1596 Assembly of Notables - Knowledge (XXG)

1638:

support for this proposal. Similarly it was agreed that it should be illegal for governors and provincial estates to levy taxes without the approval of the crown. The notables followed this proposal of Montmorency up by asking Henri to reduce the number of governors and captains of châteaux/towns to the level which it had been in the years prior to the civil wars. Similarly governors should no longer be allowed to have guards and recently fortified houses/châteaux should be demolished. The cardinal de Gondi announced, on 28 November, that he had presented these proposals to Henri who was favourable, but lacked the means to effect their enaction: compensation would be required for those relieved of office and the destruction of fortifications was expensive. However he welcomed the notables finding the funds to achieve this. He further provided the notables a break down of the royal income devoted to the military so that the notables might advise him on how best to reduce the military budget.

639: 1647: 472: 20: 706:. This would later be delayed for a 30 September start and relocated to the more distant Rouen after the outbreak of plague in Paris. In his letters of summons Henri declared his intention to find money where it could not be sourced from the existing finances and to gain assistance in the raising of an army so that the enemies of the kingdom might be halted from ravaging the countryside and cities. He assured the notables that he would apply whatever reforms they proposed and show them good will. Mariéjol interprets this rhetoric as a sign of his desperation. Henri characterised the problems he experienced as a legacy of his predecessors, denying any role his administration might have had in causing the financial troubles. In the same month, July, he imposed the baron de Rosny on the 1504: 57:

Assembly opened in Rouen on 4 November with between 80 and 94 delegates in attendance. The deliberations were divided into three chambers. The delegates were shocked to learn about the crown's expenditure and proposals and resolved to work to verify the various records they were presented with. By early December the Assembly was close to collapse, and the king departed from Rouen for a few weeks. His ministers took the initiative to push the notables towards several proposals for increasing royal revenues. In mid January Henri (who had returned) proposed to the notables the introduction of a 5% sales tax on goods entering into towns (which would be known as the

1985:, the financial syndicates that ran several of the tax farms. They urged for the immediate repayment of debts to the crown and expressed a desire to see the tax farms (auctioned off rights to collect taxation to private parties) kept under close control. Concerned that 'financial agents' were redirecting public funds the notables proposed the following. Those who had loaned the king money should be kept away from the levers that controlled financial offices and tax farms. Similarly those with debt should not be allowed immediate access to tax revenues. Limits should be imposed on exporting coinage. 662:

failures to provide him with what he needed, especially when he began to suspect it was their concerns of proper process that were holding back funds from him. On 29 April, Bellièvre again indicated that an Assembly of Notables would be the ideal method by which to gain the money to support his campaigns. Later, on 26 June he explained to Henri that the people could bear no more tax burden, and thus an Assembly was necessary to find the way forward for the king. He suggested the body meet on 15 August and indicated in his next correspondence he would suggest who to invite.

514:(a large scale peasant uprising) whose chief complaint was that of excessive fiscal exaction. Indeed, in one Norman village in 1596 the residents were accused of attacking and killing the armed guards that accompanied the tax collectors. As a result of troubles such as these around an eighth of Henri's surviving decrees for 1594 were to grant reductions, exemptions and relief from arrears of taxation to various regions and towns. Such royal decrees would continue in 1595 and 1596, though in a reduced number (this may reflect a poor survival of the records for these years). 654:. This proposal was initially intended to satiate the desire of the clergy to see the adoption of the recommendations of the Council of Trent (something he hoped to parry using such a body). Receiving approval from the king, Henri announced such a council would be held to the clergy on 7 April 1596. According to the baron de Rosny, in correspondence the baron received from the king on 15 April the character of the proposed Assembly had already shifted from one concerned with church affairs to one orientated around financial matters. 492:(court of accounts) advised Henri in February 1595 that the king was being too generous with his gifts, that the local governments of the kingdom were abusing their fiscal powers and that Henri was creating long-term problems (the payment of salaries) via the short term expedient of selling offices off. Various means of financial remedy were attempted in 1595 without success. His former Protestant allies had lost their enthusiasm for forwarding him money, his tax collectors were attacked by the people, the 681:. Despite this, Henri had promised shortly after his accession in 1589 to convene an Estates General, to win over Henri III's Catholic supporters, however it had been continually put off supposedly due to the military situation. This was an embarrassing situation for the king and he would mention his willingness to undertake an Estates General again in the convocation letters for the Assembly of Notables. The failure to do so now was again explained as a product of the military situation in the kingdom. 113: 669:. The king's situation was desperate, he was in the process of making the Swiss cantons aware that he could not fulfil the payment of their soldiers incomes that he owed them. Though he was ill inclined to do so, Henri was compelled to convene an assembly so that he could gain the resources required to bring his war with España to a close. In additional to the financial impetus to call a body together, the crown also desired to redress the broader economic troubles of the kingdom. 1385: 1400: 2119: 1415: 871:(established bonds) from 8.33% to 6% as he had earlier proposed. This would be justified on the grounds that 5-6% was the appropriate interest rate for 'Christian states', and any higher than that would encourage an idle investor class. Venal offices would be curtailed through the termination of the posts upon the deaths of their current holders - saving around another 3,000,000. The remaining deficit of 6,420,000 208:'s favourite in financial matters from May 1595 to June 1598 was the seigneur de Sancay. In the public eye it was he who controlled the royal finances. Sancay had, in 1589, secured the support for Henri of an army he had raised for the king's predecessor in the Alte Eidgenossenschaft (Old Swiss Confederacy) while Henri was still Protestant. The historian Major argues he might have even succeeded d'O as the 1690:

new royal revenues. This would be repeated on 19, 23 and 28 December. The prospect of the wars end was hung before the notables, however Bellièvre indicated it would require the funds be provided for one final push. According to a rough draft of a speech of Bellièvre's that survives he argued for the selling of the alienated domain and church property so that the money could be put towards payment of the

99: 1369:

notables a rubber seal by which to impose their will. His speech was very brusque and short, totalling around 250 words in total. His mistress the marquise de Montceaux reproached him for his childish imagery, to which the king responded that he would listen to the notables but with a sword in his hand. Indeed, the historian Salmon argues his offer of 'tutelage' was a disingenuous one.

620: 1889: 1519:

The king retorted that he could not do so given the precarity of his fiscal situation, however he suggested a committee be established by the notables to work with Incarville and Heudicourt to figure out which parts of the extraordinary taxation could be abandoned. By this means any anger at refusal to concede on tax matters was transferred from the king to his officials.

2013:. Firstly, all royal officials should have their incomes cut by 10%. Further to this there would be a year long suspension to their incomes. The bureaucracy could be curtailed in its size by leaving offices vacant on the deaths of their incumbents. Any further venal office creation should be prohibited Where the crown had created new 1811:

deplored. To resolve this the archbishops were to hold councils every three years to best reintroduce ecclesiastical discipline. Those churches which had as a by-product of the civil wars been transformed into military buildings were to be returned to the church. The horses of soldiers were not to be quartered in places of worship.

463:. The combination of his conversion to Catholicism (which alienated many of his foreign Protestant backers), and the proximity of many of the foreign Catholic princes of Europe to the kingdom with which he was at war: España, made the securing of further financial relief through foreign aid challenging. 551:

various tax exemptions and allowing their holders to gorge the people for revenues, the loans the crown had taken often had high interest rates, and ennoblement led to tax exemptions in the long term. Henri's methods also brought a great amount of friction between him and the various bodies such as the

2300:

with a mixture of reason and soothing words in a meeting on 11 May. He chastised them for their 'slowness, stubbornness and disobedience'. He concluded his address by suggesting he might go to Vlaanderen and risk being shot, as then they would understand the cost of lacking a king. He further shouted

2233:

remonstrated to Henri severely. They accused those around him of robbery, lectured Henri as to his duties, requested he send them for registration the decisions of the Assembly of Rouen. They suggested investigation be undertaken as to the responsible parties who looted the treasury. Beyond this they

1805:

of the clergy, there was no reference to the adoption of the recommendations of the Council of Trent even though this had brought about the idea of the Assembly to begin with back in March. Indeed, the clerical representatives declared it impractical to reintroduce elections for prelates (a component

1576:

colleagues due to their failure to verify the king's recent tax edicts. Henri also sought his public backing in front of the notables for a plan to restrict royal officials from involvement in the affairs of great nobles. By this means it would become significantly more difficult for the great nobles

988:

and other contractual obligations. By this means Bellièvre envisioned that there would be greater assurance of receipt to counter the lower incomes and interest rates that could be expected. There would also be a greater confidence in royal credit through this measure. There was a side effect that it

946:

These reforms were drastic, and liable to be unpopular with many constituencies of the kingdom. The nobles would be put out by the reductions in the military budget and pensions, the royal officials by attacks on their offices and incomes, and the urban population by the increase in their tax burden.

661:

were divided between those in Paris and those with the king in Picardie on campaign. In his letters back to Paris, Henri pleaded for money, and made little mention of ecclesiastical matters or the Assembly of Notables. The king found his patience with Bellièvre and the council greatly tested by their

649:

With the king's creditors exhausted, and Henri's relationship with the Estates poor, Bellièvre proposed that rather than concede to a need to call an Estates General, that Henri utilise a method the crown had used at the start of the troubles in the kingdom, an Assembly of Notables. Indeed, his first

550:

The various methods employed by the crown often had short term benefits with long-term financial costs. While the alienation of the royal domain provided immediate cash, it reduced royal revenues long term, the sale of office created new incomes the king would have to pay as well as being attached to

2360:

Sometime between the end of the Assembly and the end of April, Henri yielded to the idea that his revenues be divided into two parts and a special council in Paris to deal with contractual revenues and prosecuting cases of corruption. This is testified to in a memorandum. Several provincial councils

1596:

Laffemas presented to his colleagues at the Assembly a proposal for a general regulation on the establishment of factories in the kingdom which he had presented to the king that same year. In it he outlined the policy of mercantilism by which domestic production was encouraged and imports avoided to

1567:

was dispirited by the lack of progress. In his view the crowns financial officials had come to the Assembly insufficiently prepared, the people of the kingdom were suffering from overburdensome tax and it would only be possible to meet the crowns military needs by curtailing the incomes of officials

1518:

Incarville and Heudicourt outline the fiscal position of the crown. They explained that it would be necessary to establish new venal offices and raise extraordinary taxation. The revelation of this caused the notables to dispatch a delegation to Henri to request the edicts on this matter be delayed.

