202:
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184:
175:
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109:
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2109:
809:
2235:, was sent to Tortola by the St. John police to persuade the slaves to return. After meeting with British officials in Tortola and the runaway slaves, Schmitz returned to St. John to relay the slaves' resolve to stay away because of abusive treatment by the overseers on the plantations. After planters replaced those overseers, Charles Bryan, his wife Katurah, and James Jacobs returned to work at Leinster Bay. Kitty, Paulus, David, and Adam moved to St. Thomas. Henry Law, Petrus, and Polly stayed on Tortola. John Curry relocated to
129:
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revolt. A group of rebels under the leadership of King June stayed at the fort to maintain control; another group took control of the estates in the Coral Bay area after hearing the signal shots from the fort's cannon. The slaves killed many of the whites on these plantations. The rebel slaves moved along to the north shore of the island. In each area, they avoided widespread destruction of property since they intended to take over the estates and resume crop production for their benefit.
41:
865:
2194:
2124:, or other powerful members of their society. These high-ranking Akwamu developed plans to instigate an insurrection, take control of St. John and rule it. They planned to continue the production of sugar and other crops by using Africans of other tribes as slave laborers. An Akwamu chief, King June, a field slave and foreman on the Sødtmann estate, led the rebellion. Other leaders were Okanta, King Bolombo, Prince Akwasi, and
2050:
1011:
2062:
the plantations were then devoted to sugar; by the end of the century, most would be, and the total slave population would be 2,500. In 1733 the population of
African slaves on St. John was more than five times as large as that of the European inhabitants: 1,087 slaves and 206 whites. Many of St. John's plantations were owned by people residing on
2223:
and other
British West Indian islands, where they were given refuge by the local inhabitants. On May 24, 1840, eleven slaves from St. John stole a boat and escaped to Tortola during the night. The eight men (Charles Bryan, James Jacob, Adam , Big David, Henry Law, Paulus, John Curay), and three women
2099:
to try to enforce obedience from slaves. Penalties for disobedience were severe public punishment, including whipping, amputation of limbs, or death by hanging. A large section of the code was intended to prevent slaves from escaping and stop them from setting up independent communities. When slaves
2061:
and crops such as indigo and cotton; there was an especially great demand for sugar and prices were high in Europe. Dutch planters were still important on the island. By mid-1733, planters had developed 109 plantations, and slaveholders owned more than 1,000 African slaves on St. John. One-fifth of
2164:
located on the central north shore. Landowners John and Lieven Jansen and a group of loyal slaves resisted the attack, holding off the advancing rebels with gunfire. The
Jansens were able to retreat to their waiting boat and escape to Durloe's plantation. The loyal Jansen slaves also escaped. The
2036:
in various villages. After the Akwamu king died, rival tribes in the area attacked the weakened Akwamu nation, and by 1730 they defeated the people. In retaliation for years of oppression, their enemies sold many Akwamu people into slavery to the Danes; they were transported to plantations in the
1999:
but most died as a result of infectious disease, overwork, and war. In the late 17th century, various other
European powers competed for control over the island after the Spanish had abandoned control. The Danes claimed Saint John in 1718 as a result of a period of negotiation, but numerous Dutch
2151:
Johannes Sødtmann. An hour later, other slaves were admitted into the fort at Coral Bay to deliver wood, a regular event. They had hidden knives in the lots, which they used to kill most of the soldiers at the fort. Soldier John
Gabriel escaped to St. Thomas and alerted Danish officials to the
2181:
troops to try to take control from the rebels. With their firepower and troops, they had restored planters' rule of the island by May 27. The French ships returned to
Martinique on June 1, leaving the local militia to track down the remaining rebels, which they did over the next three months.
2190:, a nearby island bought by the Danish from the French in 1733. Four ships carried planters and their families from Charlotte Amalie in August. While they found St. Croix to be a richer land, they had to have their slaves clear the jungle before being able to live there readily.
2012:
as plantation workers were not successful. Failure to procure plantation labor from other sources made importing slaves from Africa the main supply of labor on the Danish West Indies islands. Danish ships carried about 85,000 African slaves to the New World from 1660 to 1806.
