1570:
263:
602:. In 1938 the area was proposed as a bombing practice range, resulting in protest from conservation groups. On June 20, 1938, the Federal Government bought the land to add to the park, with the bombing range limited to four and a half square miles. The Army never used the land, but the Navy caused some injuries to fishermen in 1945. In June 1950 the bombing range was returned to the park after being cleared of unexploded ordinances.
1581:
270:
31:
573:
Modern forensic techniques applied in 2008 determined that many of the footprints were made by women and children, not warriors. They were probably already in the area chipping off sharp chunks of glass to use as tools, and left the footprints while escaping during a lull in the eruption. Keōua's
569:
More recent research indicates that some or all of the footprints may in fact be attributable to everyday activities, and not to the war parties. Extensive surveys were done in 1998 and 2000 including radiocarbon dating the few samples of charcoal that could be found. A large number of habitation
250:
1459:
442:
By 1790, Keawemauhili and
Kamehameha had made peace. Keawemauhili aided Kamehameha's invasion of Maui that same year. This cooperation broke an agreement between Keawemauhili and Keōua. Keōua, angered, raided some of the lands of Kamehameha while he was in
1605:
1554:
1490:
1474:
1082:
1464:
574:
groups, however, were at the summit, and some were killed instantly by the following blast of poison gas, not by the actual falling of the ash. Although sometimes called "fossilized", the imprints are not old enough to be true
1549:
1495:
1136:
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1449:
1383:
1348:
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1288:
1113:
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1373:
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1469:
1303:
1218:
1338:
1333:
1208:
512:. Keōua captured the piece, but did not have gunpowder nor expertise to use it effectively. After heavy losses on both sides, the commanders each decided to retreat to their secure territory.
1428:
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1500:
1398:
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1358:
1258:
981:
1166:
1151:
1030:
578:. The fine ash was probably made into thick mud by a rain triggered in the eruption, which then quickly solidified in the tropical sun and was preserved in the arid desert.
1106:
1182:
519:
and made camp. As the volcano started to erupt, they thought they might have made some offense, so he split his group into three and stayed to make more offerings.
461:
1584:
1099:
186:
137:
938:
1574:
1635:
531:
974:
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303:
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623:
454:
Keōua then attacked and killed his uncle at Hilo. Kamehameha returned from Maui to the Big Island, and Keōua ambushed them in a thick forest of
515:
The footprints were thought to have been left by Keōua's forces in their retreat. While passing Kīlauea, they made offerings to the goddess
1625:
1122:
990:
967:
719:
610:
236:
744:
An
Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I
1537:
541:
kept elaborate oral histories, but did not accurately count years from the
Christian era. One important event in the oral history was
842:
526:
eruption while crossing the desert. Only one party of three survived the eruption. The footprints were attributed by early geologist
262:
1610:
763:
801:
130:
884:"Keonehelelei – the falling sands: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Archaeological Inventory of the Footprints National Register"
570:
sites and trails were counted, indicating the area was in use for hundreds of years during the eruption cycle of 1500 to 1790.
1640:
994:
389:
287:
1015:
926:
191:
959:
609:
built a trail and shelter. It is designated as Hawaiʻi state archaeological site number 10-61-5505 and was listed in the
1063:
606:
557:. It probably was given the specific name because it was an unusual kind of eruption for Hawaiian volcanoes. Surveyor
123:
1615:
1542:
1521:
854:
813:
1630:
1620:
1156:
1161:
1141:
890:
724:
428:
147:
1010:
196:
1020:
598:(small mountain). Although the National Park had been formed by then, these lands were owned by the
599:
554:
448:
397:
176:
883:
838:
797:
558:
409:
161:
834:
793:
738:
591:
550:
509:
417:
171:
82:
616:
Access to the area is via 9.1 miles (14.6 km) southwest of the park headquarters on the
1091:
617:
523:
249:
1068:
910:
455:
393:
166:
57:
427:
For a few years, while
Kamehameha was occupied with Maui and the arrival of Europeans to
771:
530:
to those warriors who were killed in this event. Keōua would be killed later in 1791 at
538:
108:
87:
364:
1599:
1058:
1043:
527:
503:
1555:
University and college buildings listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
1048:
587:
561:
used the 1790 date to estimate people's birthdates during his 1857 tax assessment.
516:
421:
413:
103:
99:
694:. These trails or roads might be closed during high levels of volcanic activity.
922:
742:
432:
1083:
National
Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
655:
leads about a mile southeast to the area. The site can also be accessed by the
1053:
385:
681:
668:
638:
625:
477:
463:
318:
305:
286:
9.1 mi. SW of park headquarters on Hwy. 11, then foot trail to SE for 1 mi.,
498:). Kamehameha counterattacked and drove Keōua back, in what is known as the
206:
950:
201:
115:
911:"Footprints in Kaʻū were probably made in 1790—but not by Keoua's party"
1606:
National
Register of Historic Places in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
553:. This corresponded to an eruption witnessed in 1790 by British sailor
400:, they may be associated with a series of battles in the area in 1790.
