521:, a former diplomat in Malaysia commented that the representatives from Sabah and Sarawak were not on par in politics or economy with representatives from Malaya and Singapore. The former Sabah state secretary Sipaun mentioned that none of the leaders from Borneo had tertiary education and, therefore were not objectively able to think for themselves. Therefore, British colonial officers had to guide the Borneo representatives on important issues during the negotiations with Malaya. The Malaya plan had always been to admit new members to form a strong central government but the North Borneo leaders believed in a "true" federation with a considerable power going back to Borneo. Some of the negative points detriment to the Borneo states in 18-point or 20-point agreements are point 4: "The head of state shall not be eligible for election as the head of the federation" and point 7: "no right of secession". Another example is that although the 18-points or 20-points mentioned nothing about the status of Borneo High Court, the colonial expatriate officers in Borneo decided to include this aspect in the Malaysian Agreement.
925:
mentioned the grants eligible to be received by
Sarawak according to Part IV of the Tenth Schedule, and eligible receipt of taxes, fees, and dues as stated in Part V of the Tenth Schedule. Article 112D stated that special grants for Sarawak may be reviewed from time to time by the federal and the state government according to Clause 4 of the Part IV of the Tenth Schedule. However, Article 111 restricts the ability of Sarawak to borrow unless authorised by state law. Meanwhile, the state law can only allow Sarawak to borrow with the authorisation of the federal government or borrow from banks or other financial institutions with a loan period of not more than five years, after approval from the federal government.
1656:
343:
35:
813:
Malaysian citizenship will be automatically given to those who are born and normally reside in
Sarawak. Those who do not born in Sarawak or any other parts of Malaysia, but had resided for the past seven out of ten years in Sarawak or in other parts of Malaysia, combined with good manners, shall also
804:
Article 161E of the
Malaysian Constitution stated the governors of Northe Borneo and Sarawak should be consulted before the amendments of the following aspects in the constitution: citizenships in the Borneo States, appointment of judges and jurisdictions of High Court in Borneo, jurisdictions of the
742:
Sarawak proposed to use l3th schedule of the
Constitution of Malaya to determine the representation of Sarawak within the Malaysian Parliament. Sarawak also requested adequate ministerial representatives within the federal cabinet. Meanwhile, North Borneo requested that its own representations should
576:
Control over immigration into any part of
Malaysia from outside should rest with the Central Government but entry into Sarawak should also require the approval of the Sarawak Government. The Central Government should not be able to veto the entry of persons into Sarawak for Government purposes except
485:
that anticipated the formation of
Malaysia by 31 August 1963 with a proposed initial framework of state constitutions of North Borneo and Sarawak as shown in annex and appendices. Lord Lansdowne later reported that North Borneo leaders expressed "great shock" at the announcement of this agreement. On
609:
The recommendation in paragraph 148(k) of the Report of the
Cobbold Commission should govern the citizenship rights in Sarawak subject to the following amendments: a) sub-paragraph (i) should not contain the proviso as to five years residence b) in order to tie up with our law, sub-paragraph (ii)(a)
893:
Article 146A stated that the branch of
Judicial and Legal Service Commission in Borneo States should consists of Chief Justice of High Court of Borneo, legal advisors of the Borneo States, chairman of the state public service commission in each of the Borneo States, and another two people appointed
759:
Sarawak requested that federal powers should be delegated to
Sarawak during the transitional period of three to five years. Meanwhile, North Borneo asked for a seven-year transitional period. During this period, the legislative power will be delegated to North Borneo by the constitution, instead of
724:
Both
Sarawak and North Borneo requested that to be eligible for Malaysian citizenship, a person should stay in Malaysia for at least seven out of ten years prior to citizenship application. Meanwhile, North Borneo removed additional two requirements to be a citizen of Malaysia: five years residency
551:
Whilst accepting that the present Constitution of the Federation of Malaya should form the basis of the Constitution of Malaysia, the Constitution of Malaysia should be a completely new document drafted and agreed in the light of a free association of states and should not be a series of amendments
946:
All the British expatriates in Sarawak had signed a four-year contract to serve with the government of Sarawak until August 1967. However, all three expatriates were purged from the Supreme Council and Council Negri of Sarawak by August 1966 with compensation. The remaining 300 expatriate officers
928:
Article 112 restricts the power of the state government to make additions or alter its own establishments in the state without the approval of the federal government especially if the alteration will increase the liability of the federation in paying out pensions, gratuities or allowances. Article
902:
The Malaysian federal constitution guarantees religious freedom. Article 161D stated that a two-thirds majority is required in the Council Negri to pass any law that restricts or controls the propagation of other religions among Muslims. Article 161C stated that federal law should not provide any
650:
No amendment modification or withdrawal of any special safeguard granted to Sarawak should be made by the Central Government without the positive concurrence of the Government of Sarawak. The power of amending the Constitution of the Sarawak should belong exclusively to the people in the Sarawak.
