257:, which lasted approximately from the early 15th to the mid-19th century. However, the question raised by some studies focuses more on whether this singular event could serve as a "blueprint" for future climatic developments in this geographical context. According to several scientific studies, there has been a clear tendency worldwide towards the formation of warm and dry climates in recent decades. With further warming, the disappearance of existing climate zones and the establishment of new ones in Central Europe will likely occur, similar to what happened at least to some extent almost 500 years ago.
266:
242:, also known as tree-ring dating), concluded that the conducted analyses did not provide evidence of an exceptional drought period throughout 1540. In their reply, the authors of the aforementioned study (Wetter et al.) pointed out that growth rings may sometimes incompletely or belatedly reflect hot and dry extremes, emphasizing the fact that discrepancies between instrumentally determined and dendrochronological data have often occurred in recent times during climatic "outliers" (the "
22:
431:, a stream flowing through the city, was likely dried up. On "Annentag" (the day of Saint Anne), July 26th, a fire broke out, and the entire city was destroyed in the Einbeck city fire, with between 100 and 500 people dying. There are records of 32 additional city fires in German territory for the year 1540. The fires occurred during a time of political and religious conflicts surrounding the
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Himmelsbach, Iso; Labbé, Thomas; Limanówka, Danuta; Litzenburger, Laurent; Kiss, Andrea; Kotyza, Oldřich; Nordli, Øyvind; Pribyl, Kathleen; Retsö, Dag; Riemann, Dirk; Rohr, Christian; Siegfried, Werner; Spring, Jean-Laurent; Söderberg, Johan; Wagner, Sebastian; Werner, Johannes P. (July 2015). "Tree-rings and people – different views on the 1540 Megadrought. Reply to Büntgen et al. 2015".
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Antonio; Dobrovolný, Petr; Glaser, Rüdiger; Himmelsbach, Iso; Kiss, Andrea; Kotyza, Oldřich; Labbé, Thomas; Limanówka, Danuta; Litzenburger, Laurent; Nordl, Øyvind; Pribyl, Kathleen; Retsö, Dag; Riemann, Dirk; Rohr, Christian; Siegfried, Werner; Söderberg, Johan; Spring, Jean-Laurent (August 2014). "The year-long unprecedented
European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case".
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Seine trockenen Fußes durchwatet werden konnten. Dort, wo noch Wasser floss, färbte sich die warme Brühe grün, Fische trieben darin kieloben. Der
Bodenseepegel sank auf Rekordniveau, Lindau war sogar mit dem Festland verbunden. Bald verdunstete das Oberflächenwasser vollständig, die Böden platzten auf, manche Trockenrisse waren so groß, dass ein Fuß darin Platz fand.
124:
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im ganzen Sommer 1540 wurde kein einziges
Gewitter registriert. Schon im Mai wurde das Wasser knapp, Brunnen und Quellen fielen trocken, die Mühlen standen still, die Leute hungerten, das Vieh wurde notgeschlachtet. In Europa starben in jenem Jahr schätzungsweise eine Million Menschen, die meisten an Ruhr.
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Alles begann in
Norditalien, mit einem Winter, der sich wie ein Juli anfühlte. Kein Tropfen fiel von Oktober 1539 bis Anfang April 1540. Dann griff die Dürre auf den Norden über. ... Der Juli brachte eine solche fürchterliche Gluthitze, dass die Kirchen Bittgebete aussandten, während Rhein, Elbe und
962:
Elf Monate fiel damals so gut wie kein Regen, die
Temperatur lag fünf bis sieben Grad über den Normalwerten des 20. Jahrhunderts, verbreitet muss die Temperatur im Hochsommer über 40 Grad geklettert sein. Unzählige Waldgebiete in Europa gingen in Flammen auf, beißender Rauch trübte das Sonnenlicht,
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Pfister, Christian; Wetter, Oliver; Brázdil, Rudolf; Dobrovolný, Petr; Glaser, Rüdiger; Luterbacher, Jürg; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zorita, Eduardo; Alcoforado, Maria-Joao; Barriendos, Mariano; Bieber, Ursula; Burmeister, Karl H.; Camenisch, Chantal; Contino, Antonio; Grünewald, Uwe; Herget, Jürgen;
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For eleven months, there was practically no rain, temperatures were five to seven degrees above the normal values for the 20th century, in many places summer temperatures must have exceeded 40 °C (104 °F). Many forests in Europe went up in flames, choking smoke darkened the sun, not a
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The assumption of a megadrought in the year 1540 is primarily supported by more than 300 contemporary chronicles from across Europe, which consistently describe the effects of prolonged drought and heat, such as a significant precipitation deficit, extremely low levels of major rivers, widespread
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Wetter, Oliver; Pfister, Christian; Werner, Johannes P.; Zorita, Eduardo; Wagner, Sebastian; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Herget, Jürgen; Grünewald, Uwe; Luterbacher, Jürg; Alcoforado, Maria-Joao; Barriendos, Mariano; Bieber, Ursula; Brázdil, Rudolf; Burmeister, Karl H.; Camenisch, Chantal; Contino,
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A publication from 2016 assumes that the average summer temperature in 1540 exceeded the corresponding average values of the 1966 to 2015 time series and, with a 20 percent probability, even surpassed the heatwave of the summer of 2003. In this context, the existing uncertainties regarding the
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Die ersten
Trauben waren schon am 12. August reif, im Elsass blühten bald die Obstbäume erneut, in Lindau reichte es sogar für eine zweite Kirschernte. Am Bodensee und in Bayreuth war Wein irgendwann billiger als Wasser, und in Limoges ernteten die Winzer geröstete Trauben, aus denen sie
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was suspected as the cause of the conflagrations, allegedly motivated by anti-Protestant sentiments. Vagabonds and beggars were often scapegoated, leading to a genuine paranoia regarding arsonists. The year 1540 also became known as the "Mordbrenner-Jahr" (year of arsonists).
62:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
331:, with a winter that felt like a July. Not a single drop fell from October 1539 to early April 1540. Then the drought advanced north. ... July brought such a frightful ember-like heat that churches made prayers while the
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levels (resulting in the drying up of wells), as well as severe consequences for agriculture and livestock farming. Particularly reliable sources include the extensive weather diary of Marcin Biem, the rector of the
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Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Carrer, Marco; Krusic, Paul J.; Hayes, Michael; Esper, Jan (July 2015). "Commentary to Wetter et al. (2014): Limited tree-ring evidence for a 1540 European 'Megadrought'".
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den 4. August als Tag des
Brandes. Seine Quellenangabe ist nicht nachvollziehbar. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um einen Irrtum, andere Quellen nennen übereinstimmend den 26. Juli, zum Beispiel
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actually became connected to the mainland. Soon the surface water had completely evaporated, soils broke up, some dry cracks were so wide that a foot would fit into them. ...
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Orth, Rene; Vogel, Martha M; Luterbacher, Jürg; Pfister, Christian; Seneviratne, Sonia I (1 November 2016). "Did
European temperatures in 1540 exceed present-day records?".
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could be waded through without getting one's feet wet. Where there was still water, the warm broth acquired a green colour, and dead fish floated belly-up. Water levels in
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Orth et al. (2016) concluded that in summer 1540 the mean temperature was above the 1966–2015 mean and with a probability of 20% exceeded that of the
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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available data, which hinder reliable temperature reconstructions for short-term anomalies during the last millennium, were also mentioned.
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Geschichte der Stadt Münden nebst
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fruit trees bloomed a second time, in Lindau it was actually enough for a second cherry harvest. At Lake
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On the basis of historical records Wetter et al. (2014) derived that during an eleven-month period there was little rain in
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stood still, people starved, livestock was slaughtered. Estimates are that in 1540 half a million people died, mostly from
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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In contrast, a study published in 2015, based on the analysis of growth rings of various European tree species (
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The weather conditions of 1540 present a paradoxical situation since this exceptional year occurred during the
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analyses the temperature and precipitation regimes were reconstructed and compared to present-day conditions.
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From the city of Münden there is a description of how in the year 1540 the ducal wine from the vineyard at
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Orth, Rene; Vogel, Martha M.; Luterbacher, Jürg; Pfister, Christian; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (2016).
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was reported in the summer of 1540. Water was already scarce in May, wells and springs dried up,
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1080:(ed.), "When Europe Was Burning: The Multi-season Mega-drought of 1540 and Arsonist Paranoia",
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Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Carrer, Marco; Krusic, Paul J.; Hayes, Michael; Esper, Jan (2015).
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Excessive quotation, unclear punctuation in quote formatting, original translation?
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D'Arrigo, Rosanne; Wilson, Rob; Liepert, Beate; Cherubini, Paolo (February 2008).
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Der gezähmte Prometheus: Feuer und Sicherheit zwischen Früher Neuzeit und Moderne
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476:"The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – a worst case"
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1004:"Elf Monate ohne Regen: Die Angst vor der Megadürre des Jahres 1540 geht um"
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Zeitungsartikel hinter Paywall bzw. in der Print-Ausgabe 3.8.2018 Seite 16
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Williams, John W.; Jackson, Stephen T.; Kutzbach, John E. (3 April 2007).
847:"Significant anthropogenic-induced changes of climate classes since 1950"
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888:"Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1146:"Die beispiellose Hitze und Dürre von 1540 – ein Katastrophenszenario"
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Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas – 1200 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen
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sherryähnlichen Wein gewannen, der sehr schnell betrunken machte.
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615:"Did European temperatures in 1540 exceed present-day records?"
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1193:"Jahrtausenddürre 1540: Der schlimmste Sommer aller Zeiten"
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Cornel Zwierlein (2011), "5. Klima und Brandkonjunkturen",
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was created to host the "once-in-a-millennium wine" of 1540
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was "so excellent" that it was preferred to foreign wine.
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In the year 1540, there was an unusually high number of
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described the events of 1540 in a newspaper interview:
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The first grapes were already ripe by 12 August, in
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80:accompanying your translation by providing an
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374:-like wine, which ... made one quickly drunk.
