780:
fusion as a way to signal that their support for a major party candidate brought a meaningful number of voters to the candidate. Votes for fusion candidates were tallied first by party, then added together to produce the outcome. Argersinger argues that this helped ââmaintain a significant third party tradition by guaranteeing that dissentersâ votes could be more than symbolic protestââ. Fusion allowed minor parties to avoid the 'wasted vote' and 'spoiler' dilemmas that small parties face in a non-proportional voting system.
1085:
secures both enough votes from members of his own party as well as enough write-in votes from members of the
Republican Party, then electoral fusion occurs, and Bob will appear on the ballot as both a Republican and a Democrat. Similarly, a member of one party may lose their own party's nomination in a primary election but gain enough write-in votes from members of the opposing party to win that party's nomination. For example, in May 2023,
1130:
656:
1032:), and then by getting 130,000 votes for that candidate on their line. As a general rule, neither party uses electoral fusion, and both rely on their own candidates. The Green Party, which had first achieved ballot status in 1998, failed to gain 50,000 votes (then the requirement) and also lost its ballot status in 2002, but regained its line when the 2010 election results were certified. In 2018,
59:
1763:"Senate and House Secured; Republican control in the next Congress assured. The House of Representatives Repub- lican by More than Two â thirds Ma- jority â Possible Loss of a Repub- lican Senator from the State of Washington â Republicans and Pop- ulists Will Organize the Senate and Divide the Patronage"
1093:
to challenger Matt Dugan. However, although
Zappala is a Democrat, Zappala received the requisite number (500 or more) of write-in votes from Republicans to appear as a Republican on the ballot in November 2023. Running on the ballot as a Republican, Zappala won the general election in November 2023,
779:
After the Civil War, agrarian interest groups and the political parties they founded continued to use fusion balloting to form alliances between third parties and the weaker of the two major parties, usually the
Democrats in the West and Midwest. In the 19th and early 20th century, minor parties used
996:
line in local elections, and to back
Democrats in statewide or national races where they did not have the capacity to field successful candidates. Given the presence of fusion in New York, the Greater New York Industrial Union Council (GNYIUC), the CIO's local labor federation in New York, formally
991:
ran a front page article declaring that the ALP held the balance of power in city and state politics. The importance of the ALP was demonstrated again in 1938 when the party provided the margin of victory for the
Democratic candidate for Governor, and in 1940 when the ALP did the same for President
986:
political machine to support
Franklin Roosevelt without voting for the Democratic Party. In its first showing at the polls, the party garnered a significant amount of the vote in New York City, but was not important with regard to Roosevelt's victory. In the 1937 election cycle, the ALP built on it
1071:
against the Oregon
Secretary of State claiming that modifications to the ballot design statute in 1995 once again required the state to list multiple nominating parties on the candidate's ballot line. The lawsuit gave rise to legislation to allow candidates to list up to three party labels after
1084:
In
Pennsylvania, fusion can occur when members of a party write in the name of a member of a different party in a primary election, and secure enough write-in votes to nominate that party's candidate. For example, if Bob Jones is running for school board in a primary election as a Democrat and
913:
for the
Populists. This election led to the downfall of the Populist Party, especially in Southern states (such as Watson's Georgia, as well as North Carolina and Tennessee) where the Populist party had engaged in electoral fusion or other alliances with Republicans against the dominant
727:
wrote: "Fusion voting gives voters a chance to support a major candidate while registering their unhappiness with that candidate's party. A cross-endorsement from a smaller party like the Women's
Equality Party can also help inform voters about where candidates stand on certain issues".
992:
Roosevelt. In the 1944 presidential election, fusion provided CIO unions in New York an opportunity to build and back a labor party, an uncommon occurrence in the United States. Labor leaders knew that fusion permitted them to field candidates and win elections on the
849:. In Oregon and Vermont, a system of dual-labeling exists, which allows a candidate to list multiple party endorsements on a single line, but disallows the traditional fusion system in which a minor party has its own ballot line and votes are tallied by party. In
714:
Electoral fusion was once widespread in the United States; however, as of 2024, it remains legal and common only in New York and Connecticut. It was once legal in every state and credited by advocates as being instrumental in enabling major democratic advances.
1001:
for president, instead of using fusion to back President Truman. This led to internal conflicts within the CIO and ultimately contributed to the decision by the National CIO to revoke the charter of the GNYIUC, thereby ending its relationship with the ALP.
945:
cross-nominated Roosevelt, fusing with the ALP. Roosevelt won the state of New York in each election, but in 1940 and 1944 he would not have won New York without the support of votes gained via the fusion parties and their voters.