924:
Sarawak has the power to impose sales tax under the State list, as stated in Article 95B. Article 110 stated that Sarawak is eligible to receive taxes, fees, and other sources of revenue collected in the state as listed in Part III of the Tenth Schedule of the federal constitution. Article 112C
825:
Although education is put on the federal list, Sarawak still retains control on this matter. Mastery of the Malay language is not a requirement for applications for opportunities in religious or other types of education. Article 161 states that the federal parliament can only start making laws
506:
According to Michael Leigh, a Sarawak historian, he had found no evidence that such a document had been drafted and presented to "those who were assessing whether or not the population of the Borneo states wished to be part of a larger federation" (Cobbold Commission). J.C.Fong, former Sarawak
777:
The inter-governmental committee (IGC) was set up to work out the ways to insert the details into the Malaysian constitution. The final IGC report was published in February 1963. The IGC report contained the demands by North Borneo and Sarawak as stipulated in 20-point and 18-point agreements
805:
Borneo state legislative assemblies, financial arrangements between the federal government and the Borneo States, the use of religion, languages, and special treatment of the natives in the Borneo States, allocations of the number of MPs in the Borneo States before the end of August 1970.
698:
Sarawak requested that the Head of State should be chosen from any of the indigenous people in Sarawak, where methods will be worked out later. Meanwhile, North Borneo did not mention this process while only stating that the Head of State should be styled as "Yang di-Pertua Negara".
733:
Sarawak only asked for three guarantees, namely a development fund, a formula ensuring adequate revenue to the State, and a gradual increase of taxation until the Malayan taxation levels. Meanwhile, North Borneo asked for control of its own finances, development, and tariff.
707:
Sarawak stated its intention to control of immigration of people from outside Malaysia but did not mention people from other parts of Malaysia, unlike North Borneo which intended to control immigration from other countries and from other states in Malaysia.
444:
often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sarawak's rights within the federation have been eroded over time. Questions remain whether these pre-constitutional or foundational documents can be defined as "law" and legally enforceable under
920:
Sarawak has the sole power to pass laws regarding Muslim Law, Native Law and Customs, land, agriculture and forestry, local government and services, electricity, the state works and water, state machinery, state holidays, turtles, and riverine fishing.
465:, minister in Prime Minister's department argued that such amendment gives legal basis to other pre-constitutional documents such as 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement and IGC report because these documents are found as appendices under MA63 and
534:
While there was no objection to Islam being the national religion of Malaysia, there should be no official religion in Sarawak, and the provisions relating to Islam in the present Constitution of the Federation Of Malaya should not apply to Sarawak
911:
Sarawak continues to name its Executive Council the "Supreme Council" and its Legislative Assembly the "Council Negri". The Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) appoints Sarawak's head of State after consulting with the Chief Minister of Sarawak.
461:, Article 160 (2) of the federal constitution was amended with the new definition of the term "federation" where the Malaysian federation is formed in accordance to the 1963 Malaysian agreement in addition to 1957 Malaya agreement.
1047:
1330:
As for the second question. I have not been able to locate any document called 'Sarawak's 18-points' as such. Still searching for it. However, in the Report Of The Inter-Governmental Committee, 1962, there were subjects of great
494:
of minimum demands. Sarawak political leaders later supported the demands by Fuad Stephens and drew up a similar 18-point memorandum. The 18 points were based on the Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah in
610:
should read "7 out of 10 years" instead of "8 out of 10 years" c) sub-paragraph (iii) should not contain any restriction tied to the citizenship of parents – a person born in Sarawak after Malaysia must be federal citizen.
