1308:
1578:. Malacca sent envoys again in 1481 to inform the Ming that, while going back to Malacca in 1469 from a trip to China, the Vietnamese attacked them, castrating the young and enslaving them. The Malaccans reported that Đại Việt was in control of Champa and sought to conquer Malacca, but the Malaccans did not fight back, due to a lack of permission from the Ming to engage in war. The Ming Emperor scolded them, ordering the Malaccans to strike back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked.
48:
1398:, main center of the Champa Kingdom. Nearby Thị Nại citadel on the coast was captured on March 18, and 400 Cham were killed. Thánh Tông then converged his armies to surround the city of Vijaya (12 miles west of Thị Nại) on March 19, where the Champa king was seeking refugee inside. According to Vietnamese sources, the Cham king Trà Toàn apparently tried to compromise and make an agreement for his kingdom's surrender, but Thánh Tông ignored and pressed on the siege.
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1504:
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by the majority of Cham population. Even before the
Vietnamese conquest, Islam had already started to make ground in Champa by the 10th century, but only by this war that Islam finally hastily established the foothold among the Cham population; it was believed that in order to resist the increasingly
1596:
More ethnic
Vietnamese had moved south and settled on conquered Cham lands. Only the small Cham kingdom of Panduranga remained in the south. Having suffered a large number of population loss in a short period of time–though accurate figure might have represented is impossible to determine for lack of
1612:
as the mass-killings were systemically delivered with the aim of destroying a particular nation or group; in this case, the Cham people, who experienced an "inexorable demographic decline" as the most notably consequence of the conquest. Not only that, the sudden Cham population collapse recorded in
1278:
intervene and help bring the
Vietnamese back in line by force and demarcate the border between Champa and Vietnam. China, however, only verbally rebuked the Vietnamese for their incursion, as the Ming Chinese sought to preserve trade and border security rather than continue expansion. The Vietnamese
1336:
beasts. The emperor noted that "like animals, they eat their fill and forget their moral debt", and he declared that "in the south, we see a pig wallowing in the mud." In short, Thánh Tông's edict is considerably important to historians, because might be regarded as a "classic, and literal, example
1410:
The Malay Annals accounts for the fall of Champa mention that the king of Kuchi (Đại Việt) sent messengers to the
Treasure Minister of Champa, deceiving him to defect and open the city gate. At dawn the men of Đại Việt entered the city and vanquished the Cham defenders with ease, Vak (Vijaya) fell
1298:
To achieve his plan of overthrowing Champa, Thánh Tông spent years preparing the military, stockpiling provisions, and escalating incidents and animosity toward the Cham. These efforts included mobilization of huge manpower forces and in particular, the gunpowder unit, significantly drawn from the
1419:
The balance of power maintained between the Cham and the
Vietnamese for more than 500 years came to an end with the destruction of the Champa kingdom. The Vietnamese enslaved several thousand Chams and forced Chams to assimilate into Vietnamese culture. The number included 50 members of the royal
1369:
Meanwhile, another
Vietnamese column quietly moved west of the mountains. After bitter fighting, the Cham withdrew their lines from the coast to inland, where they realized that they had been surrounded by invaders from three sides: from the north, from the western mountains, and from the sea. On
1499:
and 30,000 soldiers to
Panduranga, where they put down the Cham revolt, captured Trà Toại and imprisoned him in dungeon at Hanoi. Cham resistance continued in the mountains and valleys in the south. The Ming annals recorded that in 1485 that "Champa is a distant and dangerous place, and Annam is
1515:
trade was severely affected due to the impact suffered by the Cham merchants after the invasion. The Ming scholar Wu Pu (吳樸) recommended that to help stop the
Vietnamese, Ming should help resuscitate the Champa Kingdom. The Ming dynasty however did not follow his recommendation, due to internal
1494:
records evidence the extent of the
Vietnamese destruction wrought on Champa. The Chams informed the Ming that they continued to fight against the Vietnamese occupation of their land, which had been turned into the 13th province of Đại Việt. In 1474, Bố Trì Trì rebelled against the Vietnamese by
1406:
to bombard the Cham capital, Vijaya, blasting a breach in the east of the city's walls prior to storming the city. On March 22, the city fell after a four-day siege. More than 30,000 Chams were captured, including Trà Toàn and his family members, who were deported to the north, and over 60,000
