30:
380:, the entire city was near totally destroyed. Of the 800 buildings, only 50 to 60 were still safe for occupancy, with 600 completely collapsed and the other 200 partially destroyed. Hotels, a theater, artillery barracks, hospital, and official buildings were among the infrastructures destroyed. The earthquake also damaged the aqueduct which supplies the city with water. Heaps of rubble up to three meters high was left in the quake's aftermath. The devastation was great due to the city being built on marshlands rather than on a stable rocky base.
37:
271:
although there has been no recent megathrust quakes on the fault other than the 1839 and 1843 events. Moderately large earthquakes have occurred near the megathrust in recent years but none on the megathrust. Since 1973, there have only been just a little over 30 thrust earthquakes on the subduction
387:
was heavily affected where all but two or three houses were left standing. In other parts of the island, churches and stone construction collapsed. About 300 to 4,000 people died from the earthquake; the death toll varied because officials had not counted the number of slaves killed to avoid
272:
zone with magnitudes around the 5.0 range. A plausible explanation for this is the slow rate of convergence resulting in the megathrust becoming seismically devoid of activity for hundreds to thousands of years before rupturing in great quakes. A similar effect was seen prior to the
375:
The morning of
January 11 in Martinique was disrupted by three instances of violent shaking which varied in duration from 30 seconds to two minutes. The earthquake was felt throughout the Lesser Antilles but the most serious damage was on the island of Martinique. At
505:
821:
331:
It is believed that the megathrust ruptured for 140 km and had an average slip of 8 meters. Estimates for the earthquake's magnitude varies between 7.5 and 8.0 on the M
1089:
29:
435:
National
Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
308:, intensity IX persisted, but weakened to VIII at the southern and northern part of the islands respectively. Level VIII to VI was felt in Guadeloupe and on
904:
814:
773:
1114:
1104:
1099:
273:
229:
240:
almost completely destroyed. Estimation on the number of human losses varies from 390 to 4,000 making this one of the deadliest earthquakes in the
99:
284:. At the present moment, the Lesser Antilles subduction zone has been determined to be locked and has the potential to generate an earthquake of M
1109:
862:
1084:
807:
830:
404:
1040:
1094:
992:
951:
587:
Marc-André Gutscher; Graham K. Westbrook; Boris
Marcaillou; David Graindorge; Audrey Gailler; Thibaud Pichot; René C. Maury (2013).
225:
167:
1028:
309:
1119:
969:
963:
253:
1079:
868:
856:
892:
628:"Tectonic context of moderate to large historical earthquakes in the Lesser Antilles and mechanical coupling with volcanoes"
221:
939:
741:"Sediment Gravity Flow Deposits Across the DĂ©sirade Basin (Lesser Antilles Arc), as Possible Markers of Major Earthquakes"
277:
1022:
1010:
998:
927:
739:
Chloé Seiber; Nathalie
Feuillet; Christian Beck; Gueorgui Ratzov; Antonio Cattaneo; Eva Moreno; Pierre Morena (2017).
61:
548:"Quantifying potential earthquake and tsunami hazard in the Lesser Antilles subduction zone of the Caribbean region"
1004:
898:
1046:
945:
910:
359:
on shallow faults within the island arc which promoted two significant earthquakes in 1897. They also raised the
933:
430:
384:
281:
233:
316:
was hit with VII shaking. Weaker intensities of V and lesser was felt in the northern Lesser
Antilles and in
267:
at ~2 cm/yr along the subduction interface. Interaction between these two lithospheres can sometimes produce
1074:
975:
957:
880:
874:
850:
844:
781:
356:
377:
268:
1052:
1034:
1016:
627:
409:
465:"Structure of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone backstop and its role in a large accretionary system"
340:
343:
subducts. This area is known for its high seismicity, and small earthquakes are recorded regularly. A
752:
696:
639:
559:
517:
476:
257:
665:
364:
740:
704:
655:
647:
603:
567:
525:
484:
438:
685:"Seismicity and seismic gap in the Lesser Antilles arc and earthquake hazard in Guadeloupe"
264:
217:
142:
756:
700:
643:
588:
563:
521:
480:
339: scales. A probable epicenter location is east of Martinique, west of where the
709:
684:
237:
383:
Other cities saw serious destruction but not as severe like in Fort Royal. An area in
1068:
360:
344:
669:
607:
547:
301:
799:
328:. A moment magnitude of 8.0 is more consistent with the intensities reported.