503:(MSCC). The legislative council of North Borneo and Council Negri of Sarawak in principle agreed to the formation of Malaysia on 12 and 26 September 1962 respectively as long as their special interests were safeguarded.
1022:
937:
The federal government and government of Sarawak jointly manage social welfare, scholarships, national parks, animal husbandry, town and country planning, public health and sanitation, and drainage and irrigation.
797:. It incorporates some recommendations by the Inter-governmental Committee (IGC) report, but excludes the clause on rights of cession and the nine cardinal principles of good governance by the Brooke government in
768:
Sarawak requested Sarawak National Education Policy should be safeguarded. Meanwhile, North Borneo requested to put the educational matters under state control, and to maintain its own existing educational system.
675:
The provisions in the Constitution of the Malaysia in respect of the powers of the National Land Council should not apply in Sarawak. Likewise, the National Council for Local Government should not apply in Sarawak
1080:
725:
requirement for citizens of British and its colonies and a person can only become a citizen by operation of law after the formation of Malaysia when one of their parents was a citizen or a permanent resident.
929:
95D excluded Sarawak from laws regarding local government and lands passed in the federal parliament. Article 95E excluded Sarawak from national plans for land utilisation, local government, and development.
689:
Sarawak requested that English be the official language of Sarawak, but did not request that the Malay language should also be included as one of the official languages, unlike its North Borneo counterparts.
817:
Article 153 stated that the King (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) would protect the special position of the Malays and other native communities in Sabah and Sarawak with additional provisions in Article 161A
634:
This should be ten years and during such period legislative power must be left with the Sarawak by the Constitution and not be merely delegated to the Sarawak Government by the Central Government.
1432:
1107:
778:
respectively. The Council Negri of Sarawak endorsed the IGC report on 8 March 1963. Meanwhile, the legislative council of North Borneo endorsed the report on 13 March. On 9 July 1963, the
577:
on strictly security grounds. Sarawak should have unfettered control over the movements of persons other than those in Central Government employ from other parts of Malaysia into Sarawak.
1054:
1629:
318:
2492:
659:
This should take account not only of the population of Sarawak but also of its size and potentialities and in any case should not be less than that of North Borneo and Singapore.
406:
in 1963. Unlike the Sabah's 20-point memorandum whose authors are known and well documented, no such details have been produced for the so-called Sarawak 18-points memorandum.
418:
441:
1556:
1084:
2156:
618:
Sarawak should retain control of its own finance, development and tariff, and should have the right to work up its own taxation and to raise loans on its own credit.
601:
Every effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the public service until their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from Sarawak.
371:
1642:
458:
327:
273:
1807:
1313:
1024:
Minorities Matter: Malaysian Politics and People Volume III - The 1963 Malaysia Agreement (MA63): Sabah and Sarawak and the Politics of Historical Grievances
500:
1259:
446:
2305:
457:, however, stated that such pre-constitutional documents had been used in other parts of the world to interpret the constitution and domestic laws. In
2053:
2181:
1467:
890:
Sarawak will have a legal department with a state attorney-general and a State Officer appointed after the consultation with the federal government.
552:
to a Constitution drafted and agreed by different states in totally different circumstances. A new Constitution for Sarawak was of course essential.
2426:
2265:
1607:
282:
1286:
2645:
1444:
1171:
1111:
89:
1655:
1549:
903:
financial assistance for establishing Muslim institutions or religious education in the state without approval from the government of Sarawak.
787:
2416:
2208:
2116:
1590:
2141:
1612:
165:
2844:
2176:
2166:
846:
Although immigration is put under the federal list, the federal government should not allow a person into Sarawak without the approval of
751:
Sarawak asked for a Chief Minister and a membership system. Meanwhile, North Borneo asked for a Prime Minister and a ministerial system.
364:
137:
1585:
642:
The existing healthcare and educational system of Sarawak should be maintained and for this reason it should be under Sarawak control.
2578:
2497:
2290:
1893:
1509:
410:
2673:
2270:
1542:
1230:
998:
1595:
511:" as the sacred and conclusive document binding all parties to the formation of Malaysia. Sidi Munan, who was a political aide for
2243:
1864:
1743:
626:
a) The Premier should be elected by official members of Council Negri b) There should be a proper Ministerial system in Sarawak.