1254:

was unable to attend, the organs of the city turned to alternate representatives to dispatch to the king. As de facto representatives of their locality, those chosen by the king sometimes consulted with their colleagues and received instructions from them as to how to proceed. The representatives of

1032:

The baron de Rosny proposed a less systematic package mainly orientated around expansion of revenues without curtailing spending. He proposed taxes on playing cards, wheat, flour, pastry shops and tennis courts among other things. He proposed the reintroduction of the crowns rights to a tenth of the

758:

presented an apocalyptic picture of the city, racked by plague the legacy of the Protestant uprising of 1562 and its role as a 'frontier city'. The Lyonnais population had provided great sums to the king, such that they had fallen into debt. They suggested a reduction in the size of royal garrisons,

672:

Bellièvre's view on bodies such as the Assembly of Notables contrasted sharply with that of the baron de Rosny who saw both the Assembly and the Estates General as pointless institutions. This would be the first meeting of such an assembly that bore the name 'Assembly of Notables' at the time of its

2166:

Jean Chandon argued to Bellièvre many of the deputies at the Assembly had been sent their with instructions to stand against the creation of any new taxes. However the desperate plight of the crown after Amiens and Henri's insistence overcame this objection. It was thus with considerable reluctance

2105:

The proposals the crown had desired to clamp down on the power of the great nobles to instrument patron-client relationships were also acted upon. To this end royal officials would not be permitted to hold positions in the households of princes, the ability to place relatives on a court was limited

2057:

Finally they requested a new Assembly of Notables be convened three years after the closure of the one in which they had participated, so that they might best assess where affairs had deviated from their recommendations and aid their service of Henri. Subject to the allowance of circumstances, they

1689:

that simply presently the grim fiscal picture alone would drive the deputies towards proposing new taxation as the cure, it was clear by 12 December this was not going to happen. As a result, Bellièvre and his colleagues appeared before the notables to ask their opinion on several possibilities for

1580:

Many of the notables would have seen the maintenance of royal garrisons in the kingdom's interior as a pointless expense. Henri, who was only recently established in stable power in the kingdom had reason to disagree. The duc de Montpensier defended himself when it was announced the garrison in his

1545:

to complain about the threats they were subject to, Henri offered little reprieve. He left the delegation kneeling throughout their interview with him (something a contemporary described as very rude) and told them that while he was sure some of them served him faithfully, many of their number were

1433:

favoured the divisions traditional to the Estates General, one chamber for the clergy, one for the nobility and one for the commons. However, in the end it was resolved to follow the precedent of 1583 where the chambers had consisted of a cross section of all three. According to Rosny this was done

1093:

had been assured their office was for life unless they were reimbursed or somehow forfeited it. Henri was greatly impressed by Rosny's energy and ability to quickly raise funds and rewarded him for his efforts. Despite his pleasure at the acts of Rosny, the baron's revenue hunting had the effect of

732:

was tasked by those of the city with asking for the convocation of an Estates General on the grounds that the broader election would better be able to advise the king. The representatives were to refused any new taxes on Tours and plead the poverty of the people of Tours if a loan on their city was

676:

The advantage of an Assembly of Notables over an Estates General was that it allowed Henri to invite whoever he saw fit, and end the Assembly at his discretion. It also suited more his authoritarian tendencies, and avoided the delays and weak results that previous Estates Generals had been troubled

1155:

The invitation of the prelates is explained by Major as a desire to resolve the problem of the church that had been raised earlier in the year, and to secure their buy in for the implementation of the Assemblies resolutions in their diocese. Similar reasoning was used for the inviting of the great

1101:

Henri arrived at Rouen for the Assembly either in late September or early October. He was afforded ceremonial entry into the city on 16 October by the burghers of Rouen. He established himself in the palace of abbot of Saint-Ouen. From there he dealt with matters of precedence between the notables

778:

a general internal peace was requested in which both Protestantism and Catholicism could be freely practiced. While noble privileges were to be respected they requested such men be excluded from holding ecclesiastical benefices. Where nobles had remained on their estates or assaulted the other two

684:

The king chose for the Assembly to imitate the construction of the Estates General. The notables would be chosen by the three orders (First Estate - clergy, Second Estate - nobility, Third Estate - commons), and would enjoy the same powers as members of the Estates would have had. The contemporary

1825:

of the nobility it was requested that only those with long and great service to the king, or who had achieved military feats should be ennobled. Those who had been recently ennobled or who weren't ennobled but who possessed the estates of old noble families should be prohibited from taking on the

1637:

On 26 November, the duc de Montmorency made a proposal that garrisons who owed loyalty to figures other than the king (i.e. provincial seigneurs) should be disbanded and fortifications demolished. He made a gesture of good will that he would lead the way on this in his own government. He received

1368:

In the king's opening address of 4 November, he declared himself willing to be put under the tutelage of the notables in the following of the course of action they prescribed. He contrasted his liberal attitude towards their recommendations with his predecessors, who he argued had sought from the

2073:

At least in the short term, the Assembly of Notables was a triumph for Bellièvre's fiscal program. His triumph would however be short lived. The military crisis that followed shortly on the heels of the Assembly foiled his ability to see the success of his program. Meanwhile, his rival Rosny who

766:

in southern France. They resolved in October to dispatch six deputies to meet with both the royal court, and with the Assembly of Notables, so that they might secure negotiations between themselves and the king. They returned south to their compatriots on 16 January 1597, prior to the end of the

701:

Orders of convocation were issued on 25 and 26 July 1596, with the intention that the Assembly was to meet at Compiègne on 31 August. The proximity of the time of the Assembly to the date of its being called precluded the possibility of the widespread the kind of provincial surveys that had been

1729:

Henri intervened at this point and proposed to the notables a 5% sales tax on goods entering into towns. The notables were hesitant to endorse such a proposal that put the burden of resolving the deficit on their urban communities as opposed to the crown. At first they attempted to transfer the

737:

was requested to the levels it had been in 1582 (many people in Tours owned land outside the city). Those taxes that were levied should be verified by the sovereign courts. It was requested that the clergy and office holders no longer be exempted from municipal taxation. Further that nobles not

1810:

the representatives from the Loudunois had hoped to see adopted. Henri was to encourage the Protestants of the kingdom to follow his example and convert to Catholicism. Catholicism was to be reintroduced into Béarn and Navarre where it had been made illegal in prior years. Clerical abuses were

56:

Henri, consumed by the military crisis of the war with España accepted Bellièvre's proposal. Bellièvre prepared a broad package of measures for the consideration of the delegates, combining fiscal austerity with a redistribution of the kingdoms tax burden from the countryside to the towns. The

2186:

tax. No action on it had been taken by 15 April when Henri announced his intention to make Paris pay to support 4,000 Swiss soldiers for six months. Cheverny, Bellièvre and Montmorency worked to convince the Parisian assemblies of the merit of this course. Nevertheless, on 28 April, Henri was

1768:

On 28 January several of the deputies were summoned to meet with some royal financial officials. They were informed it was intolerable to Henri to see his revenues divided as the king required a greater flexibility. The officials were informed by the cardinal de Gondi that this element of the

1864:(nobility of the gown). Where nobles lived in towns they requested the nobles not be subject to the same tax impositions or forced loans that the bourgeois of the town were. They requested Henri resolve the dispute that had arisen in the Dauphiné as to whether nobles should pay the 2021:

should be reduced to four. For the royal household there would be dramatic reductions in size. The number of provincial governors and captains of châteaux was to be slashed. The provincial estates of Languedoc were to scale back their meetings from every year to every three years.

2001:

and salaries of royal officials. To each of these baskets of expenses would be allocated various tax revenues, with 15,000,000 allocated to the royal household and military, a great degree less than Bellièvre had sought to allocate. The notables did not take up his proposal of a

1920:, as this would have required acceptance of a redistribution of the tax burden into a new 3,000,000 in tax on walled towns which they were unwilling to countenance. They approved the creation of the new tax that Bellièvre and Henri had each proposed, which would be known as the 1041:

in return for the redemption of the alienated royal domain. He desired to clamp down on the importation of cloth so as to stimulate domestic production. Despite this an excise duty would be imposed. He also proposed that the currency be debased. He proposed the abolition of the

81:, Henri created several new fiscal councils embodying Bellièvre's proposal for the Assembly. They would last only a couple of months before the king abolished them. As 1597 continued, Henri turned away from the minister whose program the Assembly embodied, Bellièvre, towards 1588:

Revelations followed as to the taxation enjoyed by the duc d'Épernon for his personal benefit in the region of Bordeaux and the practice in Languedoc of taxes raised without royal authority or audit by the provincial and sub-provincial estates - totalling around 210,000

1033:

revenues generated by mines. Those benefices which laid vacant should be appropriated by the crown. New charges would be levied on the process of becoming a naturalised Frenchman, as well as for towns, comtés and duchés to be assured in their rights. Exemptions from the

746:

and fiscal austerity. If it was not possible to compensate the office holders deprived of their incomes, then instead the office should be terminated on the holders death. Where non walled towns and villages had raised fortifications they asked that these be destroyed.

2221:, and the levy on them to pay for the king's Swiss mercenaries. Five times between 6 February and 12 March they remonstrated the crown to see the implementation of the suggestions the notables had made at the recent Assembly. The recent fall of Amiens convinced the 2133:

on 11 March 1597 furthered the military crisis and induced further need for money from Henri. The province of Picardie was made vulnerable, as was Paris. The king's other enemies, such as the duc de Mercœur in Bretagne also stirred after the loss. Bellièvre and the

1840:(ordonnance companies - heavy cavalry units that formed the core of the army). While it would not be their exclusive prerogative they wished to be the port of first call for the positions of prelates in the church, abbots, priors, lieutenants to the aforementioned 947:

Bellièvre thus looked to the Assembly to get the appropriate buy in to push this package through. To best sell the package to those it would impact, Bellièvre proposed the division of royal revenues into two portions. One half would remain under the purview of the

1826:

name or arms of the old family. They spoke in favour of sumptuary laws such that luxury be clamped down on and each Estate of the kingdom be dressed in a manner that was visually distinct. They claimed an exclusive right to the offices of the royal household, the

1434:

at the insistence of the royal officials who feared the nobility would lump them in with the Third Estate. The advantage of dividing proceedings into three chambers was that it allowed every member to voice their opinions without greatly slowing down proceedings.

