639:, which took charge in April 1916. When the gallery reached 320 metres (1,051 ft) it was handed over to 171st Tunnelling Company. At 489 metres (1,605 ft) a charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) of ammonal was laid and at the end of a small branch of 166 feet (51 m) to the right a second charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) was placed under the German front line. This completed the original plan, but it was decided to extend the mining to a position under the German third line. Despite meeting clay and being inundated with water underground which necessitated the digging of a sump, they managed to complete a gallery stretching almost half a mile from the shaft in just two months, and a further charge of 14,000 kilograms (30,000 lb) of ammonal was placed. This tunnel was the longest of any of the Messines mines. In February 1917, German countermeasures necessitated some repair to one of the chambers and the opportunity was taken to place a further charge of 8,800 kilograms (19,500 lb) marking a total of four mines, all of which were ready by 9 May 1917.
651:(Mesenstraat/Nieuwkerkestraat) passing by. The shaft went down 30 metres (98 ft) and pumps were installed to bring air down and water out of the mine. After tunnelling forward, the miners broke into blue clay, extending the depth to some 40 metres (130 ft). After driving the gallery almost 200 metres (660 ft) forward, the flooding was so bad that a dam had to be constructed and a new gallery started. Despite these obstacles, the tunnellers arrived under Ontario Farm at the end of May 1917 and installed the 27,000 kilograms (60,000 lb) ammonal charge with a day to spare. When it was detonated on 7 June 1915, the mine did not produce a crater but left a shallow indentation in the soft clay; the shock wave did great damage to the German position. The explosion caught two battalions of the 17th Bavarian Infantry Regiment during a relief, half of which were "as good as annihilated".
536:. Also at this point was a junction on the narrow gauge railway system which ran from the forward areas of Messines to the rear areas around Nieuwkerke. This operation was characterized by setbacks. Difficult geology lead to two mines being abandoned before completion, and after a charge of 23,000 kilograms (50,000 lb) of ammonal had been put in place beneath the farm, the gallery was discovered by a German counter-mining operation on 24 August 1916. Three days later the German miners blew a heavy charge, which shattered about 120 metres (400 ft) of the main gallery and killed four men engaged in repairs. This camouflet wrecked the British gallery completely and forced the Royal Engineers to abandon the tunnel, which then quickly flooded.
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590:, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were 820 metres (2,700 ft) and 1,100 metres (3,500 ft) from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to 37 metres (120 ft) depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven 350 metres (1,140 ft) and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged 150 metres (500 ft) of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel. The British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would alert the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their
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510:) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, not where the mine was placed under the German positions. The shaft was completed to a depth of 25 metres (82 ft) within four weeks, however after driving a 310 metres (1,020 ft) gallery the Royal Engineers faced a sudden inrush of quicksand and a concrete dam had to be constructed. A new attempt was made, and by April 1916 the Trench 127 mine was ready, with the ammonal charges over 400 metres (1,300 ft) away from the initial shaft.
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each commanded by a regular Royal
Engineers officer. These companies each comprised 5 officers and 269 sappers; they were aided by additional infantrymen who were temporarily attached to the tunnellers as required, which almost doubled their numbers. The success of the first tunnelling companies formed under Norton-Griffiths' command led to mining being made a separate branch of the Engineer-in-Chief's office under
711:(31 July–10 November 1917), having retaken Passchendaele ridge, the British were left with little natural shelter from the former woods and farms. The artillery of both sides had literally flattened the landscape. Needing shelter for their troops, the Allied High Command in January 1918 moved 25,000 specialist tunnellers and 50,000 attached infantry who had been preparing and taking part in the
26:
787:, located directly beneath the ruins of the parish church. This dugout was only discovered after the Second World War during archaeological excavations of the Augustinian abbey. Today the outline of this dugout is marked in an archaeological garden within the church grounds, and a model of the church dugout can be seen at the "
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shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in it being cut off for three months. The
British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after 357 metres (1,172 ft) cut into the original workings. Mining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by
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and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward by 523 metres (1,717 ft) in seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. At the end of June 1916 the charge of 41,000 kilograms (91,000 lb) of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest
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was also restricted by the need to provide effective counter-measures to the German mining activities. To make the tunnels safer and quicker to deploy, the
British Army enlisted experienced coal miners, many outside their nominal recruitment policy. The first nine companies, numbers 170 to 178, were
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and Hill 63 which could house 2,000. The level of the activity can be gauged by the fact that by March 1918, more people lived underground in the Ypres area than reside above ground in the town today. Connected by corridors measuring 6.5 feet (2.0 m) high by 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, they were
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At the end of
January 1917, the 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Ontario Farm. The ground at the site selected for this mine proved very difficult as much of it was sandy clay. The miners began to dig at Boyle's Farm which is just on the southern side of the main road
551:) with a shared gallery. The name indicates the British lines where the initial shaft was dug, due west of where the crater is today. The area was dominated by a complex of German trenches and by mid-May first charge of 9,100 kilograms (20,000 lb) of ammonal was in place at
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which required the deployment of new drafts of tunnellers for several months after the formation of the first eight companies. The lack of suitably experienced men led to some tunnelling companies starting work later than others. The number of units available to the
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charge was ready again and secured by 120 metres (400 ft) of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of 450 kilograms (1,000 lb) of dynamite. The
Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, killing a number of British soldiers from the
559:) was started part way along the original tunnel and after another 200 metres (660 ft), a charge of 40,000 lbs of ammonal was placed by the Royal Engineers beneath the ruins of Factory Farm which sat on the German front line.