210:
2487:
2310:
2146:
2010:
1871:
98:
2849:
2507:
1941:
1765:
1689:
1147:
1137:
357:
300:
1518:
2600:
2595:
2361:
2315:
2285:
2213:
2112:
2082:
2046:
1770:
1637:
1142:. London: The Stationery Office (TSO) for Institute of the Commonwealth Studies - University of London. pp. 377–386.
117:
2834:
2541:
2203:
1982:
1916:
1797:
1738:
990:
798:
496:
490:
and his political leaders from North Borneo drew up a 14 points memorandum in a meeting. These were later expanded into
430:
237:
2839:
2718:
2635:
2527:
2396:
2275:
2171:
947:
would not have their contracts renewed by 1967 and all of them would be replaced by local personnel by October 1967.
1357:
1317:
2421:
2346:
2300:
2258:
2233:
1903:
1812:
1468:"Turbulent times in Sarawak: the end of expatriate influence and the struggle for power over and within the state"
2469:
2457:
2280:
2248:
543:
a. Malay should be the national language of the federation b. English should be the official language of Sarawak
291:
264:
1263:
2799:
2749:
2625:
2568:
2522:
2474:
2462:
2376:
2351:
2238:
2039:
1876:
1785:
1780:
1684:
1622:
794:
219:
192:
826:
restricting the usage of the English language in the Borneo States ten years after the formation of Malaysia.
413:, and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee, were appointed to aid in the drafting of the
2854:
2610:
2452:
2228:
1908:
1859:
1711:
395:
246:
156:
425:, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, served for Malaya. A similar memorandum, known as the
255:
2759:
2588:
2563:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2381:
2366:
1962:
1936:
1898:
1775:
1733:
1726:
1222:
2640:
2605:
2573:
2517:
2386:
2356:
2218:
2191:
2151:
1290:
847:
1175:
1526:
2693:
2688:
2630:
2553:
2329:
2253:
2126:
2087:
1832:
1704:
454:
309:
107:
2792:
2785:
2660:
2620:
2512:
2440:
2341:
2295:
2074:
2066:
1974:
1954:
1760:
1565:
1433:"Constitutional change in Sarawak 1963-1988: 25 years as a state within the federation of Malaysia"
986:
743:
not be less than Singapore's, while taking into account the size and potentiality of North Borneo.
403:
716:
Sarawak explicitly stated that Sarawakians should be appointed to federal posts based in Sarawak.
2678:
2615:
2583:
2136:
2092:
1995:
1990:
1881:
1822:
1753:
1748:
1617:
956:
835:
779:
508:
491:
482:
450:
437:
426:
414:
80:
60:
26:
793:
Malaysia was formed on 16 September 1963. Malayan Constitution was amended and later become the
515:
from 1966 to 1969, mentioned that the original 18-point agreement document has not been found.
2808:
2723:
2708:
2703:
2683:
2650:
2558:
2479:
2131:
1679:
1505:
1497:
1226:
1143:
994:
961:
783:
466:
201:
870:
Sarawak was allocated 24 out of 159 members of parliament into the House of Representatives.
2754:
2371:
1967:
1792:
1716:
1674:
1664:
478:
228:
2813:
2713:
2698:
2391:
2161:
1600:
462:
422:
347:
1365:(PhD). Political Science Department at the Victoria University of Wellington. p. 61
1201:. Macmillan & Company, (Original from the University of Michigan Press. p. 240.
2502:
2107:
2102:
1852:
1837:
1502:
A collection of treaties and other documents affecting the states of Malaysia 1761-1963
518:
2828:
2739:
2668:
2223:
2121:
2097:
1847:
1721:
1569:
512:
487:
174:
146:
127:
51:
2765:
1946:
1694:
879:
859:
507:
attorney-general, referred to the 18 points and 20 points as "manifesto" and the "
1216:
560:
The Governor of Sarawak should not be eligible for election as King of Malaysia
34:
1802:
183:
1081:"Dewan Rakyat finally passes key constitutional amendments to recognise MA63"
593:
Borneanisation of the public service should proceed as quickly as possible.