1131:

and representatives from fifteen cities. According to Salmon and Jouanna there were ninety four notables which broke down as being composed of princes, maréchaux and various provincial governors of whom there were twenty six; prelates of whom there were eleven,

61:). Though initially hesitant the notables agreed to endorse this measure. On 28 January the assembly was drawn to a close, and the notables presented their recommendations to the king. They offered a direct cash grant to the crown, curtailing exemptions to the 2109:

Venality too was attacked, with those transfers of office that existing office holders attempted to institute in the final forty days of their lives declared to be invalid. By this means it would be made more challenging to arrange the handover of office.

677:

by. In the previous Estates Generals' of the French Wars of Religion, the crown had encountered difficulty securing the support of the elected representatives. This distaste of Henri's for the representative body of the Estates was shared by many on his

2037:

would remain stable, the interest rate on them could be reduced. Before these processes transpired an official would ensure the initial purchase was legal. Where the domain had been alienated in the form of a gift this should be reclaimed by the crown.

1118:

Among the attendees of the Assembly were 80 men which broke down according to Babelon, and Mariéjol as nine members of the clergy, nineteen members of the nobility and fifty two members of the commons (primarily drawn from the sovereign courts of the

1876:) the king should compensate them. In addition to all these demands, the nobles made the offer that no one except the king should have the right to see a fortification established (be it on a town or elsewhere), an endorsement of the proposal of the 547:(the parlement was the most senior of the sovereign courts) was alienated, and twenty two edicts creating various offices. The sovereign courts often baulked at the alienations of the royal domain and had to be compelled to register the edicts. 2261:

of gorging themselves at the expense of the people of France. The money they had taken should therefore be returned. This incensed Henri to the point of being on the edge of "madness", and he denounced Harlay repeatedly as a liar causing the

2050:

The depredations of the civil wars and corruption in the administration were deplored by the notables. Those royal judges who had become clients of nobles and drew pensions or other benefits from them were to be dismissed from their offices.

2483:

was abolished, probably in return for a large sum of money from the guilty parties. Major speculates, given the rapid nature of its dissolution whether the purpose of its creation in the first place was for it to be bought out of existence.

1943:

to, given his reputation for financial liberality. Pitts argues based off this that the king's invitation of the marquis de Montceaux might have been a mistake. As a result of this they proposed dividing the projected income of 10,000,000

1697:

While the notables indicated their happiness to afford the king a small sum of money now, there was greater resistance on the matter of a new tax. They counter proposed a clipping of the royal household and military expenses by 8,000,000

387:. In addition to this Henri lacked enjoyment of revenues from around 1/5 of the kingdom, and of those parts he theoretically enjoyed, much slipped away to the corruption of officials. In the treasury Henri could not even count on 25,000 31:(French: Assemblée des notables de 1583) was a gathering of many important French nobles, prelates, financial officials and urban grandees. They were called together in the hopes that they could provide a solution to the fiscal crisis 1673:

Groulart would write in his diary on 8 December that some of the notables wished to depart home from Rouen (due to the poor amount that had been accomplished) but had been persuaded to remain in the city by others among the notables.

843:. This was three times the deficit Henri III had been faced with in 1583. Bellièvre then began laying out his stall as to how he would combat this deficit. The budget of the royal household would be cut from 1,500,000 to 1,200,000 283:

informing them that he needed immediate funds to pay for the income of his infantry and Swiss soldiers. Instead they turned to the bankers of Paris to solve the problem. A little while later Henri requested the provision of 30,000

2432:. He stated that while there had been fears it would divide royal authority and weaken Henri he had informed the king that he could assign to himself those taxes that were to increase in value and be collected easily, and to the 742:. Instead of taxes, the crown could resolve its financial problems in the mind of the representatives from Tours by eliminating corruption, reducing the number of royal offices to those which had been present during the reign of 575:

on 26 March 1596, the body recommended to Henri that nine of the investigatory commission the crown had created be abolished on the grounds that they were presently more of a burden on the people than the regular taxation was.

967:

received could be put towards the king's household and the army. The other half of the revenues would be divorced from control of the king, his courtiers and the nobility. This was to be composed of revenues from the domain,

2335:

court, to raise money for the army. To reassure his opponents that the money raised by this means would not be wasted he announced the revenues would be stored in a triple locked coffer with one key in the hands of a

1069:(generals of finance and treasurers). One of these commissioners was the baron de Rosny. He operated with far less scruples for the raising of funds than his colleagues and brought back from Orléans and Tours 300,000 517:

Where taxes were raised, it was sometimes done without the consent of the provincial Estates (regional representative bodies). This was the case in Bretagne in 1593 where a tax was raised over the remonstrance of the

2046:

In a mercantilist vein, they argued against the export of unprocessed raw materials and the import of manufactured goods. By contrast the import of unprocessed materials (and foreign workers) was to be encouraged.

1806:

of the Trentine decrees). Through their rejection of this, the upper clerical offices could remain the preserves of the aristocracy and a method by which the king bestowed his patronage. This contrasted with the

1470:

The notables consumed many weeks wrangling with one another over matters of precedence and unpicking the contradictions between the general financial report they had received, and that provided by the individual

2511:. Upon his arrival, Henri felt some guilt at circumventing the body and wrote to assure them the money was being put towards a worthy use. In 1598 Rosny would be established as the reconstituted position of the 1577:

to put their fingers on the scales of the affairs of state and engage in the politics of patronage. De Harlay was little enthused to endorse the proposal that might earn him so much ire from the grand nobles.

509:

While traditionally the raising of taxes would have been turned to as a resolution to such a fiscal problem, this was a challenging proposition during the 1590s. France had been rocked by the rebellion of the

1996:

Similar to how Bellièvre had proposed royal expenses were divided by the notables into two sections: firstly those that concerned military matters or the royal household, secondly those that concerned the

922:

it had failed to pay in prior years. While Bellièvre could not countenance the renouncing of the entire obligation, he suggested the creditors might be amenable to receipt of half. To pay this half, a new

875:

would be combatted through the more astute management of the tax farms (auctioned off rights to tax collection) and the alienation of the royal domain. Bellièvre estimated there were yields of 4,794,000

1709:

On 8 January, the cardinal de Gondi announced that Henri had a few days prior issued an edict that disbanded the companies of horse bound arquebusiers enjoyed by governors, princes and royal officials.

427:

aligned towns to secure their reduction into royal obedience. Many of the towns insisted on the confirmation of their privileges to be exempted from taxation as conditions for their return to the king.

1713:

With Henri at his limit of tolerance of the Assembly he had to be begged to not depart Rouen again on 10 January, with the notables asking him to stay until after 16 January so they could submit their

783:(from which they were traditionally exempt). It was proposed that châteaux be demolished, garrisons withdrawn from the interior of the kingdom such that they were only present on the frontiers and the 2499:

and wrote directly to the baron de Rosny to secure funds for the recapture of Amiens. Rosny raised funds through means of expedient: the creation and sale of new venal offices and an increase in the

2066:

Henri for his part fumed at the notables' attempts to control his finances, but conceded to a small reduction in the expenditure of the royal household and a denunciation of corrupt officials. The

1546:

guilty of abuses and he would no longer allow his finances to be so poorly administered. It is possible Le Gras and his colleagues also had volatile exchanges with Rosny and members of the royal

2198:

In addition to the measures secured from the notables, which would largely offer a long-term financial benefit, Henri needed immediate financial relief. He thus imposed a forced loan of 300,000

1670:

in the same building on 2 December. The papal legate's arrival had, in addition to the birth of the king's illegitimate daughter, occupied the courts attention at this time to a certain degree.

1630:, a sum which was less than Bellièvre had imagined it to be in his projections for his program. This was counterbalanced by the report that the amount being spent on the military was 22,500,000 1593:. It was charged that this money was then delivered to local governors . Provence experienced similar situations, as well as a poorly guarded frontier and the maintenance of various citadels. 1970:

granted to more junior royal officials, towns which had not enjoyed exemption prior to the start of the troubles and those who had bought their nobility after 1577 be revoked. Further on the

1868:

on non-noble land they had come into possession in their favour (i.e. that they did not need to pay it). Where nobles experienced a financial loss from the cancellation of the arrears of the

1623:

aligned seigneurs and occupied towns, and that the sum might end up being even greater than this as not all magnates had yet been subdued by treaty. This created a furore among the notables.

1952:

would be for Henri to spend at his discretion on his household and the prosecution of war. The other five million would be devoted to debts and wages and would be spent under supervision.

1214:

a powerful Protestant noble Henri had recently established as governor of Béarn and Navarre and whom he kept at his side so as to best flatter him (thus he rarely attended the sessions).

1376:

Cheverny who for around 45 minutes spoke on the dire state of the kingdom and the urgent need of the crown for money. After he had spoken Henri rose and the first session was concluded.

1526:

announced that the committee established as a result of the discussion with Henri on 8 November had engaged with Incarville and Heudicourt and seen the records of taxes raised in each

69:

among other recommendations. The royal council began introducing legislation based on some of their recommendations, however in March a new military crisis rocked the kingdom with the

419:

among many other figures. Major offers a figure of around 24,000,000 for the purchase of the loyalty of various figures to Henri's cause. In addition to the sums given to the leading

246:(the principle land tax). They ordered an investigation into the alienations (selling off or renting out) of the domain, and attempted to regulate tax collection. For the latter, the 1749:

On 25 January the notables approved the 5% sales tax. They also suggested a division of royal revenues into two parts, which might have been inspired by the proposal of Bellièvre's.

2436:

the taxes that had declining revenues and were hated by the people. Major challenges Rosny's recollection to a great extent. The baron ignores the role of Bellièvre in devising the

638: 2191:

was composed of 'good men' and to introduce a special commission to deal with those guilty of financial mispractice. Once the king had done this, they would assent to the 360,000

77:

was put into force in April over much opposition but would deliver far lower revenues than anticipated and would be abolished in 1602. In response to criticism from Paris and the

943:

of interest that it currently owed a year. A final budget deficit of 126,000 thus presented itself, but Bellièvre believed he could identify further economies to eliminate this.