1455:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London:
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in a D-type sett structure. This was then further reinforced, using stepped wooden horizontal beams. The
Vampire dugout became operational from early April 1918, first housing the 100th Brigade of the
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Norton-Griffiths ensured that tunnelling companies numbers 170 to 177 were ready for deployment in mid-February 1915. In the spring of that year, there was constant underground fighting in the
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Most tunnelling companies were formed under Norton-Griffiths' leadership during 1915, and one more was added in 1916. On 10 September 1915, the
British government sent an appeal to
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for troop accommodation, the digging of subways, saps (a narrow trench dug to approach enemy trenches), cable trenches and underground chambers for signals and medical services.
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unit. The formation of twelve new tunnelling companies, between July and
October 1915, helped to bring more men into action in other parts of the Western Front.
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Peter Barton/Peter Doyle/Johan
Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields - The Tunnellers' War 1914-1918, Staplehurst (Spellmount) (978-1862272378) p. 165.
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tunnelling companies were formed by March 1916, resulting in 30 tunnelling companies of the Royal
Engineers being available by the summer of 1916.
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to a planned system. As the British had failed to develop suitable counter-tactics or underground listening devices before the war, field marshals
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171st Tunnelling Company was formed between February and March 1915 of a small number of specially enlisted miners, with troops selected from the
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At the end of February 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 122 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (
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at the southern end of the Messines ridge. The four deep mines at St Yves, charged with a combined load of 146,000 pounds (66,000 kg) of
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Created 14 metres (46 ft) below Flanders by the 171st Tunnelling Company, and dug over a period of four months, the engineers used
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north in the Ypres Salient. There they dug almost 200 independent and connected structures at depths of 30 metres (98 ft) into the
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In December 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company began work on the deep mine at Trench 127 at St Yves. The mine consisted of two chambers (
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agreed to investigate the suitability of forming British mining units. Following consultations between the Engineer-in-Chief of the
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853:. The operation to construct these fortifications between Reningelst and Saint-Omer was carried out jointly by the British 171st,
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the fumes, but eventually – and only a few hours before the appointed time of detonation at 3:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917 – the
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424:. The Germans held the top of Hill 60 from 16 December 1914 to 17 April 1915, when it was captured briefly by the British
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unit was formed from men on the battlefield, plus two other companies trained in Canada and then shipped to France. Three
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yet laid by the British. With the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near
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623:, 171st Tunnelling Company also took over work on the nearby deep mines at Kruisstraat. Work there was begun by
173:. The tunnelling units were occupied in offensive and defensive mining involving the placing and maintaining of
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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November: Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)
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in April 1918. It was recaptured in September 1918, when its last occupants became the 2nd Battalion of the
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845:. These units were then put on duties that included digging and wiring trenches over a long distance from
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323:. On 17 September, New Zealand became the first Dominion to agree the formation of a tunnelling unit. The
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Shortly after the completion of the Vampire dugout, 171st and several other tunnelling companies (
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of Royal Engineers. 171st Tunnelling Company thus included a significant number of miners from
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sector facing the Messines ridge. At Spanbroekmolen, 171st Tunnelling Company took over from
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Miners at War 1914-1919: South Wales Miners in the Tunneling Companies on the Western Front
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Miners at War 1914-1919: South Wales Miners in the Tunneling Companies on the Western Front
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office of the Engineer-in-Chief. A second group of tunnelling companies were formed from
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An overview of the history of 171st Tunnelling Company is available in Robert K. Johns,
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In March 1918, the 171st Tunnelling Company constructed a deep dugout in the centre of
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The Work of the Royal Engineers in the European War 1914 -1919, – MILITARY MINING
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Major & Mrs Holt's Battlefield Guide to the Ypres Salient & Passchendaele
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headquarters of up to 50 men and one senior commanding officer. Located close to
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under enemy lines, as well as other underground work such as the construction of
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At the end of January 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company began mining operations at
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on 3 February 1916 and was deployed to the Western Front in northern France. A
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List of tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers, with short unit histories
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Thirty-odd Feet Below Belgium: An Affair of Letters in the Great War 1915-1916
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Battle Beneath the Trenches: The Cornish Miners of 251 Tunnelling Company RE
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1629:'Born Fighters: Who were the Tunnellers?' Conference paper by Simon Jones.
