been studied as an excipient in Drug-coated Balloon (DCB) coating formulation to enhance local drug delivery to stenotic blood vessels. Urea, when used as an

7405: 6052: 3495:

has the retained name 'urea', which is the preferred IUPAC name, with locants N and N′, as shown above the structure below. The systematic name is 'carbonic diamide', (…).

1049: 3373:

oxide layer on exposed stainless steel surfaces. Highly corrosion resistant materials have been introduced to reduce the need for passivation oxygen, such as specialized

4735:

Werk Michael; Albrecht Thomas; Meyer Dirk-Roelfs; Ahmed Mohammed Nabil; Behne Andrea; Dietz Ulrich; Eschenbach Götz; Hartmann Holger; Lange Christian (1 December 2012).

3998: 3832: 2190:, by a reaction that produces ammonia from urea. This increases the pH (reduces the acidity) of the stomach environment around the bacteria. Similar bacteria species to 883: 2659:. Despite the generalization above, the urea pathway has been documented not only in mammals and amphibians, but in many other organisms as well, including birds, 2806:, the theory that the chemicals of living organisms are fundamentally different from those of inanimate matter. This insight was important for the development of 7669: 5821: 3548: 3238:

thus on overall plant efficiency. Effectively all new urea plants use the stripper, and many total recycle urea plants have converted to a stripping process.

585: 2880:. It is the classical pre-dialysis era description of crystallized urea deposits over the skin of patients with prolonged kidney failure and severe uremia. 6446: 1987:

as it disrupts the noncovalent bonds in the proteins. This property can be exploited to increase the solubility of some proteins. A mixture of urea and

2876:, the first Danish pediatrician in 1870 who also described the disease that carries his name in 1886. Uremic frost has become rare since the advent of 7365: 3863: 2896:

obtained crystals containing urea from human urine by evaporating it and treating it with alcohol in successive filtrations. This method was aided by

2570: 5977:"Effects of Urea-Ammonium Nitrate Solution on Yield, N2O Emission, and Nitrogen Efficiency of Summer Maize Under Integration of Water and Fertilizer" 2929:

added. The water is then evaporated and anhydrous alcohol added to extract the urea. This solution is drained off and evaporated, leaving pure urea.

2920:, in 1817, succeeded in obtaining and determining the chemical composition of the pure substance. In the evolved procedure, urea was precipitated as 2141:

in small doses (~3 μg/mm) to coat DCB surface was found to form crystals that increase drug transfer without adverse toxic effects on vascular

1693:. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use. Therefore, it has a low transportation cost per unit of 7370: 2683:

Urea can be irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Repeated or prolonged contact with urea in fertilizer form on the skin may cause

905: 2611:) can be estimated by the conversion factor 0.028 g/mmol. Furthermore, 1 gram of nitrogen is roughly equivalent to 6.25 grams of 2265:. It is often the main ingredient of pet friendly salt substitutes although it is less effective than traditional rock salt or calcium chloride. 7398: 2905: 5704: 5516: 5256: 5203: 4519: 4165: 4130: 3480: 774: 2651:

reptiles have a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water, and leads to nitrogen excretion in the form of uric acid.

2635:

organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, whereas land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or

2223:(DEF), which is 32.5% urea and 67.5% de-ionized water. DEF is sprayed into the exhaust stream of diesel vehicles to break down dangerous 1737:

that slow the release of nitrogen include the encapsulation of urea in an inert sealant, and conversion of urea into derivatives such as

1339:. This is determined when the crystal is nucleated and can thus be forced by seeding. The resulting crystals have been used to separate 3617: 4015: 1306: 898: 7391: 5169: 5135: 4912: 4886: 3817: 3521: 1798: 550: 5246: 4509: 4088: 4384: 2507: 6439: 2558: 2690:

High concentrations in the blood can be damaging. Ingestion of low concentrations of urea, such as are found in typical human

3744:"A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea" 2546: 1320:

By virtue of its tendency to form porous frameworks, urea has the ability to trap many organic compounds. In these so-called

1310: 421: 5798:, Carl Bosch & Wilhelm Meiser, "Process of Manufacturing Urea", issued 1922-09-19, assigned to 3042: 7269: 2756: 2730: 1802: 1734: 1305:

symmetry when in the gas phase or in aqueous solution, with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the

5422: 7659: 7654: 3020:. As large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the ammonia manufacturing process as a byproduct of burning 2705:

to produce toxins, and its presence in the runoff from fertilized land may play a role in the increase of toxic blooms.

1717:). The ammonium is taken up by the plant through its roots. In some soils, the ammonium is oxidized by bacteria to give 1587:

Urea is readily quantified by a number of different methods, such as the diacetyl monoxime colorimetric method, and the

493: 2698:, rodents or dogs) have a much more concentrated urine which may contain a higher urea amount than normal human urine. 7664: 2545:

is a vital part of mammalian metabolism. Besides its role as carrier of waste nitrogen, urea also plays a role in the

1984: 1786: 514: 4819:

Kolachalama, Vijaya B.; Shazly, Tarek; Vipul C. Chitalia; Lyle, Chimera; Azar, Dara A.; Chang, Gary H. (2 May 2019).

2975:

intermediate. Non-symmetric ureas can be accessed by the reaction of primary or secondary amines with an isocyanate.

5795: 3743: 7624: 6842: 6432: 4460: 3464: 2096:. It was first used by Dr. W. Friedrich in 1892. In a 2010 study of ICU patients, urea was used to treat euvolemic 1056: 707: 4929:"Lacura Multi Intensive Serum – Review – Excellent value for money – Lacura Multi Intensive Serum "Aqua complete"" 2912:

discovered in 1799 that the nitrated crystals were identical to Rouelle's substance and invented the term "urea."

7674: 1564: 1358:

of 13.9. When combined with strong acids, it undergoes protonation at oxygen to form uronium salts. It is also a

891: 4976: 4951: 1174: 6879: 5604: 5577: 4776:

Wöhrle, Jochen (1 October 2012). "Drug-Coated Balloons for Coronary and Peripheral Interventional Procedures".

2126:(BUN) test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. It is used as a marker of 1960:), so it is the reactant of choice. Trucks and cars using these catalytic converters need to carry a supply of 4535: 3655: 3229:

The "conventional recycle process" for recovering and reusing the reactants has largely been supplanted by a

2820:

I must tell you that I can make urea without the use of kidneys, either man or dog. Ammonium cyanate is urea.

7634: 7614: 7352: 6382: 6112: 5324:

The first mention of urea is as "the essential salt of the human body" in: Peter Shaw and Ephraim Chambers,

5105: 3902: 3370: 2909: 2811: 2656: 1750: 736: 371: 7252: 4928: 4559: 4031: 3374: 2285: 1588: 1167: 6117: 2134:

because blood urea levels are influenced by other factors such as diet, dehydration, and liver function.

7504: 7359: 7247: 3230: 2318: 2116: 2026: 1992: 1501: 1298: 183: 2694:, are not dangerous with additional water ingestion within a reasonable time-frame. Many animals (e.g. 6408: 5641: : 451–468. Rouelle describes the procedure he used to separate urea from urine on pages 454–455. 5329: 3205:

dioxide for recycle, the ammonia at least would be used for the manufacture of other products such as

313: 261: 7649: 7639: 7550: 7328: 6773: 6146: 5541: 5453: 5396: 5040: 4963: 4832: 4300: 4035: 3933: 3878: 3755: 3678: 3317: 3051: 2897: 2581: 2338: 2310: 2251: 2220: 1961: 1536: 171: 5101: 1999:. When used in a deep eutectic solvent, urea gradually denatures the proteins that are solubilized. 1324:, the organic "guest" molecules are held in channels formed by interpenetrating helices composed of 7644: 7556: 6634: 6362: 6357: 6342: 6312: 6251: 6180: 6122: 6107: 5273: 3461:

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)

3433: 2873: 2863: 2768: 2542: 2364: 2269: 2162: 2123: 1977: 1946: 1265: 1262: 1188: 531: 227: 6044: 5937: 5575:

Shorter, J. (1978). "The conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea—a saga in reaction mechanisms".

5351: 2866:. Regardless, with his discovery, Wöhler secured a place among the pioneers of organic chemistry. 1941:

in water (545 g/L at 25 °C), urea is much easier and safer to handle and store than the more

7629: 6367: 6322: 6317: 6276: 5918: 5220: 4801: 4442: 4269: 3354: 3070: 2577: 2566: 2086: 2074: 1782: 1633: 1568: 1198: 995: 273: 5631:"Observations sur l'urine humaine, & sur celle de vache & de cheval, comparées ensemble" 2510:

of 2.5 to 6.7 mmol/L) and further transported and excreted by the kidney as a component of

4876: 3357:

solutions are highly corrosive to metallic construction materials – even to resistant forms of

3250:

The three main side reactions that produce impurities have in common that they decompose urea.

1689:

More than 90% of world industrial production of urea is destined for use as a nitrogen-release

1616:

that share the same functional group, a carbonyl group attached to two organic amine residues:

7562: 7464: 7441: 7318: 7288: 7046: 6668: 6398: 6387: 6377: 6337: 6332: 6271: 6016: 5998: 5957: 5910: 5875: 5751: 5721: 5700: 5630: 5557: 5512: 5340: 5252: 5199: 5175: 5165: 5131: 5083: 4908: 4882: 4858: 4793: 4758: 4717: 4668: 4619: 4515: 4434: 4364: 4261: 4219: 4161: 4136: 4126: 4069: 4011: 3949: 3894: 3813: 3779: 3771: 3724: 3517: 3476: 3032: 2849: 2807: 2776: 2500: 2482: 2360: 2314: 2232: 2142: 2104: 2034: 1738: 1613: 1576: 1572: 1255: 1015: 953: 801: 5694: 5672: 5651: 5367:

Backer, H. J. (1943) "Boerhaave's Ontdekking van het Ureum" (Boerhaave's discovery of urea),

5361: 4902: 4155: 7592: 7580: 7574: 7517: 7468: 7447: 7023: 6517: 6455: 6347: 6075: 6006: 5988: 5949: 5902: 5865: 5741: 5733: 5586: 5549: 5491: 5461: 5404: 5281: 5157: 5075: 5048: 4971: 4848: 4840: 4785: 4748: 4707: 4699: 4658: 4650: 4609: 4599: 4568: 4557:

Crawford JH, McIntosh JF (1925). "The use of urea as a diuretic in advanced heart failure".