1534:
2744:
2062:
499:. Both North Borneo and Sarawak leaders pushed their demands through the
399:
477:
On 31 July 1962, an agreement was signed between British prime minister
1699:
1926:
1842:
2031:
2002:
1108:"MA63 now has legal basis after amendment to Federal Constitution"
2035:
1538:
1048:"CONSTITUTIONAL SAFEGUARDS FOR SABAH & SARAWAK'S AUTONOMY"
1218:
Chronicle of Malaysia 1963-2013: Fifty Years of Headline News
834:
The Malaysian federal parliament has unlimited powers when
1139:
British documents on the end of empire - Series B Volume 8
680:
Differences from the North Borneo's 20-point agreement
2732:
2659:
2540:
2439:
2328:
2190:
2073:
1925:
1821:
1663:
1576:
585:There should be no right to secede from Malaysia
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1131:
1129:
394:, was a purported list of 18 points drawn up by
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
894:by the federal government for this Commission.
862:is required to amend the federal constitution.
671:Point 18: Land, Forests, Local Government, etc.
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1210:
1208:
773:Inclusion into the 1963 Malaysian Constitution
459:2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia
2047:
1808:Sabah State Water Department corruption probe
1550:
1027:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 74–90
878:Sarawak is represented by two members in the
365:
8:
501:Malaysian Solidarity Consolidation Committee
1253:
1251:
1249:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
447:Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia
2546:
2445:
2334:
2196:
2054:
2040:
2032:
1557:
1543:
1535:
1314:"Have you heard of the Kapit Resolutions?"
372:
358:
18:
1771:Cross border attacks from the Philippines
1046:Faruqi, Shad Saleem (16 September 2021).
738:Representations in the Federal Parliament
973:
782:was signed in London. On 22 July 1963,
442:Inter-government committee (IGC) report
41:
21:
1079:Zahid, Syed Jamal (14 December 2021).
1053:. University of Malaya. Archived from
983:Malaysia; Selected Historical Readings
655:Point 16: Representation in Parliament
1289:. New Sarawak Tribune. Archived from
1262:. Daily Express Sabah. Archived from
7:
2493:States and municipalities by exports
2182:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
1260:"Query on PDA with emergency lifted"
814:be granted citizenship of Malaysia.
319:2019 failed constitutional amendment
1643:2021 federal constitution amendment
1630:2019 federal constitution amendment
1519:An Agreement Forged and Forgotten,
1110:. New Straits Times. Archived from
646:Point 15: Constitutional safeguards
409:A Commission of Enquiry, headed by
402:, during negotiations prior to the
1894:1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis
1638:2020 Malaysia coronavirus pandemic
1527:The 18 Point Agreement Revisited,
1287:"Activism: The Life of Sidi Munan"
679:
568:"Sarawak, Federation Of Malaysia"
274:UN Security Council Resolution 213
14:
1917:2020 Sarawak coronavirus pandemic
1500:(1980). Wright., Leigh R. (ed.).
1316:. The Borneo Post. Archived from
1312:Munan, Sidi (14 September 2014).
1174:. The Borneo Post. Archived from
663:Point 17: Name of Head of Sarawak
481:and the prime minister of Malaya
2142:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
1865:Anti-cession movement of Sarawak
1654:
1613:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
1285:Tawie, Priscilla (2 July 2023).
1170:How Pim, Lim (25 October 2015).
1083:. The Malay Mail. Archived from
429:, was prepared and submitted by
341:
33:
1872:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
1813:2020 Sabah coronavirus pandemic
1744:Self-government of North Borneo
1608:British Military Administration
1359:The Kadazans and Sabah Politics
1258:Lim, David CC (24 March 2024).
16:Proposed terms to form Malaysia
1942:North Borneo Chartered Company
1690:North Borneo Chartered Company
1586:Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)
638:Point 14: Education and Health
404:creation of the new federation
1:
2113:Japanese occupation of Malaya
1356:Luping, Herman James (1985).
1106:Mu, Paul (15 December 2021).
981:Bastin, John Sturgus (1979).
