829:
419:
892:, developed a plan for complete neighborhoods within the city, which are aimed at supporting youth, providing affordable housing, and promoting community-driven development and commerce in historically under-served neighborhoods. Similar to the Weng et al. model, the Portland plan emphasizes walking and cycling as ways to increase overall health and stresses the importance of the availability of affordable healthy food. The Portland plan calls for a high degree of transparency and community engagement during the planning process, which is similar to the diversity component of the Moreno et al. model.
64:
33:
665:, Italy) proposed a city model "where each point can reach continuous natural areas, job locations, centralities, shops, amenities (recreational, medical, cultural), usual daily activities by 15/30 minute walking or within 15 minute biking". He called it a "one-mile green city", or "Isobenefit Urbanism". (The term "isobenefit" is a portmanteau word from "iso" meaning equal, and "benefit", which he defines as advantageous amenities, services, workplaces and green space.)
289:
525:
865:, began a strategic plan to revitalize the city and improve walkability. The city actively solicited public feedback through a participatory planning process, as described in the Moreno model. A unique aspect of the plan calls for re-purposing public spaces and buildings that were no longer being used, relating to the general model of urban intensification.
602:'s 2021 article introduced the 15-minute city concept as a way to ensure that urban residents can fulfill six essential functions within a 15-minute walk or bike ride from their dwellings: living, working, commerce, healthcare, education and entertainment. The framework of this model has four components; density, proximity, diversity and digitalization.
609:, who theorizes that an optimal density for urban development exists which would encourage local solutions to local problems. The authors discuss proximity in terms of both space and time, arguing that a 15-minute city would reduce the space and time necessary for activity. Diversity in this 15-minute city model refers to
1170:", criticising as "sinister" the idea that local councils could "decide how often you go to the shops and that they ration who uses the roads and when". No such powers have been proposed as part of the 15-minute city concept in the United Kingdom. Despite being specifically debunked in a guide given to MPs by the
689:
within
Shanghai. They found that rural areas, on average, are significantly less walkable, and areas with low walkability tend to have a higher proportion of children. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on the health benefits of walking and differences in walkability and usage across
1061:
to express the radius of an area considered local. Isochrones have a long history of use in transportation planning and are constructed primarily using two variables: time and speed. However, the reliance on population-wide conventions, such as gait speed, to estimate the buffer zones of accessible
879:
In
September 2023, the UK Government announced plans to "protect drivers from over-zealous traffic enforcement", in what it says is "part of a long-term plan to back drivers". These included plans "to stop councils implementing so called '15-minute cities', by consulting on ways to prevent schemes
772:
announced in 2023 its plans to implement the 15-minute city concept to establish a walkable, people-friendly, and sustainable community for its residents. Influenced by the city of Paris, the government aims to make urban development people-centered and to further reach the city's goal of reaching
809:
that came into effect in 2018, stipulates four levels of residential areas: 15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 10-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, 5-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood, and a neighborhood block. Among them, "15-min pedestrian-scale neighborhood" means "residential area divided
401:
included a plan to implement the 15-minute city concept during her 2020 re-election campaign. Since then, a number of cities worldwide have adopted the same goal and many researchers have used the 15-minute model as a spatial analysis tool to evaluate accessibility levels within the urban fabric.
409:
conspiracy theories emerged that described 15-minute cities as instruments of government repression, claiming that they were a pretext to introduce restrictions on travel by car. In fact, the '15-minute city' proposals do not involve any restrictions on travel by car – unrelated
1006:
Limitations of the 15-minute city concept include the difficulty or impracticality of implementing the 15-minute city concept in established urban areas, where land use patterns and infrastructure are already in place. Additionally, the concept may not be feasible in areas with low population
760:
launched the 20-minute city project in 2022, where residents are able to access daily needs & destinations within 20 minutes by foot or bicycle. The plan involves placing 55% of the residents within 800 meters of mass transit stations, allowing them to reach 80% of their daily needs and
589:
The 15-minute city is a proposal for developing a polycentric city, where density is made pleasant, one's proximity is vibrant, and social intensity (a large number of productive, intricately linked social ties) is real. The key element of the model has been described by Carlos Moreno as
510:
in April 2020 proposed radical change in the organization of cities in the wake of COVID-19, and was signed by 160 academics and 300 architects. The proposal has four key elements: reorganization of mobility, (re)naturalization of the city, de-commodification of housing, and de-growth.
899:, developed a "10-Minute Neighborhood Analysis" tool to guide the city's 2035 Comprehensive Plan. This tool is intended to guide community discussion about how the 10-Minute Neighborhood concept can improve livability and explore the policy changes necessary to achieve that vision.