4426: 4356: 4308: 4253: 4209: 4201: 4059: 4051: 4003: 3941: 3886: 3846: 3805: 3763: 3716: 3686: 3624: 3582: 3511: 3468: 3361:– especially in the hottest parts of the synthesis plant such as the stripper. Historically 3306: 3210: 3206: 3036:

Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930

2979: 2926: 2889: 2827: 2718: 2525:

In water, the amine groups undergo slow displacement by water molecules, producing ammonia,

2293: 2157: 1988: 1677: 1390: 1209: 1120: 1088: 1084: 980: 678: 608: 135: 112: 50: 31: 4821:"Intrinsic coating morphology modulates acute drug transfer in drug-coated balloon therapy" 4239:"Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk" 3742:

West, Aaron C.; Schmidt, Michael W.; Gordon, Mark S.; Ruedenberg, Klaus (15 October 2015).

1839:

system, for example, injects a water-based urea solution into the exhaust system. Ammonia (

1741:

compounds, which degrade into ammonia at a pace matching plants' nutritional requirements.

502: 7242: 7001: 6996: 6979: 6962: 6763: 6512: 6327: 6261: 6216: 5769: 5479: 4389: 3800:

Worsch, Detlev; Vögtle, Fritz (2002). "Separation of enantiomers by clathrate formation".

3641: 3365:

has been minimized (although not eliminated) by continuous injection of a small amount of

3358: 2893: 2877: 2726: 2530: 2515: 2406: 2325: 1694: 1378: 1340: 1336: 1213: 1155: 959: 399: 333: 6037: 4753: 4736: 4572: 5633:(Observations on human urine and on that of the cow and horse, compared to each other), 5545: 5457: 5400: 5079: 5044: 4967: 4836: 4304: 4190:"Inhibition of protein carbamylation in urea solution using ammonium-containing buffers" 3937: 3882: 3759: 3682: 293: 237: 7619: 7313: 7308: 7184: 7179: 7174: 6967: 6934: 6718: 6700: 6690: 6352: 6266: 6231: 6170: 6011: 5976: 5746: 5504: 4853: 4820: 4712: 4687: 4663: 4638: 4614: 4587: 4214: 4189: 4064: 4039: 3292: 3017: 2772: 2632: 2620: 2593: 2394: 2342: 2127: 2082: 1806: 1544: 1540: 1398: 1232: 1197:

It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (

1027: 1000: 725: 535: 375: 3690: 1908:

When urea is used, a pre-reaction (hydrolysis) occurs to first convert it to ammonia:

1138:-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the 7608: 7523: 7511: 7497: 7451: 7425: 7333: 7281: 7212: 7098: 7088: 7083: 7073: 7068: 7018: 7013: 6929: 6924: 6914: 6768: 6723: 6685: 6673: 6644: 6522: 6372: 6241: 6221: 6097: 4394: 3259:

is formed when two molecules of urea combine with the loss of a molecule of ammonia.

2917: 2672: 2303: 2247: 2050: 1754: 1661: 1560: 1505: 1325: 1314: 1124: 1080: 1010: 667: 657: 364: 4446: 4273: 3842: 3673:

Godfrey, Peter D.; Brown, Ronald D.; Hunter, Andrew N. (1997). "The shape of urea".

2002:

Urea can in principle serve as a hydrogen source for subsequent power generation in

7431: 7264: 7151: 7146: 7123: 6874: 6713: 6639: 6576: 6571: 6549: 6505: 6490: 6480: 6392: 6175: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6079: 5922: 5305: 4805: 4238: 3407: 3021: 2921: 2869: 2660: 2589: 2585: 2526: 2398: 2179: 2097: 1996: 1778: 1657: 1374: 1251: 849: 844: 839: 834: 699: 5017: 4360: 4007: 5975:

Ren, Baizhao; Guo, Yanqing; Liu, Peng; Zhao, Bin; Zhang, Jiwang (3 August 2021).

5031:

Donaldson, William R.; Tang, C. L. (1984). "Urea optical parametric oscillator".

4737:"Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons Reduce Restenosis After Femoro-Popliteal Angioplasty" 3871:

Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry

2937:

Ureas in the more general sense can be accessed in the laboratory by reaction of

2588:

urine — i.e., urine with a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the

466: 7437: 7323: 7276: 7237: 7118: 7006: 6991: 6986: 6974: 6539: 6534: 6500: 6495: 6485: 6463: 6236: 6185: 6156: 4703: 3837: 3472: 3234: 3127: 2901: 2702: 2695: 2608: 2289: 2078: 2066: 2030: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1774: 1161: 941: 917: 78: 5737: 4844: 2413:. Because ammonia is toxic, it is excreted immediately by fish, converted into 1273:, which stated that only living organisms could produce the chemicals of life. 7455: 7232: 7223: 7103: 7058: 6954: 6919: 6909: 6849: 6785: 6708: 6656: 6246: 6226: 6190: 6165: 6142: 4992: 4789: 4312: 3945: 3890: 3217:, then recombining the resulting carbon dioxide and ammonia in a falling-film 3059: 3047: 2972: 2684: 2562: 2472: 2440: 2436: 2402: 2131: 2054: 1942: 1938: 1847: 1824: 1758: 1690: 1682: 1575:

to a concentrated urea solution decreases formation of cyanate because of the

1359: 1247: 1243: 1131: 689: 629: 411: 324: 6002: 5993: 5961: 5953: 5914: 5879: 4368: 4289:"A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts" 4257: 4205: 4140: 3953: 3898: 3841:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " 3775: 3767: 3728: 3009:

In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes.

1753:, such as UF, MUF, and MUPF, used mainly in wood-based panels, for instance, 7474: 7199: 7113: 7078: 7063: 7051: 6894: 6869: 6678: 6200: 3850: 3378: 3362: 2913: 2644: 2636: 2553:, that allows for reabsorption of water and critical ions from the excreted 2468: 2458: 2414: 2371: 2332: 2258: 2153: 2149: 2138: 2062: 2042: 2003: 1816: 1653: 1641: 1637: 1547:

proteins, in particular the N-terminal amino group, the side chain amino of

1515: 1321: 1151: 87: 20: 6020: 5870: 5853: 5755: 5561: 5444:

Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry".

5387:

Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry".

5285: 5179: 5087: 4862: 4797: 4762: 4721: 4623: 4438: 4265: 4223: 4073: 3783: 4672: 4654: 3394: 2533:. For this reason, old, stale urine has a stronger odor than fresh urine. 1535:

In aqueous solution, urea slowly equilibrates with ammonium cyanate. This

1313:

angle of 109.5°. In solid urea, the oxygen center is engaged in two N–H–O

59: 7568: 7532: 7414: 7207: 7161: 7128: 6824: 6730: 6604: 6559: 6544: 6403: 6296: 6286: 6256: 6195: 5590: 5161: 4486: 4352: 3438: 2938: 2803: 2492: 2356: 2236: 2175: 2112: 2093: 2070: 1702: 1625: 1556: 1552: 1529: 1270: 1135: 1117: 976: 904: 897: 890: 863: 391: 383: 344: 4588:"Treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in the intensive care unit by urea" 4464: 4040:"Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution" 2397:. The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a 353: 7541: 7169: 7093: 6944: 6939: 6904: 6889: 6884: 6854: 6837: 6661: 6588: 6554: 6291: 6281: 6102: 5906: 5605:"The discovery of urea and the end of vitalism - Hektoen International" 4639:"Induction of therapeutic abortion by intra-amniotic injection of urea" 3809: 3296: 3221:

and pumping the carbamate solution back into the urea reaction vessel.

3013: 2764: 2652: 2648: 2612: 2550: 2444: 2410: 2350: 2297: 2279: 2262: 2207: 2171: 2046: 1981: 1950: 1836: 1762: 1718: 1629: 1442: 1394: 1221: 1076: 1005: 647: 453: 5553: 5465: 5408: 4055: 3720: 3586: 2615:, and 1 gram of protein is roughly equivalent to 5 grams of 1866:) and water within the catalytic converter. The conversion of noxious 7257: 7189: 7033: 6742: 6735: 6629: 6610: 6599: 6583: 6529: 6413: 5346:

For an English translation of the relevant passage, see: Peter Shaw,

5339:…, volume 2, (Leipzig ("Lipsiae"), (Germany): Caspar Fritsch, 1732), 5152:

Klein J, Blount MA, Sands JM (2011). "Urea Transport in the Kidney".

3366: 3256: 2722: 2640: 2616: 2597: 2592:. This mechanism is important to prevent the loss of water, maintain 2183: 2108: 2058: 1965: 1698: 1645: 1548: 1428: 1180: 1143: 754: 304: 6424: 5938:"Feed Grade Biuret as a Protein Replacement for Ruminants. A Review" 5052: 4430: 4288: 2409:

in the liver is removal of the alpha-amino nitrogen, which produces

1026:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

5248:

Skin Protection: Practical Applications in the Occupational Setting

4604: 1701:, which impairs plant growth. Urea breaks down in the soil to give 441: 118: 7138: 7108: 7041: 6899: 6864: 6859: 6832: 6780: 6747: 6651: 6475: 6088: 4586:

Decaux G, Andres C, Gankam Kengne F, Soupart A (14 October 2010).

3390: 3031: 2942: 2717:

Urea was first discovered in urine in 1727 by the Dutch scientist

2691: 2668: 2664: 2554: 2519: 2511: 2496: 2448: 2370:

As an additive to extend the working temperature and open time of

2346: 2240: 1676: 1649: 1605: 1600: 1332: 1217: 1139: 1106: 1102: 761: 477: 284: 260: 250: 24: 5936:

Fonnesbeck, Paul V.; Kearl, Leonard C.; Harris, Lorin E. (1975).

2740:

Boiled off water, resulting in a substance similar to fresh cream

2435:

Urea is synthesized in the body of many organisms as part of the

1297:. The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of 6566: 5799: 5683: : 80–112; 113–162. On page 91, urea is again named "urée". 5532:

Gibb BC (April 2009). "Teetering towards chaos and complexity".