630:Point 13: Transitional Period
614:Point 11: Tariffs and Finance
328:2021 constitutional amendment
118:Cross border attacks in Sabah
2427:State legislative assemblies
2147:Sarawak communist insurgency
2024:Covers the three territories
1983:Crown Colony of North Borneo
1798:1991 Sabah political arrests
1739:Crown Colony of North Borneo
1596:Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)
1172:"Revisit 18-Point Agreement"
991:University of Michigan Press
799:1941 constitution of Sarawak
622:Point 12: Head of Government
497:1941 constitution of Sarawak
238:1964 race riots in Singapore
211:North Borneo Self-governance
138:Piracy in Sulu & Celebes
99:Sarawak communist insurgency
2845:Political history of Malaya
2646:Water supply and sanitation
2172:1997 Asian financial crisis
858:Two-thirds majority in the
760:by the federal government.
581:Point 7: Right of Secession
564:Point 5: Name of Federation
2871:
2209:Cities, towns and villages
2167:1988 constitutional crisis
1904:1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak
1877:Self-government of Sarawak
1466:Porritt, Vernon L (2004).
1431:Porritt, Vernon L (2007).
572:Point 6: Immigration Power
453:, professor of law at the
398:, proposing terms to form
2779:
2549:
2448:
2337:
2199:
2022:
1652:
1646:(passed) ★ second tabling
1633:(on hold) ★ first tabling
1443:: 159–171. Archived from
597:Point 9: British Officers
292:South Thailand insurgency
265:Proclamation of Singapore
2699:Malay ethnic nationalism
2157:Second Malayan Emergency
1786:2013 Lahad Datu standoff
1781:2000 Sipadan kidnappings
1623:Proclamation of Malaysia
1472:Borneo Research Bulletin
1437:Borneo Research Bulletin
1215:Mathews, Philip (2014).
866:House of Representatives
860:House of Representatives
795:Constitution of Malaysia
788:British House of Commons
667:The Governor of Sarawak
436:The 18-point agreement,
220:Proclamation of Malaysia
1909:Sarawak rabies outbreak
1860:Crown Colony of Sarawak
589:Point 8: Borneanisation
556:Point 4: Head of Nation
421:served for Britain and
247:MacDonald House bombing
193:Sarawak Self-governance
157:North Borneo Federation
2498:Science and technology
1963:Battle of North Borneo
1937:Crown Colony of Labuan
1899:1987 Ming Court Affair
1776:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
1734:Battle of North Borneo
1727:Sandakan Death Marches
1223:Editions Didier Millet
1199:Sarawak - 1839 to 1963
1197:Rawlins, Joan (1965).
1136:Stockwell, AJ (2004).
486:13 to 14 August 1962,
90:Singaporean referendum
2850:Formation of Malaysia
2152:Singapore in Malaysia
1498:Stockwell, Anthony J.
848:government of Sarawak
605:Point 10: Citizenship
547:Point 3: Constitution
27:Formation of Malaysia
2528:World Bank Relations
2266:World Heritage Sites
2244:environmental issues
2127:Federation of Malaya
1833:Sultanate of Sarawak
1021:Chin, James (2019).
907:Sarawak Constitution
854:Federal constitution
455:University of Malaya
411:Lord Cameron Cobbold
310:Pedra Branca dispute
108:North Borneo dispute
2835:Politics of Sarawak
2296:Peninsular Malaysia
1975:Colony of Singapore
1955:Straits Settlements
1761:Keningau Oath Stone
1591:Japanese occupation
755:Transitional period
392:18-point memorandum
348:Malaysia portal
283:Singapore Agreement
155: •
136: •
126: •
116: •
79: •
69: •
2840:History of Sarawak
2616:Malaysian diaspora
2508:Telecommunications
2137:Malaysia Agreement
2093:Portuguese Malacca
1996:20-point agreement
1991:Cobbold Commission
1887:18-point agreement
1882:Cobbold Commission
1754:20-point agreement
1749:Cobbold Commission
1618:Malaysia Agreement
1114:on 2 December 2022
957:20-point agreement
836:state of emergency
786:was passed in the
780:Malaysia Agreement
509:Malaysia Agreement
483:Tunku Abdul Rahman
451:Shad Saleem Faruqi
438:Malaysia Agreement
427:20-point agreement
415:Malaysia Agreement
387:18-point agreement
301:Double Six Tragedy
256:PAP–UMNO relations
81:20-point agreement
71:18-point agreement
61:Cobbold Commission
2822:
2821:
2775:
2774:
2601:Income inequality
2596:Human trafficking
2536:
2535:
2435:
2434:
2417:Political parties
2362:Foreign relations
2324:
2323:
2132:Malayan Emergency
2029:
2028:
2011:Federal territory
1680:Sultanate of Sulu
1496:Allen, J. de V.;
962:Malaysia Act 1963
784:Malaysia Act 1963
539:Point 2: Language
530:Point 1: Religion
467:Malaysia Act 1963
382:
381:
335:
334:
202:Malaysia Act 1963
24:
2862:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2547:
2483:
2446:
2335:
2197:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
2015:
2007:
1987:
1979:
1968:Battle of Labuan
1959:
1951:
1913:
1793:1986 Sabah riots
1766:Double Six Crash
1717:Jesselton revolt
1675:Brunei Civil War
1658:
1647:
1634:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1515:
1504:. Oceana Pubns.