2165:
rebels looted the Jansen plantation and moved on to confront whites taking refuge at Durloe's plantation. Defenders repelled the slaves' attack at Durloe's, and many planters and their families escaped to St. Thomas, 5–9 miles (8.0–14.5 km) by sea.
2040:
At the time of the 1733 slave rebellion, hundreds of Akwamu people were among the slave population on St. John. Approximately 150 Akwamu were involved in the insurrection; other
African ethnic groups did not support it, and some were loyal to planters.
2274:(Scribners 1975), by John L. Anderson. It tells the story of the revolt based on careful research and fills in the blank spaces with plausible events. The author was an authority on the St. John Rebellion and also an able historical novelist.
2070:
to manage their lands and slaves on St. John. Under these conditions, overseer cruelty flourished. The Danish West India
Company provided only six soldiers for the defense of St. John, which supplemented the local white
2185:
The slave insurrection was considered ended on August 25, 1734 when
Sergeant Øttingen captured the remaining maroon rebels. The loss of life and property from the insurrection caused many St. John landowners to move to
2095:, hiding in the woods. In October 1733, slaves from the Suhm estate on the eastern part of St. John, and the company estate and other plantations around the Coral Bay area absconded. The colonial legislature passed the
2862:
893:
259:
2032:
state in the district of Accra and were known for being "heavy-handed in dealing with the tribes they had conquered", taking captives and selling them as slaves, and keeping numerous women as
2205:
for alerting the family to the rebellion and assisting in their escape to St. Thomas. Franz
Claasen's land deed was recorded August 20, 1738, by Jacob van Stell, making Claasen the first "
2000:
planters stayed on the island. While some plantations had been started, there was not an adequate supply of laborers among the settlers. Young Danish people could not be persuaded to
1978:
1111:
1056:
879:
788:
2242:
Slaves and free blacks petitioned the colonial government and Denmark to abolish slavery. On July 3, 1848, 114 years after the slave insurrection, enslaved Afro-Caribbeans of
252:
2852:
524:
2215:
ended the African slave trade in the Danish West Indies on January 1, 1803, but slavery continued on the islands. When the British government abolished slavery in the
596:
2857:
245:
2680:
2707:
969:
Planters regained control by the end of May 1734, after the Akwamu were defeated by several hundred better-armed French and Swiss troops sent in April from
2822:
2817:
1096:
797:
2842:
2058:
1971:
994:
2650:
1493:
1471:
759:
2872:
2847:
2063:
1799:
2100:
tried to revolt or escape from the plantations, often they were quickly caught and either their ear was cut off, or in severe cases, a few limbs.
963:
383:
2767:
2177:, located 324 miles (521 km) away. Two French ships arrived from there at St. John on April 23, 1734, carrying several hundred French and
931:
886:
687:
2737:
373:
2344:
2258:
2160:
After gaining control of the Suhm, Sødtmann, and Company estates, the rebels spread out over the rest of the island. The Akwamu attacked the
1964:
1849:
1101:
563:
2446:
639:
2017:
1835:
1134:
602:
518:
2508:
1992:
1435:
1142:
843:
2147:
The 1733 slave insurrection started with open acts of rebellion by slaves on November 23, 1733, at the Coral Bay plantation owned by
2128:. According to a report by French planter Pierre Pannet, the rebel leaders met regularly at night for some time to develop the plan.
692:
2867:
2608:
2583:
2547:
2489:
607:
2385:
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317:
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coast. The Akwamu had conquered the Accra and established dominance on trading routes into the interior. They became the dominant
2827:
848:
558:
350:
2832:
1725:
1515:
1372:
450:
77:
69:
2812:
2807:
2091:, and crop failure from insect infestation, many slaves in the West Indies, including on St. John, left their plantations to
729:
578:
1281:
612:
529:
411:
2067:
1758:
1106:
714:
703:
323:
2837:
2684:
1399:
724:
709:
440:
1258:
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2797:
2715:
2225:
2136:
2108:
1621:
1390:
644:
573:
396:
656:
472:
1910:
833:
769:
764:
650:
445:
1707:
568:
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1178:
1076:
935:
808:
619:
536:
489:
401:
680:
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504:
467:
423:
2306:
uses the slave revolt and aftermath as a backdrop for the earliest memories of the Ynaa race on the islands.