346:
concept in which most daily necessities and services, such as work, shopping, education, healthcare, and leisure can be easily reached by a 15-minute walk, bike ride, or public transit ride from any point in the city. This approach aims to reduce car dependency, promote healthy and
3041:
But one of the biggest obstacles to creating 15-minute cities in the U.S. is zoning restrictions, says
Jonathan Levine, professor of urban and regional planning at University of Michigan. 'The single-family zone absolutely dominates residential land in all of our metropolitan
373:
The concept's roots can be traced to pre-modern urban planning traditions where walkability and community living were the primary focus before the advent of street networks and automobiles. In recent times, it builds upon similar pedestrian-centered principles found in
1485:
Weng, Min; Ding, Ning; Li, Jing; Jin, Xianfeng; Xiao, He; He, Zhiming; Su, Shiliang (2019). "The 15-minute walkable neighborhoods: Measurement, social inequalities and implications for building healthy communities in urban China".
613:
and multicultural neighborhoods, both of which Moreno and others argue would improve the urban experience and boost community participation in the planning process. Digitalization is a key aspect of the 15-minute city derived from
781:
The 2016 Master Plan for
Shanghai called for "15-minute community life circles", where residents could complete all of their daily activities within 15 minutes of walking. The community life circle has been implemented in other
1094:
In 2023 conspiracy theories about the 15-minute concept began to flourish, which described the model as an instrument of government oppression. These claims are often part of or linked to other conspiracy theories such as
943:, developed Plan Melbourne 2017–2050 to accommodate growth and combat sprawl. The plan contains multiple elements of the 15-minute city concept, including new bike lanes and the construction of "20-minute neighborhoods".
1118:
in some implementations. This has led to assertions that the 15-minute model would fine residents for leaving their home districts, or that it would confine people in "open-air prisons". Conspiracy theorists believe the
733:
has embraced the concept of a 15-minute city in new residential developments. According to Orli Ronen, the head of the Urban
Innovation and Sustainability Lab at the Porter School for Environmental Studies at
386:, mixed-use developments, and compact, livable communities. Numerous models have been proposed about how the concept can be implemented, such as 15-minute cities being built from a series of smaller 5-minute
1161:
called 15-minute cities an "international socialist concept" during a debate in the UK Parliament, which was met with laughter. At the
Conservative party conference in October 2023, Transport Secretary
2467:"Dubai 2040 | The Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan recognizes the significance of time in people's lives and acknowledges that effectively managing and utilizing time for commuting and meeting basic needs"
370:
which reduces daily commuting and is supported by the recent widespread availability of information and communications technology. The concept has been described as a "return to a local way of life".
3289:
653:, Larson proposed that the planet is becoming a network of cities, and that successful cities in the future will evolve into a network of high-performance, resilient, entrepreneurial communities.
994:, increasing happiness, improving sleep, and promoting positive social interactions. Urban residents living near green spaces have also been found to exercise more, improving their physical and
2967:
63:
649:
has developed a neighborhood simulation platform to integrate the necessary design, technology, and policy interventions into "compact urban cells". In his "On Cities" masterclass for the
820:, to combat urban sprawl, commissioned the "Great City" plan, where development on the edges of the city would be dense enough to support all necessary services within a 15-minute walk.
1062:
areas may not accurately reflect the mobility capabilities of specific population groups, like the elderly. This may result in potential inaccuracies and fallacies in research models.
876:, 100 percent of residents can reach all city necessities in a 15-minute bike ride, and 94% in a 10-minute bike ride. The local municipality has plans to improve this further by 2040.
317:
3218:
702:, as a case study of an urban space where all needs could be met within 20 minutes by walking, biking, or transit. The authors found that Tempe is highly accessible, especially by
558:
3370:
927:
practice that originated in
Colombia in 1974, where bicycles are given primary control of the streets. The resulting bicycle lane network is the largest of its kind in the world.
982:, and complementary activities for residents. There is also a large focus on access to green space, which may promote positive environmental impacts such as increasing urban
990:. Studies have found that increased access to green spaces can also have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of a city's inhabitants, reducing stress and
2327:
2345:
1533:
828:
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that assert that
Western governments seek to oppress their populations. Proponents of the 15-minute concept, including Carlos Moreno, have received death threats.
2692:"A composite X-minute city cycling accessibility metric and its role in assessing spatial and socioeconomic inequalities–A case study in Utrecht, the Netherlands"
3344:
2309:
2106:
3408:
2997:
456:
310:
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706:, but that accessibility varies with geographic area. Compared to Moreno et al., the authors focused more on accessibility within the built environment.
650:
3142:
1564:
685:. The authors suggest that the 15-minute walkable neighborhood is a way to improve the health of residents, and they document existing disparities in
3395:
2971:
1146:
was part of a deliberate plot to force rural residents into 15-minute cities to restrict their personal freedom. Similar claims have been made about
810:
according to the principle that residents can meet their material, living and cultural demand by walking for 15 minutes; usually surrounded by urban
1224:
2415:
3421:
3311:
Franqueville, Pierre (2014). "La bibliothèque dans la ville : du chrono-urbanisme à la chrono-bibliothéconomie". In Perrin, Georges (ed.).
1367:
303:
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2217:
2140:
1280:
630:. They conclude by stating that these four components, when implemented at scale, would form an accessible city with a high quality of life.