893:
as their candidate for President of the United States: "If was to stand any chance at all against Grant, it must avoid putting up a candidate of its own who would merely split the opposition vote. It must take Greeley."
807:, or any other party, and get up combination tickets against us. We can whip them single-handed, but don't intend to fight all creation." In southern states, fusion was largely banned by Democrats who supported
1691:
1114:, the Republican and Democratic parties would agree not to run candidates against each other in some districts, concentrating instead on defeating the Socialists. These candidates were usually called "
1877:
1039:
In July 2019, the New York Legislature passed a budget bill that included the creation of a Public Campaign Financing Commission, which was given authority to investigate and create rules for
1646:
953:
1736:
1051:
each filed lawsuits against the state in response, alleging that the commission was a disguised attempt to end fusion voting and thus the existence of New York's third parties.
787:(also known as the Populists) is regarded as the most successful third party of the era. That success produced a counter-reaction from the dominant major parties, who then used
1063:
was elected governor in 1886 and 1890 as a candidate of the Democratic and People's parties. In 1906, seven members of the Oregon House were also elected as candidates of the
827:
1938:
818:
Most states banned fusion by the early 20th century. South Dakota banned the practice in 1999, Delaware banned it in 2011, and South Carolina banned it in 2022. In
1825:
1564:
711:
Electoral fusion is also known as fusion voting, cross endorsement, multiple party nomination, multi-party nomination, plural nomination, and ballot freedom.
2060:
1885:
376:
1158:
1168:
997:
affiliated with the party making it the political arm of the New York CIO. This relationship would continue until 1948 when the GNYIUC opted to back
1803:
938:
926:
922:
898:
886:
882:
341:
371:
210:
2080:
313:
1241:
1036:, the Libertarian Party candidate for governor, received over 90,000 votes, giving the party ballot status for the first time in its history.
1059:
Prior to 1958, Oregon practiced a form of fusion that required the state to list multiple nominating parties on the candidate's ballot line.
749:, and allows citizens who donât fit neatly into the Democratic or Republican boxes to nevertheless participate constructively in politics".
973:
1451:
791:
to enact bans against fusion in the late nineteenth and early 20th century. In northern and western states, fusion was largely banned by
2055:
765:
516:
1740:
1493:
1090:
823:
788:
784:
1202:
800:
792:
684:
960:, a small far-right party. Trump was the first fusion presidential candidate on the California ballot in at least eighty years.
1064:
1044:
361:
833:
Electoral fusion was once widespread in the United States, but as of 2024, it remains legal and common only in New York and
1762:
1340:
1040:
1017:
969:
1321:
1223:
1013:
in presidential years must receive either 130,000 votes or 2% of votes cast (whichever is greater) on that party's line.
1010:
638:
298:
905:
was nominated by both the Democratic Party and the Populist Party, albeit with different vice presidential candidates,
1163:
1068:
987:
past performance by electing members to the city council, and by delivering so many votes to Mayor LaGuardia that the
761:
746:
289:
1965:
2075:
1696:
1287:
957:
773:
318:
255:
1072:
their name. This bill passed both houses of the Oregon legislature during the 2009 legislative session. Governor
1943:
1033:
942:
511:
270:
1692:"Dalmau cataloga candidatura de médico a comisionado residente como "un acto de generosidad y desprendimiento""
1665:
346:
1851:
772:
parties. These and other abolitionist third parties cross-nominated major party candidates running under the
1021:
332:
2085:
1048:
902:
526:
427:
308:
1908:
1207:
934:
381:
366:
265:
1878:"Governor Cuomo & Legislative Leaders Announce Members of the Public Campaign Financing Commission"
837:. It is partially legal in three others: California allows fusion in presidential elections only, and
1006:
993:
979:
930:
677:
1790:
Left in the Center: The Liberal Party of New York and the Rise and Fall of American Social Democracy
1024:, and others, now seek ballot access by, first, getting a gubernatorial candidate on the ballot via
1925:
1248:
422:
2037:
1390:
1060:
854:
753:
633:
592:
182:
167:
121:
116:
89:
1265:
861:
2029:
1994:
1719:
1489:
1432:
1382:
1295:
1029:
804:
602:
582:
521:
470:
351:
303:
237:
162:
152:
131:
126:
43:
2021:
1647:"Your ballot might list the same candidate under two parties. That's allowed under N.H. law"
1424:
1374:
998:
915:
910:
536:
465:
417:
260:
246:
1528:
1510:
1173:
1148:
1135:
1111:
1086:
864:
in Puerto Rico, the New Jersey Moderate Party, the Common Sense Party in Michigan and the
769:
670:
660:
587:
570:
506:
432:
386:
84:
1718:
Hale, William Harlan (1950). Horace Greeley: Voice of the People. Harper & Brothers.