2862:, which are in chemical equilibrium heavily favoring urea under 2604: 2273: 2038: 2010:) and thus consumes less energy than the electrolysis of water ( 1335:

are interconnected, all helices in a crystal must have the same

1205: 432: 7387: 6428: 6048: 4237:

Baumgartner M, Flöck M, Winter P, Luf W, Baumgartner W (2005).

7491: 5423:"Why Pee is Cool – entry #5 – "How Pee Unites You With Rocks"" 4536:"Carbamide Peroxide Drops GENERIC NAME(S): CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE" 3510:

Yalkowsky, Samuel H.; He, Yan; Jain, Parijat (19 April 2016).

3420: 2514:. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with 2377: 2203: 2199: 2195: 121: 5328:…, vol 2, (London, England: J. Osborn and T. Longman, 1727), 2892:

in the early 18th century from evaporates of urine. In 1773,

2376:

As a solubility-enhancing and moisture-retaining additive to

7383: 4904:

Chlorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition

3054:, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. The first is 519: 144: 86: 77: 58: 49: 7461: 4993:"Dyeing FAQ: What is urea for, in dyeing? Is it necessary?" 4977:

10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0197:UAAINF>2.0.CO;2

2428: 662:

133 to 135 °C (271 to 275 °F; 406 to 408 K)

156: 150: 124: 4125:. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 819. 2916:

made further improvements to its purification and finally

1882:

is described by the following simplified global equation:

4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3130:

decomposition of ammonium carbamate into urea and water:

2810:. His discovery prompted Wöhler to write triumphantly to 2077:, 40% urea preparations may also be used for nonsurgical 875: 115: 5066:

Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). "Amino acid metabolism".

4686:

Traynor J, Mactier R, Geddes CC, Fox JG (October 2006).

3614:, 49th edition (1968–1969). A value of 0.18 is given by 3062:

reaction of liquid ammonia with gaseous carbon dioxide (

2160:, which is used to detect the presence of the bacterium 1204:

is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither

5317:

Boerhaave called urea "sal nativus urinæ" (the native,

2405:. The first step in the conversion of amino acids into 2383:

As an optical parametric oscillator in nonlinear optics

1044: 4160:. Methods in enzymology. Academic Press. p. 267. 2194:

can be identified by the same test in animals such as

30:"Carbonic diamide" redirects here. For the azide, see 5893:

Mikkelsen, R. L (1990). "Biuret in urea fertilizer".

5128:

Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach

3050:

and Wilhelm Meiser. The process consists of two main

3012:

For use in industry, urea is produced from synthetic

2721:, although this discovery is often attributed to the 2655:

excrete ammonia, but shift to urea production during

1563:

to the mass of the protein, which can be observed in

384: 141: 4688:"How to measure renal function in clinical practice" 3369:(as air) into the plant to establish and maintain a 2746:

Waited a year for solid to form under an oily liquid

2736:

Boerhaave used the following steps to isolate urea:

2495:

act as intermediates. Urea production occurs in the

159: 147: 7301: 7221: 7198: 7160: 7137: 7032: 6953: 6823: 6800: 6756: 6699: 6622: 6597: 6462: 6305: 6209: 6155: 6087: 3118:= −117 kJ/mol at 110 atm and 160 °C) 3040:The basic process, patented in 1922, is called the 1212:. The body uses it in many processes, most notably 420: 153: 138: 5352:page 198: Process CXVIII: The native salt of urine 5018:"Optical parametric oscillator using urea crystal" 4121:Burgess, Richard R.; Deutscher, Murray P. (2009). 5635:Journal de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacie 5350:…, 2nd ed., (London, England: T. Longman, 1741), 4463:. Odan Laboratories. January 2009. Archived from 4293:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 4188:Sun S, Zhou JY, Yang W, Zhang H (February 2014). 2743:Used filter paper to squeeze out remaining liquid 2130:, though it is inferior to other markers such as 1500:At higher temperatures it converts to a range of 5662: : 48–71. On page 69, urea is named "urée". 5245:Schliemann, S.; Elsner, Peter (1 January 2007). 4952:"Urea as an Ice Nucleant for Supercooled Clouds" 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3381:or zirconium-clad titanium tubing in the 2000s. 2900:'s discovery that urine treated by concentrated 2506:. Urea is then dissolved into the blood (in the 1697:. The most common impurity of synthetic urea is 1250:as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important 465: 5948:(6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1150–1184. 5847: 5845: 5815: 5813: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3919: 3917: 3915: 2543:cycling of and excretion of urea by the kidneys 879: 236: 3999:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3795: 3793: 3538:"Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerine" 2417:by birds, and converted into urea by mammals. 1785:that is used industrially and as part of some 1749:Urea is a raw material for the manufacture of 1130:Urea serves an important role in the cellular 7399: 6440: 6060: 3702: 3700: 2182:. The test detects the characteristic enzyme 2100:and was found safe, inexpensive, and simple. 8: 5490:(2) : 253–256. Available in English at 5360:…, (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1974), 5251:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. 3505: 3503: 2826:In fact, his second sentence was incorrect. 1551:, and to a lesser extent the side chains of 1123:(–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest amide of 6041:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) 3455: 3453: 3069:) at high temperature and pressure to form 2596:, and maintain a suitable concentration of 2268:A main ingredient in hair removers such as 7406: 7392: 7384: 6820: 6619: 6447: 6433: 6425: 6067: 6053: 6045: 3575:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 3305:results from the thermal decomposition of 3289:nitrogen source when used in animal feed. 2848:are two different chemicals with the same 1301:of the N orbitals. It is non-planar with C 1269:contradicting the widely held doctrine of 534: 374: 332: 38: 6010: 5992: 5869: 5745: 5480:"Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" 5306:International Chemical Safety Cards: UREA 4975: 4852: 4752: 4741:Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 4711: 4662: 4613: 4603: 4287:Greenan NS, Mulvaney RL, Sims GK (1995). 4213: 4063: 3233:process, developed in the early 1960s by 2571:thin descending limb of the loop of Henle 2250:, providing a relatively cheap source of 2089:) is also used as an earwax removal aid. 1286:The structure of the molecule of urea is 501: 5425:. Science minus details. 11 October 2011 4881:. Cengage Learning. 2015. p. 1117. 3397:, pellets or crystals) or as solutions. 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3311: 3301: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3182: 3175: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3076: 3065: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2423: 2226: 1956: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1869: 1862: 1853: 1842: 1809: 1799:Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) 1524: 1520: 1510: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1433: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1365: 1293: 1289: 1238: 1227: 1112: 1097: 1093: 620: 616: 5482:(On the artificial formation of urea), 5369:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 4907:. ScholarlyEditions. 2013. p. 77. 4325:Duo et al., (1992). Can. J. Chem. Eng, 3864:"The crystal structure of urea nitrate" 3449: 3168:= +15.5 kJ/mol at 160–180 °C) 2771:obtained urea artificially by treating 2401:; the amino group is then fed into the 590: 555: 530: 352: 5776:. International Fertilizer Association 3862:Harkema, S.; Feil, D. (1 March 1969). 1859:) and is converted into nitrogen gas ( 1362:, forming metal complexes of the type 365: 5194:Jacki Bishop; Thomas, Briony (2007). 4950:Knollenberg, Robert G. (March 1966). 4508:Habif, Thomas P. (25 November 2009). 3612:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3389:Urea can be produced in solid forms ( 3346:contaminates the process condensate. 2978:Urea can also be produced by heating 2278:A browning agent in factory-produced 1976:Urea in concentrations up to 10 1850:of urea reacts with nitrogen oxides ( 562:Key: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 312: 292: 7: 7670:Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom 5822:"Thermodynamics of the Urea Process" 5696:Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry 4991:Burch, Paula E. (13 November 1999). 4754:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.971630 4573:10.1001/archinte.1925.00120160088004 4385:"Researchers develop urea fuel cell" 3656:"Urea - Registration Dossier - ECHA" 3598: 3596: 2603:The equivalent nitrogen content (in 2380:baths for textile dyeing or printing 1773:Urea can be used in a reaction with 848: 838: 559:InChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4) 5080:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035 4383:Carow, Colleen (14 November 2008). 4089:"Urea Solution Product Information" 4044:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 3804:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 21–41. 3748:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 3709:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 3513:Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data 2971:These reactions proceed through an 2906:Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy 1803:Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 1559:. Each carbamylation event adds 43 572:Key: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYAF 569:InChI=1/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4) 456: 440: 5274:"Urea pollution turns tides toxic" 3996:Meessen, Jozef H. (2012). "Urea". 3838:Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2647:, as well as some fish. Birds and 2573:, which makes the water reabsorb. 2561:of the nephrons, thus raising the 2107:, urea has been injected into the 1632:or other groups. Examples include 1455:via reaction with isocyanic acid: 14: 7485:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599) 5156:. Vol. 1. pp. 699–729. 1427:Heating above 160 °C yields 5509:Molecules That Changed The World 5321:, natural, salt of urine). See: 3616:Williams, R. (24 October 2001). 2639:. Urea is found in the urine of 2559:inner medullary collecting ducts 2313:, commonly used in dry chemical 2119:is no longer in widespread use. 2092:Urea has also been studied as a 1034: 134: 111: 5726:Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 4956:American Meteorological Society 4393:(Press release). Archived from 4343:B lipase catalyzed reactions". 3467:. 2014. pp. 416, 860–861. 2872:was first described in 1865 by 2439:, either from the oxidation of 2257:A non-corroding alternative to 1968:, a solution of urea in water. 1644:. Ureas are closely related to 1393:at about 152 °C, and into 1282:Molecular and crystal structure 1030:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 696: 50 g/L ethanol 5671:Fourcroy and Vauqeulin (1800) 5650:Fourcroy and Vauquelin (1799) 3675:Journal of Molecular Structure 3465:The Royal Society of Chemistry 3200:Conventional recycle processes 3162: 3112: 2619:tissue. In situations such as 2547:countercurrent exchange system 2451:groups donated by ammonia and 1995:(DES), a substance similar to 1735:controlled-release fertilizers 1685:that produces urea fertilizer. 1: 6313:Peritoneal dialysis solutions 5484:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 5446:Journal of Chemical Education 5389:Journal of Chemical Education 5375: : 1274–1278 (in Dutch). 5371:(Dutch Journal of Medicine), 5068:Annual Review of Biochemistry 4560:Archives of Internal Medicine 4361:10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.027 4157:Guide to Protein Purification 4123:Guide to protein purification 4008:10.1002/14356007.a27_333.pub2 3691:10.1016/S0022-2860(97)00176-2 2461:are converted to urea, while 2306:agent, along with other salts 1351:Urea is a weak base, with a p 5770:"Urea production statistics" 5272:Coombs A (27 October 2008). 5192:Section 1.9.2 (page 76) in: 5039:(1). AIP Publishing: 25–27. 4931:. Dooyoo.co.uk. 19 June 2009 4514:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2752:Dissolved the solid in water 2557:. Urea is reabsorbed in the 2041:. Urea 40% is indicated for 1787:improvised explosive devices 1648:and related in structure to 1389:Molten urea decomposes into 768:ThermochemistryCRC Handbook 6210:Irrigating solutions (B05C) 6091:and related products (B05A) 5699:. CRC Press. pp. 41–. 5358:Boerhaave and Great Britain 5196:Manual of Dietetic Practice 4704:10.1136/bmj.38975.390370.7c 4637:Diggory PL (January 1971). 4511:Clinical Dermatology E-Book 3802:Topics in Current Chemistry 3473:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001 2178:of humans, associated with 1831:, dual fuel, and lean-burn 1187: 'urine', itself from 930:or concentration (LD, LC): 73: 45: 7691: 5981:Frontiers in Plant Science 5738:10.1177/095952871700800123 4845:10.1038/s41598-019-43095-9 4778:Current Cardiology Reports 4246:Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 4032:Alexandrova, Anastassia N. 3172:The overall conversion of 2941:with primary or secondary 2888:Urea was first noticed by 2600:ions in the blood plasma. 1598: 1565:protein mass spectrometery 1220:forms it by combining two 1173: 29: 18: 7421: 7342: 6078:and perfusion solutions ( 5942:Journal of Animal Science 5511:. Wiley-VCH. p. 11. 