814:
or site boundaries, with a population of 50,000 to 100,000 people (about 17,000 to 32,000 households) and complete supporting facilities."
2836:
1920:
754:
have been effective in delivering on the concept at least in part in new developments, but only Tel Aviv has been relatively successful.
3447:
2488:
1676:
472:
2441:
2165:
2942:
2534:"Life Circle Construction in China under the Idea of Collaborative Governance: A Comparative Study of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou"
2079:
1714:
544:
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2001:
1974:
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published a framework for cities to "build back better" using the 15-minute concept, referring specifically to plans implemented in
3058:
3115:
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36:
People walking and cycling in Paris, France. The concept of 15-minute cities gained traction after being advocated by Paris mayor
3452:
1138:, signs described 15-minute cities as "ghettos" and an instrument of "tyrannical control" by the WEF. Canadian media commentator
277:
239:
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In the United States, several factors make the implementation of 15-minute cities challenging. The biggest roadblock is strict
418:
3462:
662:
3457:
2757:
1171:
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and the perceived low quality of urban schools which causes childbearing couples to move from urban areas to suburban areas.
2916:
2890:
1764:
959:, has been put forward as a way to better serve groups of people that have historically been left out of planning, such as
2514:
3472:
619:
379:
234:
204:
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1057:
Furthermore, when the concept is applied as a literal spatial analysis research tool, it then refers to the use of an
554:
1158:
1154:
1143:
194:
1042:, Georgia Pozoukidou and Zoi Chatziyiannaki write that the creation of dense, walkable urban cores often leads to
540:
535:
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2331:
1340:
1188:
1111:
956:
272:
3357:
1839:"Introducing the '15-Minute City': Sustainability, Resilience and Place Identity in Future Post-Pandemic Cities"
681:, Weng and his colleagues proposed the 15-minute walkable neighborhood with a focus on health, and specifically
1038:
968:
724:
682:
599:
447:
3036:
1947:
840:, introduced the 15-minute city concept in her 2020 re-election campaign and began implementing it during the
2533:
1268:
496:
495:
outbreaks. Their report highlights the importance of inclusive community engagement through mechanisms like
355:
244:
199:
2053:
3090:
1591:"Urban Planning in the 15-Minute City: Revisited under Sustainable and Smart City Developments until 2030"
1246:
1104:
179:
410:
measures introduced to reduce traffic in some cities have been somehow confused with '15-minute cities'.
3442:
2570:
1792:
1636:
1452:
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1115:
610:
363:
263:
229:
103:
55:
2466:
3244:
2313:
1332:
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1075:
896:
845:
391:
128:
108:
3219:"Rishi Sunak's Attack On 15-Minute Cities Is 'Baffling' And 'Concerning' Says Originator Of Concept"
727:
proposed a master plan that included the goals of "20-minute towns" and a "45-minute city" by 2040.
3290:"Maria Caulfield faces calls to refer herself to ethics adviser over false '15-minute city' claims"
2970:. Department of Transport and Planning, State Government of Victoria. 23 March 2021. Archived from
2567:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New
International Order
2107:"Urban proximity and the love for places Chrono-urbanism, Chronotopia, Topophilia By Carlos Moreno"
1534:"Forget the conspiracies, 15-minute cities will free us to improve our mental health and wellbeing"
1262:
1257:
1147:
735:
224:
164:
3193:
2027:
2713:
2592:
2258:
1899:
1511:
1336:
1286:
1127:. Such beliefs are part of a larger network of conspiracy theories surrounding the concept of a "
1051:
443:
348:
2135:. Delft School of Design series on architecture and urbanism. 010 Publishers. pp. 100–115.
844:
pandemic. For example, school playgrounds were converted to parks after school hours, while the
32:
3326:
2619:
2582:
2346:"Isobenefit Urbanism, a code to rethink urban environments and imagine the city of the future"
2146:
2136:
1891:
1685:
1612:
1503:
1434:
1197: – Ability to live in one's home and community safely and independently regardless of age
960:
920:
703:
468:
1637:"The question of proximity. Demographic ageing places the 15-minute-city theory under stress"
1227: – Positive secondary effects that occur from climate mitigation and adaptation measures
3318:
2734:["Spatial Strategy Utrecht 2040 | Municipality of Utrecht - Environmental Vision"].
2703:
2670:
2660:
2574:
2545:
2372:
2278:
2270:
1883:
1850:
1675:
1602:
1495:
1424:
1292:
1212:
1030:
991:
987:
889:
806:
642:
606:
362:, and policymaking, to create well-designed public spaces, pedestrian-friendly streets, and
293:
219:
184:
169:
159:
123:
118:
1837:
Moreno, Carlos; Allam, Zaheer; Chabaud, Didier; Gall, Catherine; Pratlong, Florent (2021).