1582:
708:, allowing that candidate to receive votes on multiple party lines in the same election.
1067:
and either the Democratic or Republican parties. In 2008, a lawsuit was brought by the
956:
with two ballot labels by his name, as the nominee of both the Republican Party and the
1178:
1115:
1073:
890:
812:
742:
531:
475:
280:
275:
220:
215:
1452:"Opinion: A Viable Third Party Is Coming, and It's Starting With a New Jersey Lawsuit"
1428:
1129:
978:
In 1936, labor leaders in New York City took advantage of fusion and founded the
655:
2069:
1342:
Liberty Power: Anstislavery third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics
906:
865:
850:
808:
737:
wrote: "Fusion is a response to the winner-take-all electoral system. It solves the â
628:
546:
541:
201:
177:
172:
94:
1266:"Brief for appellant: Twin Cities Area New Party vs Secretary of State of Minnesota"
868:
Party are attempting to use litigation to bring back fusion voting in their states.
1939:"'Halftime?' Allegheny Co. Dem DA nominee Dugan may face Zappala again in November"
1412:
1153:
1143:
1005:
As of 2023, to obtain or maintain automatic ballot access, a party's candidate for
983:
949:
838:
757:
623:
607:
555:
446:
437:
412:
192:
157:
1620:
982:(ALP). Their immediate goal was to provide a way for New Yorkers who despised the
17:
1826:"Donald Trump will be the nominee of two parties on California's November ballot"
1804:"American Independent Party Formally Nominates Donald Trump and Michael Pence |"
1413:"The CIO and third party politics in New York: The rise and fall of the CIOâALP"
834:
738:
597:
480:
460:
187:
1545:
1125:
733:
455:
323:
147:
107:
2033:
1436:
1386:
1299:
1107:
1103:
846:
796:
705:
103:
31:
1970:
1471:
The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics
1025:
842:
356:
1992:"Fusion In Many Districts; Old Parties Unite On Legislative Candidates"
2041:
1723:
1394:
1666:"Does Fusion Voting Offer Americans a Way Out of the Partisan Morass?"
1583:"Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (95â1608), 520 U.S. 351 (1997)"
1322:"This is why some candidates are listed more than once on your ballot"
1224:"This is why some candidates are listed more than once on your ballot"
58:
1362:
1288:"What Is "Fusion Voting"? Just a Way to Save the Country, That's All"
701:
75:
50:
2025:
1608:. San Francisco: Center for a New Democracy at the Tides Foundation.
1378:
1855:
1515:
Encyclopedia of North Carolina, University of North Carolina Press
853:, fusion is legal in rare cases when primary elections are won by
845:
permit it in certain elections, including but not limited to the
1926:
http://www.leg.state.or.us/09reg/measures/sb300.dir/sb326.a.html
1909:"2 Opposing Political Parties, Fighting for Survival, Sue Cuomo"
700:
is an arrangement where two or more U.S. political parties on a
2020:(5). The Harvard Law Review Association: 906â912. March 1932.
1363:""A Place on the Ballot": Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws"
1966:"Zappala receives enough write-in votes to run as Republican"
826:
ruled that prohibiting electoral fusion does not violate the
776:
label, fusing more than one party behind a single candidate.
1565:"South Carolina Voting changes unite Democrats, Republicans"
1625:
Connecticut General Assembly Office of Legislative Research
1852:"NYS Board of Elections Unofficial Election Night Results"
1118:", but sometimes were termed "fusion" candidates instead.
889:
and the Democratic Party nominated the Liberal Republican
811:, in an attempt to prevent political alliances between
1606:
FUSION: MULTIPLE PARTY NOMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES
799:
state legislator said: "We don't propose to allow the
1486:
Spoiling for a Fight: Third-Party Politics in America
756:, fusion balloting was a common electoral tactic of
2056:History of Fusion Politics in 1890s North Carolina
1286:Cantor, Daniel; Kristol, William (15 June 2024).
1345:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 194â204.
1201:Mitchell, Maurice; Cantor, Dan (22 March 2019).
1247:. Oregon Working Families Party. Archived from
678:
8:
760:forces, who formed a number of anti-slavery
1739:. History.missouristate.edu. Archived from
1159:Democratic backsliding in the United States
387:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
1076:signed the bill into law on 23 July 2009.
1028:(by collecting 45,000 valid signatures of
685:
671:
576:
500:
406:
352:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
290:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
242:
71:
38:
1546:"Bill Detail - Delaware General Assembly"
1169:Ranked-choice voting in the United States
2012:"Political Combinations in Elections".