297:
260:
778:
Collectivité territoriale de
Martinique (Territorial community of Martinique)
114:
101:
317:
241:
529:
212:
occurred on the morning of
January 11 with an estimated magnitude of 7.8 M
651:
572:
489:
464:
355: 8.5 Guadeloupe earthquake. Both earthquakes likely increased the
348:
325:
313:
305:
392:
224:. The maximum intensity of this earthquake was assigned IX on both the
660:
442:
321:
153:
589:"How wide is the seismogenic zone of the Lesser Antilles forearc?"
300:, intensity IX was felt throughout the island. On the island of
803:
626:
Nathalie
Feuillet; François Beauducel; Paul Tapponnier (2011).
463:
Nathan L. Bangs; Gail L. Christeson; Thomas H. Shipley (2003).
546:
Hayes, G. P.; McNamara, D. E.; Seidman, L.; Roger, J. (2014).
506:"An earthquake catalogue for the Eastern Caribbean 1530-1960"
351:
in 1841; a similar observation made in 1843 after the M
985:
920:
837:
726:
Macrosismicité de la
Guadeloupe et de la Martinique
196:
188:
180:
159:
148:
138:
130:
93:
85:
67:
56:
48:
36:
751:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2017.
510:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
391:Like the earthquake which occurred in 1843, no
815:
8:
469:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
347:was reported in the Valley of Desolation on
19:
596:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
822:
808:
800:
18:
774:"Remember… January 11, 1839! (in French)"
728:. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.
708:
659:
571:
488:
429:National Geophysical Data Center (1972).
1090:Megathrust earthquakes in North America
421:
388:compensation requests by their owners.
768:
766:
7:
621:
619:
617:
541:
539:
431:"Significant Earthquake Information"
405:List of earthquakes in the Caribbean
710:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb06947.x
14:
689:Geophysical Journal International
552:Geophysical Journal International
16:Earthquake in the Lesser Antilles
1115:Natural disasters in Saint Lucia
310:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
35:
28:
1105:Natural disasters in Martinique
1100:1839 disasters in North America
632:Journal of Geophysical Research
274:2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
254:Lesser Antilles subduction zone
160:
1:
1110:Natural disasters in Dominica
256:marks the boundary where the
1085:Earthquakes in the Caribbean
831:Earthquakes in the Caribbean
608:10.2113/gssgfbull.184.1-2.47
363:on several volcanoes except
216: , the largest in the
863:1766 Southeastern Caribbean
232:, which left the cities of
1136:
1095:19th century in Martinique
210:1839 Martinique earthquake
20:1839 Martinique earthquake
24:
282:Cascadia subduction zone
993:2003 Dominican Republic
952:1946 Dominican Republic
1120:1839 natural disasters
724:Feuillard, M. (1985).
530:10.1785/BSSA0540020785
269:megathrust earthquakes
1080:Earthquakes in France
504:G. R. Robson (1964).
410:History of Martinique
288: 8.95 to 9.58.
263:or dives beneath the
970:1984 San Pedro Basin
964:1974 Lesser Antilles
652:10.1029/2011JB008443
490:10.1029/2002JB002040
258:North American Plate
230:MSK intensity scales
1041:2019–20 Puerto Rico
905:1867 Virgin Islands
869:1770 Port-au-Prince
857:1751 Port-au-Prince
757:2017AGUFM.T31D0657S
701:1981GeoJ...67..679D
644:2011JGRB..11610308F
564:2014GeoJI.196..510H
522:1964BuSSA..54..785R
481:2003JGRB..108.2358B
111: /
21:
672:– via Wiley.
573:10.1093/gji/ggt385
361:extensional strain
1062:
1061:
1023:2018 Swan Islands
1011:2009 Swan Islands
683:J. Dorel (1981).
576:– via USGS.
341:Saint Lucia Ridge
276:, and in Japan's
206:
205:
1127:
999:2004 Les Saintes
893:1842 Cap-HaĂŻtien
824:
817:
810:
801:
794:
793:
791:
789:
780:. Archived from
770:
761:
760:
736:
730:
729:
721:
715:
714:
712:
680:
674:
673:
663:
623:
612:
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593:
584:
578:
577:
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543:
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533:
501:
495:
494:
492:
460:
454:
453:
451:
449:
443:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
426:
248:Tectonic setting
176:
174:
162:
152:> 15 million
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
39:
38:
32:
22:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1005:2007 Martinique
981:
940:1918 San FermĂn
916:
899:1843 Guadeloupe
887:1839 Martinique
833:
828:
798:
797:
787:
785:
784:on 16 July 2022
772:
771:
764:
738:
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733:
723:
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682:
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638:(B10): B10308.
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537:
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502:
498:
462:
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427:
423:
418:
401:
395:was generated.