30:
1550:
List of jails and prisons on the
National Register of Historic Places
575:
291:
416:
control of the west and north sides of the island of Hawaiʻi, but
714:
594:
while he was trying to investigate a 1919 eruption that produced
913:
on USGS web site, August 28, 2008, Hawaiian
Volcano Observatory.
444:
436:
1095:
963:
119:
502:. Kamehameha had brought a cannon salvaged from the ship
925:
on the official sqtate web site. Accessed 2009-05-22.
620:, State Highway 11. From this trailhead (coordinates
586:
The footprints were found accidentally by geologist
458:, but the battle was inconclusive (near coordinates
1530:
1509:
1483:
1442:
1175:
1152:
History of the
National Register of Historic Places
1129:
1029:
1001:
770:. National Park Service. 2008-11-01. Archived from
370:
357:
342:
334:
297:
282:
1183:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
764:"Keonehelelei - The Story of the Footprints Area"
1575:National Register of Historic Places portal
18:
543:
522:Two parties of warriors were overwhelmed by a
1107:
975:
131:
8:
613:on August 7, 1974, as site number 74000351.
384:refer to a set of footprints found near the
853:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
812:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1114:
1100:
1092:
982:
968:
960:
953:on Hawaii Volcanoes National Park web site
248:
138:
124:
116:
15:
1123:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
237:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
703:
269:
715:"National Register Information System"
709:
707:
549:which means "the falling sand" in the
220:
939:Map of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
877:
875:
873:
871:
758:
756:
754:
7:
991:National Register of Historic Places
720:National Register of Historic Places
611:National Register of Historic Places
1538:National Historic Preservation Act
882:Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura (2003).
14:
1636:18th-century disasters in Oceania
941:on National Park Service web site
741:(1880). John F. G. Stokes (ed.).
1580:
1579:
1568:
1064:Whitney Seismograph Vault No. 29
747:. Vol. 2. Trübner & Co.
268:
261:
29:
768:Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park
1491:Federated States of Micronesia
1137:Architectural style categories
995:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
390:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
359:
288:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
1:
35:Ash layer from 1790 eruption.
24:Part of Unification of Hawaii
923:Hawaii County Historic Sites
398:unusually explosive eruption
218:United States historic place
19:East Hawaiʻi Battles of 1790
1626:Natural disasters in Hawaii
1016:Puna-Ka'u Historic District
951:Closed Areas and Advisories
607:Civilian Conservation Corps
590:in the hardened ash of the
338:4,284 acres (17.34 km)
1657:
1543:Historic Preservation Fund
1522:American Legation, Morocco
855:University of Hawaii Press
814:University of Hawaii Press
1563:
1484:Lists by associated state
1077:
358:NRHP reference
256:
247:
243:
234:
227:
223:
157:
93:
76:
39:
28:
23:
1611:Battles involving Hawaii
1465:Northern Mariana Islands
1059:Old Volcano House No. 42
544:
435:and Keawemauhili ruled
388:volcano in present-day
1460:Minor Outlying Islands
1443:Lists by insular areas
1157:Keeper of the Register
851:in Hawaiian Dictionary
810:in Hawaiian Dictionary
682:19.40861°N 155.29667°W
639:19.36806°N 155.36694°W
478:20.06250°N 155.44972°W
319:19.34694°N 155.35333°W
149:Unification of Hawaiʻi
94:Commanders and leaders
1641:Historical footprints
1162:National Park Service
1142:Contributing property
891:National Park Service
725:National Park Service
424:were able to escape.
1517:District of Columbia
687:19.40861; -155.29667
644:19.36806; -155.36694
483:20.06250; -155.44972
396:. Resulting from an
324:19.34694; -155.35333
202:Namakeha's rebellion
678: /
635: /
600:Territory of Hawaii
500:Battle of Koapapaʻa
473: /
449:Battle of Kepaniwai
410:Battle of Mokuʻōhai
315: /
83:Kamehameha I's army
1003:Historic districts
839:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
798:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
774:on 5 December 2008
559:Frederick S. Lyman
1616:Conflicts in 1790
1593:
1592:
1147:Historic district
1089:
1088:
835:Mary Kawena Pukui
794:Mary Kawena Pukui
739:Abraham Fornander
727:. April 15, 2008.