5478:Wöhler, Friedrich (1828) 5348:A New Method of Chemistry 5330:page 193: Process LXXXVII 5326:A New Method of Chemistry 4790:10.1007/s11886-012-0290-x 4313:10.1080/00103629509369465 3946:10.1016/j.tca.2004.05.018 3891:10.1107/S0567740869002603 3421:urea and ammonium nitrate 3225:Stripping recycle process 3043:Bosch–Meiser urea process 2317:charges such as the urea- 1751:formaldehyde based resins 1246:. Urea is widely used in 1024: 965: 926: 857: 821: 767: 747: 634:60.06 g/mol 601: 581: 546: 220: 194: 182: 170: 100: 72: 44: 7481:Miscellaneous (E900–999) 5994:10.3389/fpls.2021.700331 5954:10.2527/jas1975.4061150x 5864:(12). Wiley: 2180–2189. 5858:Chemie Ingenieur Technik 5578:Chemical Society Reviews 5225:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 5154:Comprehensive Physiology 5126:Walter F. Boron (2005). 4878:Heavy Duty Truck Systems 4567:(4). New York: 530–541. 4461:"UriSec 40 How it Works" 4258:10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.2 4206:10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.024 4154:Deutscher, M.P. (1990). 3768:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400 3610:is given as 0.10 by the 1805:reactions to reduce the 698: ~4 g/L 19:Not to be confused with 7353:chemical classification 6383:Sodium glycerophosphate 5852:Meessen, Jozef (2014). 5106:Imperial College London 5033:Applied Physics Letters 4643:British Medical Journal 4194:Analytical Biochemistry 4002:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 3851:10.1351/goldbook.U06580 3375:duplex stainless steels 2910:Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 2904:precipitated crystals. 2749:Removed the oily liquid 948:8500 mg/kg (oral, rat) 737:Magnetic susceptibility 6113:Hemoglobin crosfumaril 5871:10.1002/cite.201400064 5507:, Montagnon T (2008). 5286:10.1038/news.2008.1190 3337:][OCN] → HNCO + NH 3046:after its discoverers 3037: 2933:Laboratory preparation 2884:Historical preparation 2567:medullary interstitium 2345:, for fermentation of 2324:An ingredient in many 2284:An ingredient in some 2027:Urea-containing creams 2018:confocal microscopes. 1686: 1309:angle of 120° and the 1160: 886: 91: 82: 63: 54: 7360:chemical nomenclature 5356:Lindeboom, Gerrit A. 5130:. Elsevier/Saunders. 4997:All About Hand Dyeing 4655:10.1136/bmj.1.5739.28 4036:Jorgensen, William L. 3602:Calculated from 14−pK 3434:Wöhler urea synthesis 3052:equilibrium reactions 3035: 3005:Industrial production 2759:to tease out the urea 2319:potassium bicarbonate 1993:deep eutectic solvent 1937:Being a solid highly 1680: 1502:condensation products 885: 392:(glazing agents, ...) 184:Systematic IUPAC name 90: 81: 62: 53: 7551:Potassium persulfate 6181:Protein hydrolysates 6147:umbilical cord blood 5693:Rosenfeld L (1999). 5591:10.1039/CS9780700001 5162:10.1002/cphy.c100030 4345:Process Biochemistry 4299:(15–16): 2519–2529. 3677:. 413–414: 405–414. 3318:chemical equilibrium 3215:carbamate decomposer 2898:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2812:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2582:antidiuretic hormone 2499:and is regulated by 2339:diammonium phosphate 2311:flame-proofing agent 2221:diesel exhaust fluid 2033:products to promote 2029:are used as topical 1962:diesel exhaust fluid 1537:elimination reaction 1337:molecular handedness 868:(fire diamond) 172:Preferred IUPAC name 7660:Household chemicals 7655:Commodity chemicals 7557:Ammonium persulfate 6816:not C, H or O) 6363:Magnesium phosphate 6343:Potassium phosphate 6306:Others (B05D, B05X) 6252:Ethacridine lactate 6123:Hydroxyethyl starch 6118:Hemoglobin raffimer 5895:Fertilizer Research 5546:2009NatCh...1...17G 5458:1956JChEd..33..452K 5401:1956JChEd..33..452K 5198:. Wiley-Blackwell. 5045:1984ApPhL..44...25D 4968:1966JAtS...23..197K 4837:2019NatSR...9.6839C 4489:. Odan Laboratories 4419:Nature Neuroscience 4305:1995CSSPA..26.2519G 4038:(1 February 2007). 3938:2004TcAc..424..131S 3883:1969AcCrB..25..589H 3760:2015JPCA..11910368W 3754:(41): 10368–10375. 3715:(45): 17583–17590. 3683:1997JMoSt.413..405G 3219:carbamate condenser 3056:carbamate formation 2874:Harald Hirschsprung 2864:standard conditions 2731:William Cruickshank 2663:, insects, plants, 2355:A nutrient used by 2163:Helicobacter pylori 2124:blood urea nitrogen 2073:. If covered by an 1401:above 160 °C: 1189:Proto-Indo-European 684:545 g/L (at 25 °C) 679:Solubility in water 274:Beilstein Reference 41: 7665:E-number additives 7442:acidity regulators 7258:Hypervalent iodine 6368:Magnesium chloride 6323:Sodium bicarbonate 6318:Potassium chloride 6277:Sodium bicarbonate 5907:10.1007/bf01048769 5335:Boerhaave, Herman 4825:Scientific Reports 4487:"UriSec 40% Cream" 4467:on 2 February 2011 4341:Candida antarctica 3926:Thermochimica Acta 3810:10.1007/bfb0003835 3630:on 24 August 2003. 3545:msdssearch.dow.com 3377:in the 1990s, and 3355:Ammonium carbamate 3191:Reactant recycling 3071:ammonium carbamate 3038: 2578:urea transporter 2 2214:Miscellaneous uses 2148:Urea labeled with 2087:carbamide peroxide 2075:occlusive dressing 1846:) produced by the 1793:Automobile systems 1687: 1634:carbamide peroxide 1614:chemical compounds 1589:Berthelot reaction 1569:ion-exchange resin 1242:) molecule in the 1214:nitrogen excretion 1057:Infobox references 996:Carbamide peroxide 966:Related compounds 887: 92: 83: 64: 55: 39: 7625:Functional groups 7602: 7601: 7563:Potassium bromate 7544: 7535: 7475:Flavour enhancers 7469:anticaking agents 7381: 7380: 7319:Sulfenyl chloride 7297: 7296: 6796: 6795: 6615:(only C, H and O) 6456:Functional groups 6422: 6421: 6399:Potassium acetate 6388:Potassium lactate 6378:Hydrochloric acid 6338:Magnesium sulfate 6333:Ammonium chloride 6272:Magnesium citrate 6076:Blood substitutes 5706:978-90-5699-645-1 5677:Annales de Chimie 5656:Annales de Chimie 5554:10.1038/nchem.148 5518:978-3-527-30983-2 5466:10.1021/ed033p452 5409:10.1021/ed033p452 5337:Elementa Chemicae 5258:978-3-8055-8218-6 5205:978-1-4051-3525-2 5020:. Google Patents. 4521:978-0-323-08037-8 4167:978-0-12-182083-1 4132:978-0-12-374536-1 4056:10.1021/jp066478s 3721:10.1021/jp0473218 3606:. The value of pK 3587:10.1021/je200122b 3482:978-0-85404-182-4 2850:empirical formula 2808:organic chemistry 2777:ammonium chloride 2757:recrystallization 2576:By action of the 2483:argininosuccinate 2447:. In this cycle, 2361:ocean nourishment 2331:An ingredient in 2315:fire extinguisher 2294:hair conditioners 2254:to promote growth 2219:An ingredient in 2143:endothelial cells 1739:urea-formaldehyde 1695:nitrogen nutrient 1595:Related compounds 1577:common ion effect 1573:ammonium chloride 1373:Urea reacts with 1256:chemical industry 1075:(because it is a 1065:Chemical compound 1063: 1062: 1016:Carbonyl fluoride 988:Related compounds 954:Safety data sheet 802:Gibbs free energy 694:500 g/L glycerol 515:CompTox Dashboard 262:Interactive image 96: 95: 68: 67: 7682: 7675:Organic minerals 7593:Benzoyl peroxide 7581:Azodicarbonamide 7575:Chlorine dioxide 7542: 7533: 7505:Improving agents 7498:Synthetic glazes 7408: 7401: 7394: 7385: 7348: 7253:Trifluoromethoxy 6821: 6817: 6620: 6616: 6469: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6426: 6409:Alanyl glutamine 6358:Sodium phosphate 6348:Calcium chloride 6159:solutions (B05B) 6069: 6062: 6055: 6046: 6025: 6024: 6014: 5996: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5901:(1–3): 311–318. 5890: 5884: 5883: 5873: 5854:"Urea synthesis" 5849: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5749: 5720:Prout W (1817). 5717: 5711: 5710: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5534:Nature Chemistry 5529: 5523: 5522: 5501: 5495: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5384: 5378: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4756: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4607: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4243: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4217: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4118: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4087:Aldrich, Sigma. 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3993: 3958: 3957: 3932:(1–2): 131–142. 3921: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3901:. Archived from 3868: 3859: 3853: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3623:. Archived from 3622: 3600: 3591: 3590: 3581:(6): 2909–2913. 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3554:on 13 April 2014 3553: 3547:. Archived from 3542: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3457: 3341: 3315: 3307:ammonium cyanate 3304: 3284: 3211:ammonium sulfate 3207:ammonium nitrate 3185: 3178: 3163: 3160: 3113: 3110: 3084: 3068: 3000: 2991:][OCN] → (NH 2980:ammonium cyanate 2967: 2927:barium carbonate 2890:Herman Boerhaave 2861: 2847: 2836: 2828:Ammonium cyanate 2797: 2769:Friedrich Wöhler 2719:Herman Boerhaave 2569:surrounding the 2531:bicarbonate ions 2504:-acetylglutamate 2490: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2466: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2426: 2363:experiments for 2231: 2158:urea breath test 2013: 2009: 1989:choline chloride 1959: 1933: 1904: 1881: 1874: 1865: 1858: 1845: 1814: 1797:Urea is used in 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1623: 1619: 1527: 1513: 1496: 1476: 1454: 1440: 1423: 1391:ammonium cyanate 1379:barbituric acids 1369: 1341:racemic mixtures 1328:urea molecules. 1299:sp hybridization 1296: 1263:Friedrich Wöhler 1241: 1230: 1184: 1177: 1121:functional group 1115: 1100: 1089:chemical formula 1085:organic compound 1047: 1041: 1038: 1037: 981:Hydroxycarbamide 907: 900: 893: 878: 852: 842: 813: 791: 743:−33.4·10 cm/mol 623: 609:Chemical formula 539: 538: 523: 521: 505: 469: 458: 444: 424: 400:Gmelin Reference 386: 378: 367: 356: 336: 316: 296: 264: 240: 212:Diaminomethanone 188:Carbonic diamide 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 140: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 74: 46: 42: 32:carbonyl diazide 16:Organic compound 7690: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7529: 7512:Packaging gases 7488: 7417: 7412: 7382: 7377: 7346: 7338: 7293: 7248:Trichloromethyl 7243:Trifluoromethyl 7217: 7194: 7156: 7133: 7028: 6997:Phosphine oxide 6949: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6792: 6752: 6695: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6423: 6418: 6328:Sodium chloride 6301: 6262:Sodium chloride 6217:Cetylpyridinium 6205: 6171:Lipid emulsions 6151: 6083: 6073: 6033: 6028: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5833: 5831: 5829:ureaknowhow.com 5824: 5820:Brouwer, Mark. 5819: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5774:www.ifastat.org 5768: 5767: 5763: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5670: 5666: 5649: 5645: 5629:Rouelle (1773) 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5611:. 15 April 2024 5603: 5602: 5598: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5477: 5473: 5443: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5172: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5053:10.1063/1.94590 5030: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4698:(7571): 733–7. 