1401:
The attackers surrounded Vijaya by multiple circumventing lines of fences and trenches, cutting off the besieged defenders from relief while launching non-stop terrifying bombardments and scaling ladders attacks against the city's wall defenders. This came at a massive financial cost, since it
1253:
From mid-15th century onward, Champa's power must have been factually waned. No Vijaya Champa inscription or document survives after the last, which was erected in 1456, but this may have been due to the destruction of the mandalas in 1471 by the
Vietnamese. The incompletely-studied decline of
1519:
A massive wave of Cham emigration radiated across Southeast Asia. In Cambodia, Cham refugees were welcomed, but the sources do not describe how they arrived in Cambodia and where they settled. In Thailand, there are records of Cham presence since the Ayudhaya period. In the
1290:
worldview among Southeast Asian states; he wanted to get rid of formal connection with other Southeast Asian kingdoms in a revolutionary effort to transform his kingdom from an 'eclectic Southeast Asian aristocratic model' to the bureaucratic one based on
1370:
February 26, using heavy artillery, the king besieged and captured the Mễ Cần citadel in Quảng Ngãi, killing 300 Chams. The Vietnamese continued to advance, using gunpowder superiority to curb war elephants, pushing the Cham army toward the capital of
1357:
says he sailed straight to Champa. Fighting started on February 24, 1471, when five hundred Vietnamese warships and 30,000 troops were ordered forth to block the way of 5,000 reinforced Cham troops and elephants at Bay of Sa Kỳ (20 miles south of
1327:
for help. Thánh Tông responded angrily to the attack. Within weeks, soldiers were mobilized, provisions were collected and transported south, and delegations hastened to inform the Ming court of what was planned. Three months later, during the
1573:
The Ming Empire sent a censor, Ch'en Chun, to Champa in 1474 to install the Champa King, but his entry was blocked by Vietnamese soldiers who had taken over Champa. He proceeded to Malacca instead and its ruler sent back tribute to the
1267:, the Dai Viet launched a preliminary incursion into Champa in 1461, which forced the king's younger brother Mo-he-pan-luo-yue (摩訶槃羅悅) to flee to the mountains. The ruling king was Pan-luo-cha-quan (槃羅茶全), Panlotchatsuen (in Jesuit
2528:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume
2376:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume
256:
1299:
Ming model. Special emphasis was placed on weapons, transportation, and communications. Finally, Thánh Tông amplified and exaggerated Cham raids in his reports to the Ming, choosing them as pretexts for war against Champa.
1634:
aggressive Confucian-Buddhist Vietnamese expansion, conversion to Islam made it an important component of the Cham identity and to seek protection from the Islamic World (dar al-Islam) against Vietnamese aggression.
1230:
The Cham and the Vietnamese had a long history of conflict. In the course of their wars, peace often coincided with economic exhaustion, with the antagonists rebuilding their economies just to go to war again.
1344:
On November 28, 1470, a 100,000-strong Vietnamese naval expedition led by Thánh Tông himself set out from Hóa Châu to attack Champa, followed by another 150,000 civilian support personnel on December 8. The
249:
648:
242:
1362:). Then one thousand warships and 70,000 troops followed under the leadership of Thánh Tông, trying to flank Cham positions from the north. The fleet began embarking troops on land near
1165:
664:
1307:
1332:, Thánh Tông published the detailed campaign orders to his generals and proclaiming in a long edict the reasons for the expedition. The edict routinely depicted the Cham as
1479:), subsequently submitted to Thánh Tông as vassals. In the conquered land, king Thánh Tông established Quảng Nam as Đại Việt's 13th province, with 42 military colonies (
327:
2880:
1353:
2870:
1158:
1483:), setting up administration, customary, regulations,... according to Vietnamese Confucian establishment. Đỗ Tử Quy was appointed as governor of Quảng Nam.
782:
720:
1597:
any remotely usable statistics–the Cham would never regain a significant power position until being fully annexed in the 19th century. Around 162,000
713:
552:
2688:
708:
686:
439:
2678:
457:
452:
434:
429:
424:
407:
31:
2595:
1151:
969:
698:
502:
1206:, and defeated the Cham army, bringing the kingdom of Champa to an end. After this war, the border between of Đại Việt and Champa was moved from
2484:"Tongking Gulf under Reconquest? Maritime Interaction Between China and Vietnam Before and After the Diplomatic Crisis in the Sixteenth Century"
538:
2411:
2393:
2343:
2270:
2251:
2233:
2214:
2191:
2132:
557:
320:
294:
2483:
861:
745:
2708:
2513:
Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia
1011:
592:
572:
1295:'s institutions. His focus on relations with Champa was "to bring civilization (Sinitic-leaning) to whom he considers uncivilized".