2352:

in the city planning to turn the capital of Normandie over to the Spanish, Henri conceded to reduce his financial demands on Rouen by half as well as the number of new offices.

1176:

would provide the financial records. Finally the representatives of the principal towns were invited as the new tax Bellièvre hoped to impose was to fall on their constituents.

1814:

These proposals were a great relief to the Papal Legate, who had feared the Protestants of the Assembly might lead the resolutions astray. He reported with satisfaction to the

563:, all of whom had to have their objections overridden. As a result of these disputes, Henri was increasingly drawn towards the idea of an absolutist conception of monarchy. 242:(parts of the kingdom directly owned by the crown), they floated new loans and taxes on the towns. They also looked to conduct investigations into false exemptions from the 2365:

were issued on 8 and 21 May respectively. In these decrees the councils were no longer to be in Paris and provincially located, but rather with the court. There would be a

801:

Among the chosen representatives there was a general animus towards the lowering of direct taxation, contraction of the states expenditure and clamping down on corruption.

325:

leadership to Henri left the war he was waging as largely an international one against España. The Spanish responded to this setback in Bourgogne by invading Picardie. The

2467:

asking to be relieved of their responsibilities due to an inability to cope with the complexity. However, Major again challenges this, arguing that many of the men on the

2377:

that yielded a prosecution would receive a quarter of the illicit funds seized. Its membership would be composed of those of the three sovereign courts of Paris and the

2543:

Jouanna, Arlette (1998). "Le Temps des Guerres de Religion en France (1559-1598)". In Jouanna, Arlette; Boucher, Jacqueline; Biloghi, Dominique; Le Thiec, Guy (eds.).

1757:

On 26 January a closing ceremony for the Assembly was held. During the ceremony the notables presented their proposed package of reforms to Henri in the form of their

1646: 250:(generals of the treasury) were ordered to draw up statements as concerned the extraordinary levies they had raised, and to inventory all the royal officials in their 19: 1089:

of Tours whose revenues he had plundered (and in the latter case, removed from their office) strongly protested but without effect. Only several months previous, the

334: 1773:

could not be modified as the notables had concluded their deliberations. As a result of this on 29 January Henri dismissed the notables without responding to their

1211: 2187:

presented with a remonstrance from the city of Paris in which his government was charged with corruption and financial liberality. They requested Henri ensure his

536:

The traditional expedients of the creation of venal offices and the alienation of the royal domain had also been turned to. For example, in February 1594, 600,000

2463:

The bodies would have a short half life, surviving barely two months. According to Rosny it was the inexperience of its members that doomed it, with those on the

73:. A new impetus for fiscal expedients was thus created, and Henri once more turned to fiscal shortcuts that the Assembly had deplored (such as venal office). The 2158:. Both Bellièvre and Montmorency were of the opinion its registration should be automatic as it had received the assent of the Assembly of Notables, however the 798:

indicated support towards Bellièvre's desired program of austerity, they suggest little enthusiasm for his plans for redistributing taxation towards the cities.

341:

threw off his government and betrayed the city to the Spanish. Henri was able to recapture La Fère in May 1596, and by this means close the road between Spanish

2479:

meanwhile was undermined both by the corrupt dealings of Cheverny and by the king. In June those financial officials it had investigated were pardoned, and the

1608:

party were introduced to him. This side-line reveal of the costs did little to stem the tide of outrage when the proposal was put before the Assembly at large.

471: 201:(the sum to be collected for the taille in a given year - the land tax) by September of the year and for drawing up the statements on revenue and expenditure. 2171:

would be registered by the body on 28 April. The tax raised considerable opposition in the urban centres. Tempers ran particularly high concerning the tax in

2102:(water and forest) offices were suppressed. It was declared that nobles could not involve themselves in local tax collection or institute their own charges. 1479:

among the notables became a subject of debate as to whether their presence was as members of the deliberative assembly or simply to give an account of their

1244: 326: 53:

proposed to Henri that the best remedy to secure the appropriate mandate for the remedies he hoped to implement would be to convene an Assembly of Notables.

2070:

opined that consensus was that the notables had made good proposals, but that their utility was contingent on the crowns ability to put them into practice.

2054:

They argued tax and coinage could only emanate from the king's authority. Where royal revenues were illicitly appropriate the offender was to be executed.

1255:

the towns were aware that the crown was looking to reorientate the burden of taxation towards them from the countryside, and were prepared to oppose this.

1061:

In September 1596 five commissioners were sent out across France to secure funds for the crown. It was to be their responsibility to drive the zeal of the

353:

who was now in Spanish employ. The recapture of La Fère was both long and expensive. This developing military crisis in Picardie furthered the fiscal one.

298:

that while his larder was bare and his clothes torn, his financiers and treasurers "let me die of hunger while they sit at well-laden and stocked tables".

1654:

By 2 December attendance reached such a direly low level that the proceedings could not go ahead. That same day, the cardinal de Gondi met with the royal

774:

come from the three estates of the Loudunois which were prepared to be presented to the notables around a month after the start of the Assembly. In these

2254: 823:

The two men's approaches varied considerably. Bellièvre first outlined the state of the royal revenues, he estimated them as equalling around 30,900,000

1429:

The following few days were devoted to establishing the deliberate procedure that was to be employed for the Assembly. Bellièvre and the members of the

1152:(alderman) of whom there were fifteen. These were only some of the men invited to the Assembly, and others would turn up as the proceedings progressed. 888:. This tax was already in affect in Normandie and Paris. After factoring in a few more considerations Bellièvre calculated a budget surplus of 174,000 1694:. Mercantilist methods were endorsed also. A new tax would be required across the kingdom, as well as a grant of a small sum to the king immediately. 1302:(the mayor was not informed of the change of location or date but fortunately for the city a former mayor was at court at the time of the Assembly); 645:

a royal official at first inexperienced in finance but who would win the affections of Henri in fiscal matters in 1596 and supplant Bellièvre by 1598

525:

Henri had also looked to the creation of noble titles as a source of income. One edict in 1594 created twenty-four nobles in the jurisdiction of the

2507:

and urged him not to let the funds pass through their hands. Rosny was ordered to join with him with the funds outside Amiens without informing the

1503: 533:

of Rouen was hesitant to approve of this creation, but was informed by the crown that its registration was a necessity to raise funds for the war.

813:. Bellièvre had prepared a package typified by austerity and reorganisation. Meanwhile, the baron de Rosny devised a package of quick expedients. 714:

was designed to enforce Henri's will over the body and serve as an intermediary between the king and the comte de Nanteuil, Sancay and Bellièvre.

1585:

by arguing that he wanted the garrison gone himself. The delegate of Amiens was particularly devoted to the avoidance of a garrison in his city.

1200: 642: 295: 238:

attempted a large array of methods to secure funds for the king. They created new fiscal offices, sold off noble titles and what remained of the

82: 1988:

Various checks were to be undertaken on subjects from the tax records (down to the diocese level) to the validity of the king's various debts.

452: 1738:

de Matignon convinced them to deal with the king's proposal. Thus a committee of first twenty one and then nine were created to meet with the

1446: 1418: 791:. Where the crown had been served by dishonest administrators they were to have their goods seized towards the payment of the crown's debts. 318: 895:

This assumed the maintenance of the current tax regimen, however Bellièvre was aware that the simultaneous payment by the population of the

2597:

Le Roux, Nicolas (2023). "Les Protestants, le Roi et la Ligue: Les Guerres de Religion dans la France du Nord". In Le Roux, Nicolas (ed.).

2323:

but the king ignored them in favour of a short belligerent one of his own making. At the same time he pushed through the creation of a new

1659: 170: 102: 1721:, the notables still struggling with how to overcome the size of the budget deficit as it was clear economies alone would not achieve it. 2552:

Jouanna, Arlette (1998b). "Assemblées des Notables". In Jouanna, Arlette; Boucher, Jacqueline; Biloghi, Dominique; Le Thiec, Guy (eds.).

1342:

sent in lieu of the mayor). The first consuls of Marseille and Aix were also summoned, but there is no record of their arrival in Rouen.

2344:. However these offices would not become realities on the ground, as the existing members of the court paid Henri to suppress them. The 1184: 619: 579:

An attempt to institute a doubling of the tax on wine and a tax on merchandise entering towns was blocked by the city of Paris and the

1978:

of Bretagne, Provence, Dauphiné and Bourgogne did not pay their proper share and therefore 658,518 should be raised from these areas.

1717:

to him. While Henri agreed to maintain himself in Rouen for some further days, 16 January came and went without the submission of the

522:. Similary in Normandie in 1595, the provincial Estates were not even summoned to offer their approval of the taxes that were raised. 1488: 1207: 146: 2471:

were experienced men of finances. Rather the cause of its dissolution was a by-product of war expenses. Salmon highlights that the

2309:

remained obstinate in their refusal to register his edicts creating new offices and revenue streams. Henri was forced to turn to a

1102:

and conducted interviews with them as to the conditions in their provinces and to prepare the way for the success of his designs.

1127:. According to Jouanna it broke down as eleven bishops, twenty six nobles, twenty four members of the sovereign courts, eighteen 2154:

tax was instituted on 10 March 1597 (a day before the fall of Amiens) with the expectation it would yield revenues of 4,000,000

1924:. This was a tax on the entry of goods (with the exception of wheat) into towns for fairs and markets, the value of which was a 1798:

submitted by the First (clergy) and Second (noble) Estates that might not have been subject to debates with the other notables.

1098:(provost of the merchants - the mayor of Paris) successfully convinced the notables that Rosny's commission should be revoked. 311: 1667: 1658:

and was informed by Montmorency that Henri desired the acceleration of the deliberations. The recently arrived Papal Legate

1437:

The deliberations would thus be conducted in three chambers, which were chaired by the veteran maréchal de Retz, the veteran

371:. This was an unprecedented level of debt for the kingdom. For the Swiss soldiers in his employ alone, Henri owed 36,000,000 2475:

that was due to administer the various revenues was not assigned any revenues and thus could not continue to function. The

1666:

in the 'sacred ground' of the abbots palace but did not object to the recent birth of an illegitimate daughter to the king

1537:

The fiscal officials of the crown faced attack on two fronts. They were assaulted with criticism by the notables. When the

396: 321:

had yet to submit, holding up in Bretagne as an agent of the king of España, the submission of the majority of the French

1016:

in agreement with him for a proposal to pare back the reductions such that they leaved the military budget at 4,500,000

506:(court of aids - held jurisdiction over custom duties and some other financial matters) blocked a tax on walled cities. 338: 158: 116: 1677:

On 11 December, Henri departed from Rouen for Paris with a small party, and would only return to Rouen on 22 December.