373:
365:Soufrière Hills
354:
338:
334:
294:
287:
265:Caribbean Plate
250:
218:Lesser Antilles
215:
201:
168:
166:
143:Lesser Antilles
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
102:
100:
98:
97:
80:
76:
74:
57:Local time
52:11 January 1839
49:Local date
44:
43:
42:
41:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1131:
1123:
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1117:
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1092:
1087:
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1077:
1075:1839 in France
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
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1047:2020 Caribbean
1044:
1038:
1032:
1029:2018 Venezuela
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
973:
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961:
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928:1900 Venezuela
924:
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819:
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745:Tectonophysics
731:
716:
695:(3): 679–695.
675:
613:
602:(1–2): 47–59.
579:
558:(1): 510–521.
535:
516:(2): 785–832.
496:
455:
420:
419:
417:
414:
413:
412:
407:
400:
397:
372:
369:
357:coulomb stress
352:
336:
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293:
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249:
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213:
204:
203:
202:28,975 injured
200:390–4,000 dead
198:
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193:
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182:
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164:
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139:Areas affected
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965:
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950:
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938:
935:
934:1907 Kingston
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345:seismic swarm
342:
335: and M
329:
327:
323:
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315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
283:
279:
278:Nankai Trough
275:
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115:14.5°N 60.5°W
96:
92:
88:
84:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
31:
23:
986:21st century
976:1997 Cariaco
958:1967 Caracas
921:20th century
886:
881:1812 Caracas
875:1787 Boricua
851:1692 Jamaica
845:1641 Caracas
786:. Retrieved
782:the original
777:
748:
744:
734:
725:
719:
692:
688:
678:
635:
631:
599:
595:
582:
555:
551:
513:
509:
499:
475:(B7): 2358.
472:
468:
458:
446:. Retrieved
434:
424:
390:
385:Saint-Pierre
382:
374:
330:
295:
251:
234:Saint-Pierre
209:
207:
170:
149:Total damage
946:1929 Cumaná
911:1875 CĂşcuta
788:28 December
448:28 December
302:Saint Lucia
120:14.5; -60.5
118: /
1069:Categories
1053:2021 Haiti
1035:2018 Haiti
1017:2010 Haiti
838:Historical
661:10220/8653
416:References
378:Fort Royal
298:Martinique
292:Earthquake
238:Fort Royal
197:Casualties
189:Landslides
134:Megathrust
865:(6.5–7.5)
318:Venezuela
242:Caribbean
163:intensity
94:Epicenter
77:7.5–8.0 M
71:7.7–7.8 M
68:Magnitude
60:06:00 am
670:51826757
399:See also
349:Dominica
326:Suriname
314:Barbados
306:Dominica
280:and the
261:subducts
226:Mercalli
169:MMI IX (
753:Bibcode
697:Bibcode
640:Bibcode
560:Bibcode
518:Bibcode
477:Bibcode
393:tsunami
181:Tsunami
171:Violent
106:60°30′W
103:14°30′N
81:
75:
668:
371:Impact
322:Guyana
220:since
154:Francs
1055:(7.2)
1049:(7.7)
1043:(6.4)
1037:(5.9)
1031:(7.3)
1025:(7.5)
1019:(7.0)
1013:(7.3)
1007:(7.4)
1001:(6.3)
995:(6.4)
978:(6.9)
972:(6.7)
966:(6.9)
960:(6.7)
954:(8.1)
948:(6.9)
942:(7.1)
936:(6.5)
930:(7.7)
913:(7.5)
907:(7.5)
901:(8.5)
895:(8.1)
889:(8.0)
883:(7.5)
877:(8.0)
871:(7.5)
859:(8.0)
853:(7.5)
847:(6.5)
666:S2CID
592:(PDF)
89:33 km
86:Depth
790:2020
749:2017
450:2020
324:and
304:and
252:The
236:and
228:and
222:1690
208:The
184:None
161:Max.
131:Type
705:doi
656:hdl
648:doi
636:116
604:doi
600:184
568:doi
556:196
526:doi
485:doi
473:108
439:doi
296:On
192:Yes
62:AST
1071::
776:.
765:^
747:.
743:.
703:.
693:67
691:.
687:.
664:.
654:.
646:.
634:.
630:.
616:^
598:.
594:.
566:.
554:.
550:.
538:^
524:.
514:54
512:.
508:.
483:.
471:.
467:.
437:.
433:.
367:.
320:,
312:.
244:.
823:e
816:t
809:v
792:.
759:.
755::
713:.
707::
699::
658::
650::
642::
610:.
606::
570::
562::
532:.
528::
520::
493:.
487::
479::
452:.
441::
353:w
337:s
333:w
286:w
214:s
173:)
79:w
73:s
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