2281:
2161:
1905:
406:
2658:
2601:
The Cloth of Many Colored Silks: papers on history and society, Ghanaian and Islamic in honor of Ivor Wilks
2576:
The Cloth of Many Colored Silks: Papers on History and Society, Ghanaian and Islamic in honor of Ivor Wilks
736:
479:
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1790:
1347:
1152:
1081:
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292:
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428:
1541:
1502:
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629:
553:
1885:
2331:, Contributions to Global Historical Archaeology, vol. 37, Springer New York, pp. 261–274,
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1945:
1935:
1930:
1671:
1630:
1594:
1408:
1320:
1293:
1091:
1046:
966:
and took control of most of the island. They intended to resume crop production under their control.
869:
818:
634:
462:
368:
345:
304:
2325:"The 1733 Slave Revolt on the Island of St. John: Continuity and Change from Africa to the Americas"
2745:
2324:
2216:
2005:
1329:
719:
484:
2289:, explores the revolt and its aftermath through the eyes of a young African woman, born as Raisha.
2004:
to the West Indies in great enough numbers to provide a reliable source of labor. Attempts to use
201:
192:
183:
174:
165:
114:
2454:
2247:
2016:
The Danes embarked on the African slave trade in 1657. By the beginning of the 18th century, the
1920:
1533:
1453:
1023:
927:
923:
828:
823:
754:
583:
119:
73:
46:
1233:
456:
2604:
2579:
2543:
2485:
2340:
2202:
2178:
2125:
1950:
1875:
1639:
1590:
1417:
1061:
588:
548:
328:
134:
2623:
2332:
2303:
2193:
1915:
1808:
1302:
1215:
1071:
1031:
1002:
670:
340:
309:
298:
2516:
40:
2295:
2246:
held a non-violent, mass demonstration seeking the abolition of slavery. Governor-General
2229:
2092:
1900:
1890:
1817:
1748:
1648:
1563:
1381:
1338:
1201:
1160:
1066:
974:
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911:
542:
335:
287:
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32:
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2419:
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2212:
1698:
1544:
1027:
435:
417:
2049:
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2478:
1996:
1925:
1880:
1689:
1657:
1603:
1251:
864:
499:
2251:
1895:
1581:
1192:
853:
494:
2744:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Archived from
2453:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Archived from
1010:
2336:
954:, an enslaved woman from Ghana, and lasting several months into August 1734, the
2143:
from the Danish West Indies; knives like this one were used by rebelling slaves.
2029:
1779:
1739:
1170:
947:
2272:
Night of the Silent Drums: A Narrative of Slave Rebellion on the Virgin Islands
2232:
2174:
2148:
2140:
2033:
1940:
1524:
1444:
1351:
970:
664:
139:
2243:
2187:
2121:
2088:
1506:
1484:
1262:
1241:
1223:
1205:
1182:
237:
2480:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
2236:
2001:
1680:
1612:
1572:
959:
2626:, Distance Calculator, Time and Date website, accessed November 13, 2014
2540:
Slave Society In The Danish West Indies: St Thomas, St John And St Croix
2201:
Franz Claasen, a loyal slave of the van Stell family, was deeded to the
2220:
2084:
2072:
2009:
1462:
1426:
1369:
1311:
1051:
2117:
2025:
951:
939:
217:
150:
2603:. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. pp. 176–181.
2578:. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. pp. 180–181.
2261:
directed the placement of a commemorative plaque at Ram Head Peak.
2418:
Theodoor Hendrik Nikolaas de Booy, John Thomson Fariswork (1918).
2192:
2135:
2107:
2021:
977:
and finally declared the rebellion at an end in late August 1734.