2631:
2430:
2151:
1347:
1250:
of 1446, Vietnamese efforts to hold the Cham king as a vassal quickly failed and relations between the two kingdoms deteriorated.
1621:
moving into and permanently eliminating the existing Cham society and replacing it with the society of the Vietnamese colonizers.
1604:
Several historians view the 1471 Vietnamese attack on Champa and extraordinary violence against Cham civilians satisfy the modern
2855:
1132:
735:
313:
1428:. In autumn that year, the king also issued executions for all remaining Cham prisoners that had been captured in the 1471 war.
1629:
It is generally believed that the Vietnamese conquest of Champa in 1471 had directly contributed to the eventual conversion to
1085:
964:
945:
866:
2698:
462:
282:
2865:
2531:, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Straits Branch, Reinhold Rost, a publication from 1887, now in the
2384:
Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.),
1068:
510:
419:
414:
2784:
725:
2541:
1468:
1316:
167:
691:
674:
2315:
2683:
2440:
Wang, Gungwu (1998), "Ming foreign relations: Southeast Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John K. (eds.),
1456:
1127:
974:
486:
2769:
2860:
2850:
2656:
1682:
873:
821:
1234:
When fighting resumed in 1471, the Champa kingdom found itself weakened and isolated. It had experienced numerous
2588:
1614:
1016:
616:
567:
1476:
2206:
1102:
1080:
900:
811:
1495:
mounting guerilla warfare in the western mountainous jungles with Trà Toàn's son Trà Toại. Thánh Tông sent
2875:
2581:
1547:
1521:
659:
1679:
The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 1, Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds
1546:. Shortly after his conversion to Islam, Indera Berma Shah was appointed minister at the court of Sultan
1472:
1283:
1202:. In retaliation for Cham raids, Vietnamese forces attacked and sacked the kingdom's largest city-state,
1187:
266:
179:
109:
1582:
1424:, carried out a massacre against remaining Cham royal members and slaves in the neighborhood of capital
910:
895:
2621:
1531:
1258:
has asserted, must be pieced together from Vietnamese and Chinese histories and competently restudied.
1605:
1191:
1137:
831:
755:
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467:
155:
77:
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1535:
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1207:
400:
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373:
101:
47:
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2718:
2703:
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1563:
1512:
1444:
940:
883:
816:
794:
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628:
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473:
116:
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17:
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2749:
2723:
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603:
2495:
1211:
365:
2449:
Whitmore, John K. (2004). "The Two Great Campaigns of the Hong-Duc Era (1470–97) in Dai Viet".
1455:
initiated the final conquest of the remnants of Champa. Trì Trì and two others, a ruler in the
1391:
1383:
1359:
183:
2713:
2666:
2661:
2613:
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2389:
2339:
2284:. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle: Unpublished PhD dissertation.
2266:
2247:
2229:
2210:
2187:
2173:
Hall, Kenneth (1999), "Economic History of Early Southeast Asia", in Tarling, Nicholas (ed.),
2147:
2128:
1539:
1271:) or Trà Toàn, who allegedly reigned from 1460 to 1471 until he was captured by the Dai Viet.
1063:
1058:
841:
826:
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1593:
to become the major force in mainland Southeast Asia had put an end to Vietnamese expansion.
1496:
1421:
1215:
2824:
2693:
2458:
1033:
878:
533:
444:
1677:; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan (2023). "Việt Nam and the Genocide of Champa, ̣1470–1509".
2779:
1382:
After two weeks of fierce fightings, one-third of Champa territory corresponding to today
1371:
1255:
1203:
1107:
1075:
953:
597:
171:
1530:(Malay Annals) relates that after the collapse of Vijaya in 1471, two Cham princes named
915:
2744:
2739:
2567:
2555:
1333:
1038:
959:
787:
775:
750:
2812:
2636:
1402:
drained the Vietnamese treasury of 1,000 gold liang a day. The Vietnamese forces used
1387:
1238:
and, at one point, had five different rulers. Because of the Cham's earlier attack on
359:
353:
122:
2844:
2807:
2532:
2470:
2371:
1451:), more than 250 kilometers to the south. That state lasted until 1832, when emperor
1329:
1195:
1091:
979:
234:
1581:
However, as Đại Việt's power declined during the sixteenth century, the rise of the
1219:
2184:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
1575:
1526:
1491:
1292:
1246:
ignored their request for assistance when Đại Việt invaded. After an expedition to
1243:
1006:
131:
1315:
According to Vietnamese sources, in 1470 a Cham army numbering 100,000 under King
121:
Champa became the vassal state of Đại Việt until being annexed in 1832 by emperor
2488:
Crossroads – Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian World
1674:
1598:
1586:
1487:
1287:
888:
836:
610:
2646:
2462:
1363:
2175:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 1, From Early Times to c. 1800
1590:
1440:
1394:
had been taken by the Vietnamese. Thánh Tông's army then marched south toward
1275:
1263:
805:
760:
679:
1439:
A Cham general, Bố Trì Trì, fled and established himself as the ruler of the
1286:, was a Confucian student. One of his key goals in diplomacy was fostering a
1503:
1452:
1448:
1431:
1235:
1021:
2323:
CIAS Discussion Paper No. 3: Islam at the Margins: The Muslims of Indochina
2817:
2764:
2641:
1618:
1609:
1559:
1338:
1337:
of the dehumanising process necessary for and often a prelude to acts of
1279:
ignored the rebuke and proceeded with their plan to destroy their rival.