551:Hawaiian Language
539:Ancient Hawaiians
392:on the island of
378:
377:
215:
214:
114:
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72:
71:
1648:
1583:
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1496:Marshall Islands
1116:
1109:
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1011:Hilina Pali Road
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693:
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661:Crater Rim Drive
653:Footprints Trail
650:
649:
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636:
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632:
631:
628:
618:Hawaii Belt Road
547:
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1479:
1438:
1171:
1125:
1120:
1090:
1085:
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1069:Wilkes Campsite
1039:1790 Footprints
1031:NRHP properties
1025:
997:
988:
958:
957:
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663:at coordinates
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418:Keōua Kuahuʻula
406:
382:1790 Footprints
349:
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317:
314:
309:
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229:1790 Footprints
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109:Keōua Kuahuʻula
102:
88:Keōua Kuahuʻula
60:
34:
12:
11:
5:
1654:
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1631:1790 in Hawaii
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1621:Ancient Hawaii
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1475:Virgin Islands
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1450:American Samoa
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1384:South Carolina
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1349:North Carolina
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1186:
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1176:Lists by state
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1169:
1167:Property types
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1096:
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1054:Kilauea Crater
1051:
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1035:
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1027:
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1024:
1023:
1021:Mauna Loa Road
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583:
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545:Ke one helelei
508:' captured at
431:, Keōua ruled
420:and his uncle
405:
402:
376:
375:
374:August 7, 1974
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74:
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62:
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58:Hawaiʻi Island
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49:
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45:
37:
36:
26:
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21:
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13:
10:
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1427:
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1424:West Virginia
1422:
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1407:
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1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
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1355:
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1340:
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1332:
1330:
1329:New Hampshire
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
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1292:
1290:
1289:Massachusetts
1287:
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1277:
1275:
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1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
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1128:
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1045:
1044:Ainahou Ranch
1042:
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1037:
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1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
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734:
731:
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710:
708:
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697:
695:
691:
662:
659:trailhead on
658:
654:
648:
619:
614:
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608:
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581:
579:
577:
571:
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548:
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535:
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528:Thomas Jaggar
525:
520:
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505:Fair American
501:
495:
457:
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450:
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430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:Added to NRHP
369:
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337:
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328:
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296:
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50:
46:
43:
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38:
32:
27:
22:
17:
1389:South Dakota
1379:Rhode Island
1374:Pennsylvania
1354:North Dakota
1079:
1049:Ainapo Trail
1038:
946:
934:
918:
906:
896:December 12,
894:. Retrieved
860:December 12,
858:. Retrieved
850:
844:
843:"lookup of
829:
819:December 12,
817:. Retrieved
809:
803:
802:"lookup of
788:
776:. Retrieved
772:the original
767:
743:
733:
718:
660:
656:
652:
615:
605:In 1941 the
604:
595:
588:Ruy H. Finch
585:
572:
568:
565:New research
542:
536:
521:
514:
504:
499:
453:
441:
426:
422:Keawemauhili
414:Kamehameha I
407:
381:
379:
182:East Hawaiʻi
181:
104:Keawemauhili
100:Kamehameha I
77:Belligerents
68:inconclusive
1510:Other areas
1470:Puerto Rico
1304:Mississippi
1219:Connecticut
929:2009-05-27.
685: /
673:155°17′48″W
657:Kaʻū Desert
642: /
592:Kaʻū Desert
582:Recognition
524:pyroclastic
481: /
468:155°26′59″W
322: /
310:155°21′12″W
298:Coordinates
1600:Categories
1419:Washington
1339:New Mexico
1334:New Jersey
1209:California
778:2 November
698:References
670:19°24′31″N
630:155°22′1″W
555:John Young
510:Kaʻūpūlehu
487: (
404:Background
307:19°20′49″N
172:Kaʻūpūlehu
1429:Wisconsin
1394:Tennessee
1299:Minnesota
1274:Louisiana
1080:See also:
627:19°22′5″N
596:Mauna Iki
465:20°3′45″N
408:The 1782
177:Kepaniwai
162:Mokuʻōhai
1585:Category
1414:Virginia
1364:Oklahoma
1344:New York
1319:Nebraska
1309:Missouri
1294:Michigan
1284:Maryland
1269:Kentucky
1249:Illinois
1224:Delaware
1214:Colorado
1204:Arkansas
927:Archived
841:(2003).
800:(2003).
532:Kawaihae
456:Paʻauhau
365:74000351
283:Location
187:Kawaihae
56:Eastern
52:Location
1531:Related
1434:Wyoming
1409:Vermont
1314:Montana
1254:Indiana
1234:Georgia
1229:Florida
1199:Arizona
1189:Alabama
845:helelei
576:fossils
489:Paauhau
447:at the
394:Hawaiʻi
386:Kīlauea
348: (
197:Nuʻuanu
167:Olowalu
1369:Oregon
1324:Nevada
1264:Kansas
1239:Hawaii
1194:Alaska
1130:Topics
651:) the
292:Hawaii
207:Kauaʻi
192:Kawela
65:Result
1501:Palau
1399:Texas
1279:Maine
1244:Idaho
887:(PDF)
412:gave
343:Built
1455:Guam
1404:Utah
1359:Ohio
1259:Iowa
898:2010
862:2010
821:2010
780:2008
537:The
517:Pele
445:Maui
437:Hilo
433:Kaʻū
429:Kona
380:The
350:1790
346:1790
335:Area
47:1790
44:Date
993:in
804:one
360:No.
1602::
889:.
870:^
849:.
837:;
808:.
796:;
766:.
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