943:
2768:"Proposed Omnibus Bill Would Boost National Park Service Funding"
2421:
The Virgin islands, our new possessions: and the British islands
1826:
1769:
1716:
1991:
When the Spanish first occupied the West Indies, they used the
973:, a French colony. The colonial militia continued to hunt down
241:
2513:
A Documentary History of the Cinnamon Bay Plantation 1718–1917
2057:
In 1718 the Danish claimed the island of St. John to develop
2863:
Riots and civil disorder in the United States Virgin Islands
2683:. St. John Historical Society. June 1, 2006. Archived from
2639:, ed. by Junius P. Rodriguez (Greenwood Press, 2007) p. 435
2599:
Wilks, Ivor; Hunwick, John O.; Lawler, Nancy Ellen (1996).
2574:
Wilks, Ivor; Hunwick, John O.; Lawler, Nancy Ellen (1996).
946:, revolted against the owners and managers of the island's
2173:
Danish officials appealed for help to French colonists at
2020:
had consolidated their slave operation to the vicinity of
2228:
and ten Leinster Bay estates. Brother Schmitz, the local
958:
was one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in the
2681:"Timeline of the Emancipation of the Danish West Indies"
2503:
2501:
2219:
in 1833, slaves on St. John began escaping to nearby
2083:
In 1733, in response to harsh living conditions from
2509:"Part I: Establishment and Consolidation, 1718–1755"
2451:
The Slave Ship 'Fredenborg:' An information project
2477:
2329:Scandinavian Colonialism and the Rise of Modernity
2742:The slave ship Fredenborg: An information project
2708:"St. John's Other Revolt: The Desertions of 1840"
2413:
2411:
2116:In their homeland, many of the Akwamu had been
25:
2637:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2392:. Sombrero Publishing Co. 2000. Archived from
2714:. St. John Historical Society. Archived from
2657:. St. John Historical Society. Archived from
2515:. Little Nordside Press. 1999. Archived from
1972:
887:
253:
8:
2476:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (1999).
2239:. None of the runaway slaves were punished.
2037:West Indies, including estates on St. John.
2538:A. T. Hall, Neville; B. W., Higman (1994).
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2635:"St. John Revolt (1733)", by Lori Lee, in
2224:(Kitty, Polly, and Katurah) were from the
1979:
1965:
989:
894:
880:
782:
260:
246:
238:
45:Later illustration of a plantation in the
22:
2853:Pre-emancipation African-American history
1016:Attack and capture of the Crête-à-Pierrot
962:. The Akwamu slaves captured the fort in
2048:
2542:. University Press of the West Indies.
2315:
1001:
796:
785:
2712:St. John Historical Society Newsletter
2655:St. John Historical Society Newsletter
932:St. John, United States Virgin Islands
2858:Military operations involving Denmark
2624:"Distance from Fort-de-France to ..."
2259:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
1020:Combat et prise de la Crête-à-Pierrot
7:
2434:1733 slave insurrection on St. John.
2018:Danish West India and Guinea Company
1836:Charleston Workhouse Slave Rebellion
2254:throughout the Danish West Indies.
1800:slave revolt in the Cherokee Nation
908:1733 slave insurrection on St. John
839:1733 slave insurrection on St. John
2823:1734 in the Danish colonial empire
2818:1733 in the Danish colonial empire
2738:"Monuments and sites in St. Croix"
2169:End of the rebellion and aftermath
2066:. These absentee landowners hired
844:Invasion of the Danish West Indies
14:
2843:Slave rebellions in North America
2484:. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
934:) on November 23, 1733, when 150
60:23 November 1733 – 25 August 1734
1057:Slavery among indigenous peoples
1009:
863:
849:Treaty of the Danish West Indies
807:
800:the United States Virgin Islands
200:
191:
182:
173:
164:
127:
107:
39:
16:Revolt in the Danish West Indies
2873:1730s in the Danish West Indies
2848:Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands
78:Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands
2706:David Knight (November 2001).
2447:"Danish-Norwegian Slave Trade"
33:Slave Revolts in North America
1:
2649:David Knight (January 2007).
2390:St. John Off the Beaten Track
2265:Representation in other media
2156:Accounts of the rebel attacks
2045:Danish occupation of St. John
1843:(South Carolina, suppressed)
2337:10.1007/978-1-4614-6202-6_15
1516:Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
1097:British and French Caribbean
1003:North American slave revolts
926:started on Sankt Jan in the
2132:Events on November 23, 1733
760:St. Thomas & Santa Cruz
2889:
2424:. J. B. Lippincott company
2386:"St. John Slave Rebellion"
1708:Great African Slave Revolt
1436:Montserrat slave rebellion
1391:Province of South Carolina
1135:Santo Domingo Slave Revolt
2209:" landowner on St. John.