985:
2759:
2306:
2290:
1351:
states that the king reached Thuận Hóa citadel in early 1471, while the
1320:
1460:
703:
633:
528:
2754:
2604:
1555:
1464:
1403:
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1239:
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150:
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73:
2163:
The Making of South East Asia (RLE Modern East and South East Asia)
2573:
2474:
1630:
1502:
1430:
1425:
1324:
1306:
1097:
623:
52:
Map of Đại Việt (dark pink) and Champa (light blue) before the war
2651:
1567:
1543:
1198:
and is widely regarded as the event that marked the downfall of
2577:
2125:
The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources
309:
238:
127:
Destruction of Hindu-Buddhist societal establishments in Champa
305:
222:
2388:, Cambridge: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 72–120,
1566:
is said to have been built by Champa sailors on their way to
1311:
Remnant of the wall of Thi Nai citadel, near Vijaya (Cha Ban)
2295:
Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2442:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty
1901:
1899:
1817:
1815:
1790:
1788:
2444:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–332
2006:
2004:
1991:
1989:
1366:(Great Chiêm Estuary) and went engaging Cham defenders.
2336:
A Journey of Ethnicity: In Search of the Cham of Vietnam
1916:
1914:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1734:
1694:
1692:
1467:) and a ruler on the coast immediately to the south of
2539:
2203:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1721:
1719:
1507:
Territory of Đại Việt 1479 after Cham–Vietnamese War.
2800:
2732:
2612:
2316:"The Cham Muslims in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam"
2022:
27:Invasion of the Kingdom of Champa by the Đại Việt
1490:that Annam destroyed their country. The Chinese
1435:Territory of Champa(light green) after invasion.
1319:arrived and besieged the Vietnamese garrison at
2123:Schottenhammer, Angela; Ptak, Roderich (2006).
40:
2355:A History of the Late Medieval Siege 1200–1500
2144:A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc
2589:
1159:
321:
250:
8:
2596:
2582:
2574:
1166:
1152:
497:
328:
314:
306:
257:
243:
235:
46:
37:
1218:launched another invasions into South of
2106:
2034:
1944:
1905:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1806:
1794:
1420:family. In 1509, Thánh Tông's grandson,
2719:New Champa (Champa resistance movement)
2546:
2177:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2010:
1995:
1968:
1956:
1932:
1920:
1890:
1767:
1740:
1710:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1643:
970:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
520:
509:
172:
2689:Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor
2282:Cham in Vietnam: Dynamics of Ethnicity
1980:
1755:
1698:
1407:killed. Another 40,000 were executed.
1323:. The local commander sent appeals to
1186:was a military expedition launched by
1613:the occupied regions was hastened by
7:
2526:This article incorporates text from
2482:Yamazaki, Takeshi (April 22, 2014).
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2046:
1779:
1725:
1625:Subsequent Islamization of the Chams
1269:Notice Historique Sur la Cochinchine
1878:
1650:
709:Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
32:History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars
1411:and the king of Champa was slain.
593:Atrocities in the Congo Free State
195:100,000 (including elephant corps)
25:
18:1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa
391:Suryavarman II's wars (1128–1150)
2561:
2549:
2519:
2338:. Cambridge Scholars Publisher.
1133:Bibliography of genocide studies
736:American Indian boarding schools
295:Vietnamese-Laotian War (1479–80)
2699:Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)
2423:The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty
2291:"The Coming of Islam to Champa"
1554:also mentions Cham presence in
1500:still employing troops there."
980:Swedification of Sámi and Finns
2421:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
2406:. Cambridge University Press.