1245: – Type of urban planning design that aims to reconcile the urban grid and
2649:"A Methodological Approach on Disused Public Properties in the 15-Minute City Perspective"
2310:"This is your guide to Isobenefit Urbanism — the thinking behind the cities of the future"
2236:"Kent Larson on Resilient Communities and Sustainability - 'On Cities' Masterclass Series"
1769:
1206:
1175:
1139:
627:
354:
Implementing the 15-minute city concept requires a multi-disciplinary approach, involving
288:
209:
133:
2191:
3382:
3340:
1304:
1194:
1178:
included the fiction in a local election leaflet and reiterated it in a BBC interview.
1124:
1047:
1043:
699:
623:
500:
464:
439:
367:
343:
214:
88:
48:
3345:"The 15-minute city is a dead end — cities must be places of opportunity for everyone"
2328:"Bartlett Planning team help planners discover best locations for future urban growth"
3436:
3322:
3194:"The '15-minute city' backlash is part of the great climate change conspiracy theory"
2717:
1903:
1515:
1298:
1200:
1058:
995:
646:
387:
254:
189:
3037:"It's a global climate solution — if it can get past conspiracy theories and NIMBYs"
2416:"The 15-minute city could save you from needing a car, but will Israel run with it?"
3312:
2611:
1310:
1230:
1218:
1100:
1008:
983:
837:
615:
398:
375:
359:
138:
113:
83:
37:
3166:
2274:
1887:
1142:
has described 15-minute cities as a "perversion". QAnon supporters have claimed a
1046:
or displacement of lower-income residents to outlying neighborhoods due to rising
471:
have prompted a heightened focus on the 15-minute city concept. In July 2020, the
2708:
2691:
3409:"A New Climate Conspiracy Theory Claims Traffic Control Is an Attack on Freedom"
2784:
1950:[For a less commercialized and more humane Barcelona]. Alterconsumismo.
1871:
1732:
1236:
1166:
announced that he was "calling time on the misuse of so-called '15-minute cities
1163:
1128:
952:
924:
873:
795:
769:
765:
686:
638:
590:"chrono-urbanism" or a refocus of interest on time value rather than time cost.
524:
451:
435:
383:
249:
174:
98:
2811:
2550:
2259:"Simulating future societies in Isobenefit Cities: Social isobenefit scenarios"
1855:
1838:
1607:
1590:
2235:
2198:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Architecture + Planning. n.d
1499:
1274:
1242:
1026:
1023:
811:
678:
93:
17:
2647:
Balletto, Ginevra; Ladu, Mara; Milesi, Alessandra; Borruso, Giuseppe (2021).
2623:
2361:"Accessibility in Practice: 20-Minute City as a Sustainability Planning Goal"
1895:
1689:
1616:
1507:
1438:
974:
Social infrastructure is also emphasized to maximize urban functions such as
2690:
Knap, E.; Ulak, M. B.; Geurs, K. T.; Mulders, A.; van der Drift, S. (2023).
2442:"Dubai 2040 Urban Plan: Ruler sets out ambitions to create '20-minute city'"
2150:
1019:
1011:, or in areas where lower-income workers commute long distances to or from.
940:
936:
916:
849:
791:
751:
747:
720:
507:
484:
431:
406:
78:
2596:
2297:
908:
1157:
began to criticise the idea by name. In
February 2023 the Conservative MP
1110:
Some conspiracy theorists conflate the 15-minute concept with the British
397:
The concept gained significant traction in recent years after Paris mayor
2919:. Department of Transport and Planning, State Government of Victoria. n.d
2789:
2675:
912:
862:
854:
841:
739:
674:
492:
3358:"Transportation in the 15-Minute City | Making Pedestrians the Priority"
2998:"Green spaces aren't just for nature – they boost our mental health too"
2732:"Ruimtelijke Strategie Utrecht 2040 | Gemeente Utrecht - Omgevingsvisie"
2578:
1144:
February 2023 derailment of a train carrying hazardous chemicals in Ohio
622:
has reduced the need for commuting because of access to technology like
2665:
2648:
2612:"Chengdu plans a prototype 'Great City' as a model for China's suburbs"
2377:
2360:
2283:
1977:[Manifesto for the reorganization of the city after COVID-19].
1872:"What is a 'Great Neighborhood'? An Analysis of APA's Top-Rated Places"
1715:"How '15-minute cities' turned into an international conspiracy theory"
1429:
1412:
1015:
869:
817:
787:
488:
2218:"The Norman Foster Foundation presents 'On Cities' Masterclass Series"
1455:. Vienna: Driving Urban Transitions Partnership, JPI Urban Europe. n.d
1277: – City using integrated information and communication technology
1135:
1071:
975:
730:
480:
3396:"Every Street In Paris To Be Cycle-Friendly By 2024, Promises Mayor"
1565:"The 15-Minute City—No Cars Required—Is Urban Planning's New Utopia"
3422:"Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign"
3371:"La ville du quart d'heure : pour un nouveau chrono-urbanisme"
1368:"Paris mayor unveils '15-minute city' plan in re-election campaign"
971:, people with lived experience of mental illness, and the elderly.
426:, in which a range of amenities tend to be within walking distance.