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1428:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1266:on 21 April 2024
1255:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1087:on 15 April 2022
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1018:
1005:
1004:
978:
886:Legal Department
830:Emergency powers
747:State Government
479:Harold Macmillan
374:
367:
360:
346:
345:
344:
229:Operation Claret
48:
47:
37:
22:
19:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2771:
2728:
2719:Public holidays
2655:
2636:Sex trafficking
2532:
2481:
2431:
2397:Law enforcement
2320:
2186:
2162:13 May incident
2069:
2060:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2005:
1985:
1977:
1957:
1949:
1928:
1921:
1911:
1824:
1817:
1712:Madrid Protocol
1685:Austrian colony
1666:
1659:
1650:
1645:
1632:
1601:Borneo campaign
1578:
1572:
1563:
1512:
1495:
1492:
1490:Further reading
1487:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1447:on 6 April 2023
1430:
1429:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1337:
1323:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1001:
980:
979:
975:
970:
953:
944:
935:
933:Concurrent list
918:
909:
900:
888:
876:
868:
856:
844:
838:is proclaimed.
832:
823:
811:
775:
766:
757:
749:
740:
731:
722:
714:
705:
696:
687:
682:
673:
665:
657:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
607:
599:
591:
583:
574:
566:
558:
549:
541:
532:
527:
475:
463:Maximus Ongkili
423:Tun Abdul Razak
378:
342:
340:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2855:1963 documents
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Stock exchange
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2475:Federal budget
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:Prime Minister
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2347:Shadow Cabinet
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:National parks
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:climate change
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2108:British Borneo
2105:
2103:British Malaya
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:(2017–present)
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:Syarif Masahor
1850:
1845:
1838:Raj of Sarawak
1835:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1511:978-0379007817
1510:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1458:
1376:
1335:
1320:on 7 June 2021
1304:
1293:on 5 July 2023
1277:
1245:
1231:
1225:. p. 26.
1204:
1189:
1178:on 8 June 2021
1162:
1148:
1125:
1098:
1071:
1038:
1006:
999:
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
952:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
887:
884:
880:Federal Senate
875:
874:Federal Senate
872:
867:
864:
855:
852:
843:
840:
831:
828:
822:
819:
810:
807:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
713:
712:Borneonisation
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
686:
683:
681:
678:
672:
669:
664:
661:
656:
653:
647:
644:
639:
636:
631:
628:
623:
620:
615:
612:
606:
603:
598:
595:
590:
587:
582:
579:
573:
570:
565:
562:
557:
554:
548:
545:
540:
537:
531:
528:
526:
523:
519:Ghazali Shafie
474:
471:
419:Lord Lansdowne
380:
379:
377:
376:
369:
362:
354:
351:
350:
337:
336:
333:
332:
330:
324:
323:
321:
315:
314:
312:
306:
305:
303:
297:
296:
294:
288:
287:
285:
279:
278:
276:
270:
269:
267:
261:
260:
258:
252:
251:
249:
243:
242:
240:
234:
233:
231:
225:
224:
222:
216:
215:
213:
207:
206:
204:
198:
197:
195:
189:
188:
186:
180:
179:
177:
171:
170:
168:
162:
161:
159:
152:
151:
149:
143:
142:
140:
133:
132:
130:
123:
122:
120:
113:
112:
110:
104:
103:
101:
95:
94:
92:
86:
85:
83:
76:
75:
73:
66:
65:
63:
57:
56:
54:
44:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Ethnic groups
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:States by GDP
2486:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Hill stations
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:deforestation
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:East Malaysia