2386:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
2146:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2023:Schottenhammer & Ptak 2006
1486:Cham representatives told the
746:Great Plains smallpox epidemic
440:Chế Bồng Nga's war (1367–1390)
1:
2881:History of Bình Định province
1282:The new Emperor of Dai Viet,
1274:The Cham also requested that
1184:Vietnamese invasion of Champa
921:Vietnamese conquest of Champa
726:Genocide in the United States
2127:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
1471:(in the modern provinces of
965:Norwegianization of the Sámi
692:Yanomami humanitarian crisis
675:Forced sterilization in Peru
487:Mongol invasion of 1282-1284
401:Khmer occupation (1190–1220)
2745:List of dynasties of Champa
2709:Principality of Thuận Thành
2684:Mongol invasion (1283–1285)
2404:A History of the Vietnamese
2379:. London: Trübner & Co.
2261:Moseley, Alexander (2007).
1128:Outline of genocide studies
1071: Canary Islands
975:Russian conquest of Siberia
874:Cultural genocide in Taiwan
855:East, South, Southeast Asia
386:Northern Champa (1074–1080)
41:Champa–Đại Việt War of 1471
2897:
2740:List of monarchs of Champa
2511:Zottoli, Brian A. (2011),
2506:– via www.eacrh.net.
2463:10.5367/000000004773487965
1683:Cambridge University Press
463:Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)
283:Cham–Vietnamese War (1471)
29:
2494:: 193–216. Archived from
2242:Maspero, Georges (2002).
2186:. Yale University Press.
1615:state-organized movements
1601:remain in Vietnam today.
1214:from 1471 till 1611 when
1180:Cham–Đại Việt War of 1471
420:Cham–Vietnamese War (982)
346:
275:
213:
189:
161:
144:
112:) was annexed to Đại Việt
64:February – March 22, 1471
56:
45:
2667:Javanese raid of 774–787
2515:, University of Michigan
2451:South East Asia Research
2246:. White Lotus Co., Ltd.
1222:and annexed it in 1611.
1052:West Asia / North Africa
1017:Australian frontier wars
891: of Hokkaido
2871:Wars involving Đại Việt
2856:15th century in Vietnam
2755:Main capitals of Champa
2207:Oxford University Press
2161:Coedès, George (2015),
2142:Chapuis, Oscar (1995).
1103:Western Sahara conflict
1088: accusation
1081:Pacification of Algeria
948: of Ireland
822:Occupation of Araucanía
812:Massacre of Salsipuedes
2353:Purton, Peter (2010),
2334:Nakamura, Rie (2020).
2314:Nakamura, Rie (2008).
2289:Nakamura, Rie (2000).
2280:Nakamura, Rie (1999).
1522:Indonesian archipelago
1508:
1436:
1312:
867:Chittagong Hill Tracts
660:Conquest of the Desert
162:Commanders and leaders
115:Champa was reduced to
100:Northern Champa (From
2866:Wars involving Champa
2535:in the United States.
2402:Taylor, K.W. (2013).
2364:Lonely Planet Vietnam
2265:. Algora Publishing.
2228:, London: Routledge,
2224:Kohn, George (1999),
2201:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
2182:Kiernan, Ben (2009).
1506:
1434:
1310:
1254:Champa, as historian
1012:Genocide in Australia
934:Europe and North Asia
911:Sinicization of Tibet
896:Lamey Island Massacre
869: conflict
783:Genocide in Venezuela
619: genocide
514:of indigenous peoples
214:Casualties and losses
30:Further information:
2679:Cham–Vietnamese wars
2662:Golden Age of Champa
2167:Taylor & Francis
1138:Genocides in history
1086:Palestinian genocide
946:Cromwellian conquest
756:Osage Indian murders
731:American Indian Wars
721:Genocide in Paraguay
670:Fall of Tenochtitlan
468:Katip Sumat uprising
408:Cham–Vietnamese wars
360:Second Sino–Cham War
207:100,000 naval forces
2801:Society and culture
2714:Dissolution in 1832
2374:, Reinhold (1887).
2357:, The Boydell Press
2263:A Philosophy of War
2085:, pp. 330–331.
1959:, pp. 117–118.
1836:, pp. 124–126.
1713:, pp. 191–192.
1685:. pp. 523–546.
1564:Kampung Laut Mosque
1516:security concerns.