2444:

to the notables. The two bodies were created as responses to the recent remonstrances of the Parisian assemblies and

1278:

was invited and when his successor was chosen during the meeting of the Assembly they were summoned to replace him),

1836: 1626:

This was followed by a report of the expenditure of the royal household on 22 November, which was put at 1,169,487

440: 35:

found himself faced by. By 1596, France's fiscal condition was dire, with an annual deficit of roughly 18,000,000

1346: 703: 2369:, established on 8 May, which would deal with financial malpractice. It would have access to the records of the 2319:

opposition) to push through the measures. Bellièvre prepared several temperate speeches for the occasion of the

1362: 213: 404: 224: 1094:

alienating men Henri could ill afford to lose the support of. Indeed, during the meeting of the Assembly, the

623: 186: 178: 50: 1464:

Claude Groulart (who was in Matignon's chamber) survive to give us an idea of the course of the discussions.

3929: 3924: 1399: 1335: 788: 724: 686: 276: 1572:. In addition to these general problems he was feeling a greater hostility of the king towards him and his 1037:

were to be curtailed, similar as to how Bellièvre had proposed. He also championed the lower interest rate

914:. This would be counter-balanced by raising an equal tax burden on the walled towns. As for the 24,000,000 337:. Doullens surrendered to him on 31 July 1595. Meanwhile, the French held city of Cambrai, governed by the 2130: 1492: 1449:. Matignon and Retz were both older than 70 while Montpensier was around 23 years old. Each chamber had a 1226: 456: 432: 412: 391:. In part these debts were induced by the large sums Henri had afforded to former leaders of the Catholic 154: 41:(pounds) and many of the king's revenues alienated from him. His main financial advisers, embodied by the 1600:

Some strategies of control were employed with the deputies. To this end Groulart was invited to eat with

1487:

who was present, named Claude Groulart recounted in his journal of his intervention in a dispute between

350: 45:(council of finances) found themselves overwhelmed by the situation. The principal fiscal expert on this 267:

proved unable to provide him. This infuriated the king. For example, during the conduct of the siege of

239: 2492:

By October Henri had re-established some of the offices he had suppressed in the wake of the Assembly.

2195:, but even then only if they could assure themselves the money would actually be put towards that end. 65:(land tax), both cutting and suspending royal incomes, the curtailing of venal office and endorsed the 1160:

who would be able to lead their respective provinces towards the implementation of the decisions. The

779:

orders of the kingdom they should lose their noble status and become subject to the collection of the

112: 1663: 1457:

and roughly 31 other members. Only the minutes of Montpensier's chamber and the private diary of the

1237: 166: 2017:(administrative division for finance) these should be abolished, and the number of officials in an 1475:. Matters of precedence were particularly of concern to the royal officials among the notables. The 182: 85:

whose ruthless financial policy and lack of interest in 'proper process' appealed to Henri's needs.

1936:

tax. It would be authorised for a three-year period, after which consent would have to be renewed.

1438: 1403: 1230: 519: 511: 488: 2393:) and would administer those parts of the royal revenues concerned with the payment of officials, 2206:

and wealthy citizens of Paris to raise war funds. This was met with significant resistance by the

1467:

There would be many joint sessions at which reports would be listened to and general stands made.

1148:

of whom there were eighteen; the mayors of provincial towns or if they were otherwise engaged the

252: 2122: 1507: 1077:) in seventy carts, pilfered from the wages of royal officers, money allocated to the payment of 1012:

de Montmorency objected to the scale of the cuts to the military, and achieved a majority on the

743: 588: 541: 475: 205: 138: 32: 884:

would be suppressed. Finally a new tax on goods being brought into towns would fulfil 2,100,000

294:

were working hard to ensure the expenses of the army were met. Henri complained bitterly to the

134: 1815: 1557: 1514:

On 8 November the first combined session of the chambers was held too hear the reports of the

1384: 1222: 1179:

Not all those invited by Henri were men it was easy for him to control. The recently subdued

1168:

were invited so that they might aid the pushing through of the coming edicts. Meanwhile, the

1872:(due to having taken on the responsibility to garrison towns in return for revenue from the 1349:

who had been enriched in the fabric trade and who in 1602 would be established as the royal

820:

to sign onto it. The rapidity of his effort was greatly assisted by his veteran experience.

2417:

on 21 May), a handful of great nobles, members of the three sovereign courts of Paris, the

1562: 1523: 1388: 733:

proposed. High prices were the fault of taxes on goods entering Tours. A reduction in the

150: 70: 1530:. The figures they had seen in this discussion were divergent with that presented by the 816:

Bellièvre had by 3 August drawn up his program for the Assembly and persuaded his fellow

361:

The crowns debts were by 1596 enormous. The receivables owed totalling around 90,000,000

2448:

to Henri, which had requested a council to deal with corrupt practices (embodied by the

2118: 759:

a curtailing of the number of royal officials and putting the crowns finances in order.

2428:

Rosny would later take credit for convincing the king to assent to the creation of the

2397:

and contractual obligations. To this end it would improve the management of the domain

2311: 2253:

de Harlay who had participated in the Assembly. Harlay accused Cheverny, Bellièvre and

2210:. Venal offices in the judiciary and financial administration were sold off once more. 2098:

In January the crown began to act upon the recommendations of the notables. Fiscal and

2029:

should not be reduced, but rather the domain should be permanently alienated and those

831:

were alienated from the crown or otherwise assigned contractually. Thus only 6,900,000

762:

At the same time as the Assembly was about to convene, the Protestants were meeting at

502: 363: 37: 1939:

The notables were concerned about what use Henri would put the money derived from the

1414: 835:

remained to be used by the government, against a government expenditure of 24,900,000

602:(government bonds) from 8.33% to 6.66% which offered a saving to the crown of 600,000 290:(crowns) within eight days. Bellièvre wrote back that he and the other members of the 3918: 1856:

in the various sovereign courts of the crown. Salmon notes that it is a surprise the

650:

proposal to the king to this effect came 15 March before he had even returned to the

173:

who had both raised money and soldiers for Henri in the Holy Roman Empire; the royal

2606:

Major, J. Russell (1974). "Bellièvre, Sully, and the Assembly of Notables of 1596".

2421:

and municipal officials of the capital. The baron de Rosny described this body as a

606:

per year. It was likely such a proposal would have encountered vigorous opposition.

375:

on their wages and pensions. This was against a state income in 1595 of 28,000,000

2348:

of Rouen was even more intractable than that of Rouen, and with the embers of the

1634:, significantly more than he imagined. These figures were verified by committees. 1604:

Séguier and during this meal the cost of buying out the remaining elements of the

1534:. As a result of this discordance the Assembly set to work verifying the figures. 1183:

leader the duc de Mayenne was invited, as was the notoriously challenging grandee

2142:

likewise rejected the imposition of emergency financial measures to raise funds.

1353:(controller-general of commerce and manufacturing) would be among the attendees. 1258:

For the towns of France representatives were summoned from the following cities:

431:

Henri had several foreign backers of prominence who had advanced him large sums:

2179:. As a result of these problems the tax would be abolished on 10 November 1602. 2067: 1932:. This amounted to a 5% tax. The notables wished to at least partly control the 984:(council of good order) which would be responsible for the payment of salaries, 980:(clerical tax) and commerce subsidies was to be placed under the authority of a 98: 2175:. It would yield far lower revenues than anticipated, totalling around 800,000 314:, he had then invaded the Franche-Comté and subjected it to pillage. While the 137:

who had been appointed to the charge in 1588. When he died on 24 October 1594,

1295: 910:

was not sustainable. Bellièvre proposed reducing this tax burden by 3,000,000

809:

Two financial projects were drawn up for the attention of the notables in the

342: 268: 2389:

that Bellièvre had proposed with the investigate functions spun off into the

2106:

and limits were imposed on the 'special fees' judges were allowed to charge.

1730:

proposal to the consideration of the 'estates, towns and provinces', but the

1053:

Few of his ideas would be considered particularly seriously by the notables.

367:(pounds), while the total debt of the crown was somewhere around 200,000,000 2249:

This remonstrance was delivered to the king at Saint-Germain-en-Laye by the

666: 1888: 1615:

Incarville announced to the notables that the crown had devoted 19,440,000

2405:

and other farms, reduce salaries as was deemed appropriate and ensure the

529:

of Paris, while one of 1595 created 60 new noble titles in Normandie. The

379:. By Bellièvre's estimate, 24,000,000 of the state revenues of 30,900,000 1283: 333:

to siege with 14,000 men, and crushed the royalist relief army under the

330: 2229:

also disapproved of the creation of new venal offices. On 26 April the

2172: 1279: 444: 345:

and Paris however a month previous Calais had been taken by the former

1860:(nobility of the sword) wished to re-enter the judicial domain of the 1000:

for this program. Despite fears of the impact on royal authority, the

918:

the crown owed for those years when it had been unable to satisfy the

478:, king of France during the military and financial crisis of the 1590s 1303: 1299: 763: 598:

Cheverny and Bellièvre proposed a reduction in the interest rates on

243: 2413:

would be twelve men: the cardinal de Gondi (who assumed the role of

1187:. Both men would accept the invitation and arrive for the Assembly. 286: 256:(generalities - financial administrative divisions of the kingdom). 2225:

Henri's skills lay in warfare and romance, not administration. The

212:

if he had avoided having a poor relationship with Henri's mistress

149:(who having served briefly as chair of the council, died in 1595); 2117: 1887: 1650:

1596 Assembly of Notables during its opening session on 4 November

1645: 1502: 1413: 1398: 1383: 1319: 1311: 1271: 1259: 1210:(who had succeeded his father to the title the previous year) and 729: 665:

Bellièvre's correspondence reached Henri while he was residing at

637: 618: 470: 133:(superintendent of the finances) was held by the king's favourite 111: 97: 23:

1596 Assembly of Notables during its opening session on 4 November

18: 2285:

Cheverny, Henri resolved on the necessity of his presence at the

2281:

through either the intermediary of the duc de Montmorency or the

1765:

and he informed the notables he would respond within three days.