4685: 4684: 4680: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4431:10.1038/nn.2928 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4397:on 29 June 2017 4390:Ohio University 4382: 4381: 4377: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4320: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4133: 4120: 4119: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4018: 3995: 3994: 3961: 3923: 3922: 3913: 3908:on 2 June 2024. 3905: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3642:"Carbamic acid" 3640: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3430: 3417: 3403: 3387: 3359:stainless steel 3352: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3227: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3124:urea conversion 3111: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3063: 3030: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982:to 60 °C. 2965: 2962:CO + 2 [RNH 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2935: 2894:Hilaire Rouelle 2886: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784:AgNCO + [NH 2783: 2727:Hilaire Rouelle 2715: 2701:Urea can cause 2681: 2679:Adverse effects 2629: 2539: 2516:sodium chloride 2508:reference range 2487: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2425: 2421: 2407:metabolic waste 2390: 2326:tooth whitening 2246:A component of 2230: 2224: 2216: 2156:is used in the 2024: 2011: 2007: 1974: 1972:Laboratory uses 1964:, also sold as 1958: 1954: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1840: 1813: 1807: 1795: 1771: 1747: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1675: 1670: 1621: 1617: 1603: 1597: 1585: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1418:][OCN] → NH 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1387: 1377:esters to make 1367: 1363: 1357: 1349: 1326:hydrogen-bonded 1307:trigonal planar 1304: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1202: 1114: 1110: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1052: ?) 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1020: 989: 979: 973: 945: 939: 912: 911: 910: 909: 902: 895: 888: 884: 876: 831: 817:−197.15 kJ/mol 814: 808: 804: 795:−333.19 kJ/mol 792: 789: 783: 779: 776: 775:Std enthalpy of 757: 740: 716: 697: 681: 622: 618: 614: 611: 597: 594: 589: 588: 577: 574: 573: 570: 564: 563: 560: 554: 553: 542: 524: 517: 508: 488: 472: 459: 447: 427: 414: 402: 359: 339: 319: 299: 276: 267: 254: 243: 230: 216: 215: 209:Diaminomethanal 206:Carbonyldiamine 203:Carbonyldiamide 190: 189: 178: 177: 137: 133: 114: 110: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7688: 7686: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7635:Soil improvers 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7615:Nitrogen cycle 7607: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7539: 7528: 7527: 7524:Foaming agents 7521: 7515: 7509: 7501: 7495: 7487: 7486: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7459: 7445: 7435: 7429: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7388: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7334:Sulfinylamines 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7314:Phosphoramides 7311: 7309:Isothiocyanate 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7229: 7227: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7185:Selenenic acid 7182: 7180:Seleninic acid 7177: 7175:Selenonic acid 7172: 7166: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6983: 6982: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6968:Phosphodiester 6959: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6829: 6827: 6818: 6814:(one element, 6798: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6691:Methylenedioxy 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6617: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6472: 6470: 6468:(only C and H) 6460: 6459: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6353:Sodium acetate 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6267:Sodium citrate 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6232:Sulfamethizole 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108:Gelatin agents 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6085: 6084: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6032: 6031:External links 6029: 6027: 6026: 5967: 5928: 5885: 5841: 5809: 5787: 5761: 5712: 5705: 5685: 5664: 5643: 5622: 5596: 5567: 5524: 5517: 5496: 5471: 5436: 5414: 5395:(9): 452–459. 5379: 5377: 5376: 5365: 5354: 5344: 5333: 5310: 5298: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5211: 5204: 5185: 5170: 5144: 5136: 5118: 5093: 5058: 5023: 5009: 4983: 4942: 4920: 4913: 4894: 4887: 4868: 4811: 4784:(5): 635–641. 4768: 4747:(6): 831–840. 4727: 4678: 4649:(5739): 28–9. 4629: 4605:10.1186/cc9292 4578: 4549: 4527: 4520: 4500: 4478: 4452: 4425:(11): 1481–8. 4408: 4375: 4331: 4318: 4279: 4229: 4180: 4166: 4146: 4131: 4104: 4079: 4050:(4): 720–730. 4023: 4017:978-3527306732 4016: 3959: 3911: 3877:(3): 589–591. 3854: 3825: 3818: 3789: 3734: 3696: 3665: 3660:echa.europa.eu 3647: 3633: 3607: 3603: 3592: 3565: 3529: 3522: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3487:The compound H 3481: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3416: 3413: 3402: 3399: 3386: 3383: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3316:, which is in 3293:Isocyanic acid 3286: 3285: 3247: 3246:Side reactions 3244: 3226: 3223: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3170: 3169: 3122:The second is 3120: 3119: 3029: 3026: 3018:carbon dioxide 3006: 3003: 3002: 3001: 2969: 2968: 2934: 2931: 2885: 2882: 2824: 2823: 2799: 2798: 2773:silver cyanate 2761: 2760: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2714: 2711: 2680: 2677: 2673:microorganisms 2628: 2625: 2621:muscle wasting 2607:) of urea (in 2594:blood pressure 2538: 2535: 2518:and water) in 2395:carbon dioxide 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2365:geoengineering 2353: 2343:yeast nutrient 2335: 2329: 2322: 2307: 2300: 2282: 2276: 2266: 2255: 2244: 2235:into harmless 2215: 2212: 2186:, produced by 2128:renal function 2031:dermatological 2023: 2020: 1980:is a powerful 1973: 1970: 1949:and hazardous 1935: 1934: 1906: 1905: 1794: 1791: 1783:high explosive 1770: 1767: 1746: 1743: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1662:thiocarbamides 1599:Main article: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1581: 1541:isocyanic acid 1498: 1497: 1477: 1425: 1424: 1399:isocyanic acid 1386: 1383: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1315:hydrogen bonds 1302: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1233:carbon dioxide 1200: 1116:) joined by a 1071:, also called 1064: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1033: 1032: 1028:standard state 1025: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1001:Urea phosphate 998: 992: 990: 987: 984: 983: 974: 971: 968: 967: 963: 962: 957: 950: 949: 946: 937: 935: 932: 931: 924: 923: 922:Non-flammable 920: 914: 913: 903: 896: 889: 874: 873: 872: 871: 869: 860: 859: 855: 854: 832: 827: 824: 823: 819: 818: 815: 806: 800: 797: 796: 793: 787: 781: 773: 770: 769: 765: 764: 758: 753: 750: 749: 745: 744: 741: 735: 732: 731: 728: 726:Conjugate acid 722: 721: 718: 714: 704: 703: 692: 686: 685: 682: 677: 674: 673: 670: 664: 663: 660: 654: 653: 650: 644: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 626: 625: 612: 607: 604: 603: 599: 598: 596: 595: 592: 584: 583: 582: 579: 578: 576: 575: 571: 568: 567: 565: 561: 558: 557: 549: 548: 547: 544: 543: 541: 540: 527: 525: 513: 510: 509: 507: 506: 498: 496: 490: 489: 487: 486: 482: 480: 474: 473: 471: 470: 462: 460: 452: 449: 448: 446: 445: 437: 435: 429: 428: 426: 425: 417: 415: 410: 407: 406: 403: 398: 395: 394: 388: 380: 379: 369: 361: 360: 358: 357: 349: 347: 341: 340: 338: 337: 329: 327: 321: 320: 318: 317: 309: 307: 301: 300: 298: 297: 289: 287: 281: 280: 277: 272: 269: 268: 266: 265: 257: 255: 248: 245: 244: 242: 241: 233: 231: 226: 223: 222: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 197: 196: 192: 191: 187: 186: 180: 179: 175: 174: 168: 167: 107: 106:Pronunciation 103: 102: 98: 97: 94: 93: 84: 70: 69: 66: 65: 56: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7687: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7540: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7432:Preservatives 7430: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7213:Telluroketone 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7099:Sulfonic acid 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7089:Sulfinic acid 7087: 7085: 7084:Thiosulfonate 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7074:Thiosulfinate 7072: 7070: 7069:Sulfenic acid 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7024:Phosphaallene 7022: 7020: 7019:Phosphaalkyne 7017: 7015: 7014:Phosphaalkene 7012: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6799: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Ethylenedioxy 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6373:Zinc chloride 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6242:Mandelic acid 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6222:Chlorhexidine 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Carbohydrates 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:Serum albumin 6096: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6058: 6056: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5452:(9). p. 454. 5451: 5447: 5440: 5437: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5238: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5171:9780470650714 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5137:1-4160-2328-3 5133: 5129: 5122: 5119: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5074:(1): 355–98. 5073: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5010: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4916: 4914:9781481674331 4910: 4906: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4888:9781305073623 4884: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:Critical Care 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4553: 4550: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4501: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4409: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4355:: 2081–2089. 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4252:(3): 263–71. 4251: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4181: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4090: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3843:uronium salts 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3819:3-540-17307-2 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3523:9781439802465 3519: 3516:. CRC Press. 