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451:, formed part of the mine galleries that were dug by the British 171st,
432:. The early underground war in the area had involved both the 171st and
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1349:"Corps History - Part 14: The Corps and the First World War (1914-18)"
1050:, Wolverhampton Military Studies, Solihull (Helion and Company) 2016,
1003:"Corps History – Part 14: The Corps and the First World War (1914–18)"
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Church Dugout, constructed by 171st Tunnelling Company in 1918 (model)
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From its formation until the end of the war the company served under
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formally approved the tunnelling company scheme on 19 February 1915.
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171st Tunnelling Company was first employed in March 1915 in the
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Anthony Byledbal, "New Zealand Tunnelling Company: Chronology" (
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after the explosion of five mines under the German lines by the
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Regiment. After only a few weeks, the dugout was lost when the
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The Corps of Royal Engineers: Organization and Units 1889–2018
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1430:
Zonnebeke Church Dugout wordt niet toegankelijk voor publiek
272:, and the appointment of an 'Inspector of Mines' at the GHQ
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952:"Lieutenant Colonel Sir John Norton-Griffiths (1871–1930)"
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528:. The farm, located next to the road from Messines to
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In April 1916, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to the
471:Tunnelling companies as part of the prelude to the
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532:, was enclosed by a German trench system known as
1540:War Underground – The Tunnellers of the Great War
1328:"First World War tunnels to yield their secrets"
837:in April 1918, when the enemy broke through the
439:In July 1915, 171st Tunnelling Company moved to
724:fitted with water pumps to deal with the high
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195:By January 1915 it had become evident to the
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1644:Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers
1583:Graham E. Watson & Richard A. Rinaldi,
676:The 171st Tunnelling Company stayed in the
191:Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers
833:) were forced to move from their camps at
24:
1405:"Scots' World War One Shelter Discovered"
1221:"Photo gallery: Battle of Messines Ridge"
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974:
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1351:. Royal Engineers Museum. Archived from
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1103:
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1005:. Royal Engineers Museum. Archived from
954:. Royal Engineers Museum. Archived from
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658:were detonated on 7 June 1917, creating
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15:
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646:Plan of the deep mine at Ontario Farm
443:and commenced mining operations near
315:to raise tunnelling companies in the
7:
1306:"Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917"
543:Plan of the deep mines at Trench 122
502:Plan of the deep mines at Trench 127
292:of the Royal Engineers, which was a
1478:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.
1474:Holt, Tonie; Holt, Valmai (2014) .
789:Memorial Museum Passchendaele 1917
14:
1602:, Pen & Sword Military 2015 (
1386:from the original on 8 March 2012
1287:from the original on 8 March 2012
1260:"Uncovering the secrets of Ypres"
80:Royal Engineer tunnelling company
1411:from the original on 9 June 2011
692:). Vampire was built to house a
290:1st Northumberland Field Company
64:
47:
633:3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company
583:3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company
680:and moved near the village of
325:New Zealand Tunnelling Company
1:
1649:Tunnel warfare in World War I
1495:Underground Warfare 1914-1918
1326:Jasper Conning (2007-08-27).
615:Plan of the Kruisstraat mines
604:, some of whom are buried at
1497:. Pen & Sword Military.
1407:. Daily Record. 2008-02-16.
1067:Watson & Rinaldi, p. 20.
980:Watson & Rinaldi, p. 49.