263:. The needs of the war he was waging necessitated money that the 2599:

Les Guerres de Religion: Une Histoire de l'Europe au XVIe Siècle

1510:

seated during the first session of the 1596 Assembly of Notables

1327: 755: 383:

were assigned. The deficit in this analysis equalled 18,000,000

2182:

On 27 March a general assembly met in Paris to discuss the new

1020:

by increasing the tax burden on the towns by a further 900,000

351:

the baron de Rosne (not to be confused with the baron de Rosny)

2033:

that presently had a right of redemption attached. Though the

1818:

on the good resolution of the notables as concerned religion.

1361:

Henri arrived to win over the deputies alongside his mistress

1298:(the city decided an assistant should accompany their mayor); 939:

a year, but would free the kingdom from the burden of 600,000

880:

through the application of this. Improper exemptions from the

722:

Some of the representatives who came for the assembly drew up

2125:, possibly conducting the French siege of Spanish held Amiens 1110:

The Assembly opened in the city of Rouen on 4 November 1596.

738:

intervene to protect their domestic servants from paying the

583:. Had it come to pass, it would have been administered by a 271:(a town which had been sold to the kingdom of España by the 2409:

were as they legally should be allocated. Involved in this

634:, architect of the decision to call an Assembly of Notables 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2503:

among other means. The king complained to Rosny about the

2274:

and resolved on his plan to make a visit to them himself.

2246:

would meet twice a day and advice the king on his policy.

2087:

While the notables were still in their deliberations, the

1981:

They expressed their desire to see the suppression of the

1834:(baillifs and seneschals) as well as participation in the 1140:

from the sovereign courts of whom there were twenty four;

3823: 3821: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3413: 3411: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2861: 2859: 2834: 2832: 2456:(not done, but largely embodied by the creation of a new 1904:, the notables abandoned Bellièvre's proposal to see the 1445:(prince of the blood - agnatic relative of the king) the 1081:

and pensions. The members of the sovereign courts in the

231:

held city of Lyon re-establishing the crown's authority.

3772: 3770: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3674: 3672: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3428: 3426: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2876: 2874: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2693: 2691: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2361:

were also proposed. Decrees actually establishing these

185:; and finally the only financial expert on the council, 3808: 3806: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2238:(council of twelve) chosen from a list selected by the 1662:

protested the presence of the king's Protestant sister

3877: 3875: 3862: 3860: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3095: 3093: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2305:'I am the king! I will be obeyed!'. Nevertheless, the 2138:

protested that they had no incomes for the king. The

1266:- provost of the merchants was instructed to bring an 996:

He was able to secure buy in from the majority of the

2972: 2970: 2968: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2074:

raised funds more rapaciously began to supplant him.

1294:

was also invited to offer a more local perspective);

963:

and the levies on the 'closed towns'. The money this

259:

Henri quickly lost the enthusiasm he had for his new

1892:

Financial administration of France in 1789 with the

931:

would be issued on an interest rate of 6%. This new

496:

of Paris rejected attempts to lower the interest on

155:

connétable de Montmorency (constable of Montmorency)