3204:
1096:
1079:
964:
858:
827:
783:
757:
743:
661:
In 2013, Luca D'Acci (Associate Professor in Urban Studies at the
476:
430:
The 15-minute city concept is derived from historical ideas about
423:
417:
31:
3271:"What conspiracy theories are UK MPs being told to look out for?"
2002:"The manifesto for the reorganisation of the City after COVID-19"
798:
is also being developed under the 15-minute life circle concept.
2515:"QC First City To Explore '15-minute City' Concept In Barangays"
1975:"Manifiesto por la reorganizaciĂłn de la ciudad tras el COVID-19"
1733:"Ohio train derailment fuels 15-minute city conspiracy theories"
979:
351:, and improve wellbeing and quality of life for city dwellers.
3167:"15 minute cities: How they got caught in conspiracy theories"
2393:"Land Transport Master Plan 2040: Bringing Singapore Together"
2359:
Capasso Da Silva, Denise; King, David A.; Lemar, Shea (2019).
923:
during the COVID-19 pandemic. This expansion complemented the
518:
3059:"FACT FOCUS: Conspiracies misconstrue '15-minute city' idea"
2943:"How the '15-Minute City' Could Help Post-Pandemic Recovery"
1765:"How 15-minute cities became a conspiratorial talking point"
1677:"He Wanted to Unclog Cities. Now He's 'Public Enemy No. 1.'"
1413:"15-Minute City: Decomposing the New Urban Planning Eutopia"
1123:(WEF) wants to lock people in their homes on the pretext of
1018:, which used the 15-minute city concept to curb sprawl, and
1915:
1913:
1301: – Number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area
3314:
Ouvrir plus, ouvrir mieux: un défi pour les bibliothèques
2758:"Government announces new long-term plan to back drivers"
2489:"Quezon City eyes '15-minute city' strategy in barangays"
2131:
Salingaros, N.A. (2006). "Compact city replaces sprawl".
2080:"How '15-minute cities' will change the way we socialise"
3091:"Conspiracy Theorists Are Coming for the 15-Minute City"
2395:. Land Transport Authority, Government of Singapore. n.d
1233: – High density mixed use transit oriented planning
1078:
which makes high density housing construction illegal.
1054:
provisions to be integral with 15-minute city policies.
3383:"My Portland Plan: What Makes a Neighborhood Complete?"
3143:"How have 15-minute cities become a conspiracy theory?"
1532:
Patterson, Christopher; Barrie, Lance (12 March 2023).
803:
Standard for urban residential area planning and design
550:
3245:"The 15-Minute City Conspiracy Theory Goes Mainstream"
2348:(Press release). Politecnico di Torino. 24 March 2023.
1870:
Talen, Emily; Menozzi, Sunny; Schaefer, Chloe (2015).
1563:
O'Sullivan, Feargus; Bliss, Laura (12 November 2020).
1948:"Por una Barcelona menos mercantilizada y más humana"
1558:
1556:
1554:
880:
which aggressively restrict where people can drive".
3116:"Conspiracy theories on '15-minute cities' flourish"
2166:"Brilliant designs to fit more people in every city"
1271: – Democratic financial decision-making process
848:
and other squares have been revamped with trees and
641:
described the concept of a 20-minute city in a 2012
422:
The 15-minute city was influenced by cities such as
3351:. London School of Economics and Political Science.
503:to encourage dense, complete, overall communities.
3317:(in French). Presses de l'enssib. pp. 75–85.
3192:
1589:Pozoukidou, Georgia; Angelidou, Margarita (2022).
1527:
1525:
2859:
2857:
1411:Pozoukidou, Georgia; Chatziyiannaki, Zoi (2021).
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1191: – Measure of ease of reaching a destination
1134:In a 2023 protest by some 2,000 demonstrators in
2785:"Sunak vows to stop 20mph zones and review LTNs"
2642:
2640:
2238:(video). Norman Foster Foundation. 21 April 2021
1927:. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. July 2020
1921:"How to build back better with a 15-minute city"
1726:
1724:
1708:
1706:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1289: – Changing streets to focus on non-car use
539:, potentially preventing the article from being
3052:
3050:
2991:
2989:
1361:
1359:
1209: – Urban planning prioritising automobiles
1033:in expanding the radius of the 15-minute city.
3191:Venkataramakrishnan, Siddarth (8 March 2023).
2936:
2934:
2330:(Press release). Bartlett School of Planning,
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1453:"The 15-minute City Transition Pathway (15mC)"
3160:
3158:
3156:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2996:Douglas, Kate; Douglas, Joe (24 March 2021).
2133:Crossover: Architecture, Urbanism, Technology
1758:
1756:
1754:
311:
8:
2897:. World Health Organization. 28 October 2020
2866:"Bogotá Is Building its Future Around Bikes"
1876:Journal of the American Planning Association
1313: – One small enough to navigate on foot
1050:; to counteract this, the authors argue for
698:In their 2019 article, Da Silva et al. cite
669:Weng and the 15-minute walkable neighborhood
446:. As an inspiration for the 15-minute city,
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1221: – Urban area absent of motor vehicles
1215: – Urban planning prioritising cycling
457:The Death and Life of Great American Cities
2532:Lulu, H. O. U.; Yungang, L. I. U. (2017).