1196:
1194:
1190:
615:
554:
445:
331:
288:
245:
200:
139:
102:
74:
49:
2061:Cross-Endorsement by Political Parties
1604:Cobble, Steve; Siskind, Sarah (1993).
1406:
1404:
954:2016 presidential ballot in California
1690:Osman PĂ©rez MĂ©ndez (2 January 2024).
1664:Hounshell, Blake (21 November 2022).
1585:. Legal Information Institute/Cornell
1511:"Fusion of Republicans and Populists"
820:Twin Cities Area New Party v. McKenna
698:Electoral fusion in the United States
7:
1361:Argersinger, Peter H. (April 1980).
1356:
1354:
1352:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
974:Qualified New York political parties
1619:Adams, Terrence (16 January 2013).
830:of the United States Constitution.
1091:Allegheny County District Attorney
795:-led legislatures. One Republican
247:Plurality and majoritarian systems
25:
1563:Collins, Jeffrey (2 March 2022).
1417:Political Power and Social Theory
803:to make allies of the Populists,
745:' dilemmas that otherwise plague
357:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
1907:McKinley, Jesse (23 July 2019).
1645:Greene, Rick (17 October 2022).
1128:
1089:lost the Democratic primary for
654:
57:
1488:. Routledge. pp. 227â228.
1450:Malinowski, Tom (6 July 2022).
1320:Abadi, Mark (8 November 2016).
1222:Abadi, Mark (8 November 2016).
1094:beating challenger Matt Dugan.
813:newly-enfranchised Black voters
1469:Argersinger, Peter H. (1995).
1367:The American Historical Review
1045:Conservative Party of New York
1011:President of the United States
362:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
2081:Election campaign terminology
1998:1 November 1918; p. 9, col. 2
1884:. 3 July 2019. Archived from
1473:. University Press of Kansas.
1429:10.1016/s0198-8719(06)18004-7
1203:"In Defense of Fusion Voting"
1041:public financing of campaigns
1018:Libertarian Party of New York
970:Elections in New York (state)
899:Presidential election of 1896
1621:"CROSS-ENDORSING CANDIDATES"
1268:. Public Citizen Foundation.
639:End-to-end verifiable voting
299:Single non-transferable vote
1792:. Cornell University Press.
1164:Fusionism in North Carolina
1110:, during the heyday of the
1069:Independent Party of Oregon
1016:Other parties, such as the
824:United States Supreme Court
497:Voting patterns and effects
2102:
1937:Lyons, Kim (19 May 2023).
1651:New Hampshire Public Radio
967:
958:American Independent Party
319:Single transferable voting
256:First-past-the-post voting
29:
1944:Pennsylvania Capital-Star
1339:Brooks, Corey M. (2016).
943:Liberal Party of New York
512:Voting advice application
342:Mixed-member proportional
271:Plurality-at-large voting
1882:Governor Andrew M. Cuomo
1532:South Dakota Legislature
1484:Sifry, Micah L. (2003).
887:Liberal Republican Party
885:, both the newly formed
815:and poor white farmers.
377:Ruralâurban proportional
372:Dual-member proportional
347:Additional member system
30:Not to be confused with
1509:Hunt, James L. (2006).
1022:Green Party of New York
1788:Soyer, Daniel (2022).
1049:Working Families Party
937:for president, and in
909:for the Democrats and
903:William Jennings Bryan
877:Presidential elections
527:Passive electioneering
428:Straight-ticket voting
382:Majority bonus system
367:Alternative Vote Plus
266:Instant-runoff voting
1009:in midterm years or
1007:Governor of New York
994:American Labor Party
980:American Labor Party
931:American Labor Party
333:Mixed-member systems
1858:on 20 November 2018
872:Historical examples
855:write-in candidates
661:Politics portal
423:Split-ticket voting
2014:Harvard Law Review
1913:The New York Times
1767:The New York Times
1670:The New York Times
1550:legis.delaware.gov
1456:The New York Times
1061:Sylvester Pennoyer
935:Franklin Roosevelt
789:state legislatures
634:Voter registration
593:Voter intimidation
117:Write-in candidate
90:Provisional ballot
27:Electoral strategy
18:1860 fusion ticket
2076:Electoral systems
1995:Milwaukee Journal
1830:Los Angeles Times
1769:. 9 November 1894
1411:EIMER, S (2007).
1254:on 15 April 2012.