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Malayan Union
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Dutch Malacca
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:Liu Shan Bang
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:Sandakan camp
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1570:East Malaysia
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1232:9789671061749
1228:
1224:
1221:. Singapore:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1060:on 3 May 2023
1056:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:9783262012165
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
974:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
948:
942:Other aspects
941:
939:
932:
930:
926:
922:
915:
913:
906:
904:
897:
895:
891:
885:
883:
881:
873:
871:
865:
863:
861:
853:
851:
849:
841:
839:
837:
829:
827:
820:
818:
815:
808:
806:
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
772:
770:
763:
761:
754:
752:
746:
744:
737:
735:
728:
726:
719:
717:
711:
709:
702:
700:
694:Head of State
693:
691:
684:
677:
670:
668:
662:
660:
654:
652:
645:
643:
637:
635:
629:
627:
621:
619:
613:
611:
604:
602:
596:
594:
588:
586:
580:
578:
571:
569:
563:
561:
555:
553:
546:
544:
538:
536:
529:
525:The 18 points
524:
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2800:Bibliography
2766:Rukun Negara
2764:
2674:Architecture
2626:Prostitution
2569:Demographics
2463:Central bank
2377:Human rights
2352:Constitution
2239:conservation
2177:1MDB scandal
1947:North Borneo
1886:
1695:North Borneo
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1475:. Retrieved
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1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
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1055:the original
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431:North Borneo
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2453:Agriculture
2311:Earthquakes
2229:Environment
2088:Prehistoric
1950:(1890–1904)
1529:Borneo Post
1521:Borneo Post
1477:26 February
1331:importance.
842:Immigration
809:Citizenship
720:Citizenship
703:Immigration
166:Konfrontasi
23:Part of the
2829:Categories
2694:Literature
2589:Healthcare
2564:Corruption
2482:(currency)
2412:Parliament
2407:Monarchies
2382:Censorship
2367:Government
1927:History of
1823:History of
1803:Project IC
1705:Mat Salleh
1665:History of
1369:28 October
1149:0112905811
968:References
916:State list
473:Background
184:Maphilindo
2641:Squatting
2606:Languages
2574:Education
2518:Transport
2387:Judiciary
2357:Elections
2316:Volcanoes
2286:Mountains
2219:Divisions
2214:Districts
2192:Geography
2006:(1963–84)
1986:(1946–63)
1958:(1907–46)
987:Ann Arbor
821:Education
764:Education
492:20 points
390:, or the
2809:Category
2689:Folklore
2631:Religion
2554:Abortion
2480:Ringgit
2402:Military
2330:Politics
2254:wildlife
2083:Timeline
2067:articles
2063:Malaysia
1451:19 April
1270:21 April
951:See also
898:Religion
685:Language
400:Malaysia
2786:Outline
2733:Symbols
2684:Cuisine
2661:Culture
2621:Poverty
2542:Society
2513:Tourism
2441:Economy
2342:Cabinet
2276:Islands
2204:Borders
2075:History
2014:(1984–)
1825:Sarawak
1700:Antanum
1579:history
1566:History
1324:13 July
1297:14 July
729:Finance
396:Sarawak
2814:Portal
2760:Flower
2750:Emblem
2745:Anthem
2740:Animal
2679:Cinema
2584:Health
2523:Unions
2470:Energy
2306:States
2301:Rivers
2259:plants
2117:Borneo
2065:
1978:(1946)
1929:Labuan
1843:Rentap
1577:Common
1508:
1229:
1146:
997:
42:Events
2793:Index
2724:Sport
2714:Names
2709:Music
2704:Media
2651:Women
2559:Crime
2458:Banks
2281:Lakes
2003:Sabah
1667:Sabah
1363:(PDF)
1238:7 May
1182:7 May
1155:7 May
1118:3 May
1091:3 May
1064:3 May
1058:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
1031:3 May
2755:Flag
2611:LGBT
2372:King
1506:ISBN
1479:2023
1453:2023
1371:2012
1326:2023
1299:2023
1272:2024
1240:2023
1227:ISBN
1184:2023
1157:2023
1144:ISBN
1120:2023
1093:2023
1066:2023
1033:2023
995:ISBN
384:The
2669:Art
2392:Law
1568:of
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