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1254: – Type of urban development strategy
559:reliable, independent, third-party sources
318:
304:
62:
43:
2707:
2674:
2664:
2549:
2376:
2282:
1854:
1606:
1428:
1307: – Intensity of use of an urban area
951:The 15-minute city, with its emphasis on
577:Learn how and when to remove this message
3122:. Agence France-Presse. 15 February 2023
2891:"CiclovĂas Temporales, Bogotá, Colombia"
1225:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
656:
553:by replacing them with more appropriate
1355:
1324:
536:too closely associated with the subject
366:. This change in lifestyle may include
262:
146:
70:
54:
2414:Nagler, Danielle (30 September 2022).
1007:density, such as those with extensive
2538:Geographical Review of Japan Series B
1281:Social influences on fitness behavior
1239: – Degree of the ease of cycling
1203: – Physically active way of life
986:and helping to protect the city from
7:
2864:Jaramillo, Andrea (10 August 2020).
2052:Sisson, Patrick (21 February 2023).
1713:Paddison, Laura (27 February 2023).
1036:In a paper published in the journal
645:, and his City Science Group at the
450:, an advisor to Anne Hidalgo, cited
3364:. National Association of Realtors.
2783:Baker, Graeme (30 September 2023).
2440:Reynolds, Rory (12 December 2022).
2105:Moreno, Carlos (21 February 2020).
1295: – Unequal access to transport
1283: – Effect on physical activity
1265: – Obesity and walking effects
1155:the British Conservative government
473:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
382:, and other proposals that promote
2565:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
1791:Moreno, Carlos (10 October 2020).
25:
3420:Willsher, Kim (7 February 2020).
3394:Reid, Carlton (21 January 2020).
3369:Moreno, Carlos (5 October 2016).
3243:Gilbert, David (2 October 2022).
3089:Guest, Peter (28 February 2023).
2837:"10-Minute Neighborhood Analysis"
2164:Larson, Kent (9 September 2012).
2026:Whittle, Natalie (17 July 2020).
1973:Maiztegui, Belén (18 June 2020).
1488:Journal of Transport & Health
1366:Willsher, Kim (7 February 2020).
872:, the fourth-largest city in the
618:. Moreno and others argue that a
147:Aspects of sustainable transport:
3323:10.4000/books.pressesenssib.3284
3288:Rawlinson, Kevin (13 May 2024).
3217:Reid, Carlton (2 October 2023).
3057:Marcelo, Philip (2 March 2023).
2941:Sisson, Patrick (15 July 2020).
2000:Paolini, Massimo (18 May 2020).
1763:Sethi, Pallavi (17 April 2023).
1731:McCarthy, Bill (14 March 2023).
768:largest city, the government of
534:may rely excessively on sources
523:
287:
278:Index of sustainability articles
240:Transportation demand management
3407:Waldman, Scott (19 July 2023).
3165:Silva, Marco (3 October 2023).
3141:Elledge, John (February 2023).
3035:Simon, Julia (8 October 2023).
2078:Yeung, Peter (4 January 2021).
2028:"Welcome to the 15-minute city"
1646:. sessione_01 (306 s.i): 21–24.
1148:wildfires on the island of Maui
694:Da Silva and the 20-minute city
663:Polytechnic University of Turin
3356:Mooney, Joan (30 April 2021).
2513:QC Government (15 June 2023).
2257:D'Acci, Luca (November 2013).
1674:Hsu, Tiffany (28 March 2023).
1635:Boukouras, Efstathios (2022).
1172:Leader of the House of Commons
1:
2275:10.1016/j.futures.2013.09.004
1888:10.1080/01944363.2015.1067573
832:Example of bike lane in Paris
634:Larson and the 20-minute city
594:Moreno and the 15-minute city
499:and adjusting city plans and
264:Sustainable transport toolbox
2917:"Plan Melbourne 2017 - 2050"
2709:10.1016/j.urbmob.2022.100043
1082:is also an obstacle, as are
657:D'Acci and the one-mile city
620:Fourth Industrial Revolution
380:transit-oriented development
235:Transit-oriented development
205:Integrated transport network
2054:"What is a 15-minute city?"
1946:ArgemĂ, Anna (7 May 2020).
1066:Obstacles to implementation
1029:stressed the importance of
919:of bike lanes to encourage
773:carbon neutrality by 2050.
394:or walkable neighborhoods.
27:Urban accessibility concept
3489:
3448:Sustainable urban planning
2968:"20-minute neighbourhoods"
2551:10.4157/geogrevjapanb.90.2
1856:10.3390/smartcities4010006
1608:10.3390/smartcities5040069
1341:Low Traffic Neighbourhoods
195:Human-powered land vehicle
3269:Quinn, Ben (7 May 2024).