916:Slaveoprøret på Sankt Jan
834:Danish West India Company
275:
269:Danish colonial conflicts
223:
157:
97:
52:
38:
30:
2868:Slavery in the Caribbean
1494:Pointe Coupée Conspiracy
1259:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
1179:Real Audiencia of Panama
2828:18th-century rebellions
2772:National Parks Traveler
2282:My Name Is Not Angelica
2197:Freedom 100 years later
2162:Cinnamon Bay Plantation
2112:Map of Coral Bay, 1720.
1906:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
1733:(Virginia, suppressed)
1665:(Virginia, suppressed)
2833:Afro-Caribbean history
2323:Sebro, Louise (2013),
2279:The young-adult novel
2198:
2144:
2113:
2054:
2024:(now in Ghana) on the
1856:(Virginia, suppressed)
1726:Nat Turner's rebellion
1153:San Miguel de Gualdape
1102:British Virgin Islands
920:Slave Uprising of 1733
915:
158:Commanders and leaders
26:Slave uprising of 1733
2813:1734 in the Caribbean
2808:1733 in the Caribbean
2196:
2139:
2111:
2052:
1622:German Coast Uprising
1361:St. John Slave Revolt
1282:New York Slave Revolt
1022:, March 1802) in the
2748:on February 10, 2012
2457:on December 29, 2005
2270:A historical novel,
1946:Toussaint Louverture
1936:Nanny of the Maroons
1783:case, ship rebellion
1631:Territory of Orleans
1409:Province of New York
1321:Chesapeake rebellion
1294:Province of New York
1168:1548–1558, 1579–1582
1047:Atlantic slave trade
870:United States Portal
819:Dutch Virgin Islands
2651:"Mary's Point Hike"
2226:Annaberg plantation
2217:British West Indies
2006:indentured servants
1793:coast, victorious)
1772:coast, victorious)
1564:Gabriel's Rebellion
1400:New York Conspiracy
1330:Chesapeake Colonies
89:Uprising suppressed
2838:Danish West Indies
2248:Peter von Scholten
2199:
2145:
2114:
2097:Slave Code of 1733
2055:
2053:West Indies harbor
1921:Madison Washington
1886:François Mackandal
1534:Haitian Revolution
1454:Abaco Slave Revolt
1024:Haitian Revolution
928:Danish West Indies
924:slave insurrection
829:Danish slave trade
824:Danish West Indies
490:5th Christiansborg
468:4ht Christiansborg
451:3rd Christiansborg
446:2nd Christiansborg
441:1st Christiansborg
120:Danish West Indies
74:Danish West Indies
47:Danish West Indies
2803:Conflicts in 1734
2798:Conflicts in 1733
2346:978-1-4614-6201-9
2203:Mary Point Estate
2059:sugar plantations
1993:indigenous people
1989:
1988:
1876:Charles Deslondes
1850:John Brown's raid
1818:Ladder Conspiracy
1672:Bussa's Rebellion
1640:Aponte conspiracy
1591:St. Simons Island
1062:Slavery in Canada
942:, in present-day
904:
903:
778:
777:
608:Strait of Malacca
574:4th Bay of Bengal
569:3rd Bay of Bengal
564:2nd Bay of Bengal
554:1st Bay of Bengal
402:Cape of Good Hope
236:
235:
179:Johannes Sødtmann
135:Kingdom of France
93:
92:
2880:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:on July 28, 2011
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2687:on July 28, 2011
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:on July 28, 2011
2646:
2640:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2571:
2554:
2553:
2535:
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2505:
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2464:
2462:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2396:on June 21, 2008
2382:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2320:
2304:Cadwell Turnbull
1981:
1974:
1967:
1809:Indian Territory
1762:, ship rebellion
1303:First Maroon War
1216:Acaxee Rebellion
1013:
990:
896:
889:
882:
868:
867:
811:
801:
783:
657:Dannemarksnagore
525:Coromandel Coast
270:
262:
255:
248:
239:
205:
204:
196:
195:
187:
186:
178:
177:
170:Phillip Gardelin
169:
168:
133:
131:
130:
113:
111:
110:
54:
53:
43:
23:
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2887:
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2700:
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2440:
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2409:
2399:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2296:science fiction
2267:
2171:
2158:
2134:
2106:
2081:
2047:
1985:
1956:
1955:
1901:Jean Saint Malo
1891:Gabriel Prosser
1866:
1865:Notable leaders
1858:
1857:
1853:
1839:
1821:
1803:
1785:
1764:
1749:British Jamaica
1743:
1729:
1711:
1693:
1675:
1661:
1643:
1625:
1607:
1585:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1519:
1497:
1475:
1472:Mina Conspiracy
1457:
1439:
1421:
1403:
1385:
1382:Stono Rebellion
1364:
1342:
1339:Samba rebellion
1324:
1306:
1285:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1254:
1236:
1234:Tepehuán Revolt
1218:
1196:
1173:
1161:Spanish Florida
1155:
1137:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1042:
1034:
1030:, engraving by
988:
983:
956:slave rebellion
900:
862:
799:
792:
781:
780:
779:
774:
739:
693:Nicobar Islands
507:
386:
353:
324:Veliky Novgorod
271:
268:
266:
216:
214:
212:
210:
199:
198:
190:
189:
181:
180:
172:
171:
163:
146:
128:
126:
108:
106:
81:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2759:
2729:
2698:
2672:
2641:
2628:
2616:
2609:
2591:
2584:
2555:
2548:
2530:
2519:on May 6, 2008
2497:
2490:
2468:
2438:
2407:
2358:
2345:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2290:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2263:
2213:Denmark-Norway
2170:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2133:
2130:
2105:
2102:
2080:
2077:
2046:
2043:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1841:
1840:
1829:, suppressed)
1823:
1822:
1811:, suppressed)
1805:
1804:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1765:
1751:, suppressed)
1745:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1719:, suppressed)
1713:
1712:
1701:, suppressed)
1699:South Carolina
1695:
1694:
1683:, suppressed)
1677:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1651:, suppressed)
1645:
1644:
1633:, suppressed)
1627:
1626:
1615:, suppressed)
1609:
1608:
1597:, victorious)
1587:
1586:
1575:, suppressed)
1569:
1568:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1545:Saint-Domingue
1539:
1538:
1527:, suppressed)
1521:
1520:
1509:, suppressed)
1499:
1498:
1487:, suppressed)
1477:
1476:
1465:, suppressed)
1459:
1458:
1447:, suppressed)
1441:
1440:
1429:, suppressed)
1423:
1422:
1418:Tacky's Revolt
1411:, suppressed)
1405:
1404:
1393:, suppressed)
1387:
1386:
1375:, suppressed)
1366:
1365:
1354:, suppressed)
1344:
1343:
1332:, suppressed)
1326:
1325:
1314:, victorious)
1308:
1307:
1296:, suppressed)
1287:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1244:, suppressed)
1238:
1237:
1226:, suppressed)
1220:
1219:
1208:, victorious)
1198:
1197:
1185:, suppressed)
1175:
1174:
1163:, victorious)
1157:
1156:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1028:Auguste Raffet
1014:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
987:
984:
982:
979:
936:African slaves
902:
901:
899:
898:
891:
884:
876:
873:
872:
859:
858:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
813:
812:
804:
803:
794:
793:
786:
776:
775:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
741:
740:
734:
733:
732:
730:7th Tranquebar
727:
722:
717:
715:6th Tranquebar
712:
700:
698:5th Tranquebar
695:
690:
685:
684:
683:
678:
676:Anandamangalam
673:
665:4th Tranquebar
661:
660:
659:
647:
645:3rd Tranquebar
642:
640:2nd Tranquebar
637:
635:1st Tranquebar
632:
627:
622:
617:
616:
615:
610:
605:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
539:
534:
533:
532:
527:
509:
508:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
432:
431:
426:
424:Fredericksborg
414:
409:
407:Canary Islands
404:
399:
388:
387:
381:
379:East Greenland
376:
371:
366:
358:North Atlantic
355:
354:
348:
343:
338:
333:
332:
331:
326:
314:
313:
312:
307:
295:
290:
285:
276:
273:
272:
267:
265:
264:
257:
250:
242:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
207:
160:
159:
155:
154:
149:Rebel slaves (
147:
145:
144:
143:
142:
124:
123:
122:
115:Denmark-Norway
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2885:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2610:0-8101-1299-X
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2585:0-8101-1299-X
2581:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2549:976-41-0029-5
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:0-465-00071-1
2487:
2482:
2481:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Marcos Xiorro
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Joseph Cinqué
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Denmark Vesey
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:Southern U.S.