362:eventually became cheaper than water, and in
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167:Learn how and when to remove this message
1150:Hydrology and Water Resources Management
845:Chan, Duo; Wu, Qigang (28 August 2015).
932:"Europas vernichtende Jahrtausenddürre"
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1239:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
535:Encyclopedia of Environmental Change
474:Wetter, Oliver; et al. (2014).
217:Scientific evaluation and discussion
366:winemakers were harvesting roasted
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1076:Christian Pfister (March 2017),
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1191:Jan Grossarth (3 August 2018).
1082:Historical Disaster Experiences
1002:Andreas, Frey (4 August 2018).
930:Andreas Frey (11 August 2018).
787:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.004
347:sank to record low levels, and
1838:Australian flying fox die-offs
1201:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
822:10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114021
810:Environmental Research Letters
640:10.1088/1748-9326/11/11/114021
619:Environmental Research Letters
288:Staatlicher Hofkeller Würzburg
90:You may also add the template
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1900:Heat waves and climate change
327:Everything began in northern
1090:10.1007/978-3-319-49163-9_8
1047:10.11588/dgamn.2005.0.18473
767:Global and Planetary Change
543:10.4135/9781446247501.n2421
455:List of town and city fires
370:, from which they obtained
222:wildfires, the lowering of
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103:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
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1853:2012–2013 ("Angry Summer")
235:region for the year 1540.
138:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
54:Machine translation, like
1946:History of Central Europe
1462:List of Indian heat waves
1405:2022 (India and Pakistan)
1395:2019 (India and Pakistan)
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831:21.11116/0000-0000-DBEF-D
745:10.1007/s10584-015-1429-8
717:10.1007/s10584-015-1423-1
690:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2
650:21.11116/0000-0000-DBEF-D
592:10.1007/s10584-015-1423-1
502:10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2
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35:the corresponding article
1936:Weather events in Europe
1116:Glaser, Rüdiger (2001).
392:In the Swiss village of
1030:When Europe Was Burning
904:10.1073/pnas.0606292104
101:For more guidance, see
1144:Oliver Wetter (2014).
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187:in Europe. In various
181:1540 drought in Europe
1604:2021 (UK and Ireland)
1390:2018 (Northeast Asia)
450:2022 European drought
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74:copyright attribution
1078:Gerrit Jasper Schenk
303:The Swiss historian
229:University of Kraków
149:improve this article
1848:2008–2009 (SE Aus.)
992:, 1878, p. 46.
779:2008GPC....60..289D
631:2016ERL....11k4021O
584:2015ClCh..131..183B
494:2014ClCh..125..349W
1951:Droughts in Europe
1743:2000 (Southern US)
851:Scientific Reports
511:20.500.11850/86091
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31:You can help
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1905:Hyperthermia
1736:2000–present
1547:2000–present
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1450:Saudi Arabia
1410:2022 (Japan)
1400:2022 (China)
1380:2016 (India)
1345:2002 (India)
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1798:2021 (West)
1748:2001 (East)
1686:1911 (East)
1681:1901 (East)
1676:1896 (East)
1669:Before 1950
1478:Before 1950
1177:Der Spiegel
1010:(in German)
936:Spektrum.de
433:Reformation
397: [
383: [
380:Questenberg
291: [
276: [
261:Description
224:groundwater
211:2003 summer
200:megadrought
151:if you can.
1930:Categories
1637:Heat waves
1322:Antarctica
1277:Heat waves
1110:Literature
461:References
417:city fires
411:City fires
204:tree rings
157:March 2021
1712:1980 (US)
1705:1950–1999
1574:2013 (UK)
1538:1995 (UK)
1533:1990 (UK)
1516:1955 (UK)
1509:1950–1999
1500:1911 (UK)
1495:1906 (UK)
1490:July 1757
1360:2013 haze
1014:12 August
941:12 August
659:157372989
520:153965334
405:Lake Thun
322:dysentery
96:talk page
37:in German
1642:Cerberus
1445:Pakistan
1425:Pakistan
1373:Pakistan
1206:4 August
1182:8 August
1159:8 August
600:54877607
537:. 2014.
444:See also
394:Goldiwil
133:require
72:provide
1888:Related
1831:Oceania
1632:Drought
1622:Drought
1233:Italian
1197:Faz.net
913:1851561
872:4551970
795:3537918
775:Bibcode
627:Bibcode
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425:Einbeck
364:Limoges
312:single
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233:Kraków
196:Europe
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1772:2012
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1583:2018
1440:Japan
1435:India
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1420:China
1368:India
1364:2015
1050:Oder
857:(1).
791:S2CID
763:(PDF)
655:S2CID
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516:S2CID
437:arson
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341:Seine
333:Rhine
329:Italy
318:mills
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185:event
56:DeepL
1879:2023
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1788:2018
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1763:2010
1758:2007
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1355:2010
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1338:Asia
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1303:2021
1298:2020
1293:2018
1288:List
1230:and
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1161:2018
1124:ISBN
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1016:2018
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547:ISBN
360:wine
339:and
337:Elbe
269:The
246:").
179:The
70:must
68:You
1086:doi
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1008:NZZ
908:PMC
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867:PMC
859:doi
826:hdl
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