2736:Omgevingsvisie.utrecht.nl
2696:Journal of Urban Mobility
2332:University College London
1500:10.1016/j.jth.2019.05.005
1189:Accessibility (transport)
1114:approach, which includes
1112:low-traffic neighbourhood
1014:Noted exceptions include
683:non-communicable diseases
605:Moreno cites the work of
506:A manifesto published in
273:Outline of sustainability
3347:. The future of cities.
2569:. New Haven and London:
2222:Norman Foster Foundation
1644:Urbanistica Informazioni
1074:regulations, especially
969:people with disabilities
725:Land Transport Authority
673:In a 2019 article using
651:Norman Foster Foundation
3453:Transportation planning
2298:arxiv.org/abs/1408.2874
1799:(video with transcript)
1269:Participatory budgeting
497:participatory budgeting
356:transportation planning
245:Transportation planning
200:Human-powered transport
3463:Mixed-use developments
2519:Quezon City Government
1739:. Agence France-Presse
1247:Radburn design housing
1116:license plate scanners
1105:anti-5G misinformation
833:
454:'s model presented in
427:
180:Cycling infrastructure
41:
3458:Sustainable transport
2571:Yale University Press
1252:Mixed-use development
831:
624:virtual communication
611:mixed-use development
421:
364:mixed-use development
230:Sustainable transport
104:Free public transport
56:Sustainable transport
35:
2314:World Economic Forum
2246:– via YouTube.
1793:"The 15-minute city"
1333:Road space rationing
1121:World Economic Forum
1084:parking requirements
1076:single-family zoning
897:Kirkland, Washington
846:Place de la Bastille
836:The mayor of Paris,
392:complete communities
294:Transport portal
129:Sustainable urbanism
3473:Conspiracy theories
3413:Scientific American
2579:10.2307/jj.11589102
2420:The Times of Israel
2192:"Theme | CityScope"
1263:Obesity and walking
1258:Most livable cities
1174:, Health Secretary
1090:Conspiracy theories
805:(GB 50180–2018), a
736:Tel Aviv University
225:Road traffic safety
165:Carbon neutral fuel
3468:Community building
3387:Portlandonline.com
3065:. Associated Press
2816:Portlandonline.com
2666:10.3390/su13020593
2378:10.3390/su12010129
1682:The New York Times
1430:10.3390/su13020928
1337:Congestion pricing
1287:Street reclamation
1052:affordable housing
834:
428:
349:sustainable living
42:
3332:979-10-91281-39-3
2142:978-90-6450-609-3
1925:C40 Knowledge Hub
992:negative emotions
921:social distancing
915:, implemented 84
807:national standard
587:
586:
579:
469:COVID-19 pandemic
444:neighborhood unit
328:
327:
71:Also relevant to:
16:(Redirected from
3480:
3429:
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3403:
3390:
3378:
3365:
3362:On Common Ground
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2841:City of Kirkland
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2317:
2316:. 14 March 2023.
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2224:. 21 April 2021.
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1620:
1610:
1601:(4): 1356–1375.
1586:
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1579:
1577:
1575:
1567:. Businessweek.
1560:
1549:
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1546:
1544:
1538:The Conversation
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1443:
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1383:
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1380:
1378:
1363:
1343:
1331:see for example
1329:
1293:Transport divide
1213:Bicycle-friendly
1169:
1150:in August 2023.
988:invasive species
947:Societal effects
890:Portland, Oregon
857:, a city on the
607:Nikos Salingaros
582:
575:
571:
568:
562:
527:
519:
390:, also known as
320:
313:
306:
292:
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220:Public transport
185:Electric vehicle
170:Complete streets
160:Bicycle-friendly
124:Sustainable city
119:Renewable energy
66:
44:
21:
3488:
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3479:
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3419:
3415:. E&E News.
3406:
3393:
3381:
3368:
3355:
3349:Blogs.lse.ac.uk
3343:(28 May 2021).
3341:Glaeser, Edward
3339:
3333:
3310:
3307:
3305:Further reading
3302:
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3199:Financial Times
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2812:"Portland Plan"
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2767:
2765:
2764:(Press release)
2756:
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2730:
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2689:
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2638:
2628:
2626:
2610:Steadman, Ian.
2609:
2608:
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2589:
2564:
2563:
2559:
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2526:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2497:
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2487:Mateo, Janvic.
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2032:Financial Times
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1770:Logically Facts
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1207:Automotive city
1184:
1176:Maria Caulfield
1167:
1140:Jordan Peterson
1092:
1068:
1048:property values
1004:
949:
933:
907:In March 2021,
905:
886:
826:
779:
717:
712:
710:Implementations
696:
671:
659:
636:
628:online shopping
596:
583:
572:
566:
563:
548:
528:
517:
515:Research models
416:
405:In early 2023,
324:
286:
210:Pedestrian zone
134:Transit village
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3169:. BBC Verify.
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3014:
2985:
2974:on 24 May 2021
2959:
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2775:
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2653:Sustainability
2636:
2602:
2587:
2573:. p. 91.