1513:Vietnamese ceramics
941:Circassian genocide
889:Japanese annexation
884:East Timor genocide
795:Guatemalan genocide
771:Sullivan Expedition
766:Sand Creek massacre
741:California genocide
714:Residential schools
629:Maji Maji Rebellion
573:Indigenous response
563:Settler colonialism
544:Forced assimilation
474:Ja Thak Wa uprising
366:Third Sino–Cham war
354:First Sino–Cham war
226:>40,400 beheaded
204:150,000 land forces
2750:Military of Champa
2724:Timeline of Champa
2498:on August 24, 2017
2362:Ray, Nick (2007).
2244:The Champa Kingdom
2226:Dictionary of Wars
1509:
1437:
1313:
1027:Stolen Generations
906:Ryukyu Disposition
862:Bandanese massacre
704:Beothuk extinction
699:Genocide in Canada
687:Genocide in Brazil
604:Effacer le tableau
586:Sub-Saharan Africa
481:Cham–Mongolian war
88:Vietnamese victory
2861:Conflicts in 1471
2851:History of Champa
2838:
2837:
2413:978-0-521-87586-8
2395:978-1-316-44504-4
2345:978-1-52755-034-6
2272:978-0-87586-183-8
2253:978-9-747-53499-3
2235:978-1-135-95494-9
2216:978-0-1900-5379-6
2193:978-0-300-14425-3
2134:978-3-447-05340-2
2109:, pp. 28–29.
1538:sought asylum in
1532:Indera Berma Shah
1457:Central Highlands
1261:According to the
1176:
1175:
1064:Bar Kokhba revolt
1059:Armenian genocide
832:Selk'nam genocide
827:Putumayo genocide
800:Kalinago genocide
495:
494:
303:
302:
233:
232:
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
2888:
2622:Sa Huỳnh culture
2598:
2591:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2478:
2445:
2436:
2417:
2398:
2380:
2367:
2366:. Lonely Planet.
2358:
2349:
2330:
2320:
2310:
2285:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2220:
2197:
2178:
2169:
2157:
2138:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1671:
1654:
1648:
1348:Phủ biên tạp lục
1168:
1161:
1154:
1087:
1070:
1034:Moriori genocide
947:
890:
879:Dzungar genocide
868:
817:Napalpí massacre
651:
618:
539:Ethnic relations
534:Ethnic cleansing
515:
498:
445:Battle of Vijaya
425:Amaravati (1044)
341:
330:
323:
316:
307:
289:Western frontier
270:
259:
252:
245:
236:
174:
58:
57:
50:
38:
21:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2796:
2728:
2672:Khmer–Cham wars
2608:
2602:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2481:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2420:
2414:
2401:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2333:
2318:
2313:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2260:
2254:
2241:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2200:
2194:
2181:
2172:
2160:
2154:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1673:
1672:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1459:(the region of
1417:
1380:
1378:Siege of Vijaya
1305:
1256:Michael Vickery
1228:
1172:
1143:
1142:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:Yazidi genocide
1076:Libyan genocide
1069:Conquest of the
1054:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1002:
1001:
992:
991:
954:Generalplan Ost
936:
935:
926:
925:
857:
856:
847:
846:
655:
654:
649:
639:
638:
617:Herero and Nama
598:Darfur genocide
588:
587:
513:
511:
496:
491:
374:Khmer–Cham wars
342:
336:
334:
304:
299:
271:
265:
263:
225:
220:
200:
182:
94:
80:
51:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2657:Sui–Lâm Ấp war
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2558:
2538:
2537:
2517:
2508:
2479:
2446:
2437:
2431:
2425:. SUNY Press.
2418:
2412:
2399:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2359:
2350:
2344:
2331:
2311:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2258:
2252:
2239:
2234:
2221:
2215:
2198:
2192:
2179:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2139:
2133:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2097:, p. 268.
2087:
2075:
2063:
2061:, p. 252.
2051:
2049:, p. 251.
2039:
2027:
2025:, p. 138.
2015:
2013:, p. 110.
2000:
1998:, p. 211.
1985:
1983:, p. 221.
1973:
1971:, p. 212.
1961:
1949:
1947:, p. 130.
1937:
1935:, p. 109.
1925:
1910:
1908:, p. 129.
1895:
1883:
1881:, p. 100.
1862:
1860:, p. 127.
1850:
1848:, p. 125.
1838:
1826:
1824:, p. 126.
1811:
1809:, p. 122.
1799:
1797:, p. 123.
1784:
1782:, p. 318.
1772:
1760:
1758:, p. 220.
1745:
1730:
1728:, p. 521.
1715:
1703:
1701:, p. 202.
1688:
1655:
1653:, p. 278.