627:in December 1915, passed to
475:(7–14 June 1917), while the
223:, and the mining specialist
934:, access date 25 April 2015
925:The Tunnelling Companies RE
747:and then the 9th Battalion
684:, where it constructed the
487:Tunnelling companies built
354:Monmouthshire Siege Company
288:, who were attached to the
1665:
1587:, Tiger Lily Books, 2018,
1258:Robert Hall (2007-02-23).
1037:), access date 5 July 2015
798:
669:
517:Plan of the deep mines at
188:
1538:Alexander Barrie (1988).
1434:, access date 9 July 2015
566:Plan of the deep mine at
23:
805:Battle of the Lys (1918)
745:King's Royal Rifle Corps
637:175th Tunnelling Company
629:182nd Tunnelling Company
625:250th Tunnelling Company
434:172nd Tunnelling Company
410:Battle of Messines, 1917
155:171st Tunnelling Company
19:171st Tunnelling Company
1564:Arthur Stockwin (ed.),
843:German spring offensive
801:German spring offensive
767:Zonnebeke church dugout
761:Worcestershire Regiment
749:Highland Light Infantry
709:Battle of Passchendaele
270:Major-General S.R. Rice
124:Battle of Passchendaele
881:Tunnelling Companies.
780:
688:(known locally as the
647:
616:
602:36th (Ulster) Division
570:
549:Trench 122 Left, Right
544:
521:
508:Trench 127 Left, Right
503:
413:
286:Monmouthshire Regiment
282:1st and 3rd Battalions
203:that the Germans were
1519:Ritchie Wood (2017).
1493:Jones, Simon (2010).
1033:July 6, 2015, at the
930:May 10, 2015, at the
841:positions during the
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741:British 33rd Division
705:Third Battle of Ypres
645:
614:
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225:John Norton-Griffiths
1568:, Parapress (2005),
1187:Holt & Holt 2014
1175:Holt & Holt 2014
1163:Holt & Holt 2014
1131:Holt & Holt 2014
1104:Holt & Holt 2014
1077:Holt & Holt 2014
526:La Petite Douve Farm
519:La Petite Douve Farm
489:underground shelters
380:Tunnelling Company.
159:tunnelling companies
90:military engineering
1379:. polygonwood.com.
1283:. polygonwood.com.
1227:on 24 February 2015
1165:, pp. 192–193.
781:
713:Battle of Messines
703:At the end of the
648:
619:While employed at
617:
606:Lone Tree Cemetery
571:
545:
522:
504:
473:Battle of Messines
414:
120:Battle of Messines
1574:978-1-89859-480-2
1530:978-1-91109-649-8
1504:978-1-84415-962-8
1485:978-0-85052-551-9
1330:. Daily Telegraph
757:Battle of the Lys
726:groundwater table
656:mines at Messines
555:. Another shaft (
148:
147:
144:Henry M. Hudspeth
128:Battle of the Lys
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1374:"Vampire Dugout"
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1308:. GreatWar.co.uk
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1281:"Vampire dugout"
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795:Spring Offensive
791:" in Zonnebeke.
743:, then the 16th
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557:Trench 122 Right
530:Ploegsteert Wood
420:/Bluff areas at
408:laid before the
395:Hill 60/Messines
280:miners from the
68:
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1593:978-171790180-4
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1079:, p. 247.