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463:. Cambridge: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419:Solutions of 3414: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3349: 3347: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3308: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3167: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3126:: the slower 3125: 3117: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3072: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2918:William Prout 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2851: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2763:In 1828, the 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661:invertebrates 2658: 2657:metamorphosis 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627:Other species 2626: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527:ammonium ions 2523: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2304:cloud seeding 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180:peptic ulcers 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2069:, corns, and 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:onychomycosis 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1991:is used as a 1990: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1875:to innocuous 1872: 1856: 1849: 1838: 1835:engines. The 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:exhaust gases 1818: 1815: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:particleboard 1752: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1720: 1704: 1703:ammonium ions 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658:carbodiimides 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622:R, R, R and R 1618:RRN−C(=O)−NRR 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1517: 1507: 1506:cyanuric acid 1503: 1478: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1444: 1430: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1385:Decomposition 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1354: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1300: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1234: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1168:Ancient Greek 1165: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1125:carbamic acid 1122: 1119: 1108: 1104: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081:carbonic acid 1078: 1074: 1070: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1029: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1011:Carbonic acid 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 993: 991: 986: 985: 982: 978: 975: 972:Related ureas 970: 969: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 951: 947: 943: 934: 933: 929: 925: 921: 919: 916: 915: 908: 901: 894: 870: 867: 866: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822:Pharmacology 820: 816: 811: 803: 799: 798: 794: 786: 778: 772: 771: 766: 763: 759: 756: 755:Dipole moment 752: 751: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 713: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 693: 691: 688: 687: 683: 680: 676: 675: 671: 669: 668:Boiling point 666: 665: 661: 659: 658:Melting point 656: 655: 651: 649: 646: 645: 641: 638: 637: 633: 631: 628: 627: 613: 610: 606: 605: 600: 591: 587: 580: 566: 556: 552: 545: 537: 533: 532:DTXSID4021426 529: 528: 526: 516: 512: 511: 504: 500: 499: 497: 495: 492: 491: 484: 483: 481: 479: 476: 475: 468: 464: 463: 461: 455: 451: 450: 443: 439: 438: 436: 434: 431: 430: 423: 419: 418: 416: 413: 409: 408: 404: 401: 397: 396: 393: 389: 387: 382: 381: 377: 373: 370: 368: 366:ECHA InfoCard 363: 362: 355: 351: 350: 348: 346: 343: 342: 335: 331: 330: 328: 326: 323: 322: 315: 311: 310: 308: 306: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 288: 286: 283: 282: 278: 275: 271: 270: 263: 259: 258: 256: 252: 247: 246: 239: 235: 234: 232: 229: 225: 224: 219: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 193: 185: 181: 173: 169: 164: 129: 108: 105: 104: 99: 89: 85: 80: 76: 75: 71: 61: 57: 52: 48: 47: 43: 37: 33: 26: 22: 7586: 7503: 7480: 7438:Antioxidants 7358: 7351: 7265:Vinyl halide 7222: 7152:Borinic acid 7147:Boronic acid 7124:Thioxanthate 6464:Hydrocarbons 6393:Cardioplegia 6186:Electrolytes 6138:Blood plasma 6133:Thrombocytes 6128:Erythrocytes 6036: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5861: 5857: 5832:. Retrieved 5828: 5790: 5778:. Retrieved 5773: 5764: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5625: 5613:. Retrieved 5608: 5599: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5508: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5474: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5417: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5372: 5368: 5357: 5347: 5336: 5325: 5318: 5313: 5301: 5289:. Retrieved 5277: 5267: 5247: 5240: 5228:. Retrieved 5224: 5221:"urea cycle" 5214: 5195: 5188: 5153: 5147: 5127: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5096: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5012: 5000:. Retrieved 4996: 4986: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4933:. Retrieved 4923: 4903: 4897: 4877: 4871: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4646: 4642: 4632: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4530: 4510: 4503: 4491:. Retrieved 4481: 4469:. Retrieved 4465:the original 4455: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4399:. Retrieved 4395:the original 4388: 4378: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4329:, 1014–1020. 4326: 4321: 4296: 4292: 4282: 4249: 4245: 4232: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4171:. Retrieved 4156: 4149: 4122: 4095:. Retrieved 4082: 4047: 4043: 4026: 3997: 3929: 3925: 3903:the original 3874: 3870: 3857: 3836: 3828: 3801: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3712: 3708: 3674: 3668: 3659: 3650: 3636: 3625:the original 3611: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3556:. Retrieved 3549:the original 3544: 3532: 3512: 3486: 3460: 3418: 3415:Liquid forms 3408:Formaldehyde 3404: 3388: 3353: 3344: 3291: 3287: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3228: 3218: 3214: 3203: 3194: 3171: 3165: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3055: 3041: 3039: 3022:hydrocarbons 3011: 3008: 2977: 2970: 2936: 2922:urea nitrate 2887: 2870:Uremic frost 2868: 2825: 2819: 2800: 2762: 2735: 2716: 2707: 2703:algal blooms 2700: 2689: 2682: 2630: 2602: 2590:blood plasma 2586:hyperosmotic 2584:, to create 2575: 2540: 2524: 2501: 2434: 2419: 2399:transaminase 2391: 2290:moisturizers 2227: 2191: 2187: 2167: 2161: 2147: 2136: 2121: 2102: 2098:hyponatremia 2091: 2025: 2016: 2001: 1997:ionic liquid 1975: 1936: 1907: 1870: 1854: 1810: 1796: 1779:urea nitrate 1772: 1748: 1688: 1609: 1608:describes a 1604: 1586: 1543:, which can 1539:cogenerates 1534: 1504:, including 1499: 1492:CONHCONHCONH 1450:CONHCONHCONH 1426: 1388: 1372: 1364:[M(urea) 1352: 1350: 1330: 1319: 1285: 1260: 1252:raw material 1196: 1191: 1181: 1178: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1129: 1107:amino groups 1072: 1068: 1067: 927: 864: 809: 784: 711: 700:acetonitrile 695: 642:White solid 478:RTECS number 221:Identifiers 195:Other names 132:, carbamide 36: 7650:Lymph fluid 7640:Fertilizers 7456:emulsifiers 7452:stabilisers 7329:Thiocyanate 7324:Sulfonamide 7289:Perchlorate 7277:Acyl halide 7238:Fluoroethyl 7119:Thionoester 7007:Phosphonium 6992:Phosphinate 6987:Phosphonous 6975:Phosphonate 6674:Hydroperoxy 6496:Cyclopropyl 6237:Taurolidine 6166:Amino acids 6157:Intravenous 5834:26 February 5732:: 526–549. 5585:(1): 1–14. 5540:(1): 17–8. 5505:Nicolaou KC 4935:28 December 4831:(1): 6839. 4598:(5): R184. 4471:15 February 4173:24 February 3401:Solid forms 3320:with urea: 3235:Stamicarbon 3128:endothermic 3058:: the fast 2902:nitric acid 2788:]Cl → CO(NH 2729:as well as 2671:, and even 2441:amino acids 2337:Along with 2248:animal feed 2206:(including 2117:this method 2115:, although 2079:debridement 2067:keratoderma 2035:rehydration 2022:Medical use 2008:0.37 V 1887:4 NO + 4 NH 1833:natural gas 1775:nitric acid 1761:, OSB, and 1681:A plant in 1673:Agriculture 1624:groups are 1545:carbamylate 1488:+ HNCO → NH 1468:+ HNCO → NH 1311:tetrahedral 1248:fertilizers 1224:molecules ( 1166:, from 1154:, from 942:median dose 928:Lethal dose 918:Flash point 672:decomposes 639:Appearance 602:Properties 372:100.000.286 294:CHEBI:16199 7645:Urea cycle 7609:Categories 7526:(E990–999) 7520:(E950–969) 7518:Sweeteners 7514:(E930–949) 7507:(E920–929) 7500:(E910–919) 7494:(E900–909) 7477:(E600–699) 7471:(E500–599) 7465:regulators 7458:(E400–499) 7448:Thickeners 7444:(E300–399) 7434:(E200–299) 7428:(E100–199) 7233:Haloalkane 7104:Thioketone 7059:Persulfide 6955:Phosphorus 6920:Isocyanate 6910:Isonitrile 6811:or oxygen 6809:hydrogen, 6805:not being 6786:Orthoester 6679:Dioxiranes 6657:Enol ether 6545:1-Propenyl 6247:Noxytiolin 6227:Nitrofural 6191:Trometamol 6143:Stem cells 5987:: 700331. 5796:US 1429483 5609:hekint.org 4962:(2): 197. 4097:7 February 3618:"pKa Data" 3445:References 3314:][OCN] 3060:exothermic 3048:Carl Bosch 2973:isocyanate 2835:][OCN] 2685:dermatitis 2645:amphibians 2563:osmolarity 2473:citrulline 2437:urea cycle 2403:urea cycle 2388:Physiology 2286:skin cream 2132:creatinine 2111:to induce 2055:ichthyosis 2012:1.2 V 2004:fuel cells 1985:denaturant 1848:hydrolysis 1825:combustion 1817:pollutants 1769:Explosives 1759:fiberboard 1691:fertilizer 1683:Bangladesh 1654:carbamates 1360:Lewis base 1322:clathrates 1277:Properties 1266:discovered 1244:urea cycle 1132:metabolism 748:Structure 690:Solubility 652:1.32 g/cm 630:Molar mass 503:8W8T17847W 412:IUPHAR/BPS 325:ChemSpider 249:3D model ( 228:CAS Number 7630:Excretion 7587:Carbamide 7536:-cysteine 7415:E numbers 7366:inorganic 7200:Tellurium 7114:Thioester 7079:Sulfoxide 7064:Disulfide 7052:Sulfonium 7002:Phosphine 6980:Phosphite 6963:Phosphate 6895:Carbamate 6870:Hydrazone 6803:element, 6801:Only one 6774:Anhydride 6513:Methylene 6395:solutions 6201:Carbamide 6003:1664-462X 5962:0021-8812 5915:0167-1731 5880:0009-286X 5492:Chem Team 5308:. cdc.gov 5219:PubChem. 5002:24 August 4542:19 August 4493:20 August 4401:6 January 4369:1359-5113 4200:: 76–81. 