1642:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1626:
1623:
1583:Burmese Empire
1552:Sejarah Melayu
1536:Shah Palembang
1527:Sejarah Melayu
1416:
1413:
1379:
1376:
1304:
1301:
1227:
1224:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1121:Related topics
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:Papua conflict
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
989:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
960:Greek genocide
957:
950:
943:
937:
933:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
886:
881:
876:
871:
864:
858:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
842:Taíno genocide
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
802:
797:
792:
791:
790:
788:Pemon conflict
780:
779:
778:
776:Trail of Tears
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Indian removal
748:
743:
738:
733:
723:
718:
717:
716:
711:
706:
696:
695:
694:
684:
683:
682:
672:
667:
662:
656:
646:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
621:
614:
607:
600:
595:
589:
585:
584:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
570:
560:
558:Historiography
555:
550:
541:
536:
531:
523:
522:
518:
517:
507:
506:
493:
492:
490:
489:
478:
477:
471:
465:
460:
455:
450:
449:
448:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Kauthara (950)
370:
369:
363:
357:
349:Sino–Cham wars
347:
344:
343:
335:
333:
332:
325:
318:
310:
301:
300:
298:
297:
286:
285:
276:
273:
272:
264:
262:
261:
254:
247:
239:
231:
230:
227:
216:
215:
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:
196:
192:
191:
187:
186:
177:
164:
163:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
128:
125:
119:
113:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2893:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2876:1470s in Asia
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:Art of Champa
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2533:public domain
2527:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2432:0-7914-2687-4
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2153:0-313-29622-7
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2107:Nakamura 2020
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:, p. 15.
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:Yamazaki 2014
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:Whitmore 2004
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1923:, p. 79.
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Whitmore 2004
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:, p. 78.
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:Whitmore 2004
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:Whitmore 2004
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:Whitmore 2004
1830:
1827:
1823:
1822:Whitmore 2004
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:Whitmore 2004
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:Whitmore 2004
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1770:, p. 77.
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:, p. 46.
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1330:winter season
1326:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1284:Lê Thánh Tông
1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:Lê Thánh Tông
1185:
1181:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:Gaza genocide
1089:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
944:
942:
939:
938:
930:
929:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
865:
863:
860:
859:
851:
850:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
652:
643:
642:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
615:
613:
612:
608:
606:
605:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
582:
581:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
524:
519:
516:
508:
504:
500:
499:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
475:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:Vijaya (1446)
456:
454:
451:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
430:Vijaya (1069)
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
396:Angkor (1177)
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
376:
375:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
350:
345:
339:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
308:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
284:
281:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:Lê Thánh Tông
260:
255:
253:
248:
246:
241:
240:
237:
228:
224:
218:
217:
212:
206:
203:
202:
201:
197:
194:
193:
188:
185:
181:
180:Lê Thánh Tông
178:
175:
169:
166:
165:
160:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
143:
133:
130:Irreversible
129:
126:
124:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:
97:
92:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
39:
36:
33:
19:
2760:Kandapurpura
2694:Islamization
2632:Chinese rule
2530:
2525:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:the original
2491:
2487:
2473:– via
2454:
2450:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2385:
2375:
2363:
2354:
2335:
2326:
2322:
2301:(1): 55–66.
2298:
2294:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2225:
2202:
2183:
2174:
2162:
2143:
2124:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2011:Kiernan 2009
1996:Kiernan 2019
1976:
1969:Kiernan 2019
1964:
1957:Maspero 2002
1952:
1940:
1933:Kiernan 2009
1928:
1921:Zottoli 2011
1891:Zottoli 2011
1886:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1802:
1775:
1768:Zottoli 2011
1763:
1741:Chapuis 1995
1711:Moseley 2007
1706:
1678:
1675:Kiernan, Ben
1646:
1628:
1603:
1595:
1580:
1576:Ming dynasty
1572:
1562:, where the
1551:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1492:Ming Dynasty
1485:
1480:
1438:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1381:
1368:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1314:
1297:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1233:
1229:
1216:Nguyễn lords
1212:Cù Mông Pass
1208:Hải Vân Pass
1183:
1179:
1177:
1007:Blackbirding
984:
952:
920:
916:Sōshi-kaimei
804:
609:
602:
546: /
480:
479:
415:Hoa Lư (979)
406:
405:
372:
371:
348:
288:
287:
277:
269:'s campaigns
219:60,000 death
198:
145:Belligerents
132:Islamization
108:to north of
102:Hải Vân Pass
35:
2627:Hồ Tôn Tinh
2457:: 119–136.
1981:Taylor 2013
1756:Taylor 2013
1699:Purton 2010
1587:Tabinshweti
1548:Mansur Shah
1488:Ming Empire
1374:(Cha Ban).