1784:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:George Boxley
1654:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1604:Chatham Manor
1600:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:, victorious)
1546:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1265:, victorious)
1264:
1260:
1253:
1252:Pueblo Revolt
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:Santo Domingo
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:United States
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Latin America
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:Ernest Hébert
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
985:
980:
978:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
875:
874:
871:
866:
861:
860:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
814:
810:
806:
805:
802:
795:
790:
784:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
738:
735:
731:
728:
726:
725:3rd Serampore
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:2nd Serampore
708:
707:
706:
705:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
688:1st Serampore
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
666:
662:
658:
655:
654:
653:
652:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
521:
520:
516:
515:
514:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
385:
384:Faroe Islands
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
319:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
274:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
243:
240:
231:
228:
227:
222:
219:
208:
203:
197:Lieven Jansen
194:
185:
176:
167:
162:
161:
156:
152:
148:
141:
138:
137:
136:
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
88:
85:
84:
79:
76:(present-day
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2777:December 27,
2775:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:the original
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2711:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2654:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2619:
2600:
2594:
2575:
2539:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:the original
2512:
2479:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:the original
2450:
2441:
2433:
2426:. Retrieved
2420:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2389:
2350:, retrieved
2328:
2318:
2299:
2287:Scott O'Dell
2280:
2271:
2256:
2252:emancipation
2241:
2211:
2207:Free Colored
2200:
2184:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2115:
2104:Slave revolt
2096:
2082:
2056:
2039:
2015:
2008:from Danish
1990:
1896:Gaspar Yanga
1847:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1588:
1582:Igbo Landing
1579:
1570:
1561:
1556:19th century
1531:
1522:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1288:
1279:
1274:18th century
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1199:
1193:Gaspar Yanga
1189:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1019:
1015:
968:
919:
907:
905:
854:Transfer Day
838:
749:
743:
742:
702:
681:4th Dansborg
663:
649:
620:3rd Dansborg
603:2nd Dansborg
595:
584:2nd Balasore
559:1st Balasore
541:
537:1st Dansborg
517:
511:
510:
455:
416:
390:
389:
357:
356:
316:
297:
277:
98:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
2285:(1989), by
2087:, a severe
1740:Baptist War
1171:Bayano Wars
1126:Before 1700
1112:colonial US
986:Slave trade
948:plantations
798:History of
613:Philippines
530:Trincomalee
505:Prinsensten
412:Carolusborg
188:John Jansen
2792:Categories
2428:August 22,
2311:References
2300:The Lesson
2233:missionary
2175:Martinique
2149:Magistrate
2141:Cane knife
2120:, wealthy
2064:St. Thomas