1069:
1060:
1056:978-1911096498
1046:Ritchie Wood,
1039:
1019:
1009:on 4 July 2010
994:
982:
968:
936:
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
893:
886:
883:
879:3rd Australian
831:3rd Australian
796:
793:
768:
765:
755:undertook the
735:and reclaimed
686:Vampire dugout
672:Vampire dugout
670:Main article:
667:
666:Vampire dugout
664:
621:Spanbroekmolen
588:Spanbroekmolen
575:Spanbroekmolen
568:Spanbroekmolen
485:2nd Australian
469:1st Australian
403:
396:
393:
349:
346:
344:
341:
321:British Empire
252:Sanctuary Wood
189:Main article:
186:
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149:
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136:
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131:
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109:
105:
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94:tunnel warfare
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55:United Kingdom
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958:on 1 May 2010
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690:Vampyr dugout
687:
683:
679:
678:Ypres Salient
673:
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609:
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477:British 183rd
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446:
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423:
419:
411:
407:
401:
394:
392:
390:
389:Ypres Salient
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:, as did the
359:
355:
347:
342:
340:
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261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:Ypres Salient
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Western Front
198:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:Military unit
143:
137:
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125:
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102:
98:
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91:
88:
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78:
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67:
63:
59:
56:
45:
41:
38:
35:
31:
27:
22:
17:
1599:
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1565:
1557:
1539:
1520:
1494:
1475:
1452:
1442:Bibliography
1432:, 04/11/2010
1429:
1424:
1413:. Retrieved
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:the original
1343:
1332:. Retrieved
1321:
1310:. Retrieved
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1275:
1264:. Retrieved
1253:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1225:the original
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1194:
1182:
1170:
1111:
1089:Edmonds 1948
1084:
1072:
1063:
1047:
1042:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
997:
960:. Retrieved
956:the original
891:Mine warfare
875:3rd Canadian
808:
782:
737:railway line
730:
702:
698:Polygon Wood
689:
675:
653:
649:
618:
591:
572:
556:
552:
548:
546:
533:
525:
523:
518:
507:
505:
481:2nd Canadian
465:3rd Canadian
461:1st Canadian
438:
426:5th Division
415:
382:
351:
343:Unit history
305:South Africa
298:
248:Railway Wood
233:
221:George Fowke
219:, Brigadier
194:
179:deep dugouts
167:British Army
154:
152:
70:British Army
1231:16 February
1205:16 February
493:Second Army
441:Ploegsteert
404:Map of the
385:Second Army
358:South Wales
327:arrived at
313:New Zealand
294:Territorial
171:World War I
112:World War I
108:Engagements
103:"The Moles"
100:Nickname(s)
37:World War I
1638:Categories
1612:see online
1415:2010-06-22
1390:2010-06-22
1359:2010-06-22
1334:2010-06-22
1312:2010-06-22
1291:2010-06-22
1266:2010-06-22
1262:. BBC News
1246:Jones 2010
1200:"Messines"
1148:Jones 2010
1116:Jones 2010
1013:2010-06-21
962:2010-06-21
897:References
851:Saint-Omer
847:Reningelst
631:, then to
337:Australian
274:Saint-Omer
229:War Office
185:Background
141:commanders
134:Commanders
1451:(1991) .
835:Boeschepe
785:Zonnebeke
777:Zonnebeke
717:blue clay
682:Zonnebeke
662:craters.
348:Formation
317:Dominions
309:Australia
260:The Bluff
213:Kitchener
1409:Archived
1381:Archived
1285:Archived
1031:Archived
928:Archived
885:See also
849:to near
660:19 large
608:nearby.
333:Canadian
329:Plymouth
753:Germans
733:I beams
721:Wieltje
694:brigade
597:ammonal
491:in the
449:ammonal
445:St Yves
418:Hill 60
387:in the
319:of the
284:of the
256:St Eloi
244:Hill 60
199:at the
169:during
161:of the
139:Notable
116:Hill 60
43:Country
1606:
1591:
1578:online
1572:
1546:
1527:
1501:
1482:
1463:
1054:
1028:online
495:area.
301:Canada
227:, the
209:French
205:mining
61:Branch
52:
33:Active
1384:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
871:258th
867:255th
863:184th
859:183rd
855:173rd
827:258th
823:255th
819:184th
815:183rd
811:173rd
592:Ewald
579:Douve
457:250th
453:175th
422:Ypres
406:mines
378:254th
374:253rd
370:172nd
366:170th
362:184th
278:Welsh
240:Hooge
175:mines
1604:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1457:HMSO
1233:2015
1207:2015
1052:ISBN
877:and
829:and
803:and
775:The
654:The
635:and
534:ULNA
483:and
467:and
376:and
311:and
258:and
211:and
153:The
86:Role
76:Type
839:Lys
265:BEF
238:at
217:BEF
197:BEF
1640::
1580:).
1542:.
1523:.
1459:.
1155:^
1138:^
1123:^
1096:^
985:^
971:^
939:^
905:^
873:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
825:,
821:,
817:,
813:,
763:.
728:.
479:,
463:,
459:,
455:,
436:.
391:.
372:,
368:,
364:,
307:,
303:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
92:,
1595:.
1576:(
1560:.
1552:.
1533:.
1507:.
1488:.
1469:.
1418:.
1393:.
1362:.
1337:.
1315:.
1294:.
1269:.
1235:.
1209:.
1058:.
1016:.
965:.
707:/
577:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