1030:registered voters
916:Bourbon Democrats
695:
694:
646:
645:
603:Voter suppression
583:Ballot harvesting
561:
560:
522:Paradox of voting
488:
487:
471:None of the above
403:Voting strategies
394:
393:
304:Cumulative voting
238:Electoral systems
228:
227:
163:Electronic voting
153:Compulsory voting
16:(Redirected from
2093:
2045:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1962:
1956:
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1953:
1951:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1888:on 2 August 2019
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:. Archived from
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1832:. 16 August 2016
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:. 13 August 2016
1800:
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1326:Business Insider
1317:
1311:
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1308:
1306:
1292:The New Republic
1283:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1242:"What is Fusion"
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:Business Insider
1219:
1213:
1212:
1198:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1112:sewer socialists
952:appeared on the
911:Thomas E. Watson
860:As of 2024, the
764:, including the
725:Business Insider
687:
680:
673:
659:
658:
577:
537:Political apathy
501:
466:Election boycott
407:
261:Two-round system
243:
72:
61:
39:
21:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2066:
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2052:
2026:10.2307/1332029
2011:
2008:
2006:Further reading
2003:
2002:
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1801:
1797:
1787:
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1761:
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1746:
1744:
1743:on 7 March 2010
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1379:10.2307/1860557
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1192:
1187:
1174:Tactical voting
1149:Approval voting
1136:Politics portal
1134:
1127:
1124:
1100:
1087:Stephen Zappala
1082:
1057:
976:
966:
879:
874:
862:Alianza de PaĂs
828:First Amendment
805:Prohibitionists
721:
691:
653:
648:
647:
588:Ballot stuffing
574:
571:Electoral fraud
563:
562:
507:Coattail effect
498:
490:
489:
433:Tactical voting
404:
396:
395:
309:Binomial system
240:
230:
229:
108:Ballot measures
85:Absentee ballot
69:
44:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
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2097:
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2050:External links
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1843:
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1065:People's Party
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989:New York Times
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891:Horace Greeley
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178:Postal voting
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173:Polling place
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96:
95:Sample ballot
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1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1969:
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1948:. Retrieved
1942:
1932:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1881:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1856:the original
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1808:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1731:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1700:(in Spanish)
1697:Primera Hora
1695:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
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1650:
1640:
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1624:
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1291:
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1249:the original
1236:
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1206:
1154:Cross-filing
1144:Apparentment
1116:non-partisan
1101:
1083:
1080:Pennsylvania
1058:
1038:
1034:Larry Sharpe
1015:
1004:
988:
984:Tammany Hall
977:
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859:
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710:
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624:Election ink
608:Voter caging
517:Likely voter
438:Vote pairing
413:Issue voting
211:Popular vote
193:Voting booth
158:Early voting
42:Part of the
36:
1675:25 February
1630:25 February
1423:: 133â171.
835:Connecticut
752:Before the
739:wasted vote
598:Vote buying
481:Spoilt vote
461:Donkey vote
188:Vote center
168:Open ballot
2070:Categories
1862:23 January
1208:The Nation
1185:References
968:See also:
933:nominated
793:Republican
734:The Nation
616:Prevention
456:Abstention
324:Spare vote
314:Party-list
148:Ballot box
140:Collection
122:Electorate
104:Candidates
2034:0017-811X
1836:31 August
1810:31 August
1737:"African"
1589:4 January
1437:0198-8719
1387:0002-8762
1300:0028-6583
1108:Wisconsin
1104:Milwaukee
1098:Wisconsin
847:judiciary
801:Democrats
797:Minnesota
770:Free Soil
754:Civil War
731:In 2019,
723:In 2016,
706:candidate
68:Balloting
32:Fusionism
1971:CBS News
1892:2 August
1726:. p. 338
1122:See also
1047:and the
1026:petition
964:New York
843:Maryland
809:Jim Crow
719:Overview
202:Counting
183:Precinct
2042:1332029
1704:26 July
1569:AP News
1395:1860557
1305:16 June
921:In the
897:In the
766:Liberty
743:spoiler
76:Ballots
2040:
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1978:25 May
1950:20 May
1773:26 May
1747:2 July
1724:336934
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1055:Oregon
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702:ballot
132:Ticket
51:Voting
2038:JSTOR
1391:JSTOR
1252:(PDF)
1245:(PDF)
216:Tally
127:Slate
2030:ISSN
1980:2023
1952:2023
1894:2019
1864:2019
1838:2024
1812:2024
1775:2010
1749:2010
1720:OCLC
1706:2024
1677:2023
1632:2023
1591:2015
1490:ISBN
1433:ISSN
1383:ISSN
1307:2024
1296:ISSN
972:and
939:1944
927:1940
925:and
923:1936
883:1872
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2018:45
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