2315:(a special session which allowed Henri to override 2266:to break down. Henri opined disapprovingly to the 2648:Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century 2608:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 1351:contrôleur général du commerce et des manufactures 540:of the royal domain under the jurisdiction of the 306:In 1595 Henri had decisively crushed the Catholic 2340:and another in the hands of an official from the 2554:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion 2545:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion 2440:and incorrectly ascribes the initiative for the 141:abolished the post. In its place was created a 1050:, and the seizing of the incomes of officials. 867:would be saved by reducing the interest on the 1310:was sent in lieu of mayor who plead his age); 673:convocation, according to the baron de Rosny. 223:until 1595 as he was occupied in the formally 2058:desired the convening of an Estates General. 2006:to administer the second basket of expenses. 1322:(mayor attended who was also a member of the 1290:de Matignon was the mayor, and therefore the 847:, royal pensions would be reduced by 600,000 8: 2277:Having failed to secure the yielding of the 1746:to discuss the specifics of the king's tax. 1318:was sent due to the sickness of the mayor); 2630:Les Guerres de Religion en France 1559-1598 2536:Anti-Italianism in Sixteenth Century France 976:(the tax on salt) and other tax farms, the 219:Bellièvre was absent from his place on the 3230: 3218: 1794:that the notables presented the king were 16:1596 Political assembly of French grandees 167:the comte de Nanteuil (count of Nanteuil) 129:Upon the death of Henri III, the role of 3839: 3141: 3055: 2823: 2373:. Those who provided information to the 2234:proposed in the remonstrance that a new 787:be reduced to the levels of the time of 571:Shortly after Bellièvre's return to the 500:(receivers of government bonds) and the 3905: 3827: 3651: 3614: 3417: 3402: 3327: 3185: 3072: 3038: 3007: 2865: 2838: 2726: 2697: 2682: 2670: 2572:The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France 1966:They proposed that exemptions from the 1786:Cahiers of the first and second estates 728:(books of grievances). The deputy from 395:to end their war against him, with the 3893: 3776: 3726: 3678: 3663: 3626: 3602: 3494: 3471: 3432: 3274: 3084: 2947: 2935: 2880: 2850: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2621:La Réforme, la Ligue, l'Édit de Nantes 1963:was offered by the notables to Henri. 1916:reduced from 18,000,000 to 15,000,000 1206:Among the great nobles were the young 951:and would contain the revenues of the 851:and military expenditure by 4,500,000 657:During this period the members of the 310:and Spanish force in Bourgogne at the 105:, one of the principal members of the 3881: 3866: 3851: 3812: 3797: 3761: 3738: 3709: 3577: 3550: 3521: 3459: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3339: 3310: 3293: 3253: 3206: 3166: 3118: 3099: 3026: 2976: 2959: 2916: 2899: 2765: 2738: 2709: 2657:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition 2639:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age 589:noblesse de robe (nobles of the robe) 423:princes, sums were also given to the 145:composed of nine men. These were the 7: 2381:. The second council was called the 2009:Economies were also proposed in the 630:and leading financial expert on the 189:who had preceded d'O as Henri III's 2565:. Presses Universitaires de France. 2083:Initial royal adoption of proposals 2563:La France du XVIe Siècle 1483-1598 2495:Meanwhile, Henri circumvented the 151:maréchal de Retz (marshal of Retz) 14: 2641:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2590:1559-1629 Les Guerres de Religion 1550:during their visit to the court. 1250:Where the mayor of a town or the 2217:also emerged. They rejected the 1742:Incarville, Bellièvre and other 1541:Le Gras turned to Henri and his 1334:sent in lieu of the mayor); and 859:for a total saving of 5,400,000 197:was responsible for setting the 183:the seigneur de La Grange-le-Roy 1685:While it had been hoped on the 935:would entail a cost of 900,000 2538:. University of Toronto Press. 2452:, and a reconstitution of the 1959:, a direct grant of 1,500,000 1597:stem the outflow of currency. 1057:Commissioners to the provinces 989:expanded the authority of the 147:duc de Nevers (duke of Nevers) 1: 2525:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009). 2270:about the foolish men of the 2213:Opposition to Henri from the 2162:disagreed. In particular the 1004:had received approval on the 610:Reaching towards the Assembly 459:) had afforded him 3,200,000 1410:of one of the three chambers 1395:of one of the three chambers 312:battle of Fontaine-Française 122:of France and member of the 2655:Sutherland, Nicola (1980). 1581:château cost almost 18,000 1172:who were invited from each 689:described the meeting as a 587:composed of members of the 447:) had loaned him 3,500,000 3946: 2619:Mariéjol, Jean H. (1983). 2556:. Éditions Robert Laffont. 2547:. Éditions Robert Laffont. 2095:from the years 1589–1594. 1948:into halves. Five million 1619:towards the submission of 1372:Henri was followed by the 1282:(the mayor was summoned); 1191:Breakdown of the attendees 839:- a deficit of 18,000,000 467:Seeking a path to solvency 433:queen Elizabeth of England 302:Military situation in 1595 2588:Le Roux, Nicolas (2022). 2561:Jouanna, Arlette (2021). 2513:surintendant des finances 1363:the marquise de Montceaux 1345:The Dauphinois economist 704:1583 Assembly of Notables 697:Summoning of the Assembly 628:surintendant des finances 486:(first president) of the 435:had loaned him 3,400,000 214:the marquise de Montceaux 210:surintendant des finances 191:surintendant des finances 131:surintendant des finances 71:Spanish capture of Amiens 29:1596 Assembly of Notables 2659:. Yale University Press. 2091:had remitted the unpaid 1734:of one of the chambers, 1425:of one of three chambers 906:for a sum of 18,000,000 2646:Salmon, J.H.M. (1979). 2637:Pitts, Vincent (2012). 2628:Pernot, Michel (1987). 2579:Knecht, Robert (2000). 2570:Knecht, Robert (1996). 1837:compagnies d'ordonnnace 1516:intendants des finances 1245:the archbishop of Rouen 1243:Among the prelates was 1212:the marquis de La Force 1027: 804: 710:. His placement on the 329:(count of Fuentes) put 204:Of these men, the king 179:the seigneur de Fresnes 177:(secretaries of state) 2534:Heller, Henry (2003). 2126: 2042:Miscellaneous requests 1974:they charged that the 1897: 1651: 1511: 1426: 1411: 1396: 1347:Barthélemy de Laffemas 1270:- alderman with him); 863:. A further 3,180,000 646: 635: 479: 279:), Henri wrote to the 126: 109: 24: 2581:The French Civil Wars 2425:(council of reason). 2121: 2062:Reactions to the avis 1891: 1649: 1506: 1453:(above described), a 1417: 1402: 1387: 1365:and the royal court. 1063:généraux des finances 685:Protestant historian 641: 622: 474: 115: 101: 51:Pomponne de Bellièvre 22: 2509:conseil des finances 2497:conseil des finances 2454:conseil des finances 2387:conseil du bon ordre 2356:Conseil du bon ordre 2296:Henri worked on the 2189:conseil des finances 2136:conseil des finances 2089:conseil des finances 2068:cardinale di Firenze 2004:conseil du bon ordre 1790:At the front of the 1763:cahiers de doléances 1687:conseil des finances 1660:the bishop of Mantua 1611:On 18 November, the 1553:By 15 November, the 1522:On 12 November, the 1439:maréchal de Matignon 1431:conseil des finances 1404:Maréchal de Matignon 1264:prévôt des marchands 1096:prévôt des marchands 1048:chambres des comptes 1002:conseil du bon ordre 982:conseil du bon ordre 949:conseil des finances 827:of which 24,000,000 811:conseil des finances 770:The final surviving 708:conseil des finances 659:conseil des finances 652:conseil des finances 632:conseil des finances 615:Assembly or Estates? 573:conseil des finances 561:chambres des comptes 415:receiving 1,888,500 407:receiving 2,460,000 399:receiving 2,700,000 261:conseil des finances 236:conseil des finances 143:conseil des finances 124:conseil des finances 107:conseil des finances 94:Conseil des finances 43:conseil des finances 3666:, pp. 212–213. 3617:, pp. 726–727. 3474:, pp. 303–304. 2809:, pp. 274–275. 2650:. Metheun & Co. 2505:chambre des comptes 2458:conseil particulier 2430:conseil particulier 2419:maître des requêtes 2383:conseil particulier 2379:maître des requêtes 2371:chambre des comptes 2342:chambre des comptes 2140:chambre des comptes 2114:New military crisis 1955:In addition to the 1753:End of the assembly 1702:down to 15,000,000 1668:Catherine-Henriette 1170:trésoriers généraux 1166:procureurs généraux 1138:procureurs-généraux 1125:chambre des comptes 805:Bellièvre's program 702:undertaken for the 585:conseil particulier 567:Return of Bellièvre 489:chambre des comptes 441:granduca di Toscana 339:seigneur de Balagny 248:trésoriers généraux 199:brevet de la taille 2127: 1898: 1652: 1642:Grinding to a halt 1512: 1493:duc de Montmorency 1447:duc de Montpensier 1427: 1419:Duc de Montpensier 1412: 1397: 869:rentes constituées 855:down to 3,600,000 693:(little Estates). 647: 636: 480: 357:State of the books 175:sécretaires d'État 127: 110: 103:Seigneur de Sancay 83:the baron de Rosny 25: 3854:, pp. 24–25. 3741:, pp. 23–24. 3393:, pp. 13–14. 3381:, p. 13, 19. 2423:conseil de raison 2294:palais de justice 2287:palais de justice 2257:sécretaire d'État 2131:capture of Amiens 1558:Achille de Harlay 1524:cardinal de Gondi 1489:the duc de Nevers 1357:Opening addresses 1252:premier président 1185:the duc d'Épernon 1008:by 3 August. The 594:On 21 April, the 484:premier président 171:seigneur de Sancy 159:comte de Cheverny 117:Comte de Cheverny 3937: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3816: 3810: 3801: 3795: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3682: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3581: 3575: 3554: 3548: 3525: 3519: 3498: 3492: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3436: 3430: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3278: 3272: 3257: 3251: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3170: 3164: 3145: 3139: 3122: 3116: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3011: 3005: 2980: 2974: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2920: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2884: 2878: 2869: 2863: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2827: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2742: 2741:, pp. 9–10. 2736: 2730: 2724: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2686: 2680: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2574:. Fontana Press. 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2488:Triumph of Rosny 2292:Arriving in the 2242:be formed. This 2236:conseil de douze 1880:de Montmorency. 1862:noblesse de robe 1781:Cahiers and avis 1566: 1389:Maréchal de Retz 991:noblesse de robe 972:(excise taxes), 457:prince of Anhalt 453:fürst von Anhalt 327:conde de Fuentes 89:Financial crisis 3945: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3783: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3716: 3708: 3685: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3584: 3576: 3557: 3549: 3528: 3520: 3501: 3493: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3439: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3317: 3309: 3300: 3292: 3281: 3273: 3260: 3252: 3237: 3231:Sutherland 1980 3229: 3225: 3219:Sutherland 1980 3217: 3213: 3205: 3192: 3184: 3173: 3165: 3148: 3140: 3125: 3117: 3106: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3062: 3054: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3014: 3006: 2983: 2975: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2923: 2915: 2906: 2898: 2887: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2830: 2822: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2772: 2764: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2672: 2667: 2654: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2521: 2490: 2385:(in effect the 2358: 2148: 2116: 2085: 2080: 2064: 2044: 1994: 1886: 1884:Tax and finance 1858:noblesse d'épee 1788: 1783: 1755: 1727: 1683: 1644: 1560: 1501: 1382: 1359: 1233:and the future 1201:prince de Conti 1197:princes du sang 1193: 1116: 1108: 1059: 1030: 1028:Rosny's program 807: 720: 699: 617: 612: 569: 553:cours des aides 469: 443:(grand duke of 397:duc de Lorraine 359: 335:duc de Bouillon 304: 96: 91: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932: 3930:1597 in France 3927: 3925:1596 in France 3917: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3908:, p. 742. 3898: 3896:, p. 276. 3886: 3871: 3856: 3844: 3842:, p. 447. 3832: 3830:, p. 728. 3817: 3815:, p. 200. 3802: 3781: 3779:, p. 171. 3766: 3743: 3731: 3729:, p. 551. 3714: 3683: 3681:, p. 213. 3668: 3656: 3654:, p. 727. 3631: 3629:, p. 354. 3619: 3607: 3605:, p. 305. 3582: 3555: 3526: 3499: 3497:, p. 304. 3476: 3464: 3437: 3435:, p. 294. 3422: 3420:, p. 648. 3407: 3405:, p. 428. 3395: 3383: 3371: 3344: 3342:, p. 198. 3332: 3330:, p. 371. 3315: 3298: 3279: 3277:, p. 303. 3258: 3235: 3233:, p. 316. 3223: 3221:, p. 315. 3211: 3190: 3188:, p. 741. 3171: 3169:, p. 199. 3146: 3144:, p. 446. 3123: 3104: 3089: 3087:, p. 350. 3077: 3075:, p. 647. 3060: 3058:, p. 675. 