2557:
2524:
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2479:
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2384:
2365:Sustainability
2351:
2337:
2334:. 30 May 2023.
2319:
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2018:
1992:
1965:
1938:
1909:
1882:(2): 121–141.
1862:
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1783:
1750:
1737:AFP Fact Check
1720:
1702:
1649:
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1466:
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1417:Sustainability
1384:
1354:
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1351:
1348:
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1323:
1322:
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1315:
1314:
1308:
1305:Urban vitality
1302:
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1255:
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1240:
1234:
1228:
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1204:
1198:
1195:Aging in place
1192:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1125:climate change
1091:
1088:
1067:
1064:
1044:gentrification
1039:Sustainability
1031:public transit
1003:
1000:
948:
945:
932:
929:
904:
901:
885:
882:
850:bicycle lanes.
825:
822:
778:
775:
761:destinations.
750:, and central
716:
713:
711:
708:
700:Tempe, Arizona
695:
692:
670:
667:
658:
655:
635:
632:
595:
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585:
584:
531:
529:
522:
516:
513:
501:infrastructure
465:climate crisis
440:Clarence Perry
415:
412:
368:remote working
344:urban planning
332:15-minute city
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215:Plug-in hybrid
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155:15-minute city
149:
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89:Climate change
86:
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68:
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59:
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52:
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49:sustainability
47:A subtopic of
26:
24:
18:15 minute city
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13:
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3147:New Statesman
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3002:New Scientist
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3426:The Guardian
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3294:The Guardian
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2058:City Monitor
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2009:. Retrieved
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1981:(in Spanish)
1978:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1954:(in Spanish)
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
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1843:Smart Cities
1842:
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1595:Smart Cities
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1372:The Guardian
1371:
1327:
1311:Walking city
1231:Compact city
1219:Carfree city
1152:
1133:
1109:
1103:theories or
1101:anti-vaccine
1093:
1069:
1056:
1037:
1035:
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1009:urban sprawl
1005:
984:biodiversity
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838:Anne Hidalgo
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549:Please help
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399:Anne Hidalgo
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376:New Urbanism
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360:urban design
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139:Urban design
114:New Urbanism
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38:Anne Hidalgo
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3126:15 February
3007:9 September
2945:. CityLab.
2868:. CityLab.
2597:jj.11589102
2544:(1): 2–16.
2284:1765/104834
1494:: 259–273.
1237:Cyclability
1164:Mark Harper
1129:Great Reset
1002:Limitations
953:walkability
874:Netherlands
812:trunk roads
770:Quezon City
687:walkability
639:Kent Larson
467:and global
452:Jane Jacobs
436:walkability
384:walkability
250:Walkability
175:Cyclability
99:Ecodistrict
3437:Categories
3375:La Tribune
3176:31 October
3063:APNews.com
2846:28 October
2738:(in Dutch)
2659:(2): 593.
2472:1 December
2451:1 December
2371:(1): 129.
2116:5 February
1423:(2): 928.
1350:References
1275:Smart city
1243:Fused grid
1027:Sally Capp
1024:Lord Mayor
917:kilometers
861:island of
679:case study
567:March 2023
551:improve it
541:verifiable
438:, such as
94:Eco-cities
3254:3 October
3228:3 October
3120:France 24
2947:Bloomberg
2870:Bloomberg
2768:2 October
2718:255256096
2624:1357-0978
1979:ArchDaily
1904:153694519
1896:0194-4363
1690:0362-4331
1617:2624-6511
1569:Bloomberg
1516:189992564
1508:2214-1405
1439:2071-1050
1153:In 2023,
1059:isochrone
1020:Melbourne
941:Australia
937:Melbourne
895:In 2015,
888:In 2012,
792:Guangzhou
752:Jerusalem
748:Beersheba
721:Singapore
719:In 2019,
598:Urbanist
555:citations
508:Barcelona
485:Edinburgh
432:proximity
407:far-right
79:Transport
3171:BBC News
2978:14 April
2952:14 April
2923:29 March
2901:29 April
2895:Newsroom
2875:29 April
2821:29 March
2790:BBC News
2629:29 April
2616:Wired UK
2498:9 August
2425:16 March
2399:16 March
2269:: 3–18.
2242:21 April
2202:16 March
2151:83567232
2090:27 March
2084:Worklife
2063:16 March
2037:27 March
1985:16 March
1931:16 March
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1574:29 March
1543:23 March
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1377:12 March
1182:See also
1080:NIMBYism
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965:children
925:CiclovĂa
913:Colombia
863:Sardinia
855:Cagliari
842:COVID-19
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493:COVID-19
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2170:TED.com
1952:El PaĂs
1797:TED.com
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931:Oceania
870:Utrecht
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784:Chinese
764:In the
545:neutral
489:Seattle
414:History
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3205:Op-ed
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2011:1 May
1900:S2CID
1743:4 May
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1512:S2CID
1319:Notes
1097:QAnon
980:parks
961:women
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744:Haifa
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