2034:concubines
1995:as slaves
1941:Nat Turner
1911:John Brown
1690:Vesey Plot
1532:1791–1804
1445:Montserrat
1373:Saint John
1352:New France
1087:New France
981:Background
971:Martinique
651:2nd Bengal
543:1st Bengal
457:Gold Coast
429:Cape Corso
418:Cape Coast
397:Cape Verde
369:Jakobshavn
346:Aizkraukle
305:Lyndanisse
278:Baltic Sea
140:Martinique
2250:declared
2244:St. Croix
2188:St. Croix
2122:merchants
2089:hurricane
2079:Marooning
2068:overseers
1825:(Spanish
1789:(off the
1768:(off the
1679:(British
1647:(Spanish
1507:New Spain
1503:Louisiana
1485:New Spain
1481:Louisiana
1461:(British
1443:(British
1425:(British
1407:(British
1389:(British
1348:Louisiana
1328:(British
1310:(British
1263:New Spain
1242:New Spain
1224:New Spain
1206:New Spain
1195:'s Revolt
1183:New Spain
1092:New Spain
964:Coral Bay
950:. Led by
918:) or the
770:St. Croix
765:Caribbean
744:Caribbean
704:2nd India
597:1st India
579:2nd Pipli
549:1st Pipli
473:Crèvecœur
374:Reykjavík
293:Pomerania
70:Sankt Jan
2752:July 20,
2722:July 21,
2691:July 21,
2665:July 21,
2523:July 19,
2461:July 22,
2400:July 19,
2237:Trinidad
2230:Moravian
2126:Obrafuor
2002:emigrate
1816:1843–44
1738:1831–32
1681:Barbados
1613:Virginia
1573:Virginia
1416:1760–61
1202:Veracruz
995:a series
993:Part of
960:Americas
922:, was a
789:a series
787:Part of
755:West Kay
750:St. John
737:Porreiar
720:Nancowry
625:Golconda
318:Novgorod
229:Hundreds
224:Strength
215:Aquashie
206:Øttingen
153:natives)
65:Location
2221:Tortola
2085:drought
2073:militia
2010:prisons
1871:Carolta
1759:Amistad
1595:Georgia
1525:Curaçao
1523:(Dutch
1463:Bahamas
1427:Jamaica
1312:Jamaica
1291:British
1190:c. 1570
1082:Bahamas
1052:Maroons
1041:Context
975:maroons
671:Tillali
630:Carical
589:Hooghly
485:3rd Osu
436:1st Osu
364:Iceland
351:Estonia
310:Tallinn
299:Livonia
283:Wendish
213:Bolombo
2607:
2582:
2546:
2488:
2352:May 9,
2343:
2298:novel
2118:nobles
2093:maroon
2026:Guinea
1780:Creole
1542:French
1370:Danish
952:Breffu
940:Akwamu
912:Danish
791:on the
519:Ceylon
500:Dodowa
391:Africa
341:Karuse
218:Breffu
151:Akwamu
132:
112:
86:Result
2179:Swiss
2022:Accra
1997:labor
1931:Maria
1848:1859
1834:1849
1798:1842
1777:1841
1770:Cuban
1756:1839
1724:1831
1706:1825
1688:1822
1670:1816
1656:1815
1638:1811
1620:1811
1602:1805
1580:1803
1562:1800
1514:1795
1492:1795
1470:1791
1452:1787
1434:1768
1398:1741
1380:1739
1359:1733
1337:1731
1319:1730
1301:1730
1280:1712
1072:Haiti
944:Ghana
938:from
930:(now
495:Volta
480:Ningo
336:Durbe
329:Pskov
288:Rügen
211:Kanta
2779:2022
2754:2008
2724:2008
2693:2008
2667:2008
2605:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2525:2008
2486:ISBN
2463:2008
2430:2016
2402:2008
2354:2020
2341:ISBN
2294:The
2257:The
2030:Akan
1951:Tula
1827:Cuba
1717:Cuba
1649:Cuba
1249:1680
1231:1616
1213:1601
1150:1526
1132:1521
1067:Cuba
906:The
512:Asia
209:June
57:Date
2333:doi
2302:by
1026:by
463:2nd
232:150
2794::
2770:.
2740:.
2710:.
2653:.
2558:^
2511:.
2500:^
2449:.
2432:.
2410:^
2388:.
2361:^
2339:,
2327:,
2075:.
1593:,
1505:,
1483:,
1350:,
1261:,
1204:,
1181:,
1145:)
997:on
914::
72:,
2781:.
2756:.
2726:.
2695:.
2669:.
2613:.
2588:.
2552:.
2527:.
2494:.
2465:.
2404:.
2335::
1980:e
1973:t
1966:v
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1747:(
1715:(
1697:(
1629:(
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1571:(
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1200:(
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1018:(
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261:e
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247:v
80:)
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