1288:Sinocentric
837:Spiral case
665:Enslavement
611:Gukurahundi
476:(1833–1834)
93:Territorial
2845:Categories
2825:Cham music
2785:Panduranga
2733:Government
2704:Rump state
1638:References
1606:definition
1591:Bayinnaung
1445:Panduranga
1441:rump state
1392:Quảng Ngãi
1360:Quảng Ngãi
1317:Maha Sajan
1293:Ming China
1276:Ming China
1264:Ming Shilu
1236:civil wars
1226:Background
1196:Lê dynasty
1194:under the
806:La Matanza
761:Pequot War
680:Plan Verde
647:Americas (
548:conversion
168:Maha Sajan
117:Panduranga
2775:Indrapura
2765:Simhapura
2471:147668687
2095:Hall 1999
2083:Wang 1998
2071:Tsai 1996
2059:Rost 1887
2047:Rost 1887
1780:Wang 1998
1726:Kohn 1999
1477:Khánh Hòa
1469:Bình Định
1453:Minh Mạng
1449:Phan Rang
1422:Lê Uy Mục
1415:Aftermath
1396:Bình Định
1388:Quảng Nam
1022:Black War
901:Manchukuo
453:1400–1407
435:1104–1107
362:(445–446)
278:Southward
184:Đinh Liệt
134:of Champa
123:Minh Mạng
2818:Po Nagar
2770:Virapura
2642:Quduqian
2607:articles
2307:41493412
1879:Sun 2006
1651:Ray 2007
1619:settlers
1610:genocide
1560:Kelantan
1481:Đồn điền
1447:(modern
1354:Toàn thư
1339:genocide
1334:subhuman
1303:Campaign
1192:Đại Việt
986:Vergonha
568:Genocide
512:Genocide
503:a series
501:Part of
190:Strength
156:Đại Việt
78:Đại Việt
69:Location
2614:History
2568:History
2556:Vietnam
2542:Portals
2329:: 7–23.
2117:Sources
1497:Lê Niệm
1473:Phú Yên
1461:Kon Tum
1404:cannons
1384:Đà Nẵng
1220:Phú Yên
1000:Oceania
650:history
634:Mfecane
529:Ecocide
229:Unknown
221:30,000
199:250,000
170: (
110:Phú Yên
95:changes
2813:Mỹ Sơn
2790:Panrik
2780:Vijaya
2647:Boliao
2637:Lâm Ấp
2605:Champa
2524:
2502:May 2,
2469:
2429:
2410:
2392:
2342:
2305:
2269:
2250:
2232:
2213:
2190:
2150:
2131:
1585:under
1556:Pahang
1550:. The
1540:Melaka
1524:, the
1465:Pleiku
1390:, and
1372:Vijaya
1364:Hội An
1248:Champa
1244:Khmers
1242:, the
1240:Angkor
1204:Vijaya
1200:Champa
553:Denial
521:Issues
470:(1832)
447:(1377)
338:Champa
151:Champa
106:Danang
85:Result
74:Champa
2475:JSTOR
2467:S2CID
2319:(PDF)
2303:JSTOR
1631:Islam
1426:Hanoi
1325:Hanoi
1098:Sayfo
624:Ikiza
368:(605)
356:(248)
2830:Ware
2652:Xitu
2504:2016
2427:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2390:ISBN
2372:Rost
2340:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2188:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2129:ISBN
1599:Cham
1589:and
1568:Java
1558:and
1544:Aceh
1542:and
1534:and
1511:The
1475:and
1463:and
1178:The
340:Wars
61:Date
2459:doi
1617:of
1608:of
1443:of
1341:."
1321:Huế
1210:to
1190:of
1182:or
223:POW
173:POW
2847::
2490:.
2486:.
2465:.
2455:12
2453:.
2325:.
2321:.
2299:73
2297:.
2293:.
2209:.
2205:.
2165:,
2003:^
1988:^
1913:^
1898:^
1865:^
1814:^
1787:^
1748:^
1733:^
1718:^
1691:^
1681:.
1658:^
1570:.
1386:,
505:on
104:-
76:,
2597:e
2590:t
2583:v
2544::
2529:1
2492:8
2477:.
2461::
2435:.
2416:.
2377:1
2348:.
2327:3
2309:.
2275:.
2256:.
2219:.
2196:.
2156:.
2137:.
2037:.
1167:e
1160:t
1153:v
1094:)
1090:(
653:)
329:e
322:t
315:v
258:e
251:t
244:v
176:)
20:)
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