3043: 3041:, p. 429. 3031: 3012: 3010:, p. 726. 2981: 2964: 2952: 2950:, p. 274. 2940: 2938:, p. 550. 2921: 2904: 2885: 2883:, p. 301. 2870: 2868:, p. 372. 2855: 2853:, p. 170. 2843: 2841:, p. 146. 2828: 2826:, p. 445. 2811: 2799: 2797:, p. 293. 2787: 2785:, p. 302. 2770: 2743: 2731: 2729:, p. 740. 2714: 2702: 2700:, p. 739. 2687: 2685:, p. 370. 2669: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2520: 2517: 2489: 2486: 2477:chambre royale 2450:chambre royale 2391:chambre royale 2367:chambre royale 2357: 2354: 2321:lit de justice 2312:lit de justice 2303:parlementaires 2298:parlementaires 2240:parlementaires 2223:parlementaires 2215:parlementaires 2204:parlementaires 2160:cour des aides 2147: 2144: 2115: 2112: 2100:eaux et fôrets 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2063: 2060: 2043: 2040: 1993: 1990: 1885: 1882: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1754: 1751: 1726: 1723: 1682: 1679: 1643: 1640: 1500: 1499:Early sessions 1497: 1485:parlementaires 1443:prince du sang 1441:and the young 1381: 1380:Three chambers 1378: 1358: 1355: 1326:of the city); 1192: 1189: 1115: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1083:cour des aides 1058: 1055: 1044:cour des aides 1029: 1026: 927:of 15,000,000 806: 803: 719: 716: 698: 695: 643:Baron de Rosny 616: 613: 611: 608: 581:cour des aides 568: 565: 531:cour des aides 503:cour des aides 468: 465: 405:duc de Mayenne 358: 355: 319:duc de Mercœur 303: 300: 296:baron de Rosny 275:(leaguer) the 165:(chancellor); 95: 92: 90: 87: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3942: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3884:, p. 27. 3883: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869:, p. 25. 3868: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3840:Mariéjol 1983 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3800:, p. 26. 3799: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764:, p. 24. 3763: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3712:, p. 23. 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3580:, p. 22. 3579: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3553:, p. 21. 3552: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524:, p. 20. 3523: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3462:, p. 19. 3461: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3369:, p. 13. 3368: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3313:, p. 16. 3312: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3296:, p. 15. 3295: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3256:, p. 18. 3255: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209:, p. 17. 3208: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142:Mariéjol 1983 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3121:, p. 14. 3120: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3102:, p. 12. 3101: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3056:Jouanna 1998b 3052: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3029:, p. 11. 3028: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2824:Mariéjol 1983 2820: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2768:, p. 10. 2767: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623:. Tallandier. 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2338:parlementaire 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:parlementaire 2314: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:parlementaire 2260: 2258: 2252: 2251:parlementaire 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1761:(notice) and 1760: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1574:parlementaire 1571: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1555:parlementaire 1551: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483:. One of the 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459:parlementaire 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1364: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292:premier jurat 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208:duc de Nevers 1204: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 814: 812: 802: 799: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 777: 773: 768: 765: 760: 757: 753: 748: 745: 741: 736: 731: 727: 726: 717: 715: 713: 709: 705: 696: 694: 692: 688: 682: 680: 674: 670: 668: 663: 660: 655: 653: 644: 640: 633: 629: 625: 621: 614: 609: 607: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 574: 566: 564: 562: 558: 554: 548: 546: 544: 539: 534: 532: 528: 523: 521: 515: 513: 507: 505: 504: 499: 495: 491: 490: 485: 477: 473: 466: 464: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 365: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 317: 313: 309: 301: 299: 297: 293: 289: 288: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 257: 255: 254: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 230: 228: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 125: 121: 118: 114: 108: 104: 100: 93: 88: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 54: 52: 48: 44: 40: 39: 34: 33:king Henri IV 30: 21: 3906:Babelon 2009 3901: 3889: 3847: 3835: 3828:Babelon 2009 3734: 3659: 3652:Babelon 2009 3622: 3615:Babelon 2009 3610: 3467: 3418:Jouanna 2021 3403:Jouanna 1998 3398: 3386: 3374: 3335: 3328:Le Roux 2022 3226: 3214: 3186:Babelon 2009 3080: 3073:Jouanna 2021 3039:Jouanna 1998 3034: 3008:Babelon 2009 2979:, p. 7. 2962:, p. 5. 2955: 2943: 2919:, p. 6. 2902:, p. 4. 2866:Le Roux 2022 2846: 2839:Le Roux 2023 2802: 2790: 2734: 2727:Babelon 2009 2712:, p. 9. 2705: 2698:Babelon 2009 2683:Le Roux 2022 2656: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2592:. Gallimard. 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2327:and ten new 2324: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2139: 2135: 2129:The Spanish 2128: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2072: 2065: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992:Royal budget 1987: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:In the main 1899: 1893: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1789: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1655: 1653: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1407: 1392: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1360: 1350: 1344: 1339: 1331: 1323: 1315: 1307: 1291: 1287: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1242: 1234: 1218: 1216: 1205: 1196: 1194: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1109: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:(or 900,000 1070: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 995: 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 800: 795: 793: 784: 780: 775: 771: 769: 761: 751: 749: 739: 734: 723: 721: 711: 707: 700: 691:petit Estats 690: 683: 678: 675: 671: 664: 658: 656: 651: 648: 631: 627: 603: 599: 595: 593: 584: 580: 578: 572: 570: 560: 556: 552: 549: 542: 537: 535: 530: 526: 524: 516: 508: 501: 497: 493: 487: 483: 481: 460: 448: 436: 430: 424: 420: 416: 413:duc de Guise 408: 400: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 362: 360: 346: 322: 315: 307: 305: 291: 285: 280: 277:duc d'Aumale 272: 264: 260: 258: 251: 247: 240:royal domain 235: 233: 226: 220: 218: 209: 203: 198: 194: 190: 174: 162: 161:who was the 142: 130: 128: 123: 119: 106: 78: 74: 66: 62: 58: 55: 46: 42: 36: 28: 26: 3894:Knecht 2000 3777:Pernot 1987 3727:Knecht 1996 3679:Heller 2003 3664:Heller 2003 3627:Pernot 1987 3603:Salmon 1979 3495:Salmon 1979 3472:Salmon 1979 3433:Salmon 1979 3275:Salmon 1979 3085:Pernot 1987 2948:Knecht 2000 2936:Knecht 1996 2881:Salmon 1979 2851:Pernot 1987 2807:Knecht 2000 2795:Salmon 1979 2783:Salmon 1979 2329:conseillers 1976:pays d'État 1894:pays d'État 1854:conseillers 1848:as well as 1744:conseillers 1561: [ 1543:conseillers 1274:(the first 1156:nobles and 1146:généralités 1114:Invite list 998:conseillers 818:conseillers 3919:Categories 3882:Major 1974 3867:Major 1974 3852:Major 1974 3813:Pitts 2012 3798:Major 1974 3762:Major 1974 3739:Major 1974 3710:Major 1974 3578:Major 1974 3551:Major 1974 3522:Major 1974 3460:Major 1974 3391:Major 1974 3379:Major 1974 3367:Major 1974 3340:Pitts 2012 3311:Major 1974 3294:Major 1974 3254:Major 1974 3207:Major 1974 3167:Pitts 2012 3119:Major 1974 3100:Major 1974 3027:Major 1974 2977:Major 1974 2960:Major 1974 2917:Major 1974 2900:Major 1974 2766:Major 1974 2739:Major 1974 2710:Major 1974 2665:References 2583:. Longman. 2331:for every 2283:chancelier 2268:connétable 1878:connétable 1850:présidents 1532:trésoriers 1528:généralite 1481:généralité 1477:trésoriers 1473:trésoriers 1455:sécretaire 1374:chancelier 1174:généralité 1162:présidents 1142:trésoriers 1134:présidents 1129:trésoriers 1121:parlements 1091:trésoriers 1087:trésoriers 1067:trésoriers 1010:connétable 794:While the 789:François I 767:Assembly. 596:chancelier 557:parlements 343:Vlaanderen 253:généralité 163:chancelier 120:chancelier 79:parlements 2529:. Fayard. 2446:parlement 2415:président 2346:parlement 2333:présidial 2325:président 2307:parlement 2279:parlement 2272:parlement 2231:parlement 2227:parlement 2208:parlement 2167:that the 2164:président 2015:élections 1928:on every 1846:sénéchaux 1832:sénéchaux 1740:intendant 1732:président 1664:Catherine 1613:intendant 1602:président 1539:trésorier 1462:président 1451:président 1423:président 1408:président 1393:président 1324:parlement 1227:La Châtre 1219:maréchaux 1158:maréchaux 1144:from the 667:Abbeville 626:, former 624:Bellièvre 543:parlement 527:parlement 512:Croquants 494:parlement 225:Catholic 187:Bellièvre 2632:. Sedes. 2527:Henri IV 2403:gabelles 2363:conseils 2259:Villeroy 2219:pancarte 2184:pancarte 2169:pancarte 2152:pancarte 2146:Pancarte 2123:Henri IV 2019:élection 1957:pancarte 1941:pancarte 1934:pancarte 1922:pancarte 1896:labelled 1736:maréchal 1681:New push 1508:Henri IV 1288:maréchal 1284:Bordeaux 1235:maréchal 1231:Matignon 1217:For the 1199:was the 1195:For the 1150:échevins 1123:and the 1106:Assembly 1085:and the 974:gabelles 744:Henri II 679:conseils 559:and the 545:of Paris 498:rentiers 476:Henri IV 451:and the 411:and the 331:Doullens 229:(League) 206:Henri IV 139:Henri IV 75:pancarte 67:pancarte 59:pancarte 2519:Sources 2501:gabelle 2481:chambre 2473:conseil 2469:conseil 2465:conseil 2442:conseil 2438:conseil 2434:conseil 2411:conseil 2375:chambre 2301:at the 2244:conseil 2202:on the 2173:Limoges 1910:taillon 1842:baillis 1828:baillis 1823:cahiers 1821:In the 1808:cahiers 1803:cahiers 1801:In the 1796:cahiers 1775:cahiers 1725:New tax 1719:cahiers 1715:cahiers 1656:conseil 1621:ligueur 1606:ligueur 1548:conseil 1340:échevin 1336:Châlons 1332:échevin 1316:échevin 1308:ėchevin 1296:Orléans 1280:Bourges 1276:échevin 1268:échevin 1181:ligueur 1014:conseil 1006:conseil 978:décimes 965:conseil 957:taillon 900:taillon 796:cahiers 776:cahiers 772:cahiers 752:cahiers 725:cahiers 718:Cahiers 712:conseil 687:Aubigné 520:Estates 445:Toscana 425:ligueur 421:ligueur 347:ligueur 323:ligueur 316:ligueur 292:conseil 281:conseil 273:ligueur 269:La Fère 265:conseil 221:conseil 195:conseil 193:. This 47:conseil 2407:rentes 2395:rentes 2200:livres 2193:livres 2177:livres 2156:livres 2093:taille 2078:Legacy 2035:rentes 2027:rentes 1999:rentes 1983:partis 1972:taille 1968:taille 1918:livres 1906:taille 1874:taille 1870:taille 1866:taille 1704:livres 1700:livres 1692:rentes 1632:livres 1628:livres 1617:livres 1591:livres 1583:livres 1570:rentes 1304:Troyes 1300:Amiens 1238:Ornano 1079:rentes 1075:livres 1039:rentes 1035:taille 1022:livres 1018:livres 986:rentes 953:taille 941:livres 937:livres 929:livres 920:rentes 916:livres 912:livres 908:livres 897:taille 890:livres 886:livres 882:taille 878:livres 873:livres 865:livres 861:livres 857:livres 853:livres 849:livres 845:livres 841:livres 837:livres 833:livres 829:livres 825:livres 785:taille 781:taille 764:Loudun 740:taille 735:taille 604:livres 600:rentes 538:livres 461:livres 449:livres 439:, the 437:livres 417:livres 409:livres 403:, the 401:livres 385:livres 381:livres 377:livres 373:livres 369:livres 364:livres 244:taille 157:; the 63:taille 38:livres 2399:aides 2350:ligue 2031:aides 1930:livre 1565:] 1320:Dijon 1312:Tours 1272:Rouen 1262:(the 1260:Paris 1223:Biron 1221:were 970:aides 933:rente 925:rente 730:Tours 393:ligue 308:ligue 227:Ligue 2612:64 2 2255:the 2150:The 2025:The 2011:avis 1961:écus 1950:écus 1946:écus 1914:crue 1912:and 1902:avis 1852:and 1844:and 1830:and 1816:Pope 1792:avis 1771:avis 1759:avis 1568:and 1491:and 1338:(an 1330:(an 1328:Lyon 1314:(an 1306:(an 1164:and 1136:and 1071:écus 1065:and 1046:and 961:crue 904:crue 902:and 756:Lyon 750:The 555:the 482:The 389:écus 287:écus 234:The 181:and 169:and 27:The 2460:). 1926:sou 1240:. 754:of 135:D'O 3921:: 3874:^ 3859:^ 3820:^ 3805:^ 3784:^ 3769:^ 3746:^ 3717:^ 3686:^ 3671:^ 3634:^ 3585:^ 3558:^ 3529:^ 3502:^ 3479:^ 3440:^ 3425:^ 3410:^ 3347:^ 3318:^ 3301:^ 3282:^ 3261:^ 3238:^ 3193:^ 3174:^ 3149:^ 3126:^ 3107:^ 3092:^ 3063:^ 3046:^ 3015:^ 2984:^ 2967:^ 2924:^ 2907:^ 2888:^ 2873:^ 2858:^ 2831:^ 2814:^ 2773:^ 2746:^ 2717:^ 2690:^ 2673:^ 2610:. 2515:. 2401:, 2289:. 1908:, 1777:. 1706:. 1563:fr 1495:. 1421:, 1406:, 1391:, 1247:. 1229:, 1225:, 1203:. 1024:. 993:. 959:, 955:, 892:. 591:. 349:; 216:. 153:; 49:, 2614:. 2601:. 1286:( 455:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index