4141:463300660 3954:0040-6031 3899:0567-7408 3776:1089-5639 3729:1520-6106 3385:Finishing 3379:zirconium 3363:corrosion 3350:Corrosion 3333:→ [NH 3295:HNCO and 3231:stripping 3028:Synthesis 2914:Berzelius 2837:and urea 2637:uric acid 2469:ornithine 2459:aspartate 2420:Ammonia ( 2415:uric acid 2372:hide glue 2333:dish soap 2261:for road 2259:rock salt 2233:emissions 2192:H. pylori 2188:H. pylori 2170:) in the 2168:H. pylori 2154:carbon-13 2150:carbon-14 2139:excipient 2063:keratosis 2043:psoriasis 1642:hydantoin 1638:allantoin 1516:guanidine 1414:→ [NH 1347:Reactions 1261:In 1828, 1231:) with a 1192:*h₂worsom 1152:Neo-Latin 1083:), is an 1073:carbamide 960:ICSC 0595 777:formation 593:C(=O)(N)N 485:YR6250000 314:ChEMBL985 200:Carbamide 21:uric acid 7569:Chlorine 7545:-cystine 7347:See also 7282:Chloride 7208:Tellurol 7162:Selenium 7129:Xanthate 6843:Ammonium 6825:Nitrogen 6807:carbon, 6764:Carboxyl 6731:Aldehyde 6719:Acryloyl 6701:carbonyl 6605:hydrogen 6560:Cumulene 6404:Arginine 6297:Mannitol 6287:Sorbitol 6257:Neomycin 6196:Mannitol 6021:34413867 5780:19 April 5756:20895332 5615:17 April 5562:21378787 5429:9 August 5341:page 276 5291:5 August 5180:23737200 5142:Page 837 5111:23 March 5088:14144484 4863:31048704 4798:22825918 4763:23192918 4722:17023465 4624:20946646 4447:28281721 4439:21878933 4353:Elsevier 4274:42485569 4266:12237967 4224:24161613 4074:17249815 3784:26371867 3558:12 April 3439:Thiourea 3428:See also 3395:granules 3276:CONHCONH 3079:][NH 2939:phosgene 2878:dialysis 2804:vitalism 2767:chemist 2725:chemist 2653:Tadpoles 2551:nephrons 2493:arginine 2443:or from 2367:purposes 2357:plankton 2328:products 2298:shampoos 2280:pretzels 2263:de-icing 2252:nitrogen 2237:nitrogen 2208:big cats 2176:duodenum 2113:abortion 2094:diuretic 2071:calluses 1943:irritant 1925:O → 2 NH 1777:to make 1626:hydrogen 1620:, where 1583:Analysis 1557:cysteine 1553:arginine 1530:melamine 1484:CONHCONH 1472:CONHCONH 1436:CONHCONH 1271:vitalism 1254:for the 1210:alkaline 1136:nitrogen 1118:carbonyl 1105:has two 977:Thiourea 865:NFPA 704 858:Hazards 829:ATC code 739:(χ) 730:Uronium 708:Basicity 385:E number 345:DrugBank 7589:(E927b) 7426:Colours 7371:organic 7170:Selenol 7094:Sulfone 7047:Sulfide 6945:NONOate 6940:Nitroso 6930:Nitrite 6925:Nitrate 6915:Cyanate 6905:Nitrile 6890:Amidine 6885:Imidate 6855:Nitrene 6850:Hydrazo 6838:Enamine 6769:Acetoxy 6757:carboxy 6724:Benzoyl 6662:Epoxide 6645:Methoxy 6635:Alcohol 6589:Carbene 6523:Methine 6292:Glycine 6282:Glucose 6103:Dextran 6012:8369924 5923:5970745 5747:2128986 5542:Bibcode 5454:Bibcode 5397:Bibcode 5362:page 51 5230:28 June 5041:Bibcode 4964:Bibcode 4854:6497887 4833:Bibcode 4806:8879713 4713:1592388 4673:5539139 4664:1794772 4615:3219290 4538:. WebMD 4301:Bibcode 4215:4072244 4065:2995377 3934:Bibcode 3879:Bibcode 3756:Bibcode 3679:Bibcode 3491:N-CO-NH 3371:passive 3310:[NH 3297:ammonia 3147:⇌ CO(NH 3075:[NH 3014:ammonia 2987:[NH 2958:→ (RNH) 2954:+ 4 RNH 2831:[NH 2713:History 2649:saurian 2641:mammals 2633:aquatic 2613:protein 2565:in the 2549:of the 2445:ammonia 2411:ammonia 2351:ethanol 2341:, as a 2321:mixture 2172:stomach 2047:xerosis 2037:of the 1982:protein 1951:ammonia 1947:caustic 1939:soluble 1837:BlueTec 1763:plywood 1719:nitrate 1646:biurets 1630:organyl 1561:daltons 1443:triuret 1395:ammonia 1375:malonic 1333:helices 1331:As the 1288:O=C(−NH 1222:ammonia 1144:mammals 1101:. This 1077:diamide 1050:what is 1048: ( 1006:Acetone 847: ( 845:D02AE01 843:) 837: ( 835:B05BC02 805:(Δ 648:Density 624: 454:PubChem 354:DB03904 279:635724 238:57-13-6 7595:(E928) 7583:(E927) 7577:(E926) 7571:(E925) 7565:(E924) 7559:(E923) 7553:(E922) 7547:(E921) 7538:(E920) 7467:& 7454:& 7440:& 7270:Iodide 7190:Selone 7034:Sulfur 6743:Ketone 6736:Ketene 6714:Acetyl 6669:Peroxy 6640:Alkoxy 6630:Acetal 6611:oxygen 6600:carbon 6584:Alkyne 6577:Benzyl 6572:Phenyl 6555:Allene 6550:Crotyl 6530:Alkene 6518:Bridge 6506:Pentyl 6491:Propyl 6481:Methyl 6414:Lysine 6019: 6009: 6001: 5960: 5921: 5913: 5878: 5805: 5754: 5744: 5703: 5560: 5515: 5278:Nature 5255: 5202: 5178: 5168: 5134: 5102:"Urea" 5086: 4911: 4885: 4861: 4851: 4804: 4796: 4761: 4720: 4710: 4671: 4661: 4622: 4612: 4518: 4445: 4437: 4367: 4351:(12). 4272: 4264: 4222: 4212: 4164: 4139: 4129: 4072: 4062: 4014: 3952: 3897: 3816: 3782: 3774: 3727: 3520: 3479: 3391:prills 3367:oxygen 3257:Biuret 2943:amines 2796:+ AgCl 2765:German 2723:French 2696:camels 2617:muscle 2598:sodium 2537:Humans 2529:, and 2485:, and 2347:sugars 2296:, and 2202:, and 2184:urease 2109:uterus 2105:saline 2059:eczema 1966:AdBlue 1829:diesel 1745:Resins 1699:biuret 1660:, and 1650:amides 1640:, and 1628:(–H), 1549:lysine 1528:, and 1519:HNC(NH 1509:(CNOH) 1429:biuret 1422:+ HNCO 1216:. The 1206:acidic 1156:French 1045:verify 1042: 956:(SDS) 586:SMILES 442:D00023 390:E927b 305:ChEMBL 101:Names 7620:Ureas 7492:Waxes 7302:Other 7139:Boron 7109:Thial 7042:Thiol 6935:Nitro 6900:Imide 6880:Amide 6865:Oxime 6860:Imine 6833:Amine 6781:Ester 6748:Ynone 6652:Ether 6623:R-O-R 6598:Only 6540:Allyl 6535:Vinyl 6501:Butyl 6486:Ethyl 6476:Alkyl 6145:from 6089:Blood 5919:S2CID 5825:(PDF) 4802:S2CID 4443:S2CID 4270:S2CID 4242:(PDF) 4092:(PDF) 3906:(PDF) 3867:(PDF) 3833:IUPAC 3628:(PDF) 3621:(PDF) 3552:(PDF) 3541:(PDF) 3325:CO(NH 2839:CO(NH 2775:with 2755:Used 2692:urine 2669:fungi 2665:yeast 2605:grams 2555:urine 2520:sweat 2512:urine 2497:liver 2449:amino 2349:into 2241:water 2103:Like 2083:nails 1913:CO(NH 1899:+ 6 H 1895:→ 4 N 1827:from 1823:from 1610:class 1606:Ureas 1601:ureas 1460:CO(NH 1406:CO(NH 1218:liver 1182:oûron 1175:οὖρον 1170: 1158: 1140:urine 1103:amide 1092:CO(NH 1087:with 760:4.56 720:13.9 615:CO(NH 551:InChI 405:1378 285:ChEBI 251:JSmol 109:urea 40:Urea 25:urine 7224:Halo 6709:Acyl 6609:and 6567:Aryl 6038:Urea 6017:PMID 5999:ISSN 5958:ISSN 5911:ISSN 5876:ISSN 5836:2023 5800:BASF 5782:2023 5752:PMID 5701:ISBN 5617:2024 5558:PMID 5513:ISBN 5431:2016 5319:i.e. 5293:2018 5253:ISBN 5232:2021 5200:ISBN 5176:PMID 5166:ISBN 5132:ISBN 5113:2015 5084:PMID 5004:2020 4937:2010 4909:ISBN 4883:ISBN 4859:PMID 4794:PMID 4759:PMID 4718:PMID 4669:PMID 4620:PMID 4544:2021 4516:ISBN 4495:2021 4473:2011 4435:PMID 4403:2022 4365:ISSN 4262:PMID 4220:PMID 4175:2023 4162:ISBN 4137:OCLC 4127:ISBN 4099:2023 4070:PMID 4012:ISBN 3950:ISSN 3895:ISSN 3814:ISBN 3780:PMID 3772:ISSN 3725:ISSN 3560:2014 3518:ISBN 3477:ISBN 3280:+ NH 3272:→ NH 3268:CONH 3264:2 NH 3179:and 3098:⇌ NH 3094:+ CO 3090:2 NH 3083:COO] 3016:and 2950:COCl 2908:and 2643:and 2609:mmol 2541:The 2274:Veet 2272:and 2270:Nair 2239:and 2204:cats 2200:dogs 2196:apes 2174:and 2122:The 2039:skin 1929:+ CO 1801:and 1781:, a 1668:Uses 1555:and 1441:and 1397:and 1208:nor 1162:urée 1148:Urea 1069:Urea 494:UNII 467:1176 433:KEGG 422:4539 334:1143 176:Urea 119:ʊəˈr 6875:Azo 6080:B05 6007:PMC 5989:doi 5950:doi 5903:doi 5866:doi 5742:PMC 5734:doi 5587:doi 5550:doi 5462:doi 5405:doi 5282:doi 5158:doi 5076:doi 5049:doi 4972:doi 4849:PMC 4841:doi 4786:doi 4749:doi 4708:PMC 4700:doi 4696:333 4692:BMJ 4659:PMC 4651:doi 4610:PMC 4600:doi 4569:doi 4427:doi 4357:doi 4309:doi 4254:doi 4210:PMC 4202:doi 4198:446 4060:PMC 4052:doi 4048:111 4004:doi 3942:doi 3930:424 3887:doi 3847:doi 3845:". 3806:doi 3764:doi 3752:119 3717:doi 3713:108 3687:doi 3583:doi 3469:doi 3209:or 3155:+ H 3085:): 2966:]Cl 2853:CON 2631:In 2378:dye 2359:in 2210:). 2152:or 2081:of 2014:). 1921:+ H 1891:+ O 1819:in 1612:of 1150:is 1142:of 1134:of 1079:of 850:WHO 840:WHO 788:298 520:EPA 457:CID 145:ɑːr 23:or 7611:: 7462:pH 7450:, 6607:, 6602:, 6015:. 6005:. 5997:. 5985:12 5983:. 5979:. 5956:. 5946:40 5944:. 5940:. 5917:. 5909:. 5899:26 5897:. 5874:. 5862:86 5860:. 5856:. 5844:^ 5827:. 5812:^ 5772:. 5750:. 5740:. 5728:. 5724:. 5681:32 5679:, 5660:31 5658:, 5639:40 5637:, 5607:. 5581:. 5556:. 5548:. 5536:. 5488:88 5486:, 5460:. 5450:33 5448:. 5403:. 5393:33 5391:. 5373:87 5280:. 5276:. 5223:. 5174:. 5164:. 5104:. 5082:. 5072:32 5070:. 5047:. 5037:44 5035:. 4995:. 4970:. 4960:23 4958:. 4954:. 4857:. 4847:. 4839:. 4827:. 4823:. 4800:. 4792:. 4782:14 4780:. 4757:. 4743:. 4739:. 4716:. 4706:. 4694:. 4690:. 4667:. 4657:. 4645:. 4641:. 4618:. 4608:. 4596:14 4594:. 4590:. 4565:36 4563:. 4441:. 4433:. 4423:14 4421:. 4387:. 4363:. 4349:47 4347:. 4327:70 4307:. 4297:26 4295:. 4291:. 4268:. 4260:. 4250:50 4248:. 4244:. 4218:. 4208:. 4196:. 4192:. 4135:. 4107:^ 4068:. 4058:. 4046:. 4042:. 4034:; 4010:. 3962:^ 3948:. 3940:. 3928:. 3914:^ 3893:. 3885:. 3875:25 3873:. 3869:. 3835:, 3812:. 3792:^ 3778:. 3770:. 3762:. 3750:. 3746:. 3723:. 3711:. 3699:^ 3685:. 3658:. 3595:^ 3579:56 3577:. 3543:. 3502:^ 3485:. 3475:. 3452:^ 3393:, 3300:NH 3181:CO 3174:NH 3164:(Δ 3143:NH 3139:CO 3135:NH 3114:(Δ 3106:NH 3102:CO 3064:CO 2999:CO 2945:: 2814:: 2779:. 2733:. 2687:. 2675:. 2667:, 2522:. 2475:, 2471:, 2429:pH 2422:NH 2309:A 2302:A 2292:, 2288:, 2225:NO 2198:, 2145:. 2065:, 2061:, 2057:, 2053:, 2049:, 2045:, 1955:NH 1945:, 1868:NO 1852:NO 1841:NH 1808:NO 1789:. 1765:. 1757:, 1723:NO 1707:NH 1664:. 1656:, 1652:, 1636:, 1579:. 1532:. 1514:, 1480:NH 1446:NH 1432:NH 1381:. 1370:. 1343:. 1258:. 1237:CO 1226:NH 1201:50 1199:LD 1194:. 1146:. 1127:. 1111:NH 1109:(– 938:50 936:LD 853:) 780:(Δ 717:) 710:(p 157:aɪ 122:iː 7543:L 7534:L 7407:e 7400:t 7393:v 6448:e 6441:t 6434:v 6082:) 6068:e 6061:t 6054:v 6023:. 5991:: 5964:. 5952:: 5925:. 5905:: 5882:. 5868:: 5838:. 5784:. 5758:. 5736:: 5730:8 5709:. 5619:. 5593:. 5589:: 5583:7 5564:. 5552:: 5544:: 5538:1 5521:. 5494:. 5468:. 5464:: 5456:: 5433:. 5411:. 5407:: 5399:: 5364:. 5343:. 5332:. 5295:. 5284:: 5261:. 5234:. 5208:. 5182:. 5160:: 5140:. 5115:. 5090:. 5078:: 5055:. 5051:: 5043:: 5006:. 4980:. 4974:: 4966:: 4939:. 4917:. 4891:. 4865:. 4843:: 4835:: 4829:9 4808:. 4788:: 4765:. 4751:: 4745:5 4724:. 4702:: 4675:. 4653:: 4647:1 4626:. 4602:: 4575:. 4571:: 4546:. 4524:. 4497:. 4475:. 4449:. 4429:: 4405:. 4373:. 4371:. 4359:: 4315:. 4311:: 4303:: 4276:. 4256:: 4226:. 4204:: 4177:. 4143:. 4101:. 4076:. 4054:: 4020:. 4006:: 3956:. 3944:: 3936:: 3889:: 3881:: 3849:: 3822:. 3808:: 3786:. 3766:: 3758:: 3731:. 3719:: 3693:. 3689:: 3681:: 3662:. 3644:. 3608:a 3604:a 3589:. 3585:: 3562:. 3526:. 3493:2 3489:2 3471:: 3339:3 3335:4 3331:2 3329:) 3327:2 3312:4 3302:3 3282:3 3278:2 3274:2 3270:2 3266:2 3183:2 3176:3 3166:H 3159:O 3157:2 3153:2 3151:) 3149:2 3145:2 3141:2 3137:4 3116:H 3108:2 3104:2 3100:4 3096:2 3092:3 3081:2 3077:4 3073:( 3066:2 2997:2 2995:) 2993:2 2989:4 2964:3 2960:2 2956:2 2952:2 2859:4 2857:H 2855:2 2845:2 2843:) 2841:2 2833:4 2822:" 2818:" 2794:2 2792:) 2790:2 2786:4 2502:N 2491:- 2488:L 2481:- 2478:L 2467:- 2464:L 2457:- 2454:L 2424:3 2243:. 2228:x 2166:( 1978:M 1957:3 1953:( 1931:2 1927:3 1923:2 1919:2 1917:) 1915:2 1903:O 1901:2 1897:2 1893:2 1889:3 1879:2 1877:N 1871:x 1863:2 1861:N 1855:x 1843:3 1811:x 1729:3 1726:− 1721:( 1713:4 1710:+ 1705:( 1525:2 1523:) 1521:2 1511:3 1494:2 1490:2 1486:2 1482:2 1474:2 1470:2 1466:2 1464:) 1462:2 1452:2 1448:2 1438:2 1434:2 1420:3 1416:4 1412:2 1410:) 1408:2 1368:] 1366:6 1356:b 1353:K 1303:2 1294:2 1292:) 1290:2 1239:2 1235:( 1228:3 1185:) 1179:( 1113:2 1098:2 1096:) 1094:2 1040:Y 944:) 940:( 906:0 899:1 892:1 812:) 810:G 807:f 790:) 785:H 782:f 762:D 715:b 712:K 621:2 619:) 617:2 522:) 518:( 253:) 163:/ 160:d 154:m 151:ə 148:b 142:k 139:ˈ 136:/ 128:/ 125:ə 116:j 113:/ 34:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index